Ian Gwinn August 2015
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‘A Different Kind of History is Possible’: the History Workshop Movement and the Politics of British and West German Historical Practice Ian Gwinn Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Liverpool for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy. August 2015 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I can’t remember exactly when the idea for this project first took shape, or even when I first heard of the History Workshop, only that it was a late discovery. Indeed, it is to my everlasting chagrin that I managed to somehow navigate a route through a good part of my historical education without knowing much at all about British social history or history from below. Even as I became an enthusiast of radical history (at first in American history), around the same time I was drawn into the orbit of far-left politicking, the greater part of that historiographical legacy associated with the names of Hill, Hilton, Hobsbawm, Kiernan, and Thompson, escaped my attention. In fact, it was Ian Tyrrell’s appropriately titled The Absent Marx, which served as an eccentric induction into this field. That my development was delayed somewhat probably reflects the political moment in which I first encountered the still strange and disorientating world of the university; the signs for those who are doing likewise today are much more promising. Marxism, of course, no longer carries the same weight of intellectual prestige or authority as it once did, at least within academic circles. Yet the spirit of searching historical inquiry and critique fostered by that tradition has been continued by feminist and other revisionist historians, whose contributions are catalogued in this thesis, even though they brought into question some of the most incorrigible assumptions and beliefs upon which it was built. With its mixture of insurgent élan and high seriousness, History Workshop became a chief inspirer of second- and third-wave radical historians through the 1970s and 1980s. I’m forever grateful that the pursuit of this research afforded me the chance to meet many of the leading participants, both in Britain and Germany, and I thank them for their willingness to sit down and share their memories with me. I hope that the legacies of what they achieved, which I have tried to take some account of here, will stir a new wave of historians who believe not only that ‘a different kind of history is possible’, but also that it remains as necessary now as it did then. 2 Beyond these inspirations, I incurred innumerable debts – practical, intellectual, financial, and spiritual – in the course of completing this research, which are impossible to repay, but I hope these words of gratitude will suffice. Firstly, I’d like to thank Anna Davin and Alf Lüdtke respectively, who, at the very outset, gave me much needed advice and support, which helped to get things off the ground. Many thanks must also go to the staff of the archives I visited for their help and assistance, and general good cheer. They include Stef Dickers and the rest of the team at the Bishopsgate Library in London; Bernd Hoffman at the Max Planck Society archives in Berlin; Beate Winzer and other volunteers at the Berlin Geschichtswerkstatt archive in Schöneberg; and the staff of the Stadtarchiv Konstanz, particularly Gert Zang for helping me find my way around. To my supervisors, Eve Rosenhaft and Kate Marsh, I am deeply grateful for all that you have done on my behalf. This thesis certainly would not have materialised in the form it did without your encouragement, patience, and wisdom. As much or even more than this, I feel that your tutoring, occasionally tender, but often tough, has given me much better discipline (in the best sense of the term) in the craft of historical writing and practice. Finally, I will always be grateful for having a small but close family unit that has always been an ever-dependable presence in my life. To my cousin and friend, Jon Phillips, who put me up in London for several months whilst I ploughed through the archives, thanks for your kindness, advice, and unstinting humour. I know that my PhD was a source of much amusement and mirth, but I’m glad we were able to share so much, from football to film to politics – even if we did not always see eye to eye. To my parents, Alan and Rita, my ‘5 o’clock heroes’, who showed me what hard graft really is, I owe you much more than I can say. There was a time not all that long ago when reaching this stage seemed a very remote possibility, as I tottered on the brink of an unremarkable fall through the back door of the academy. That I got this far and gradually 3 gained a measure of confidence in my intellectual pursuits is testament to your love and support. To Fiona, my compadre in all things, who has shared this journey from the very beginning, thank you for sharing all the good times and the not so good times. I’m sure there will be many more to come – this is only the beginning. 4 ABSTRACT This research examines the meaning and practice of History Workshop as a site of knowledge production and emancipatory politics in Britain and West Germany from the late-1960s to the early-1980s. In this respect, it marks a departure from most secondary accounts that have been written on the movement and associated forms of historical work in both countries, which have tended to separate out intellectual history from the social and cultural histories of protest and activism. The aim of this research is to preserve the interdependence and mutual implication of these two realms, treating them as part of the many-sided political dynamic that energised and directed the activities of the movement. Furthermore, it goes beyond the existing literature by broadening the scope of inquiry to encompass transnational spheres of activity, which includes an investigation of the forms of interaction, exchange and mutual perception between Workshop historians in both countries, along with a focus on the social networks and institutional apparatuses, and the ways in which they connected participants. This approach follows trends in recent scholarship on the history of social movements, where historians have increasingly turned their attention towards the comparative, transnational and global contexts of protest, a trend that is also slowly filtering into other fields like intellectual history and even the sub- specialism of the history of historiography. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................ 2 ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................... 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................... 6 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 9 I. HISTORY CONTRA POLITCS? .............................................................................................. 9 II. WHERE IS LEFT HISTORY NOW? ......................................................................................... 13 III. FROM THE HSTORY OF DEMOCRACY TO DEMOCRATIC HISTORY: THE NEW LEFT, 1968 AND BEYOND............................................................................................................................. 20 IV. PLACES OF HISTORICAL PRODUCTION ........................................................................... 24 V. PLAN OF THE THESIS ........................................................................................................ 30 CHAPTER 1: ‘HISTORY SHOULD BECOME COMMON PROPERTY’: THE HISTORY WORKSHOP MOVEMENT AND THE POSTWAR BRITISH LEFT .................................................................. 32 I. FORMATIONS OF THE FAR-LEFT IN POST WAR BRITAIN: CULTURE, HISTORY, POLITICS .......... 33 II. HISTORY WORKSHOP AT RUSKIN, 1966-73: ORIGINS, DEVELOPMENTS, TRAJECTORIES ........... 40 Born out of Struggle? Ruskin College and the Contested Origins of History Workshop ............................... 41 ‘Ruskinmania and the ‘Long 1960s’ ............................................................................................. 50 From the Personal to the Pedagogical: Raphael and Ruskin Worker-historians .......................................... 52 History, Democracy, Space ....................................................................................................... 62 III. DEPARTURES AND DIVISIONS, 1974-79 ............................................................................ 68 Local History Workshops ......................................................................................................... 70 The Road to ‘79 ..................................................................................................................... 73 CHAPTER 2: GESCHICHTSWERKSTÄTTEN IN THE FEDERAL REPBULIC OF GERMANY: LOCAL AND NATIONAL VARIATIONS ............................................................................................ 77 I. BERLINER GESCHICHTSWERKSTATT .................................................................................. 82 Origins: 1980-82.................................................................................................................... 82 The Practice of Spurensicherung: From Resistance to Everyday Life ...................................................... 89 1933-1983: the BGW and the ‘Destruction of Democracy’ ................................................................