Ashgate Research Companion to Heritage and Identity Ashgate Research Companion
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THE ASHGATE RESEARCH COMPANION TO HERITAGE AND IDENTITY ASHGATE RESEARCH COMPANION The Ashgate Research Companions are designed to offer scholars and graduate students a comprehensive and authoritative state-of-the-art review of current research in a particular area. The companion’s editors bring together a team of respected and experienced experts to write chapters on the key issues in their speciality, providing a comprehensive reference to the field. The Ashgate Research Companion to Heritage and Identity Edited by BRIAN GRAHAM University of Ulster, UK PETER HOWARD University of Bournemouth, UK © Brian Graham and Peter Howard 2008 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmied in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. Brian Graham and Peter Howard have asserted their right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the editors of this work. Published by Ashgate Publishing Limited Ashgate Publishing Company Gower House Suite 420 Cro Road 101 Cherry Street Aldershot Burlington, VT 05401-4405 Hampshire GU11 3HR USA England Ashgate website: hp://www.ashgate.com British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data The Ashgate research companion to heritage and identity 1. Cultural property 2. Group identity 3. Historiography I. Graham, B. J. (Brian J.) II. Howard, Peter, 1944- III. Research companion to heritage and identity 306 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Ashgate research companion to heritage and identity / edited by Brian Graham and Peter Howard. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-0-7546-4922-9 1. Cultural property--Protection. 2. Cultural policy. 3. Historic preservation. 4. Group identity. 5. National characteristics. 6. Ethnicity. 7. Memory--Social aspects. 8. Antiquities--Collection and preservation. 9. Historic sites--Conservation and restoration. 10. Landscape protection. I. Graham, B. J. (Brian J.) II. Howard, Peter, 1944- CC135.A79 2008 363.6’9--dc22 2007027828 ISBN 978 0 7546 4922 9 Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall. ASHGATE RESEARCH COMPANION Contents List of Figures ix List of Contributors xi Introduction: Heritage and Identity 1 Brian Graham and Peter Howard PART I THE CONTEXT OF HERITAGE AND IDENTITY 1 The History of Heritage 19 David C. Harvey 2 Heritage, Memory and Identity 37 Sara McDowell 3 Personal and Public Histories: Issues in the Presentation of the Past 55 Hilda Kean PART II MARKERS OF HERITAGE AND IDENTITY 4 ‘Natural’ Landscapes in the Representation of National Identity 73 Kenneth R. Olwig 5 Heritage and ‘Race’ 89 Jo Liler 6 ‘We Are Here, Yet We Are Not Here’: The Heritage of Excluded Groups 105 Keld Buciek and Kristine Juul 7 The Contestation of Heritage: The Enduring Importance of Religion 125 Rana P.B. Singh 8 Heritage from Below: Class, Social Protest and Resistance 143 Iain J.M. Robertson T A R C H I 9 Heritage, Gender and Identity 159 Laurajane Smith PART III PRACTICES OF HERITAGE AND IDENTITY 10 The Communication of Heritage: Creating Place Identities 181 Peter Groote and Tialda Haartsen 11 Place, Naming and the Interpretation of Cultural Landscapes 195 Derek H. Alderman 12 Commemoration of War 215 Paul Gough 13 The Memorialization of Violence and Tragedy: Human Trauma as Heritage 231 G.J. Ashworth 14 Conservation and Restoration in Built Heritage: A Western European Perspective 245 Ascensión Hernández Martínez 15 Heritage Tourism: Conflicting Identities in the Modern World 267 Benjamin W. Porter 16 Museums and the Representation of Identity 283 Fiona McLean PART IV THE CHALLENGES OF A POSTMODERN AND POST-COLONIAL WORLD 17 Plural and Multicultural Heritages 299 John E. Tunbridge 18 Heritage Transformation in Central and Eastern Europe 315 Monika A. Murzyn 19 The Heritage of Post-colonial Societies 347 Sabine Marschall 20 The Contestation of Heritage: The Colonizer and the Colonized in Australia 365 Roy Jones and Christina Birdsall-Jones vi C 21 The Heritage of Mundane Places 381 David Atkinson 22 New Museologies and the Ecomuseum 397 Peter Davis 23 An Exploration of the Connections among Museums, Community and Heritage 415 Elizabeth Crooke 24 European Landscapes: Heritage, Participation and Local Communities 425 Werner Krauss 25 Cultural Diversity, Heritage and Human Rights 439 William S. Logan Index 455 vii This page intentionally left blank ASHGATE RESEARCH COMPANION List of Figures Figure 3.1 Sambo’s grave, Sunderland Point, Lancashire 56 Figure 3.2 Forms of commemoration on Sambo’s grave, July 2005 57 Figure 3.3 ‘Captured Africans’ 58 Figure 3.4 Calling all Women, newsleer of the Suffragee Fellowship 63 Figure 3.5 Advert for ‘Hello Sailor!’ outside Merseyside Maritime Museum, November 2006 65 Figure 4.1 The Swedish twenty-crown note 78 Figure 8.1 Lewis: Location of memorials 151 Figure 8.2 The memorial located in Gress to the land agitation in Coll and Gress 152 Figure 8.3 The memorial to the Bernera riot 154 Figure 10.1 Posters, campaigning for the church at Vierhuizen to win the Dutch version of ‘Restoration’, pasted over those for the national Parliamentary elections, Groningen, November 2006 189 Figure 11.1 The intersection of Shire Drive and Tabard Road in the Canterbury housing subdivision in Winterville, North Carolina (USA) 202 Figure 11.2 The entrance of Colleton River Plantation, an exclusive gated community in Hilton Head, South Carolina (USA) 203 Figure 11.3 Members of Coalition against Racism march along Martin Luther King Jr Drive in Greenville, North Carolina (USA) 207 Figure 14.1 Design for the restoration of the walls of Carcassonne 248 Figure 14.2 Sagunto, restoration of the Roman theatre 256 Figure 14.3 Restoration of the old church of Escuelas Pias, now a public library, Madrid, Spain 257 Figure 14.4 Contemporary Art Museum, Hamburger Bahnhof, Berlin 261 Figure 15.1 The ruined palaces of Herod the Great at Masada, Israel 271 Figure 15.2 Visitors to Colonial Williamsburg watch an historical re-enactment by ‘Thomas Jefferson’ in the garden of the Governor’s palace 273 Figure 15.3 Dancers celebrate the summer solstice at a 1984 ‘free festival’ at Stonehenge 276 T A R C H I Figure 18.1 Millennium Exhibition and Park grounds Budapest– an adapted post-industrial site 320 Figure 18.2 Freedom Monument – the symbol of Riga, Latvia 322 Figure 18.3 The UNESCO World Heritage site including a Jewish quarter and a Romanesque basilica in Trěbič, Moravia, Czech Republic 325 Figure 18.4 Commodification of heritage – gingerbread boxes in the shape of the city’s most important monuments sold in Krakow, Poland 326 Figure 18.5 Kliczków Palace in Lower Silesia (Poland) 332 Figure 18.6 Tangible proofs of ‘ostalgia’; miniature Trabant cars sold at a souvenir stand in Dresden, Saxony (Germany) 336 Figure 18.7 Dissonant heritage of communism; the monumental Palace of Culture and Science in Warsaw 338 Figure 19.1 Equestrian statue of King Leopold II in Kinshasa, Congo 349 Figure 19.2 Monument celebrating the 20th anniversary of Kenya’s independence, Nairobi, Kenya 353 Figure 19.3 Ncome monument and museum in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, commemorating the fallen Zulu warriors of the ‘Bale of Blood River’ 358 Figure 19.4 Great Zimbabwe archaeological ruins, World Heritage Site, near Bulawayo, Zimbabwe 359 Figure 22.1 The ‘necklace’ model for the ecomuseum 403 Figure 22.2 Traditional drumming, Lihu Ecomuseum, Guangxi, China 405 Figure 22.3 Trappa di Sordevolo, Ecomuseo della Valle Elvo e Serra, Italy 409 x ASHGATE RESEARCH COMPANION List of Contributors Derek H. Alderman is Associate Professor in the Department of Geography at East Carolina University, USA. Gregory Ashworth is Professor of Heritage Management and Urban Tourism, Department of Planning, Faculty of Spatial Science, University of Groningen, the Netherlands. David Atkinson is Reader in Geography, Department of Geography, University of Hull, UK. Christina Birdsall-Jones is Research Fellow, John Curtin Institute of Public Policy, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia. Keld Buciek is Associate Professor in Geography, Roskilde University, Denmark. Elizabeth Crooke is Senior Lecturer in Museum and Heritage Studies, School of History and International Affairs, Magee campus, University of Ulster, Northern Ireland. Peter Davis is Professor of Museology, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. Paul Gough is Professor of Fine Arts at the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. Brian Graham is Professor of Human Geography, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Ulster at Coleraine, Northern Ireland. Peter Groote is Lecturer in Cultural Geography, Faculty of Spatial Science, University of Groningen, the Netherlands. Tialda Haartsen is Lecturer in Cultural Geography, Faculty of Spatial Science, University of Groningen, the Netherlands. David C. Harvey is Senior Lecturer in Historical Cultural Geography, University of Exeter, UK. Peter Howard is Visiting Professor of Cultural Landscape, Bournemouth University, UK, and founder-editor of the International Journal of Heritage Studies. T A R C H I Roy Jones is Professor of Geography, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia. Kristine Juul is Associate Professor in Geography, Roskilde University, Denmark. Hilda Kean is Director, MA in Public History, Humanities, Ruskin College, Oxford, UK. Werner Krauss is Associate Professor, Department of Germanic Studies, University of Texas at Austin, USA. Jo Liler is Senior Lecturer in Media and Cultural Studies, Middlesex University, UK. William S. Logan is Alfred Deakin Professor, UNESCO Chair of Heritage and Urbanism and Director of the Cultural Heritage Centre for Asia and the Pacific, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia. Sara McDowell is Lecturer in Human Geography, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Ulster at Coleraine, Northern Ireland. Fiona McLean is Professor of Heritage Management, Glasgow Caledonian University, Scotland, and editor of the International Journal of Heritage Studies. Sabine Marschall is Co-ordinator of the Cultural and Heritage Tourism Programme, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.