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Geologic Map of Wind Cave National Park

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Department of Environment and Natural Resources Division of Financial and Technical Assistance Geological Survey Program 7.5 Minute Series Geologic Quadrangle Map 14 Geologic Map of Wind Cave National Park Prepared in cooperation with the Department of the Interior, Prepared in cooperation with Albion College, Albion, Michigan Brian A. Fagnan, Beth Z. Lincoln1, and Timothy N. Lincoln1 National Park Service, Wind Cave National Park 2011 EXPLANATION State of South Dakota South Dakota Geological Survey 47 Dennis Daugaard, Governor Derric L. Iles, State Geologist Alluvium - Unconsolidated to loosely consolidated clay, silt, and ! Contact Qal angular to rounded, sand and gravel. Deposited in present-day Long dashed where approximately located; short drainages dashed where inferred only in cross section; arrow R. 5 E. 6 27' 30" R. 6 E. indicates contact dip direction and amount 623 24 Quaternary 48 87 48 33 ( 33 - Unconsolidated to loosely consolidated clay- to 73 Gravel deposit 6 000m. Xrr QTg boulder-sized clasts comprised of Precambrian lithologies and minor Form line 22 E 63 1 6 6 Tic indicates dip direction of beds 2 4400 25 Paleozoic carbonate and sandstone. All gravels are sub-rounded to Xrg Qal 74 rounded. Some gravel deposits could be associated with the White River Xh Group but were not differentiated in the study area 41 Xrr 82 80 62 FAULT Xrg S 68 an 60 4600 43 ct 81 54 5 u 6 Disconformity ; 103° 30' 4 a 60 r 0 Xrr 0 y 61 6 6 0 QTg T Fault 6 10 4 r 68 QTg 74 a 82 84 35 7 Tertiary Long dashed where approximately located; short 2 i 68 4 l White River Group - Tan, brown, and light-gray siltstone, claystone, 44 49 dashed where inferred; dotted where concealed. Xrr 10 50 Tw and white to light-gray, vuggy, finely-crystalline, lacustrine limestone. 48 000m. 0 Xst Bar and ball on downthrown side 45 54 0 6 6 Oligocene 32 N 65 80 6 4 6 6 25' 6 6 6 103° 22' 30" 4 30 4 32 33 Contains sparse lenses of conglomerate indicating possible stream 54 85 4 0 26 27 28 29 30 47 30 O_d 0 to 71 12 6 48 channels. Some gravel deposits of unit QTg could be associated with the 4111 32 Eocene 84 QTg 4 7 Qal . 10 200 White River Group but were not differentiated in the study area. Exposed Xrr P*m5 Pm6 FOLDS 82 67 10 4 2 5 QTg 3 72 6 0 4 4100 4000 9 thickness greater than 200 ft (61 m) Xrr 88 6 0 20 R. 6 E. R. 7 E. l 53 Mp 0 0 53 i 54 Tw 0 Xh a 30 5 Mp 6 58 r 72 87 70 il 5 ) Pm6 Tw 34 T 42 ra 27 e 26 T 23 9 P*m5 1 QTg H g 47 77 Xh l QTg 8 1 F Anticline d ia 10 QTg 43° 37' 30" Disconformity QTg i Lookout Tower 5 14 45 n Tw R 6 55 28 n Showing crestline and direction of plunge. 35 54 30 e 11 4000 Tw 4 43° 37' 30" n t 10 12 87 i n 4 0 7 Xrr ( O_d 4 300 Long dashed where approximately located; k e 6 70 0 n h 0 C 0 55 X Xh short dashed where inferred; dotted where 0 0 a 0 8 MDe 3 Fall River Formation - Gray to light-gray, fine- to very fine-grained, 0 0 4 53 27 R 30 6 21 7 Xst 52 78 3 Tw concealed 4 80 4 17 Xst Kf thin-bedded, carbonaceous sandstone interbedded with laminated, 69 64 Tw Xst Po 3800 48 78 4 5 carbonaceous siltstone. Exposed thickness greater than 100 ft (30.5 m) 34 50 400 H 0 78 Ju 31 53 0 4 30 Tw 3900 68 29 i 4 Pm g 4 5 11 H 22 h 4 6 000 0 1 54 8 l 20 M Syncline a 48 65 0 4300 53 85 65 Mp n QTg 68 26 9 *m1 61 31 Disconformity Showing troughline and direction of plunge. 63 d Tw 4 6 12 78 00 Long dashed where approximately located; 73 0 58 12 9 41 QTg Lower 0 Mp 4300 88 R 60 82 QTg Qal 11 18 3 Cretaceous short dashed where inferred; dotted where 45 4501 42 11 Cretaceous a 77 00 0 74 55 78 38 0 Lakota Formation - Tan, brown, and light-gray, medium- to concealed n 31 45 8 Ju Tw 0 65 QTg 4300 Js 18 0 k 83 65 Kl A 8 20 coarse-grained, crossbedded sandstone interbedded with mudstone. 4 16 0 i 40 0 40 22 30 4 3 11 00 800 n 4 23 3 6 55 18 0 10 21 Middle of the formation contains lenses of sandy limestone. Forms 82 14 26 0 75 3 72 20 6 20 9 Xh 17 *m3 14 0 7 1 *m1 16 12 0 prominent outcrops; large boulders may occur as colluvium or talus. T Monocline, anticlinal bend 4 63 73 1 8 29 13 15 53 72 3 12 15 86 Kl Axis located on steepest part of structure. Shorter 43 48 18 15 Contains petrified wood. Approximate thickness 200-350 ft 58 78 20 8 *m3 15 Kl 440 74 arrow indicates steeper beds. Long dashed where 70 70 R 84 43 0 *m2 4300 12 Js (61-106.7 m) 4 20 Mp 14 approximately located; dotted where concealed P*m5 4 6 QTg i 56 4 48 75 0 4 0 Xst 6 d 32 *m4 6 2 0 Ju 30 00 0 89 13 0 19 MDe 0 g 4823 4 0 4300 42 10 25 10 0 10 4 H 0 e 69 18 0 81 79 Xrr 43 12 0 0 74 69 83 QTg i QTg 48 Disconformity 64 4 g 80 MDe 2 0 36 48 68 0 h Pm6 21 30 I 57 *m3 Overturned anticline Xrr 85 0 l 3 a 70 79 2 4 3 5 Mp 5 QTg 0 45 0 n 0 Ju Location of trace of axial surface and dip 10 9 QTg 80 73 0 Qal C d r 3 e 4 13 Ju 20 direction of limbs; long dashed where Xh O_d 15 e C Unkpapa Sandstone - Buff to white, calcareous, well-sorted, friable, 72 58 46 1 k 29 *m r Xrg 45 e Ju approximately located; dotted where concealed  quartz sandstone. Locally pink to purple in the top of the formation. 69 38 e 6 k 84 84 Po 4 B Kl 34 *m4 10 14 Fine- to medium-grained, crossbedded. Approximate thickness 8 QTg 12 T 16 74 53 4 o Js 15 S *m4 r Tw 15 a l 38 a *m4 10 a B 10-50 ft (3.0-15.2 m) i la o Upper 4 72 o 70 Mp n l Pm 0 ck P 7 75 84 68 n t Overturned syncline R 450 c QTg 0 ai Creek 14 84 0 0 l 0 4 t Pm d 1 0 6 4 u 78 0 Jurassic 74 e 4 Location of trace of axial surface and dip 0 18 80 47 a *m3 9 0 7 a 0 77 55 r Pm6 4 y 4200 82 22 3 81 73 v 71 14 3900 71 8 direction of limbs; long dashed where T Js 00 Disconformity 28 o e r 4 17 25 o 73 a 2 approximately located; dotted where concealed Xh s 00 o 48 i o Xh L l 0 14 Kl A 0 o 29 3 12 13 Tw o 64 i 4 P*m5  60 MDe m 6  A ^Ps 84 o 75 11 o 27 11 o Tw o 51 *m1 9 Ä Xcs 67 e 3  Sundance Formation - Includes the members listed below, which 0 9 68 0 o 48 Mp s 5 0 0 70 o Qal 5 6 10 86 s 53 9 8 4 29 43 t 0 *m4 3 ÄÄ Js 60 57 o 40 4 o Ä are observed in the field but not shown separated on the map or cross Small anticline 4 o 8 QTg 100 22 1 Ö Pigtail n 4 0 Qal 82 o  Showing bearing and plunge 56 e 4 13 0 24 80 4600 1 Pm6 2 Qal section. Approximate thickness 240-270 ft (73.2-82.3 m) Bridge 23 19 *m3 0 1 24 20 0 9 23 o Xh Pm  o 0 16 QTg 0 o ) o 17  Tw o 9  11 57 o  4400 6  3 o 53 10 6 R 3 76 84 53 6 90o 9 Mp o C 15 0 G i Ä 78 14 10 Ä QTg ^Ps Ä Redwater Shale Member - Light gray-green, calcareous, 72 e 80 d 6 Small syncline u n o o A A O_d 78 6 6 g o o × A 86 lc 55 te 13 glauconitic siltstone and sandstone. Contains tA he fossil PachytAeuthis sp. Showing bearing and plunge 4 n 4 11 e o 52 h 3 20 Ä 0 Ä Mp 4 6 n 0 9 P*m5 8 58 Kf¹ Ä 0 12 o O_d 73 Â Ä 3 Xh i 13 62 Ao A Â Ä 0 A 4 63 a Â Ä Distinct as a marker bed when seen in outcrop 80 4 8 6 5 o  o l 1 10 0 12 ¹ 71 e MDe 0 o T s 74 58 *m1 5 0 Ridge 45 r 13 6 6 0 nd Trail o o a o 85 a  76 ol 8 o A A 63 Ú Xh 72 il *m2 3 QTg 6 QTg B A QTg ¹ 33 4 Ä 7 QTg .
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  • Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous Stable Isotope and Geochemical Records from the Northern High Latitudes: Implications for Palaeoclimate

    Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous Stable Isotope and Geochemical Records from the Northern High Latitudes: Implications for Palaeoclimate

    LATE JURASSIC TO EARLY CRETACEOUS STABLE ISOTOPE AND GEOCHEMICAL RECORDS FROM THE NORTHERN HIGH LATITUDES: IMPLICATIONS FOR PALAEOCLIMATE by ELIZABETH VICTORIA NUNN A thesis submitted to the Universit)' of Plymouth in partial fulfilment for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY School of Earth Ocean & Environmental Sciences Facult}' of Science March 2007 University of Plymouth Library Item no. iShelfmartt , , , . ABSTRACT Elizabeth Nunn Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous Stable Isotope and Geochemical Records from the Northern High Latitudes: Implications for Palaeoclimate The Jurassic and Cretaceous periods are widely accepted as being dominated by greenhouse conditions with elevated CO2 levels and warm polar regions. Although much compelling evidence to support this idea of global warmth exists, some recent studies propose that the greenhouse climate may at times have been punctuated by sub-freezing polar conditions and the presence of limited polar ice. The evidence, however, is somewhat equivocal and is both spatially and temporally limited with much of this research until now being concentrated in mid- to low latitudes, despite it being generally accepted that global climate is defined to a significant degree by prevailing conditions at the poles. Existing data are also often plagued by poor sampling resolutions and dubious diagenetic histories. This research presents the first extensive stable isotope and geochemical investigation of well-preserved belemnite rostra from the Callovian-Hauterivian Boreal Realm. Belemnites of the genera Cylindroteuthis, Pachyteuthis, Acroteuthis, Lagonibelus and occasionally Belemnopsis were investigated. Preservation was assessed using Backscattered Scanning Electron Microscopy, Cathodoluminescence, carbonate staining and trace element techniques. Organic carbon isotope analysis of fossilised wood was also undertaken where possible.