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20 Session of European Conference of Modern South Asian Studies, 8
20 th Session of European Conference of Modern South Asian Studies, 8 th July to 11 th July 2008. Farming Class and the Fragmented Polity: A Study of Yalahanka Nada Prabhus of Karnataka . By: Dr.Shadaksharaiah , Professor of History Bangalore University Bangalore 560056. Submitted to the Panel-22 Dr. A. Somashekar, Convener Panel- 22: Karnataka studies 20 th Session of European Conference on Modern South Asian Studies. Manchester London 2008. Farming Class and the Fragmented Polity: A Study of Yalahanka Nada Prabhus of Karnataka . Ancient and Medieval Indian Polity represented the monarchical states in which the dynastic powers controlled and managed the state affairs individually. In ancient India, the formation of state, its origin and kingship emerged out of attained status and power of the individual based community or claimed status with their extension of control over the reasonable area rather than by the Varna based on cast of Kshatriya Clan alone. Particularly in South India, state and kingship originated on the basis of profession and local hold of such a community who succeeded in establishing his control over the community and region. In India right from the days of Mauryas down to the days of Mughals and the Marathas almost all the dynasties including Rajputs were of the origin which are not exactly the so called Caste or Clan based Kshatriya as a Varna based ones but of different and various in their caste and professions of local in its nature. Even in South India beginning with the Chola, Chera, Pandyas and Particularly in Karnataka, from the Kadambas down to the medieval times including the dynastic rule of Vijaynagar empire all the dynastic histories speaks of their origin which is mysterious and traditional tag based claiming their status either with solar or lunar race. -
The Krishna Temple Complex, Hampi: an Exploration of Its Identity As a Medieval Temple in the Contemporary Context
THE KRISHNA TEMPLE COMPLEX, HAMPI: AN EXPLORATION OF ITS IDENTITY AS A MEDIEVAL TEMPLE IN THE CONTEMPORARY CONTEXT A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by Ashima Krishna January, 2009 © 2009 Ashima Krishna ABSTRACT Hindu temples in India have been in abundance for centuries. However, many have lost their use over time. They lie vacant and unused on vast tracts of land across the Indian subcontinent, in a time when financial resources for the provision of amenities to serve the local community are hard to come by. In the case of Hampi, this strain is felt not only by the community inhabiting the area, but the tourism sector as well. Hampi’s immense significance as a unique Medieval-city in the Indian subcontinent has increased tourist influx into the region, and added pressure on authorities to provide for amenities and facilities that can sustain the tourism industry. The site comprises near-intact Medieval structures, ruins in stone and archaeologically sensitive open land, making provision of tourist facilities extremely difficult. This raises the possibility of reusing one of the abundant temple structures to cater to some of these needs, akin to the Virupaksha Temple Complex and the Hampi Bazaar. But can it be done? There is a significant absence of research on possibilities of reusing a Hindu Temple. A major reason for this gap in scholarship has been due to the nature of the religion of Hinduism and its adherents. Communal and political forces over time have consistently viewed all Hindu temples as cultural patrimony of the people, despite legal ownership resting with the Government of India. -
The Vijayanagar Empire (1336-1646 A.D.)
26 February, 2021 Inscription on Krishnadevraya’s death (of Vijayanagar) discovered The first-ever epigraphical reference to the date of death of Vijayanagar king Krishnadevaraya has been discovered at Honnenahalli in Tumakuru district. As per the inscription, Krishnadevaraya, one of the greatest emperors of India who ruled from the South, died on October 17, 1529, Sunday, and incidentally this day was marked by a lunar eclipse. The inscription (written in Kannada) is engraved on a slab kept on the north side of the Gopalakrishna temple at Honnenahalli in Tumakuru district. It records the demise of K?ish?ad?var?ya — (V?rak?ish?ar?ya mah?r?yalu y? tath? tithiyalu astamayar?galu)_ in ?aka 1451, Vir?dhi, ?u. 15, lunar eclipse, which corresponds to 1529 AD, October 17, Sunday, according to Prof. Munirathnam. The inscription also registers gift of village Honnenahalli in Tumakuru for conducting worship to the god Veeraprasanna Hanumantha of Tumakuru. The Vijayanagar Empire (1336-1646 A.D.) Harihara and Bukka are the founders of the Vijayanagar City in 1336 A.D. on the southern banks of Tungabhadr. They made Hampi as the capital city. Hampi is on the banks of Tungabhadra River. They served under Vira Ballala III, the Hoysala King Vijayanagar Empire was ruled by four important dynasties and they are: Sangama, Saluva, Tuluva, Aravidu and Harihara I. In 1336 A.D. Harihara I became the ruler of Sangama Dynasty. He captured Mysore and Madurai. In 1356 A.D. Bukka-I succeeded him Krishnadeva Raya (1509-1529 A.D.) Krishnadeva Raya of the Tuluva dynasty was the most famous king of the Vijayanagar Empire According to Domingo Paes, a Portuguese traveller “Krishnadeva Raya was the most feared and perfect king there could possibly be”. -
Review of Research Impact Factor : 5.7631(Uif) Ugc Approved Journal No
Review Of ReseaRch impact factOR : 5.7631(Uif) UGc appROved JOURnal nO. 48514 issn: 2249-894X vOlUme - 8 | issUe - 5 | feBRUaRY - 2019 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ TOURISM AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF VIJAYAPURA AND NORTH GOA DISTRICT Yallama Chawan1 and Dr. R. V. Gangshetty2 1Research Scholar, Department of Economics, Akkamahadevi Women’s university Vijayapura. 2Associate professor, Dept of Economics, Akkamahadevi women’s University Vijayapura. ABSTRACT : From ancient period India is famous for its culture, heritage and at the same time India is known for tourism. Tourists are attracted towards India only because of its natural beauty, historical places, arts and crafts. India can always boast of its rich cultural heritage. Travel and tourism in India is an integral part of Indian tradition and culture. In ancient times travel was primarily for pilgrimage as the holy place dotting the country attracted people from different parts of the world. People also travel to participate in large scale feast, fairs and festivals in different parts of country. In such a background cultural tradition was developed where Atithi Devo Bhava (the guest is god) and Vasudhaiva Kutumbhakam (the world is one family) became by wards of Indian social behavior. KEYWORDS : Tourism, pilgrimage, Vasudhaiva, Atithi, heritage. INTRODUCTION: From ancient period India is famous for its culture, heritage and at the same time India is known for tourism. Tourists are attracted towards India only because of its natural beauty, historical places, arts and crafts. India can always boast of its rich cultural heritage. Travel and tourism in India is an integral part of Indian tradition and culture. -
Chapter 10—Mediaeval Administration and Social
CHRONOLOGY 1296 Ala-ud-din invades the kingdom of Devagiri, in the Deccan (p. 1). 1303 Failure of an expedition to Warangal (p. 2). 1306-1307 Expedition of Kafur (Malik Naib) to Devagiri (p. 3). 1310 Expedition to Warangal. Prataparudraveda II submits and pays tribute (p. 3). 1311 Expedition, under Malik Naib, into the Peninsula. Capture of Dvaravatipura and Madura. Mosque built at Rames-waram. Submission of the Pandya and Kerala kingdoms (pp. 4 and 5). 1311 Death of Ramchandra and accession of Shankardev (p. 6). 1316 Death of ' Ala-ud-din and accession of Shihab-ud-din ' Umar. Death of Malik Naib, Deposition of Umar and accession of Qutb-ud-din Mubarak (p. 7). 1318 Mubarak's expedition to Devagiri. Capture and death of Harpal (p. 7). 1321 Expedition to Warangal under Muhammad Jauna (Ulugh Khan) (pp. 8, 9). 1323 Second expedition to Warangal under Muhammad. Capture of Prataparudradeva II. (p. 9). 1327 Rebellion of Gurshasp (p. II). 1327 Capital transferred from Delhi to Daulatabad (p. 11). 1337 Rebellion of Nusrat Khan at Bidar (pp. 11, 12). 1340 Rebellion of Ali Shah Natthu in the Deccan (p. 12). 1346 Rebellion of the Centurions in Gujarat. Muhammad leaves Delhi for Gujarat, and suppresses the rebellion (p. 12). 1346 Rebellion in Daulatabad: Ismail Mukh proclaimed king of the Deccan. Muhammad besieges Daulatabad (p. 13). 1347 Ala-ud-din Bahman Shah proclaimed king of the Deccan. (p. 13). 1353 Rebellion of Muhammad Alam, Ali Lachin and Fakhruddin Muhurdar at Sagar (p. 15). 1358 Death of Bahman Shah and accession of Muhammad I Bahamani in the Deccan. -
Examining Slavery in the Medieval Deccan and in the Indian
TCNJ JOURNAL OF STUDENT SCHOLARSHIP VOLUME XIV APRIL 2012 FROM AFRICAN SLAVE TO DECCANI MILITARY AND POLITICAL LEADER: EXAMINING MALIK AMBAR’S LIFE AND LEGACY Author: Riksum Kazi Faculty Sponsor: Adam Knobler, Department of History ABSTRACT This paper examines the career of Malik Ambar (1549-1646). Originally an African slave soldier, he gained power in the regional politics of medieval India. Study of his life illustrates the dynamics, complexity, and politics of military slavery in the Deccan and India. INTRODUCTION Although fewer Africans were transported to the Indian subcontinent than to the Americas, they played a significant role in Indian history.1 Malik Ambar gained control of a sizable Deccani sultanate and transcended the traditional role of slave by resisting the Mughal Empire‘s armies and maintaining the socio- economic structure of the Deccan. Despite his accomplishments, Ambar he has been forgotten by historians for a variety of political, religious, and ethnic reasons. A note on terminology: in this paper, the word slave, unless otherwise indicated, connotes people of African heritage in involuntary servitude. The term Habshi refers to African slaves from the hinterlands of Ethiopia and the Sudan.2 THE DECCAN: GEOGRAPHIC BACKGROUND The Deccan, the principal geological region of Central India, is divided into five major areas: the Western Ghats, comprised of the Sahyadri range and coastal region near those mountains; the Northern Deccan plateau; the Southern Deccan plateau; the Eastern plateau; and the Eastern Ghats, including the Bengali coastal region. Its landscapes and climates vary from cold mountains to warm coastal plains.3 Moreover, the region was populated by speakers of Sanskrit, Tamil, Gujarati, Marathi, Persian, and Urdu and practicers of Hinduism and Islam. -
The Rationality of Politics and Power in Vijayanagar
“As a sapphire . to the blades of grass”: THE RATIONALITY OF POLITICS & POWER IN VIJAYANAGAR Azim Barodawala The Lauder Institute, University of Pennsylvania A THESIS Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts April 2007 Thesis Supervisor: Dr. Aditya Behl TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements: ........................................................................................................................ 4 I. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 5 II. The Historical Context and Its Importance ............................................................................. 9 III. Review of Scholarship .......................................................................................................... 11 IV. “Decoding” the Narratives: Tensions and Biases ................................................................. 13 V. The Game: Politics, Succession, and Loyalty in Vijayanagar .............................................. 20 The Context and Goal ....................................................................................................... 20 The Fundamental Challenge: Succession ......................................................................... 21 The Strategy: Mutual Dependence and Loyalty ............................................................... 22 VI. The Players: Kings, Ministers, and Courtiers ...................................................................... -
Unit 8 Ahmednagar, Btjapur and Golkonda
UNIT 8 AHMEDNAGAR, BTJAPUR AND GOLKONDA Structure 8.0 Objectives 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Ahmednagar 8.3 Bijapur 8.4 Golkonda 8.5 External Relations 8.5.1 Relations with each other 8.5.2 Relations with Vijaynagar 8.5.3 ~kiationswith Marathas 8.5.4 Relations with Europeans 8.6 Administrative Structure 8.6.1 Ruling Classes 8.6.2 Central Administration 8.6.3 Provincial and Local .9dministration 8.7 Let Us Sum Up 8.8 Answers to Check Your Progress Exercises Appendix-Lis: of Sultans in the Three Kingdoms 8.0 OBJECTIVES In this Unit we will discuss the three major kingdoms in Deccan, viz., Ahmednagar, Bijapur and Golkonda. After going through this unit, you would be able to know: political developments in the kingdoms of Ahmednagar, Bijqpur and Golkonda; relations of these kingdoms with each other and other powers of the region; nature of the ruling class in these kingdoms; and central and provincial administration in the three kingdoms. 8.1 INTRODUCTION The disintegration of the Bahmani kingdom gave rise to five independent kingdoms in Deccan, viz., Ahmednagar, Bijapur, Golkonda, Bidar and Berar. In a few years the kingdoms of Bidar and Berar were subdued by their powerful neighbours. The remaining three continued to flourish for almost 100-150 years before they were engulfed by the Mughal empire. The main focus in this Unit would be on the political developments in these kingdoms. You would know their relations with the Portuguese, the Marathas, and interaction with each other. You would also learn about their administrative set up. -
Vijayanagara Empire [Medieval Indian History Notes for UPSC]
NCERT Notes: Vijayanagara Empire [Medieval Indian History Notes For UPSC] Vijayanagara Empire was founded by Harihara and Bukka and the reign was from 1336 A.D to 1646 A.D. This article gives all the relevant information about the Vijayanagara Empire for the upcoming UPSC 2020 exam. By the end of the Sultanate Period, Multan and Bengal were the first territories to break away from the Delhi Sultanate and declare independence and many other territories in the Deccan region rose to power. The Vijayanagar Empire (1336-1646 A.D.) ● Harihara and Bukka are the founders of the Vijayanagar City in 1336 A.D. on the southern banks of Tungabhadra ● They made Hampi the capital city. ● They served under Vira Ballala III, the Hoysala King Vijayanagar Empire was ruled by four important dynasties and they are: 1. Sangama 2. Saluva 3. Tuluva 4. Aravidu Harihara I ● In 1336 A.D. Harihara I became the ruler of Sangama Dynasty ● He captured Mysore and Madurai. ● In 1356 A.D. Bukka-I succeeded him Krishnadeva Raya (1509-1529 A.D.) ● Krishnadeva Raya of the Tuluva dynasty was the most famous king of the Vijayanagar Empire ● According to Domingo Paes, a Portuguese traveller “Krishnadeva Raya was the most feared and perfect king there could possibly be”. Krishnadeva Raya‘s Conquests ● He conquered Sivasamudram in 1510A.D and Raichur in 1512A.D ● In 1523 A.D. he captured Orissa and Warangal ● His empire extended from the river Krishna in the north to River Cauvery in the south; the Arabian Sea in the west to Bay of Bengal in the east His Contributions ● An able administrator. -
GK Digest for SSC CGL V2 455: Accession of Skandagupta
Index- GK Digest for SSC CGL319–320 v2: Commencement of Gupta era. Subject - History - Page No : 1-19 380: Accession of Chandragupta II Subject - Geography - Page No : 19-28 ‘Vikramaditya’ Subject - General Science - Page No : 28-78 405–411: Visit of Chinese traveller Fahien. 415: Accession of Kumargupta I. GK Digest for SSC CGL v2 455: Accession of Skandagupta. 606–647: Harshavardhan’s reign. SUBJECT - HISTORY II. MEDIEVAL PERIOD Indian History – Important Dates BC ( BEFORE CRIST ) 712: First invasion in Sindh by Arabs (Mohd. 2300–1750 : Indus Valley Civilization. Bin Qasim). From 1500 : Coming of the Aryans. 836: Accession of King Bhoja of Kannauj. 1200–800 : Expansion of the Aryans in the 985: Accession of Rajaraja, the Chola ruler. Ganga Valley. 998: Accession of SultanMahmud Ghazni. 600 :Age of the 16 Mahajanapadas of 1001: First invasion of India by Mahmud northern India. Ghazni who defeated Jaipal, ruler of Punjab. 563–483: Buddha’s Life-span. BankExamsToday.com 1025: Destruction of Somnath Temple by 540–468: Mahavir’s Life-span. Mahmud Ghazni. 362–321: Nanda dynasty. 1191: First battle of Tarain. 327–326 : Alexander’s invasion of India. It 1192: Second battle of Tarain. opened a land route between India and 1206 :Accession of Qutubuddin Aibak to the Europe. throne of Delhi. 322: Accession of Chandragupta Maurya. 1210 :Death of Qutubuddin Aibak. 305: Defeat of Seleucus at the hands of 1221: Chengiz Khan invaded India (Mongol Chandragupta Maurya. invasion). 273–232: Ashoka’s reign. 1236: Accession of Razia Sultana to the 261: Conquest of Kalinga. throne of Delhi. 145–101: Regin of Elara, the Chola king of 1240: Death of Razia Sultana. -
Kanchipuram Is the Ancient Capital of Pallava Kingdom Is a Renowned Town Dedicated to the Presiding Deity, Sri Kamakshi
72 Kanchipuram is the ancient capital of Pallava kingdom is a renowned town dedicated to the presiding deity, Sri Kamakshi. It is one of the sacred cities of Hindus. Kanchipuram situated on the Chengelput – Arakkonam junction of the Southern Railway. Kanchi is 77 kms distance from Chennai. Kanchi is one of the seven holy cities of India, the other six being Haridwar, Ujjain, Varanasi, Madhura, Ayodya and Dwaraka and Kanchipuram has been a centre of great activitiy for religious leaders, among them Saint Appar and Siruthondar, are famous saints. The city has had glorious past, successively as the capital of Pallvas, the Cholas and the Vijayanagar, although while under the Pallava, it had been invaded and held for a short time by the Chalukyas of Badami and Rashtrakutas. Kanchi is one such place. It has been a seat of learning from times immemorial a center of spiritual activities and a place hailed as the temple town with more than thousand temples. This is also the place, where Lord Siva is seen in the form of Prithvi out of the five elements. Kanchipuram has been a place enriched by ancient wisdom and further strengthened by the existence of Kamakoti Pitham supposed to have been established by Adi Sankara. Hailed as Nagaresu Kanchi (city of cities) Kanchipuram stands as a monumental testimony to India’s rich culture heritage and ancient wisdom. 73 Kanchipuram is sanctified by Divinity, nourished by Nature and inspired by Spiritualism. The triple divine dispensation as manifest in the forms of Moksapuri, Prthviksetra and Saktipitham, lends sanctity to the place. -
Unit Iii: Vijaynagar Administration and Socio-Cultural Aspects
UNIT III: VIJAYNAGAR ADMINISTRATION AND SOCIO-CULTURAL ASPECTS: ADMINISTRATION: A. Vijanagar empire: The Empire was divided for administrative purposes into several provinces such as rajya, mandala and chavadi, which again was sub-divided into venthe- A territorial division higher than a nadu, nadu- A territorial division higher than a village, sima- A portion of land comprising several fields village and sthala- A territorial division higher than a parru, which was again higher than a nadu. According to H. Krishna Shastri, the empire was divided into six provinces. Each province was under a viceroy, nayaka or naik, who might be a member of the royal house or an influential noble of the State, or some descendents of the old ruling families. Each viceroy exercised civil, military and judicial powers within his jurisdiction, but he was required to submit regular accounts of the income and expenditures of his charge to the central government and render it military aid in times of need. Further he was liable to severe punishment by the king if he proved to be a traitor or oppressed the people, and his estate could be confiscated to the state if he made default in sending one-third of his income to the king. Though the naik were severe in raising revenue from the people, they were not unmindful of the beneficial work like the encouragement of agriculture, the plantation of new villages, protection of religion and erection of temples and other buildings. The amara-nayaka system: the ‘amara’ is believed to have been derived from a Sanskrit word samara, meaning battle or war.