Contents CHEMISTRY International January-February 2004 Volume 26 No. 1
President’s Column 2
Features Atomic Weights and the International Committee: A Brief Historical Review by Norman E. Holden 4 The Periodic Table of the Elements by Norman Holden and Ty Coplen 8 Chinese Terms for Chemical Elements: Characters Combining Radical and Phonetic Elements by Chang Hao 10
IUPAC Wire FECS 2003 Award for Service Presented to Leiv Sydnes 14 IACT Gains Associated Organization Status 14
Up for Discussion Questionable Stereoformulas of Diastereomers OH HO H H by Gerd Kaupp and M. Reza Naimi-Jamal 15 Ar Ar
A Ar OH C Ar OH Response from the IUPAC Chemical Nomenclature and
OH HO H H Structure Representation Division (VIII) by Alan McNaught 16
Ar Ar
Ar OH Ar OH B D The Project Place XML-Based IUPAC Standard for Experimental and Critically Evaluated Thermodynamic Property Data Storage and Capture 17 Chemical Thermodynamics for Industry 17 Pesticide Science—Harmonization of Data Requirements and Evaluation 18
Making an imPACt Properties and Units for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology 21 Implications of Endocrine Active Substances for Humans and Wildlife 21
Bookworm Physicochemical Kinetics and Transport at Biointerfaces 24 Biodegradable Polymers & Plastics 24 Chemicals in Products: Safeguarding the Environment and Human Health reviewed by John Duffus 25 On the Practice of Safety reviewed by John Duffus 26
Conference Call Bioinorganic Chemistry by Stephen J. Lippard 27 Macromolecules by Jaroslav Kríz 28 Spectroscopy by Carmen Cámara and Luis Fermín Capitán-Vallvey 29
Where 2B & Y 31
A complementary Mark Your Calendar 36 map/2004 calendar is enclosed with this issue. IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements back cover tear off President’s Column
Exciting and Challenging Times for Chemists and Chemistry mented, generally speaking, that the countries with the highest representation in IUPAC governing bodies have by far the most members in the project task groups. As by Leiv K. Sydnes stated by a number of participants at the GA, it is important to correct this imbalance. This is easier said n a number of occasions since the General than done, but it is my hope that by improving contacts Assembly (GA) in August 2003, I have won- between the divisions and the chemical communities in Odered how ideas discussed in Ottawa to pro- the IUPAC member countries—and through the work of mote the chemical sciences and serve our societies can the Union Advisory Committee and by meeting with the be implemented with maximum effectiveness. I now National Adhering Organizations of member realize that there is more than one answer to the ques- countries—the geographic base of the task groups will tion because societies are organized very differently broaden considerably. Let us be active in our search for around the world and because national and personal qualified volunteers who are willing to serve IUPAC. priorities vary considerably. Of course, this has conse- quences for a global organization like ours: IUPAC can Conferences mainly be a provider that, to a large extent, has to rely I also would like to see IUPAC become more visible at on engaged chemists around the world to reach conferences and utilize them more effectively to make national stakeholders in a proper and adequate fashion. our Union better known in the chemical profession; to disseminate recommendations, technical reports, and In this perspective, opinions expressed during the reports from task groups; and to develop ideas for new discussion of my Vice President’s Critical Assessment projects. In order to achieve this, IUPAC should, in fact, in Ottawa and input received afterwards have been attach strings to its support of conferences, so that at most encouraging: People are willing to serve and least one session during a conference is dedicated to become engaged in IUPAC activities. Therefore, I feel discussing the need for standardization or critical that an important task as president will be to act as a assessment of quantitative data, or for exploring if new, facilitator of initiatives and actions aimed at advanc- exciting scientific topics related to the conference ing the chemical sciences worldwide and contributing theme and beyond, are about to emerge. If such ses- to the application of chemistry in the service of sions were organized skilfully by the appropriate divi- Mankind. As initiatives are required in a number of sion(s) they would gradually prepare younger chemists areas there should be plenty of opportunity for inter- to develop new materials, devices, and methods for ested chemists to participate in IUPAC activities. I improving sustainable development and quality of life. would like to focus on four such areas. Public Appreciation Projects In today’s media-sensitive societies, the issues of rating, For the very existence of the Union, a most important standing, and reputation are important to consider. In task is to improve our means of generating new, good doing so we realize that the chemical enterprise suffers projects that address scientific issues requiring either from a dubious public image. Chemicals are too often international standardization (e.g., nomenclature, ter- associated with bad things happening to people and minology, and quantities) or evaluation and critical the environment, and in recent years, with chemical assessment of quantitative data. In this work, the divi- warfare. Unfortunately, the daily, positive contributions sions must play an active role under the leadership of from chemistry and chemical engineering—to society the division committees. This is in line with what a and every one of us—are barely publicized, even past president of the Analytical Chemistry Division, though they are instrumental in feeding us, clothing us, Folke Ingman, wrote in the last issue of the division’s housing us, healing us, and even entertaining us. newsletter Teamwork
2 CHEMISTRY International January-February 2004 zation with a global reputation of providing authorita- 2004–2005 Bureau tive and unbiased chemistry information, offer added value and be regarded as more trustworthy in such an Officers effort. In order to try to answer these and a number of Prof. Leiv K. Sydnes, Norway related questions, IUPAC has funded a feasibility study President entitled “Chemistry’s Contributions to Humanity.” The Prof. Bryan R. Henry, Canada task group, chaired by Dr. Edwin D. Przybylowicz, has a Vice President wide membership, including several chemists involved Prof. David StC. Black, Australia in the Committee on Chemistry Education, led by Prof. Secretary General Peter Atkins. The project description, available at Dr. Christoph F. Buxtorf, Switzerland
CHEMISTRY International January-February 2004 3 Atomic Weights
Just 20 years ago, while completing his chairmanship of Manchester Literacy and Philosophical Society, and the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights, Norman than published in 1805.) Since hydrogen had the Holden prepared and published in Chemistry smallest atomic weight value, Dalton chose that ele- International (1984, issue No.1) an early historical review ment as his reference scale unit, hydrogen = 1, and he of the International Commission on Atomic Weights. calculated atomic weights by comparing weights of Since then, his interest of the topic has not faded, and other atoms with that of hydrogen. Values given in au contraire, he has now reviewed, extended, and the table indicate that Dalton grasped the ideas of updated the historical review to a length far beyond the constant composition in compounds and of multiple space available here. The excerpts below are extracted proportions. However, he did not account for the from the historical review, which is available online at valence of each element in the compound. Dalton’s
4 CHEMISTRY International January-February 2004 Go online for full text and references.
tee reported annually (except for 1918) until 1921. In The Atomic Weights Scale 1913, the committee became formally affiliated with The atomic weights scale of H = 1 was originally used the International Association of Chemical Societies by Dalton and (except for Berzelius’ time) had been (IACS), which had been formed two years earlier. The used for approximately 100 years when the ACS and ICAW was charged with publishing an updated Table the German committees began reporting their tables. of Atomic Weights every year. Although the IACS was Lothar Meyer (one of the first developers of the peri- formally dissolved in 1919, the ICAW continued to odic table) and Seubert had published on the hydro- publish its annual tables until 1922. gen scale, but Wilhelm Ostwald (a member of the In 1918, a conference of scientists from allied (coun- German committee who later won the Nobel Prize for tries at war with the Central Powers) scientific acade- chemistry for catalysis) and Bohuslav Brauner (mem- mies withdrew from the IACS and formed the ber of the Committee on Chemical Elements) strongly International Research Council (IRC). A year later, at urged the adoption of the O = 16 scale. Clarke the Inter-allied Chemical Conference in London, the reported his table on both scales, while the German allied chemical societies of Belgium, England, France, committee used the O = 16 scale exclusively and Italy, and the United States formed the International argued for its adoption. As a result of a vote within the Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), which German Committee in 1899, the first international would function—with autonomous powers—as the table was published on the O = 16 scale. However, chemical section of the IRC. after vigorous protests from certain parties, doubt At the first IUPAC conference, held in 1920 in was expressed as to whether a majority opinion could Rome, the IUPAC Council met and established a series ever be accepted as final in such theoretical matters. of committees: one on atomic weights, one on tables As a result, the smaller ICAW continued publishing the of constants, and one on patents, as well as an annual tables on both scales until a consensus could Institute of Chemical Standards. The council be reached. requested that the old ICAW be asked to continue its Beginning with the 1906 report, however, the ICAW work. In 1921, the committee on atomic weights was used the O = 16 scale following a new survey of the reorganized, enlarged, and renamed the Committee larger committee. Thus, the scale was settled for some on Chemical Elements. This committee, in addition to 30 years, except for a brief discussion in 1920 on providing atomic weight values, was also asked to going back to the hydrogen scale. Beginning in the cover the discovery of isotopes in radioactive and 1930s, when the neutron was discovered and the non-radioactive elements. Tables of radioactive ele- structure of nuclei was accepted to be a combination ments and their principal constants, a table of iso- of protons and neutrons, H = 1 became a near impos- topes, and a table of atomic weights were to be sible choice as a reference for atomic weights. The prepared. atomic number of heavy elements would not repre- At a meeting in Paris in 1922, the Committee on sent the number of nuclides in the nucleus in an H = 1 Chemical Elements voted to publish the table of iso- scale. topes and of radioactive elements In 1929, the discovery of the two oxygen isotopes, the following year and to continue 17O and 18O by Giauque and Johnston led to a situation the old committee’s table of in which the chemist’s scale of O = 16 differed from the 1921–1922 if a new general table of physicist’s scale of 16O = 16. When Dole reported the atomic weights could not be com- variation in oxygen’s atomic weight value in water pleted in time. The committee pub- versus air, this implied a variation in the isotopic com- lished a completely revised atomic position of oxygen and the two scales took on a small weight table in 1925, but did not but a variable difference. The ICAW briefly discussed revise the table again until after 1930. the atomic weight standard in their 1932 report, where In 1928, after being criticized for fail- they considered 1H = 1, 4He = 4, 16O = 16 and O = 16 ing to publish an annual table of before choosing to follow Aston, who argued that the Frank W. Clarke atomic weights for many years, the two scales satisfied everyone’s requirement. committee was reorganized into three separate com- The variable scale difference was of great concern mittees: one dealing with atomic weights, one with to Edward Wichers (president of ICAW beginning in atoms, and one with radioactive constants. 1949) and for a number of years he attempted to have
CHEMISTRY International January-February 2004 5 Atomic Weights and the International Commitee
the ICAW fix the difference between the two scales within IUPAC with various terminology committees by definition. This would effectively define the iso- about these terms, not the least of which was “atomic topic composition of oxygen to be a particular value weights” itself. The various discussions that followed in nature. Failing with this solution, he solicited pro- would continue over a decade until the IUPAC posals for an alternate scale that would be acceptable General Assembly at Davos, Switzerland, in 1979. to both the physics community as well as to the The fallout from the terminology wars was dis- chemists worldwide. cussed in the commis- In April 1957, Alfred sion’s meetings at both Nier suggested to Josef the 1971 IUPAC Mattauch (both were Washington, D.C., members of ICAW) that General Assembly and the 12C = 12 mass scale the 1973 IUPAC be adopted because of Munich, FRG, General carbon’s use as a sec- Assembly. In the 1971 ondary standard in report, there was a dis- mass spectrometry. Edward Wichers Alfred Nier Josef Mattauch cussion as well as a Also, 12C = 12 implied graph of the relative acceptable relative changes in the atomic weight precision of the atomic weight values of all elements scale, (i.e., 42 parts-per-million [ppm] compared to across the periodic table. The two tables of half-life 275 ppm for the 16O = 16 scale [which would not be values and atomic masses from the 1969 report were acceptable to chemists]). Enthusiastically, Mattauch combined into a single table in the 1971 report. made a worldwide effort in the late 1950s to publicize With the increased importance of the isotopic the 12C = 12 scale and obtain the physicist’s approval, abundance measurements in the determination of the while Wichers obtained the chemist’s approval. atomic weights, the commission’s name was changed Following the approval of the International Union at the 1979 IUPAC General Assembly in Davos, of Pure and Applied Physics General Assembly in Switzerland, to Commission on Atomic Weights and Ottawa, Canada, in 1960 and the IUPAC General Isotopic Abundances. A new definition of atomic Assembly at Montreal, Canada, in 1961, the atomic weight was presented, which indicated that atomic weights were officially given on the 12C = 12 scale for weights could be defined for a sample. Tables of stan- the first time in the 1961 report. Mattauch and his col- dard atomic weights published by the commission leagues combined data on direct nuclidic mass meas- referred to best knowledge of the elements in natural urements with data on measured binding energies terrestrial sources (this is still the case today). Atomic and beta decay energies derived from the masses to weight (mean relative atomic mass) of an element produce a consistent least squares fit of all nuclidic from a specified source was defined as “the ratio of 1 masses. This mass data was combined with the iso- the average mass per atom of the element to /12 of topic compositions to provide atomic weight values the mass of an atom of 12C.” From this point on, the used in that 1961 Atomic Weights report. commission presented the most accurate available values for those who needed to use them, but the Expanded Topics for the concept of accuracy implies the existence of a true Commission value and the definition doesn’t recognize the exis- tence of one true value for every element. In the years between when the mass scale change occurred and 1969, there were relatively few changes The Growing Importance of in the atomic weights table. In the 1969 report, a table Isotopic Compositions of radioactive isotopes with half-life values and a table of atomic masses of selected isotopes were For the 1981 IUPAC General Assembly in Leuven, included, and definitions of terms of atomic weight, Belgium, the Commission decided to publish its report isotope, nuclide, and normal material were intro- in Pure and Applied Chemistry in two separate parts duced. These definitions led to an interdivisional fight for the first time (i.e., the Atomic Weights of the
6 CHEMISTRY International January-February 2004 A Brief Historical Review
Elements, 1981 and the Isotopic Compositions of the for more than one and one half years, until the presi- Elements, 1981). dent of the IUPAC Inorganic Chemistry Division, Gerd At the 1983 IUPAC General Assembly in Lyngby, Rosenblatt, made funds available to bring together all Denmark, the Commission changed its method for members of the commission and subcommittees in expressing uncertainties in atomic weight values. Ottawa to discuss the future course of the commission. Previously these uncertainties were restricted to one As a result of the above confusion, no preparatory of two values, (i.e., either ± 1 or ± 3). Beginning with work for the scientific agenda had been done to ana- the 1983 report, these uncertainties could now take on lyze the data and recommend updated values for the any digit from ± 1 up to ± 9. Another change with the Table of the Standard Atomic Weights. At the 2003 1983 report dealt with the treatment of elements with IUPAC General Assembly in Ottawa, Canada, the com- no stable isotopes. For radioactive elements with no mission chose not to publish a report on Atomic unique naturally occurring isotopic composition from Weights for 2003 (for the first time in almost 40 which an atomic weight could be calculated with five years). The commission and the subcommittees dis- or more figure accuracy without prior knowledge of cussed the future work of these bodies and a mecha- the sample, the concept of a standard atomic weight nism for the funding for continued operation either has little meaning. So scientists dealing with non-ter- within IUPAC or outside of the IUPAC framework. restrial samples were warned to exercise caution Tiping Ding (Chinese Academy of Geological when the isotopic composition or atomic weight of a Sciences, Beijing, China) was elected chairman to non-terrestrial sample was required. replace Philip Taylor and Michael Wieser (University At the 1999 IUPAC General Assembly in Berlin, of Calgary, Alberta, Canada) was elected secretary to Germany, the Working Party on Non-terrestrial Data replace Robert Loss at the conclusion of the meeting. reported on the processes explaining isotopic varia- One atomic weights publication that did appear in a tions and provided a table of anomalous isotopic pre-print form at the time of the Ottawa General compositions in extra-terrestrial materials due to Assembly was another element-by-element review decay of radioisotopes. called EXER-2000. This 115-page document had been More recently, at the 2001 IUPAC General the result of the six-year effort by the members of the Assembly in Brisbane, Australia, the commission 1997 working party and it was written in a similar man- emphasized the great importance of the isotopic ner to the earlier Subcommittee on the Assessment of abundance values as the sole source (along with the Isotopic Composition review. atomic mass values of the stable isotopes) for deter- mining atomic weight values for the elements. The Norman Holden
CHEMISTRY International January-February 2004 7 The Periodic Table of the Elements
The president of the Inorganic Chemistry Division, atomic number was the same as the number of protons Gerd Rosenblatt, recognizing that the periodic table in each element. of the elements found in the “Red Book” A problem for Mendeleev’s table was the position- (Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, published in ing of the rare earth or lanthanoid* elements. These 1985) needed some updating—particularly elements elements had properties and atomic weight values above 103, including element 110 (darmstadtium)— similar to one another but that did not follow the reg- made a formal request to Norman Holden and Tyler ularities of the table. Eventually, they were placed in a Coplen to prepare an updated table. This table can be separate area below the main table. found below, on the IUPAC Web site, and as a tear-off The Danish physicist Niels Henrik David Bohr pro- on the inside back cover of this issue. posed his electronic orbital structure of the atom in 1921, which explained the problem of the rare earth by Norman Holden and Ty Coplen elements. The electrons in the outermost and the penultimate orbits are called valence electrons since generally their actions account for the valence of the he Russian chemist Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev element (i.e., electrons capable of taking part in the constructed his original periodic table in 1869 links between atoms). Chemical behavior of an ele- Tusing as its organizing principle his formulation ment depends on its valence electrons, so that when of the periodic law: if the chemical elements are only inner orbit electrons are changing from one ele- arranged in the ascending order of their atomic ment to another, there is not much difference in the weights, then at certain regular intervals (periods) chemical properties between the elements. elements occur having similar chemical and physical The elements from actinium through uranium (along properties. with neptunium through curium when they were first synthesized) were originally placed with the main table Mendeleev sensed that chemical behavior was more elements, in spite of problems with their chemical fundamental than atomic weight and left empty spaces properties. In 1946, the American chemist Glenn in his table when chemical properties did not fit. He predicted that these miss- 1 1 ing elements would be discovered with H hydrogen appropriate atomic weight values and 1.007 94(7) 2 Key: having the required properties. When 3 4 atomic number Li Be Symbol lithium beryllium name gallium, scandium, and germanium were 6.941(2) 9.012 182(3) standard atomic weight discovered over the next 15 years with 11 12 Na Mg the properties that Mendeleev pre- sodium magnesium 3456789101112 22.989 770(2) 24.3050(6) dicted, the scientific world began to 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn take his periodic table seriously. potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc 39.0983(1) 40.078(4) 44.955 910(8) 47.867(1) 50.9415(1) 51.9961(6) 54.938 049(9) 55.845(2) 58.933 200(9) 58.6934(2) 63.546(3) 65.409(4) In 1913, the English physicist Henry 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley compared the Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium energy of the X-ray spectral lines of var- 85.4678(3) 87.62(1) 88.905 85(2) 91.224(2) 92.906 38(2) 95.94(2) [97.9072] 101.07(2) 102.905 50(2) 106.42(1) 107.8682(2) 112.411(8) 55 56 57-71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
ious elements against their atomic Cs Ba lanthanoids Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg caesium barium hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury weight. He obtained an approximate 132.905 45(2) 137.327(7) 178.49(2) 180.9479(1) 183.84(1) 186.207(1) 190.23(3) 192.217(3) 195.078(2) 196.966 55(2) 200.59(2) 87 88 89-103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 straight-line graph. To avoid breaks in Fr Ra actinoids Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Uuu francium radium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium unununium this graph, he found it necessary to [223.0197] [226.0254] [261.1088] [262.1141] [266.1219] [264.12] [277] [268.1388] [271] [272] place elements in the order demanded 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 by the chemical properties rather than La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy lanthanum cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium europium gadolinium terbium dysprosium increasing atomic weight. Moseley’s 138.9055(2) 140.116(1) 140.907 65(2) 144.24(3) [144.9127] 150.36(3) 151.964(1) 157.25(3) 158.925 34(2) 162.500(1)
curve of X-ray lines indicated that every 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf element has a constant value, its ordinal actinium thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium americium curium berkelium californium or atomic number, that increases by a [227.0277] 232.0381(1) 231.035 88(2) 238.028 91(3) [237.0482] [244.0642] [243.0614] [247.0704] [247.0703] [251.0796] constant amount from element to ele- For a printable version of this table, see
8 CHEMISTRY International January-February 2004 Theodore Seaborg suggested that these elements report provides table 3 with either the atomic mass or, formed an actinoid group similar to the lanthanoid. when that parameter is unknown, merely the atomic Lawrencium completed the actinoid series and element mass number (number of protons and neutrons in the 104 was placed in the seventh row of the main table. nucleus) of the most stable nuclide of that element There were conflicting claims of who first synthe- (i.e., the nuclide having the longest half-life). This sized element 104 and the next few elements of the value from table 3 of the report is shown on the peri- table for almost a quarter century. During this long odic table in square brackets for many of the ele- impasse, Joseph Chatt (of IUPAC’s Inorganic ments, including all elements above uranium. Thus, Chemistry Division) suggested the use of a Greco- element 100 is listed as “[257.0951].” Otherwise, the Roman naming scheme to provide a provisional IUPAC mass number of the longest lived nuclide is listed, name with a three letter symbol (e.g., element 111 such as [277] for hassium. One element deserves a would have the name unununium with a symbol Uuu). special comment in this regard. Element 110, darm- Eventually, a joint working party from IUPAC and from stadtium (Ds), is listed in table 3 of the report [281]. the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics Because the half-life of 1.6 min for 281Ds was deter- (IUPAP) was formed to review the scientific data for mined from only a single decay, it was decided elements 104 through 109 and to resolve the impasse. instead to give in the periodic table the mass number The joint IUPAC/IUPAP working party decided to con- of a nuclide that has the longest half-life and that con- tinue resolving the problem of determining the first firms the discovery of Ds. This is 271Ds; thus, [271] is synthesizer for future elements. The group determined listed for element 110. that element 110 was initially made by the German Element 111 has also been acknowledged by the joint group at the Heavy Ion facility in Darmstadt, Germany. IUPAC/IUPAP working party to have first been synthe- The Germans suggested the name darmstadtium with sized by the same German group at Darmstadt, but a the symbol Ds, which are now accepted both by name has not yet been suggested. It is shown on the IUPAC and IUPAP. table with its IUPAC provisional name and symbol “Uuu.” In keeping with the traditional use of atomic weight The elements with atomic numbers 112, 114, and 116 have values in the peri- been reported in the scientific literature, but have not
18 odic table, the lat- yet been authenticated by the IUPAC/IUPAP working 2 He est (2001) IUPAC party, so they do not yet merit a place in the table. helium 13 14 15 16 17 4.002 602(2) approved Standard Finally, for American readers, it is noted that alter- 5 6 7 8 9 10 Atomic Weight val- nate English language spellings for the names of alu- B C N O F Ne boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon 10.811(7) 12.0107(8) 14.0067(2) 15.9994(3) 18.998 4032(5) 20.1797(6) ues are listed on the minum and cesium are used in the USA and do not 13 14 15 16 17 18 table with the constitute erroneous spellings. Al Si P S Cl Ar aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon uncertainty in the 26.981 538(2) 28.0855(3) 30.973 761(2) 32.065(5) 35.453(2) 39.948(1) 31 32 33 34 35 36 last figure shown in *The 1985 “Red Book” (p. 45) indicates that the following col- Ga Ge As Se Br Kr gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton parentheses. These lective names for groups of atoms are IUPAC-approved: acti- 69.723(1) 72.64(1) 74.921 60(2) 78.96(3) 79.904(1) 83.798(2) 49 50 51 52 53 54 values are taken noids or actinides, lanthanoids or lanthanides. The note that In Sn Sb Te I Xe from table 1 of the accompanied that statement explained that although actinoid indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon 114.818(3) 118.710(7) 121.760(1) 127.60(3) 126.904 47(3) 131.293(6) Atomic Weights of means “like actinium” and so should not include actinium, 81 82 83 84 85 86 “ Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn the Elements 2001” actinium has become common usage. Similarly, lanthanoid. thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon 204.3833(2) 207.2(1) 208.980 38(2) [208.9824] [209.9871] [222.0176] (IUPAC technical The ending “-ide” normally indicates a negatives ion, and report, Pure Appl. therefore “lanthanoid” and “actinoid” are preferred to “lan- Chem. 75, 1107–1122 thanide” and “actinide.” However, owing to wide current use, [2003]). For ele- “lanthanide” and “actinide” are still allowed. 67 68 69 70 71 Ho Er Tm Yb Lu ments without sta- holmium erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium 164.930 32(2) 167.259(3) 168.934 21(2) 173.04(3) 174.967(1) ble nuclides or Norman Holden
99 100 101 102 103 long-lived nuclides members of the IUPAC Inorganic Chemistry Division. NH is at the National Nuclear Es Fm Md No Lr einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium with normal terres- Data Center of the Brookhaven National Laboratory, in Upton, New York, and TC is [252.0830] [257.0951] [258.0984] [259.1010] [262.1097] trial abundances of with the U.S. Geological Survey, in Reston, Virginia, USA. those nuclides, the atomic weights www.iupac.org/general/FAQs/elements.html
CHEMISTRY International January-February 2004 9 Chinese Terms for Chemical Elements
Characters Combining Radical and teenth century, a large number of theories were not Phonetic Elements translated into Chinese until the 1870s. The translation of the elements was one of the earliest problems, by Chang Hao especially when it came to explaining the reaction of substances. The use of traditional, already existing hen a chemical element is translated into Chinese names was in the beginning considered an Chinese, the character usually contains a advantage. However, only a few terms could be used Wradical that indicates the physical proper- for the new elements. There weren’t many chemists in ties of the element according to the Chinese philoso- nineteenth-century China, so translating chemical phy of nature. This idea dates back to the year 1871. terms was a big problem. Most translators were not For example, the term argon was translated into ya experts and they didn’t know anything about the with an air-radical, barium into bei with a metal-radi- chemical properties of an element, which often made cal, and so on. their translations misleading. Others just put the pro- nunciation of the English terms into Chinese charac- The Chinese language has very little in common ters, a method that was temporarily accepted, but the with European languages. When the nineteenth-cen- resulting words didn’t sound very Chinese and could- tury Chinese translated chemical elements that had n’t convey any real information about the element to been named after countries, places, their form, or which they pointed. their distinctive properties, tremendous effort was In 1871, John Fryer (1839–1928) and his Chinese col- required to create a whole nomenclature from league Xu Shou (1818–1884), both of them working for scratch. the translation office of the Jiangnan Arsenal, created The modern concept of a chemical element as a a principle for the translation of chemical elements “substance that cannot be split up by any known according to which means into something simpler” did not exist in tradi- one Chinese charac- The impact of Fryer and tional Chinese natural philosophy. When the concept ter was to be Xu’s translations on the of the four elements was introduced into China in the assigned to each fields of chemistry and late Ming dynasty (1368–1644), the translation yuanx- element. The impact ing (original-phase) for the term “element” was influ- of their translations chemical engineering enced by the theory of the five phases. There are five on the fields of proved to be enormous. xing (phases) in China, namely, metal, wood, water, chemistry and fire, and earth, which have an interdependent cyclic chemical engineering proved to be enormous. In relationship. In the Chinese view of nature, fire repre- Huaxue Jianyuan (Mirror of Chemical Science), the sents not only the real fire, but also the substances most influential textbook on chemistry in nineteenth- bearing characteristics of fire. Although there were century China, Fryer and Xu explained their ideas on different Chinese translations for “element” in the the translation of the elements. Traditional terms for nineteenth-century, those terms are mostly forgotten elements like gold, silver, copper, iron, lead, tin, mer- nowadays. Only the word yuansu (original-element), cury, sulfur, phosphorus, and carbon remained which is derived from the Japanese language and was unchanged. If they considered an existing term for an introduced into China after the Sino-Japanese war element suitable (examples are oxygen, hydrogen, (1894–95), is still in use today. and nitrogen), it was retained as well. They would not Although the introduction of modern Western translate according to the mere meaning of a term, chemistry into China began in the middle of the nine- because this was often hard to determine. For the
Chinese characters for some of the elements.
10 CHEMISTRY International January-February 2004 other elements, they created new characters. Their However, Fryer and Xu’s principle of character cre- method consisted of translating the pronunciation of ation was soon widely accepted by their contempo- the first syllable of the original term. If this was not rary translators. But many of their phonetic-based suitable, they translated the second syllable, and com- terms were also criticized. Many Chinese found Fryer bined it with the radical in order to indicate the prop- and Xu’s terms awkward, and the missionary transla- erties of the element. The character’s pronunciation could then be ascertained Root radical by looking at the phonetic part. Fryer with original Combinations using and Xu emphasized that they would not meaning root classifiers directly translate the sound of the Western terms. These long rows of Chinese characters were purely ono- matopoetic and were not only a great metal calcium lithium nickel palladium burden to read, write, or remember, but they had no meaning whatsoever. Except for 9 Chinese traditional terms and 5 accepted translations, Fryer and air (gas) oxygen hydrogen nitrogen fluorine Xu invented 50 of the 64 characters for chemical elements. Forty-eight of them were composed of a root and the sound of one syllable of the original English stone arsenic boron iodine silicon term. Fryer and Xu’s method was a con- (metalloid) siderable challenge to their contempo- raries. Using traditional names was the preferred translation method of the time, since these terms were easily water(liquid) mercury accepted by the Chinese. For example, the terms for aluminum, arsenic, boron, One Chinese character is assigned to each element; this is a compound char- calcium, potassium, silicon, and sodium acter in two parts: (1) a root radical, classifying the element as of the "metal," "air," "stone," or "water" groups: (2) a single descriptive word or an had been translated by others using tra- imitation of the sound of one syllable in the English name of the element. ditional Chinese names or other already established terms. Fryer found both the use of estab- lished terms or invented characters difficult. He once tors considered them inconvenient. In The Revised described his decision on the translation method as List of Chemical Elements, most terms were translated being a choice between “two evils.” Philologists would as descriptive names. This list of elements was pub- criticize the “incorrect” use of traditional terms and on lished in 1898 and was the first achievement of the the other hand, Chinese patriots Educational Association of China, would condemn the use of terms . . . Fryer and Xu invented which strived to create a Chinese that too clearly derived from 50 of the 64 characters scientific terminology. In determin- products of Western science. In ing these names, the Committee on order to avoid such misunder- for chemical elements. the Nomenclature of the standings, Fryer chose to invent Educational Association stated its new characters that hadn’t existed in any Chinese dic- conviction that the terms should tell something about tionary. However, the disadvantage of such invented the properties of an element rather than imitate its characters was that they were not officially author- original pronunciation. Only in the early twentieth ized and therefore not easily accepted. century did Fryer’s phonetic names eventually gain
CHEMISTRY International January-February 2004 11 Chinese Terms for Chemical Elements
acceptance. Fryer himself had predicted that it would investigating. Since their first translations in 1855, the take a while for his creations to become widely terms yangqi (nourishing gas), qingqi (light gas), and accepted. danqi (diluting gas)—oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen, In 1915, the Ministry of Education published a list of respectively—had been applied by Fryer and Xu and the names of elements based on Fryer and Xu’s terms. became widely accepted in the nineteenth century. Two years later, the General Committee on Scientific During that time, yang (nourishing), qing (light), and Terminology, which was appointed by the Chinese dan (diluting) were considered more suitable and Government to translate scientific terminology, more elegant than the translations derived from the adopted most of their names for the chemical elements. German terms sauerstoff, wasserstoff, and stickstoff. During the process of unifying the Chinese chemi- In the twentieth century, many Chinese scholars cal nomenclature, the cooperation between the thought that yang, qing, and dan were also more suit- National Institute for Compilation and Translation and able than the Japanese terms sanso (acid element), the Chinese Chemical Society played a significant suiso (water element), and sasso (lethal element), role. The Institute was established in 1932 with the which also derived from the Germano-Dutch nomen- task of unifying school textbooks and scientific termi- clature. The historical record of the translations of nology. The same year, the Ministry of Education these three elements shows that Lavoisier’s chemical organized a chemistry forum where issues regarding theories and nomenclature were never fully accepted The historical record of the translation of in China. It also demonstrates the extreme difficulties chemical terms, the Chinese encountered trying to understand the translations . . . chemistry educa- Western chemistry. demonstrates the tion, and chemi- In its ancient past, China’s chemistry was basically extreme difficulties the cal engineering alchemy, and only a few names for new elements in the military could be taken from the alchemical vocabulary. The Chinese encountered were discussed. Chinese naturally preferred descriptive terms when- trying to understand One result of the ever possible, but there are only five such terms. Many Western chemistry. forum was the new terms for chemical elements have become a nat- establishment of ural part of the Chinese language, which today proves the Chinese to be more open toward importing new ideas and Chemical Society. The chemical terms that were concepts. And the work of Fryer and Xu is still bear- agreed upon in the forum laid the foundation for a ing fruit: The 44 terms they conceived continue to be commonly accepted terminology. One year later, the in use today. National Institute for Compilation and Translation published Principle of the Chemical Nomenclature in References which the names of chemical elements were stan- Chang, Hao. “Fu lanya di huaxue fanyi yuanze he linian” [Fryer’s dardized. Most of the chemical terms are still in use Principles and Ideas in Translation of Chemical today. The value of Fryer and Xu’s work had finally Terminologies], Zhongguo keji shiliao [China Historical been recognized. Materials of Science and Technology], 21.4(2000): 297–306. Today in Taiwan, the Nomenclature Committee of Chang, Hao. “Zai chuantong yu chuangxin zhijian: shijiou shiji the Chinese Chemical Society is appointed by the di zhongwen huaxue yuansu mingci” [Between Tradition Ministry of Education to draw up a standard list of and Invention: The Chinese Terms of the Chemical chemical terms in Chinese. For example, darm- Elements in the Nineteenth Century], Huaxue stadtium (Ds), element 110, has been translated as da [Chemistry], 59.1(2001): 51–59. according to the first sound of its term. Chang, Hao. “Yang qing dan di fanyi: 1896–1944” [The Chinese Translations of Oxygen, Hydrogen and Nitrogen: Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen 1896-1944], Ziran kexueshi yanjiou [Studies in the History of Natural Science], 21.2(2002): 123–134. Apart from studying the historical development of the Wang, Yangzong. “Guanyu Huaxue jianyuan he Huaxue chujie” translation of chemical elements, the Chinese names [On Mirror of chemical science: A Source-book and First for oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen are also worth steps in Chemistry], Zhongguo keji shiliao [China Historical
12 CHEMISTRY International January-February 2004 Materials of Science and Technology], 11.1(1990): 84-88. Wright, David. “The Great Desideratum Chinese Chemical Nomenclature and the Transmission of Western Chemical Atomic Atomic number Element Pronunciation of the character number Element Pronunciation of the character Concepts.” Chinese Science, 14 (1997): 1 Hydrogen qing 56 Barium bei 35-70. 2 Helium hai 57 Lanthanum lan 3 Lithium li 58 Cerium shi Chang Hao
13 CHEMISTRY International January-February 2004 News and information on IUPAC, its fellows, and member organizations. IUPAC Wire See also www.iupac.org/news
FECS 2003 Award for Service Presented to Leiv Sydnes Prior to that he was at the University of Tromsø. His research is currently concentrated on organic synthe- sis with emphasis on the application of cyclopropane he FECS—Federation of European Chemical chemistry and photochemistry to introduce useful Societies and Professional Institutions—Award structures into organic molecules. Tfor Service was presented to IUPAC President Leiv Sydnes of the Norwegian Chemical Society, in www.fecs-chemistry.org recognition of his significant contribution to European cooperation in chemistry and the public The International Association of appreciation of chemistry. The Award, consisting of a Chemical Thermodynamics Gains medal and a scroll, was presented to Sydnes at the General Assembly of FECS member societies in Associated Organization Status Barcelona, Spain, in October 2003. t its most recent meeting in Ottawa in August Sydnes has been instrumental in developing the 2003, the IUPAC Council approved the appli- educational and professional activities of FECS and in Acation of the International Association of promoting the European Chemist designation. He was Chemical Thermodynamics (IACT) to become an recognized by FECS for his contribution to the public Associated Organization. Associated Organizations appreciation of chemistry, especially his focus on are international organizations that share common bringing the excitement and value of chemistry to chil- goals and interests with IUPAC. dren and to society in general. Examples include the numerous public lectures he has given and the prime- IACT was set up to pursue and expand the role of time television programs he has made for the general the former IUPAC Commission on Thermodynamics in public on chemistry-related topics. He has been maintaining the highest standards in teaching and involved in FECS for 10 years, serving as a member of research in this key area of chemistry, which encom- the Executive Committee, as vice-chairman of the for- passes both equilibrium and non-equilibrium studies. mer European Communities Chemistry Council, and as Thermodynamics continues to be of utmost impor- chairman of the European Chemist Registration Board. tance as it finds application in a wide range of devel- Sydnes has been involved with IUPAC for about 10 oping subject areas such as new materials and years. From 1992 to 1996 he served as president of biosciences. the Norwegian Chemical Society. He has been profes- According to IACT Secretary J. H. Dymond, IACT is sor at the University of Bergen, Norway, since 1993. convinced that its Associated Organization status will be of great mutual benefit, and is looking forward to close cooperation on many fronts. Among the objectives of the IACT, as stated in its constitution, are the following: • advance education in thermodynamics • encourage young scientists to work in the area of chemical thermodynamics • advance the application of thermodynamics in sci- ence, technology, and education • develop a better theoretical understanding of ther- modynamic properties • encourage the measurement of thermodynamic properties of pure compounds and mixtures which have industrial importance and/or are of special academic interest • improve experimental techniques in thermodynamics • establish standards of excellence in the conduct of IUPAC President Leiv Sydnes (left) receives the FECS thermodynamic research and in its reporting in the Award from FECS President Gábor Náray-Szabó. scientific literature
14 CHEMISTRY International January-February 2004 IUPAC Conferences on Chemical • Recommended values for the viscosity of molten iron Thermodynamics and aluminium (W.A. Wakeham; 2003-005-1-100) A major responsibility for IACT is its involvement in • XML-Based IUPAC Standard for Thermodynamic the biennial IUPAC-sponsored International Property Data Capture and Storage (M. Frenkel; Conferences on Chemical Thermodynamics (ICCT). 2002-055-3-024) (see page 17) The next ICCT, which will take place 17–21 August 2004 in Beijing, China, will include symposia on elec- Membership trolyte and non-electrolyte solution thermodynamics; Membership in IACT is open to all qualified applicants. new materials (including polymers); phase equilibria, Members receive a discount in the registration fee for supercritical fluids, and separation technologies; and the ICCT, are sent announcements of meetings and surfactants, colloids, and interface science. A list of reports from business meetings, and are eligible to symposia and workshops and more information can vote for the Board of Directors. be found at
A forum for members and member organizations to share ideas and concerns. Up for Discussion Send your comments by e-mail to
Questionable Stereoformulas of for an unambiguous description of diastereomers. The Diastereomers violation of pertinent IUPAC recommendations prompts us to point out to the scientific community by Gerd Kaupp and M. Reza what we feel is a widespread bad habit and to urge an Naimi-Jamal efficient remedy. Wedged and hatch-wedged bonds edge bonds are still in use for the character- are excellent and unambiguous devices for the identi- ization of relative configurations of asym- fication of absolute configurations in organic structural Wmetric centers in racemic diastereomers formulas. A chemical formula drawn in that manner is (e.g., in Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2003, 42, 2550). thus immediately attributed with R/S-descriptors by Furthermore, there seems to be an increasing misuse of databases such as CAS/REG/SCIFINDER and stored such formulas as eye-catchers in graphical abstracts, for retrieval. There is no room for a debate that a struc- when the paper itself deals with achiral compounds or tural formula must be correct by itself, irrespective of racemates, but not with absolute stereochemistry or textural context or specifications (frequently it is not enantioselectivity (e.g., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. mentioned that a racemate was formed). 2003, 42, 384; 2003, 42, 151; 2003, 42, 549 [does not Indeed, the Beilstein database keeps with inter- deal with the usage of wedges in metal complexes]). preting stereochemistry from the context of the for- Our inquiry with journal editors points to a kind of mula or on its own judgment, adds and stores the desperate unwillingness to unify the usage of wedges word “racemate” if appropriate for its stereosearch
CHEMISTRY International January-February 2004 15 Up for Discussion
facility not in the field “absolute” but in the fields “rel- wedges, do not necessarily indicate an absolute ori- ative” and “racemic.” However, the database adheres entation in space. They are therefore more suited for to the wedged formulas and this may be the reason the characterization of racemates with only one for- for frequent data errors by embracing epimers under mula. Enantiomers of diastereomers with known one and only one “racemate” (Scifinder also frequently absolute configuration should always be drawn using does this), as can be experienced with examples from wedges (e.g., different than the usage in J. Am. Chem. papers cited below. Soc. 2003, 125, 3534). The automatic recording of If an actual racemic diastereomer is published with configurations will then easily recognize the informa- one single-wedged formula (e.g., in J. Am. Chem. Soc. tion “racemate” or “enantiomer.” 2003, 125, 158; Eur. J. Chem. 2003, 1779; Tetrahedron We wish to take the liberty to ask authors, referees, 2003, 59, 3769; Schemes 3-5 in Angew. Chem. 2003, and editors to act accordingly in order to avoid further 42, 549), authoritative databases will at the end “pre- harm to our science. In the figure below, formula A, or tend” absolute configurations and asymmetric synthe- even more distinct formula B (traditionally with exactly ses. Still more disturbing is the reference of an the same meaning), will then rightfully look like formula unambiguous wedge formula to a single molecular C (alternatively like formula D), if it is not the (1R,4S,5S)- structure image from an X-ray analysis under textual enantiomer, but the racemate of this diastereomer. usage of starred R- and S-descriptors (e.g., We have noticed that some authors apparently feel [2R*,3R*,4S*,5R*] in Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1991, OH 30, 420), which are stored in the CAS/REG/SCIFINDER HO H H databases with the descriptors (2R,3R,4S,5R) (with suf- Ar Ar fix or prefix “rel”). In review articles this unambiguously formulated enantiomer may then easily appear unla- A Ar OH C Ar OH
beled (e.g., in Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1025; on p.1048) OH H and an absolute asymmetric synthesis is “pretended.” In HO H
that situation only the application of stereochemical Ar Ar
principles and the analysis of the reported X-ray data Ar OH Ar OH B D can unambiguously reveal that in fact a racemate had formed and not only the depicted enantiomer. the same discomfort and already draw their formulas Numerous problems can be envisaged. in the suggested manner (e.g., in J. Am. Chem. Soc. We therefore propose to face this widespread 2003, 125, 761; Eur. J. Chem. 2003, 1733; Angew. long-term nuisance and use wedged chemical formu- Chem. 2003, 42, 694). las only for indicating absolute configuration. Thick and hatched (alternatively broken) bonds should be Prof. Gerd Kaupp
Response from the IUPAC Chemical The specific problem raised in the letter from Drs. Nomenclature and Structure Kaupp and Naimi-Jamal is addressed by some organ- Representation Division (VIII) isations, such as the World Health Organization, draw- ing the R isomer (i.e., the isomer with the R ivision VIII is well aware of the problem configuration at the lowest locant if there is more than pointed out by Drs. Kaupp and Naimi-Jamal, one centre of chirality) and adding, where relevant, “or Dand will be addressing it in the course of a sub- enantiomer” or “and enantiomer.” There is a difficulty stantial project on Graphical Representation with the proposal to restrict the use of “thick” and Standards for Chemical Structure Diagrams currently “hatched” bonds to represent relative configurations, under consideration. There are published IUPAC rec- in that the reader would have no means of recogniz- ommendations on the depiction of stereoformulae in ing that this convention was being used. “Basic Terminology of Stereochemistry” (Pure Appl. Chem., 68, 2193–2222 [1996]) and these will be Alan McNaught
16 CHEMISTRY International January-February 2004 Information about new, current, and complete IUPAC projects and related initiatives. The Project Place See also www.iupac.org/projects
XML-Based IUPAC Standard for the metadata records will ensure unambiguous inter- Experimental and Critically pretation of numerical data as well as data-quality Evaluated Thermodynamic Property control based on the Gibbs Phase Rule. The devel- Data Storage and Capture oped dictionary will provide elements for storage and exchange of experimental, critically evaluated, and IUPAC has approved a project to develop an XML- predicted data. The schema will have provisions for based IUPAC standard for thermodynamic data com- the expressions of various measures of the thermody- munications as one of the activities of the Committee namic data uncertainties, such as standard uncer- on Printed and Electronic Publication. Thermophysical tainty, combined standard uncertainty, combined and thermochemical property data represent a key expanded uncertainty, and different types of preci- foundation for development and improvement of all sion (e.g., repeatability, deviation from the fitted chemical process technologies. These data are also curve, or device specifications). critical for support of fundamental research in Establishment of the XML-based IUPAC standard physics, chemistry, biology, and material science. will provide an easy-to-use and extremely efficient The unprecedented growth in the number of cus- pipeline for transferring data from data producers to tom-designed software tools for various engineering data users. The standard will serve as a hub tool and applications has created an interoperability problem assure interoperability between various data manage- between the formats and the structures of the ther- ment systems and operation platforms. modynamic data files and required input/output structures of different software products. This prob- For more information, contact the Task Group Chairman Michael Frenkel lem is reflected in the extremely time- and resource-
CHEMISTRY International January-February 2004 17 The Project Place
helps to create a better world. Among the topics to be Society of Pesticide Science (KSPS) and the IUPAC covered in the new volume are the following: Division of Chemistry and the Environment (DCE). • multiphase thermodynamics Cosponsors included the Korea Rural Development • reactive distillation Administration, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Korea • thermodynamic properties from ab initio quantum Crop Protection Association, CropLife Asia, and sev- chemistry eral additional national organizations. Dr. Byung-Youl • molecular modeling Oh, president of KSPS, coordinated local arrange- • properties of clathrates ments. IUPAC contributions were coordinated by Dr. • ionic liquids in separation processes Yong-Hwa Kim of the DCE and myself. • calorimetry Participants in the workshop had the opportunity to • transport properties attend 33 invited lectures and view approximately 100 • bioseparation posters. Main program topics included “Pesticide • nano-particles and nano-technology Regulatory Harmonization,” “Residue Behavior and Fate,” The volume will be published in 2004 with the Royal and “Risk Assessment and Society of Chemistry (UK). The editor is Professor Management.” The program Trevor Letcher, who edited the previous volume also included 12 IUPAC lectur- (Chemical Thermodynamics for the 21st Century, 1999 ers from the DCE [ISBN 0-632-05127-2],
18 CHEMISTRY International January-February 2004 The Project Place
The specific examples clearly employed state-of-the- MRLs as internationally harmonized standards was art approaches toward studies dealing with environ- highlighted and it was noted that national authorities mental fate, worker exposure, and residue behavior. In should adopt or reference these whenever possible. A addition, advanced residue monitoring techniques are drawback at the moment is that, because of the slow- being applied toward enforcement of regulatory stan- ness of the Codex system and heavy focus on reevalu- dards for food commodities and water. The technical ation of older MRLs, the majority of crop and pesticide sophistication of the region was also evident from the combinations have not yet had Codex MRLs estab- more than one dozen research institutes and private lished. Countries in the Asia-Pacific region were also contract laboratories that exhibited analytical equip- encouraged to consider the GAP of trading partners ment and advertised advanced testing services, when setting national MRLs. Finally, it was noted that a including those conducted according to good labora- recently initiated IUPAC project regarding regulatory tory practices. It was clear that continued pursuit of approaches for minor crops would offer future sugges- such advanced approaches should be encouraged, tions regarding practical approaches at the national and but it was also noted that developments must keep international levels.6 pace with rapidly advancing technologies and issues. Cooperative Approaches to Research and Regulation International Approaches and Standards A key example of cooperative approaches was the cen- Speakers highlighted the IUPAC-sponsored projects tralized EU pesticide evaluation system. The system on harmonized approaches to the establishment of encourages the reduction of barriers and increases har- regulatory standards for pesticide residues in water monization across countries, despite some inefficien- and for evaluation of dietary risk of pesticide residues cies and growing pains. Within the EU, the various in food.2,3 Also discussed were highly relevant inter- FOCUS (Forum for the Coordination of Pesticide national approaches, including the OECD harmonized Models and Their Use) working groups offered a partic- testing guidelines and dossier structure, the FAO ularly striking model for cooperation between govern- product specification process for active ingredient ment, industry, and academia. During the past 10 years, quality and impurity limits, and the Codex maximum such cooperation has resulted in significant advances in residue limits for food commodities. It was noted that environmental assessment and fate modeling methods countries in the region would be well served by adopt- for pesticides. Also noted were the international efforts ing such available approaches and standards where of FAO, WHO, and IUPAC in bringing together various applicable to avoid redundant or barrier-creating stakeholders to address scientific and regulatory chal- efforts. In some instances, however, there is clearly a lenges related to pesticide evaluation. There appear to need for better communication on the part of the be opportunities within the Asia-Pacific region for an international organizations. It was noted, for example, increased emphasis on cooperative approaches and that the Codex Alimentarius Commission is years work sharing. The recently initiated activities of the behind in updating its Web-based database to reflect ASEAN working group on regulatory harmonization the most current MRL (maximum residue limits) stan- offered a glimmer of hope for the type of discussions dards for pesticide residues in food. that will be required.
Pesticide Residues and MRLs Transparency and Risk Communication On one hand, monitoring information indicated a low It was noted that pesticides are one of the most overall rate of residue limit violations in the marketplace widely and thoroughly tested chemical classes, and (e.g., 1–2% of samples analyzed). However, even such a that they are generally safe when used responsibly low incidence can result in trade barriers within the according to label directions. However, all stakehold- region and with trading partners in North America and ers in the manufacturer-user chain must combine their Europe. This is because national regulatory authorities efforts to ensure that risks and precautions for work- are primarily focused on setting MRLs based on their ers involved in the application of pesticides are well own good agricultural practices (GAP), and typically communicated, particularly for users in developing give a relatively low priority to consideration of the GAP countries. The extensive testing and regulatory evalu- of current or potential trading partners. Minor crops are ation underlying pesticide approvals is under-appreci- a major concern since many have no MRLs established ated by the public. In addition, the considerable nationally or in importing countries. The value of Codex benefits of pesticide use are also often overlooked.
CHEMISTRY International January-February 2004 19 The Project Place
The contributions of crop protection chemistry to IUPAC Project References world food production, human health protection, pre- 1. Y.-H. Kim, project 2002-046-1-600
Special Topic Issues of Pure and Applied Chemistry
The special topic issues of Pure and Applied Chemistry are comprised of research papers and short, critical reviews organized around a central, compelling theme. Recent issues have covered the following topics:
◆ Science of Sweeteners ◆ Electrochemistry and Interfacial Chemistry for the Environment ◆ Green Chemistry ◆ Nanostructured Systems
Visit
20 CHEMISTRY International January-February 2004 Recent IUPAC technical reports and recommendations that affect the many fields of pure and applied chemistry. Making an imPACt See also www.iupac.org/publications/pac
Properties and Units for Transfusion Each of the clinical laboratory specialties adapts Medicine and Immunohematology well to the general structure for presentation of prop- K. Varming, U. Forsum, I. Bruunshuus, erties and the adhering kinds-of-property. However, often a particular kind-of-property, not used in any and H. Olesen other specialty, is required; for transfusion medicine Pure and Applied Chemistry and immunohaematology the kind-of-property “com- Vol. 75, No. 10, pp. 1477–1600 (2003) patibility” is unique. The coding scheme for clinical laboratories is oper- Basic research in biology and medicine and innova- ating in Denmark and in Sweden. It has shown both tions in laboratory methodology have increased practicability and usefulness; it has eliminated a num- greatly the range of properties available to medical ber of ambiguous presentation formats and it adapts staff to help them in decisions involving the diagnosis well to electronic patient records. and prevention of disease and the treatment of This document is part of an ongoing effort to stan- patients. The plethora is now such that the individual dardize transmission of laboratory data across cul- doctor may have insight into or understanding of only tural and linguistic domains, without attempting to a few of the properties offered to him from the vari- standardize the routine language used by clinicians ous clinical laboratory specialties. Further, recent and laboratory practitioners. It comprises a general developments tend to blur the boundaries between introduction and an alphabetic list of properties. The the various disciplines of clinical laboratory sciences; list is based on the syntax for properties recom- the same properties are being reported differently in mended by the International Federation of Clinical different disciplines. Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC) and The terminology used by one laboratory specialty IUPAC. The nomenclature is primarily from the may vary even within the specialty, and even be Working Party on Terminology of the International incomprehensible to another area. This is a minor Society of Blood Transfusion. inconvenience to the laboratory specialties, each A manuscript on molecular biology has been final- being concerned essentially with its own area of activ- ized and is pending acceptance by IUPAC and IFCC. If ity. However, for the user, this is unsatisfactory and it it is accepted, the coding scheme covers clinical may even hinder treatment of the patient. chemistry, with the exception of chromosome studies To alleviate this problem, coding schemes combin- and the molecular biology of mitochondria. The ing a definition of a specific property with a particular scheme comprises some 35 000 entries, or sets of code have been developed in the various specialties definition and code. of the domain of clinical laboratory medicine. This allows the requester of analyses, and the producer www.iupac.org/publications/pac/2003/7510/7510x1477.html and the receiver of the results, to express the concept as is most convenient locally. Often the format of presentation is restricted by the Implications of Endocrine Active number of signs allocated for this purpose in the data- Substances for Humans and Wildlife base. For example, the definition “Blood (capillary Blood)-Glucose; substance concentration = ? mmol/l” A special topic issue edited by is coded by NPU10113. A request for “Blood sugar” J. Miyamoto and J. Burger identified by the code NPU10113, may be reported back Pure and Applied Chemistry as “NPU10113: B(cB)-Glucose; subst.c. = 6,5 mmol/l” or Vol. 75, Nos. 11–12, pp. 1617–2615 (2003) “NPU10113: 6,5”, and be registered in the patient file of a general practitioner as “NPU10113: Gluc. 6.5”. The concept identified by “Erythrocytes(Blood)- Understanding the scientific issues surrounding Erythrocyte antigen; taxon(AB0;RhD; procedure) = ?” endocrine-active substances (EASs) is an interna- is coded by NPU01945. A request for “NPU01945 tional priority. Endocrine disruptors affect not only blood-typing” may elicit the report “NPU01945: humans, but also other living organisms. They affect Ercs(B)-Erythrocyte antigen; taxon(AB0; RhD; proc.) = not only our generation, but also future generations. A; RhD negative”, and be registered in the patient file Though the adverse effects of endocrine disruptions as “NPU01945: A; RhD negative”. (EDs) were noted as far back as 30 years ago, inten-
CHEMISTRY International January-February 2004 21 Making an imPACt
sive studies of endocrine disruptors have only begun However, it is difficult to establish whether these con- in the last decade. The present SCOPE/IUPAC project ditions are caused by, related to, or in actuality, com- on endocrine active substances is the only project pletely independent of EASs. Though several tests are looking at these potentially harmful substances on a designed to detect ED disease conditions, as some world-wide basis, with emphasis on the specific situa- diseases are evident only after chronic exposure or tion in each region. long latency, it is necessary to revise testing tech- An endocrine disruptor may be defined as “. . . an niques as scientists become more knowledgeable of exogenous substance that causes adverse health cause-effect relationships. During the last decade, it is effects in an intact organism, or its progeny, second- notable that there have been no conclusive findings of ary to changes in human disease caused by low-level environmental endocrine func- exposures to EASs. tion.” Simplified In addition to humans, over 200 wildlife species models exist that either are known, or are suspected to have been, can be used to affected by EASs. Though most examples of ED in assess hazards wildlife have been reported from Europe, North and risks, but America, Japan, and Australasia, it is possible that this should be a pri- reflects the current global distribution of research ority to adjust efforts. Highly contaminated areas with significant these models as human populations typically show the most signifi- new insights on cant effects on wildlife, but even lower levels of expo- larger scales sures to particular substances can occur in impact the accu- less-developed areas. The greatest exposure has been racy and rele- shown in aquatic life, but again, it is possible that this vance of the is due to the concentration of current investigations basic method- on this area. ologies. The project culminated in a symposium held 17–21 In 1998, a November 2002 in Yokohama, Japan. Scientists, man- committee agers, and public policy-makers presented papers on involving repre- human effects, wildlife effects, exposure assessment, sentatives from and testing for EASs and ED effects. There were six IUPAC, IUTOX workshops dealing with the effectiveness of QSAR (International toxicogenomics, integrated monitoring systems, rapid Union of Toxicology), and IUPHAR (International assays, precautionary principle/weight of evidence Union of Pharmocology) made recommendations in approaches, and risk management options for the “White Book” on endocrine disruptors. One rec- endocrine disruptors. Overall, 408 scientists gathered ommendation was to establish a better understanding from 31 countries, giving 84 talks and contributing an of the impact of particular chemicals on the environ- additional 84 posters. The papers presented form the ment, as well as a need for better screening, testing, basis of this special issue of Pure and Applied and risk-assessment methods. Chemistry (Vol 75, Nos 11/12, 2003). The issue also In the project Environmental Implications of includes an executive summary edited by J. Miyamoto Endocrine Active Substances: Present State-of-the- and J. Burger. Art and Future Research needs, there were four focus At the meeting, a range of needs was identified areas: nuclear receptor mechanisms, fate and metab- that applies to all aspects of the study of ED and olism of EASs, effects in rodents and humans, and EASs. The field of ED is rich in unexpected observa- effects in wildlife species. tions-consistent with evolving methodologies and the Recent studies have indicated that exposure of state of our understanding of the underlying biology humans to EASs potentially can have many effects, of the endocrine systems. However, the science will ranging from abnormal maturation to cancer. be aided by a renewed commitment of researchers to
22 CHEMISTRY International January-February 2004 Making an imPACt
follow the scientific method. action is acceptable to society. Some believe that this Assessing the exposure of living organisms means represents action when a hazard should exist, but is uncovering the sources, transport, and fate of EASs in not necessarily evidenced; others believe it to indicate environmental media through organism contact, the evidence is overwhelming, but ultimate proof bioavailability and absorption, and distribution to target does not exist. Meanwhile, the weight of evidence tissues or receptors. The substantial literature on chem- approach is regarded by some as a numerical averag- ical exposure assessment, in general, may be applied to ing of positive and negative data sets, while others EASs. Long-term cryobanking of human and wildlife regard it as an expert integration of all available data specimens will allow for retrospective evaluation when (which may include the explicit consideration of clear new priorities arise. By sampling indicator species and but isolated findings). measuring biomarkers, researchers should have Because screening assays provide qualitatively dif- advance warning of problems. Sustained programs for ferent information than definitive tests, the results monitoring EASs—that emphasize substances of high- from these dissimilar assays should be used in a man- potency and high-exposure potential that may pose a ner that is consistent with the scientific basis and pur- real risk for humans or the environment—require sus- pose of each. To advance our understanding of the tained investment and public support. relative merits and disadvantages of these different It is important to note that in vitro tests, alone, can- approaches to risk management, it is essential to not be used to define ED activity, as no endocrine sys- examine some examples of actions that have been tem is being monitored. To uncover whether an EAS taken on EASs, compare the different outcomes, and will show ED activities, it is necessary to use assays decide which are preferable. based on a whole organism. Uncertainty regarding Scientific gaps and uncertainties remain large, and whether some EASs may possess the ability to induce will continue for some time. However, the in-depth, effects at doses below those considered safe using comprehensive, authoritative review by SCOPE and current testing methodologies should be evaluated IUPAC of EASs and their environmental and health urgently and resolved. effects will facilitate risk assessment and assist gov- In all areas of study, there may be sensitive sub- ernmental and intergovernmental authorities, indus- groups of exposed individuals that may show much try, and the wider public in framing policies to address greater responses than the majority. This could lead these issues. to a loss of information if this potential is not recog- What is the future of research in EASs and EDs? nized. It is therefore important to obtain better statis- While past and present research and techniques are tical methods for detecting such effects, which may useful, the methods and approaches must be continu- be obscured by population-based, parametric statisti- ously modified and perfected to incorporate new dis- cal analysis alone. coveries. We have learned that the global effects Methodologies need to be developed to improve attributed to EASs are not as all pervading or fear- quantitation and understanding of both the certain- some as some have asserted, nor as trivial as others ties and the uncertainties associated with extrapolat- would wish. The beauty of science is that “more ing experimental animal data, derived from multiple research is always needed,” and our quest for under- studies using different endpoints, to effects expected standing the world around us is boundless. However, at ambient levels of environmental exposure. the most important question regarding ED is: What Consensus on definitions and applications of the are the significant effects of EASs in terms of health, precautionary principle and the weight of evidence well-being, and population stability of humans and approach should be sought. At present, these two wildlife? As humans continue to evolve, so will the concepts compete for attention and are subject to a study of endocrine-active substances. range of definitions. The precautionary principle also allows action when the probability of an adverse www.iupac.org/publications/pac/2003/7511/ effect may be low, but consequences are considered www.iupac.org/news/archives/2003/pr-031030.html large and/or irreversible, and the cost of preventive
CHEMISTRY International January-February 2004 23 Books and publications hot off the press. See also www.iupac.org/publications Bookworm
Physicochemical Kinetics and Transport at Biointerfaces in this area has been dispersed over several rather poorly interacting disciplines. This timely book inte- Wolfgang Koester and H. P. van Leeuwen (editors) grates these activities and highlights key directions Series on Analytical and Physical Chemistry of for future research. Environmental Systems, Vol. 9 The book focuses on the physicochemical kinetics John Wiley & Sons, 2004 of processes in the interphasial region between organ- ISBN 0-471-49845-9 isms and their external medium, and coupling of these processes with the mass transfer of the chemical The IUPAC Series on Analytical and Physical species involved. Specialized subtopics encompass: Chemistry of Environmental Systems provides a criti- • structure and permeative properties of biomem- cal evaluation of state-of-the-art knowledge on branes and their aqueous interfacial layers physicochemical properties and processes in environ- • diffusive and convective processes at the biointerface mental systems, as well as on the analytical tech- • routes for transport of chemical compounds across niques required to study and monitor them. The series membranes is aimed at promoting rigorous analysis and under- • biological chemistry of organisms standing of physicochemical functioning of environ- mental and bioenvironmental systems. Physicochemical Kinetics and Transport at The effects and fate of organic and inorganic mate- Biointerfaces will be a valuable resource for rials in environmental systems are determined by their researchers and students interested in understanding distribution and transport within and between biotic the fundamentals of chemical kinetics and transport and abiotic reservoirs. Development of mechanistic processes in bioenvironmental systems. The content models to describe these processes requires an inte- is required reading for chemists, physicists, and biolo- grated approach with functional links between the gists in environmentally oriented disciplines. various modes of transport of bioactive chemical species and the biophysical processes to which they www.iupac.org/publications/books/author/koester.html are subjected. Until now, much of the key knowledge
Biodegradable Polymers & Plastics Conference on Biodegradable Polymers & Plastics (7th BP&P) was held 4–8 June 2002 in Tirrenia, Pisa Emo Chiellini and Roberto Solaro (Italy). The conference is a continua- (editors) tion of the former series of six Macromolecular Symposia, Vol. 197 International Scientific Workshops on Wiley-VCH, 2003, pp. 1–466 Biodegradable Polymers and Plastics ISBN 3-527-30701-x that started in 1989. The conference was aimed at highlighting progress in Demand for plastic consumer products the field and exploring new issues rel- is expected to double or triple over the evant to the design and production of coming decades, which will increase polymeric materials that can be con- concern about the environmental verted into environmentally degrad- impact of plastic waste. able plastic items. Environmentally degradable polymeric The present issue of materials and plastics based on renew- Macromolecular Symposia comprises able resources, as well as on crude oil some of the selected contributions feedstock, are attracting more and presented at the 7th BP&P. Remaining more interest from plastic manufactur- contributions constitute the body of ers and consumers. These materials the book Biodegradable Polymers & have structural and functional attrib- Plastics published by Kluwer utes that nicely match the current Academic/Plenum Press. emphasis on sustainable industrial development. With these developments in mind, the 7th World ww.iupac.org/publications/macro/2003/197_preface.html
24 CHEMISTRY International January-February 2004 Chemicals in Products: Safeguarding the Environment and Human Health start needs to be made now.” Hence, Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution the objective of the TSO (The Stationery Office), London, 2003 report is to offer a ISBN 0-10-158272-2 new approach to chemicals assess- Following is an abridged version of a much longer ment and manage- review that may be read on IUPAC’s Web site at ment. A major
CHEMISTRY International January-February 2004 25 Bookworm
On the Practice of Safety, Third Edition In spite of the above reservation, I think that some Fred A. Manuele parts of this book could well be prescribed as com- Wiley Interscience, Hoboken, NJ, 2003 pulsory reading for safety professionals. Chapter 17, ISBN 0-471-27275-2 “Guidelines: Designing for Safety,” and Chapter 18, “System Safety: the Concept,” fall into this category. reviewed by John Duffus The relationship of “quality management” to “safety practice” is another important concept developed This book is already well established through its pre- here. vious editions as a classic text for baccalaureate and Although I found this book, as one might expect, master’s degree safety programs. However, I come to very much based on practice in the USA, I was pleased it as someone who has never read it before and so can to find attention drawn to the ILO/OSH Guidelines on review it as though I were a new student to whom it Occupational Safety and Health Management, which had been recommended. My first impression was of a are available on the Web for download at textbook that looked dated in layout and, when com-
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26 CHEMISTRY International January-February 2004 Reports from recent conferences and symposia See also www.iupac.org/symposia Conference Call Bioinorganic Chemistry who discussed results achieved at the University of Texas and Pharmacyclics, Inc., on lanthanide(III) texa- by Stephen J. Lippard phyrins (Tex), a family of expanded porphyrins con- taining five nitrogen donor atoms.
The Santa María Workshop, organized by the NiF430, a nickel tetrahydrocorphinoid cofactor of University of Havana and the Cuban Chemical Society, methyl-coenzyme M reductase (MCR), was analyzed took place 7–11 July 2003 in Havana, Cuba. This event in two invited lectures from different points of view. takes place every year, during the first half of July. In Prof. Joshua Telser (Rooselvelt Univ., USA) drew the even years it is devoted to supramolecular chem- attention to variation in oxidation states of nickel istry and during the odd ones to bioinorganic chem- according to EPR and ENDOR studies. He concluded istry. Prof. Roberto Cao, chairman of the workshop, that Ni(I) is the formal oxidation state of red1, ox1 and and his laboratory of bioinorganic chemistry were ox2 forms of MCR. On the other hand, Prof. Mark mainly responsible for organizing the conference. Zimmer (Connecticut College, USA) presented his The workshop takes its name from the mar- results on the normal-coordinate structural velous beach Santa María del Mar, which is decomposition, cluster analysis, and molecular cal- located 20 km east of Old Havana. Such a loca- culations on NiF430. He explained how this cofactor tion guarantees a quiet and pleasant environ- has very little rotational and translational freedom ment. The first day of activities occurs at the within MCR. University of Havana, with the opening cer- Prof. Peter Ford (Univ. California at Santa emony at its Aula Magna, a beautiful neo- Barbara, USA) presented a plenary lecture enti- classic building. tled “Probing Fundamental Mechanisms of Five main topics were covered in the Nitric Oxide Reactions with Metal Centers and workshop: metal interactions with DNA Other Biologically Relevant Targets.” and nucleotides, metalloporphyrins, cop- Attention was also drawn to nitrosyl complexes per compounds, metal nitrosyls, and the by Prof. Roberto Cao (Univ. Havana, Cuba) in his influence of genomics on bioinorganic chem- invited lecture “Copper(II) Complexes as Inorganic istry. Radical Scavengers.” His coworker, Dr. Alicia Díaz Prof. Stephen Lippard (MIT, USA) presented the gave more detailed information about this study, opening address, an excellent overview on cisplatin, a while Mayreli Ortiz described Ru(II) nitrosyl com- topic on which he is a world leader. Another view of plexes. Finally, Dr. Alex Fragoso presented his results metal-DNA interactions was given by Prof. Helmut on Cu(II) cyclodextrin derivative complexes as SOD Sigel (U. Basel, Switzerland) in his plenary lecture on mimics. Prof. Wolfgang Kaim (Univ. Stuttgart, “Adenosine 5’-triphosphate (ATP4-): Aspects of the Germany) presented an interesting plenary lecture Coordination Chemistry of a Multi-Talented Biological entitled “Cooperation of Metals with Electroactive Substrate.” Ligands of Biochemical Relevance: Beyond Prof. Ivano Bertini, in his plenary lecture on Metalloporphyrins.” “Perspectives in Inorganic Structural Biology,” dis- The last presentation of the workshop was the cussed how genomics is influencing further develop- invited lecture of Prof. Lena Ruiz (UNAM, Mexico) ment of bioinorganic chemistry. Dr. Kirill Degtyarenko entitled “New Anticancer Mixed Chelate Copper(II) (European Bioinformatics Institute, UK) comple- Complexes (Casiopeinas): Activity, QSAR, and mented Bertini’s considerations on genomics in his Adenine Interaction.” She presented information invited lecture “The Ontology of Bioinorganic about the chemical and biological properties of cop- Proteins.” Dr. Roberta Pierattelli also discussed this per(II) complexes of general formulae [Cu(N-N)(O- topic (Univ. Florence, Italy) in her invited lecture enti- O)]NO3, registered in Mexico under the name of tled “Perspectives in NMR of Paramagnetic Copper “Casiopeinas.” Proteins.” Prof. Gianni Valensin (Univ. Siena, Italy) pre- On 9 July, a poster session was held featuring 15 sented his invited lecture on “1H-NMR Studies of posters from Cuban, Mexican, and Portuguese Copper(II) Complexes with Histidine-Containing researchers. The closing dinner took place at “La Peptides.” Cabaña,” a 17th century Spanish fortress in which the Studies of metalloporphyrins were presented by traditional “Cañonazo” (gunshot) activity takes place Prof. Jonathan L. Sessler (Univ. Texas at Austin, USA), every day at 9 PM.
CHEMISTRY International January-February 2004 27 Conference Call
The next workshop, III SMWC, will take place 12–15 ing the main-chain orientation in siloxane polymers July 2004. The lecturers who have already confirmed with liquid-crystalline side-chains by an original use of are Angela Danil de Namor (U. Surrey), Javier de 29Si solid-state NMR. Daniel Canet (France) presented Mendoza (U. Auton. Madrid), A.P. de Silva (Queens an ingenious and original NMR imaging technique U.), Luis Echegoyen (Clemson U.), Achim Müller ( U. using electromagnetic field gradients, which has the Bielefeld), Vincent Pecoraro (U. Michigan), Joszef potential for widespread application. Interesting Szejtli (Cyclolab), and Fritz Voegtle (U. Bonn). shorter contributions were presented by G. Jeschke (study of polymer dynamics using EPR) and I. Schnell Stephen Lippard
28 CHEMISTRY International January-February 2004 Conference Call access to more immediate view of the objects, while some of the cutting-edge trends in applied spec- NMR reflects a more time-averaged state. Also, more troscopy. The sessions, which were organized by well- collective features of the system are naturally known experts in each Hot Topic, had a total length of reflected by the infrared, while NMR has a typically about three and a half hours. The session titles, fol- local view. However, the participants rather disagreed lowed by the names of each organizer, are listed when trying to decide if this difference leads to a seri- below: ous limitation of any of the discussed methods. Apparently, both branches of spectroscopy keep • “Trace Analysis and Microanalysis with Lasers: Still developing various sophisticated modifications in the Ultimate Choice?”; Nicolo Omenetto (USA) striving to overcome their limitations. The discussion • “Modern Applications of NMR to the Study of the ended in a refreshing atmosphere of general optimism Structure, Dynamics, and Interactions of based on a number of rather astonishing examples of Biomolecules”; Jesús Jiménez Barbero (Spain) steadily improving sensitivity and performance of • “Miniaturization, Chips, and Microfluidics for both types of spectroscopy. Chemical Analysis”; Andreas Manz (UK) The 23rd Discussion Conference, Current Trends in • “Mass Spectrometry in the Post-Genomic Era: Polymeric Materials, will be held in Prague in July Proteomics”; Ryszard Lobinski (France) 2005. • “Chemical Imaging”; Renato Zenobi (Switzerland)
Jaroslav Kríz
CHEMISTRY International January-February 2004 29 Conference Call
lighted technical-scientific presentations given by experts from different instrument manufacturers. The aim of the session was to demonstrate the current status of commercial instrumentation and accessories in spectroscopy and to provide conference partici- pants with the opportunity to discuss current specifi- cations and performance. The high number of attendees surpassed the organization’s expectation. Before the CSI Conference in Granada, a pre-sym- posium took place in Zaragoza on “Sample The CSI XXXIII poster session featured 407 posters. Introduction in Atomic Spectrometry: New Strategies,” chaired by Prof. J. R. Castillo (Zaragoza reception at the rector’s office of the university were University). In addition, a post-symposium was held in the most notable events. The gala dinner served as an Almuñécar (Granada), on “Speciation of Elements in excellent end to this outstanding conference. Biological, Environmental and Toxicological Sciences,” Finally, four poster awards sponsored by the chaired by J. I. García-Alonso (Oviedo University). Journal of Analytical and Bioanalytical Spectrometry, During the CSI Conference in Granada, the CSI the Journal of Analytical and Atomic Spectrometry, Continuation Committee organized a National and the Thermo Electron Corporation (Spain) were Delegates’ Meeting. One of the most important items given to presentations of significant, innovative ana- on the agenda was the decision regarding the venue lytical research in analytical spectrometry. for CSI XXXV in 2007. Two bids were received (China The CSI XXXIV will be held in Antwerp, Belgium, and Hungary), and after voting (attendees from 30 4–9 September 2005, at the University of Antwerp countries participated in the meeting), it was decided
30 CHEMISTRY International January-February 2004 Announcements of conferences, symposia, workshops, meetings, and other upcoming activities. Where 2B&Y Sample Handling evaluating the impact of the “Prestige” oil spill 18–21 April 2004, Baiona-Vigo, Spain through environmental and marine biological samples from the Galician Coast. Sampling of future oil spills The 11th Symposium on Sample Handling for will also be discussed. Topics of the special session Environmental and Biological Analysis will be held will include marine and coastal pollution, wastewater 18–21 April 2004 in Baiona-Vigo (Northwest Spain). analysis, micro and nanotechnology in sample han- The symposium will cover all qualitative and quantita- dling, and new analytical developments, including tive areas of this field, including technical develop- biochemical, immunochemical approaches, and ments, theoretical considerations, and applications of Proteomics. the techniques in environmental, biological, pharma- Baiona is a fishing town considered a Gem of ceutical analysis, and other related areas. Galician Tourism, located 20 km from Vigo, the This successful series, sponsored by the biggest and most populous city of Galicia (also the International Association of Environmental Analytical most active fishing port in Europe). Baiona is about Chemistry (IAEAC), started in November 1983, in 100 km from Porto, Portugal, and a similar distance Lausanne, Switzerland. It was subsequently held in from Santiago de Compostela. The symposium will be Freiburg, Germany (1985); Mallorca, Spain (1986); held at the “Parador Conde de Gondomar,” an Basel, Switzerland (1988); Baden-Baden, Germany enchanting Middle Age’s fortress that has been (1991); Guilford, Great Britain (1993); Lund, Sweden recently restored. (1995); Almeria, Spain (1997); Porto, Portugal (1999); Registration is available at a reduced rate until 15 and in Mainz, Germany (2001). February. The appropriate forms may be downloaded All topics will be introduced in plenary lectures and via the conference Web site. invited research lectures, which will then be followed by brief research presentations and posters. A special www.iaeac.ch session will be devoted to analytical approaches to
Bio-interfaces surfaces, the behavior of complex macromolecular systems at materials interfaces, and biomolecule-bio- 23–26 May 2004, Barossa Valley, South molecule interactions will contribute to the rapid Australia growth in biomedical research, biotechnology, diag- nostics, proteomics, genomics, dentistry, and medi- The Physical Chemistry of Bio-interfaces Workshop cine. Advances in materials science, molecular will be held immediately following the 7th World biology, surface and interface analysis methods, and Biomaterials Congress (17–21 May 2004, Sydney, theoretical and modeling approaches to biological Australia). This satellite workshop will focus on pro- systems will be featured in this workshop, as well as viding fundamental mechanistic insights into bio- experimental tools and theoretical models to describe interfaces using physico-chemical methods. The bio-interface phenomena with physical concepts and workshop format will allow for in-depth discussions rules that allow predictive, model-driven research. on topics such as interfacial forces and properties Invited and contributed talks will be selected for involved in protein/surface interactions, non-fouling their ability to advance fundamental understanding of surfaces, molecular kinetics of drug delivery, and the topic, relevant to biomaterials, bio-diagnostics, more. and drug delivery applications. This meeting will also provide an interdisciplinary forum for the presentation and discussion of experi- See Calendar on page 36 for contact information mental and theoretical studies of bio-interfaces and biomolecule-surface interactions. Increased under- www.iwri.unisa.edu.au/conferences.htm standing of interactions between biomolecules and
CHEMISTRY International January-February 2004 31 Where 2B & Y
Latin American Congress were published; in 2001, this number increased to more than 1900. Annual meetings of the SBQ involve 30 May–2 June 2004, Salvador, Bahia approximately 2500 participants who present, on average, 1800 posters based on new research results. The 26th Latin American Chemistry Congress and the The SBQ co-edits a series of text books and publishes 27th Annual Meeting of the Brazilian Chemical three scientific journals: The Journal of the Brazilian Society (XXVIClAQ/27thRASBQ), organized by the Chemical Society (in English), Química Nova, and Latin American Federation of Chemical Societies and Química Nova na Escola (both in Portuguese). the Brazilian Chemical Society, will be held 30 May to It is estimated that more than 2000 abstracts will be 2 June 2004 in Salvador, Bahia. The Latin American submitted for refereeing for this meeting; all accepted Chemistry Congress has been held in Brazil twice, in abstracts will be presented as posters. Symposia will 1937 and 1984, since its inaugural meeting in 1924. The have the format of coordinated sessions devoted to program for this joint 2004 Congress will include 26 specific topics; some abstracts will be selected for pres- plenary lectures, 18 symposiums, 3 workshops, and 13 entation at symposia. The SBQ will continue to support short courses. the participation of undergraduate students who are The Brazilian Chemistry Society (SBQ) has consol- members of SBQ through grants, which will be distrib- idated and become an important force within the uted according to the scientific merit of the work as country. There are now 41 graduate programs distrib- evaluated by the Scientific Commission. Registration uted throughout the country, with approximately 400 and submission of abstracts will be carried out online masters’ dissertations and 300 doctorate theses through the conference Web site. defended each year (as of 2001). Scientific production also has increased. In 1984 approximately 800 articles www.sbqclaq.sbq.org.br
π-Electron Systems • properties (electrical, optical, biological, mechani- cal, other) 14–18 June 2004, Ithaca, NY, USA • applications (electroluminescent devices, photo- voltaic cells, transistors, non-linear optics, sensors, The Sixth International Symposium on Functional π- other) Electron Systems will bring together chemists, physi- cists, biologists, and engineers to discuss recent Located in the Finger Lakes region, Ithaca will pro- developments in the field of π-conjugated materials. vide an ideal setting for this meeting. The region fea- This symposium series began in 1989 in Osaka, tures a multitude of scenic gorges, state parks, and Japan, as the “International Symposium on Functional award-winning wineries. Combining the best of rural Dyes.” Past symposia were held in Kobe (Japan, 1992), and urban life, Ithaca was voted one of the top 10 best Santa Cruz (California, 1995), Osaka (Japan, 1999) and places for families to live in the USA. The state-of-the- Ulm (Germany, 2002). The name of the symposium art lecture halls of the Cornell campus, the availability changed several years ago to reflect its broadened of dormitory rooms (in addition to regular hotel scope and align it with recent developments in aca- rooms) within walking distance of the conference, and demic, industrial and government research institutions. easy access to Internet and exercise facilities will add The fπ series is a unique forum for the discussion of to the quality of the meeting. The proximity to com- structure-properties relationships in π-conjugated panies such as Xerox, Kodak, IBM, GE, and Corning materials. Over 600 scientists from 29 nations will ensure a strong interaction with industry. An attended the previous symposium in Ulm. The tech- extensive social program will be organized for per- nical program will include 5 keynote lectures, 35 ple- sons accompanying conference attendees. nary lectures, 60 invited and contributed oral For further information, including registration and presentations and 3 extensive poster sessions. Papers abstract submission information please see the con- are solicited on the following topics: ference Web site. • synthesis of functional π-electron materials (molec- ular, polymeric, other) See Calendar on page 36 for contact information • processing techniques • structure (bulk, surface/interface) www.fpi6.cornell.edu
32 CHEMISTRY International January-February 2004 Where 2B & Y Biomolecular Chemistry Mülheim), Carol Robinson (Cambridge), Dieter 27 June–1 July 2004, Sheffield, UK Seebach (ETH Zürich), Kazunari Taira (Tokyo), and George Whitesides (Harvard). There also will be a The 7th International Symposium on Biomolecular number of invited lecturers. Chemistry will continue the tradition of a successful Accommodations, including breakfast and dinner, biennial symposium on bioorganic chemistry. Most will be provided in the Halls of Residence, in close recently, conferences within the series were held in proximity to the conference center. En suite accom- Toronto, Canada (2002, ISBOC 6), and in Pune, India modation is available at a small premium, while hotel (2000, ISBOC 5). The symposia focus on the advance- accommodations can be privately reserved at nearby ment of international collaboration and communica- locations (The Post House—Sheffield West, The tion at the interface of organic chemistry and Rutland Hotel, and The Westbourne Hotel are partic- biological and medicinal science. ularly convenient). The social program will consist of ISBOC 7 will be held in the Octagon Centre at a mixer reception on Sunday evening, 26 June, a Sheffield University, a venue seating up to 1000 indi- piano recital on Monday evening, and a banquet in the viduals. There will be six afternoon symposia, Culter’s Hall on Wednesday evening. There will be an arranged in parallel sessions: bio-organic chemistry, optional pre-conference tour to Chatsworth House, proteins and peptides, structure and mechanism, bio- the seat of the Duke of Devonshire, on Sunday, 27 inorganic chemistry, biospectroscopy, and biother- June. A daily social program (optional) will be organ- modynamics. Contributed lectures (of 15 minutes) are ized for accompanying persons; registration is invited, and abstracts should submitted as soon as through the Royal Society of Chemistry. possible. There will be full poster sessions, with a clos- ing date for all abstracts of 31 March 2004. See Calendar on page 36 for contact information Plenary speakers include Stephen Benkovic (Penn State), Steven Lippard (MIT), Manfred Reetz (MPI www.rsc.org/lap/confs/isboc7.htm
Macromolecules mer community, and around a series of symposia 4–9 July 2004, Paris, France related to more specialized areas. It will involve 10 plenary and 280 invited lec- The 40th International Symposium on tures together with some 300 Macromolecules, World Polymer Congress (MACRO short lectures and more than 2004) is organized by Centre National de la 1000 poster presentations. Recherche Scientifique with the participation of The deadline for abstracts of Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, and Ecole papers is 25 March, and the Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de registration deadline is 15 May. la Ville de Paris. The procedures for both the This biennial Conference of the Macromolecular abstract submission and the Division of IUPAC will bring together scientists from final registration will be exclu- the forefront of all sectors of the world polymer com- sively electronic via the confer- munity: chemists, physicists, rheologists, mechanical ence Web site. and process engineers, educators and students, com- ing either from academia, governmental institutions, See Calendar on page 37 for or industrial companies. The program will be struc- contact information tured around three half-day plenary sessions devoted to contemporary topics of interest to the whole poly- www.upmc.fr/macro2004
CHEMISTRY International January-February 2004 33 Where 2B & Y Reactive Intermediates and reactive intermediates). The most recent conferences Unusual Molecules in the series were held in Vienna in 2000, Nara in 2001, and Ascona in 2002, and Reykjavik in 2003. 17–23 July 2004, Queensland, Australia There have been two previous Heron Island Conferences in this series, in 1991 and 1994. The Heron Island Conference on Reactive Attendance will be limited to 100, and participants Intermediates and Unusual Molecules (Heron3) will should plan to arrive in Gladstone in time for the cata- take place 17–23 July 2004 on Heron Island (off maran or helicopter transfer in the morning of July 17. Gladstone), Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia. Because of stringent room limitations, early registra- This conference is part of the “ISRIUM” tion and booking of accommodations and transfers (International Symposium on Reactive Intermediates are necessary. and Unusual Molecules) series started in 1978 in Geneva (EUCHEM conference on electron deficient heron3.chemistry.uq.edu.au
Chemical Sciences in sumption, organically grown crops, and agrochem- Changing Times icals.
18–21 July 2004, Belgrade, Serbia and • Teaching and Understanding Chemistry: New Montenegro Concepts and Strategies for Changing Times (Dedicated to 150 years of teaching chemistry in The 4th International Conference of the Chemical Serbia)—Chemical education at the elementary Societies of the South-Eastern European Countries level, high school chemistry, university courses in (ICOSECS 4) will be held 18–21 July 2004, in Belgrade, chemistry, active learning in chemistry, permanent Serbia and Montenegro. The conference—the theme education, the public image of chemistry, and the of which is “Chemical Sciences in Changing Times: chemical industry. Visions, Challenges, and Solutions”—will cover all aspects of pure and applied chemistry, although its Plenary lecturers will include John Fenn (Virginia focus will be on the three accompanying symposia: Commonwealth University, USA), Jean-Marie Lehn, (ISIS-Universite Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France), • Advanced Materials: From Fundamentals to C.N.R. Rao (Centre of Excellence in Chemistry, Application—Nanostructured materials, biomateri- Bangalore, India), Peter Atkins (University of Oxford, als, ceramics, macromolecules, metals and alloys, UK), Ronald Breslow, (Columbia University, USA), composites, coatings and thin films, carbon-based Egon Matijevic (Clarkson University, USA), K.C. materials, methods for synthesis, and processing of Nikolau (The Scripps Research Institute, USA), materials. Mauirizio Prato (Universita degli Studi di Trieste, Italy), and Ivano Bertini (Universita di Firenze, Italy). • The Greening of Chemistry: Pursuit of a Healthy The conference is an event sponsored by both Environment and Safe Food—Renewable or recy- IUPAC and the Federation of European Chemical cled feedstocks, alternative synthetic pathways by Societies. catalysis and biocatalysis, photochemistry and bio- mimetic materials, reduction of energy consump- See Calendar on page 37 for contact information tion and release of pollutants, minimization of release of pollutants, reduction of energy con- www.shd.org.yu/icosecs4
34 CHEMISTRY International January-February 2004 Where 2B & Y
Coordination Chemistry Posters, which will be highlighted in three evening sessions, will be a major focal point of the conference. 18–23 July 2004, Mérida, Yucatán, México Plenary lectures will be given by Jean Claude G. Bünzli, Switzerland; Jinwoo Cheon, Korea; Marcetta Y. The 36th International Conference on Coordination Darensbourg, USA; Bart Hessen, The Netherlands; Chemistry will be held in Mérida, Yucatán, México, Claudio Luchinat, Italy; Ian Manners, Canada; Daniel G. 18–23 July 2004. This conference is a joint meeting Nocera, USA; Angeles Paz Sandoval, México; and organized by México and the USA, through the Martin Schröder, United Kingdom. The deadlines for Mexican Academy of Science and the American oral presentations and poster presentations are 16 Chemical Society Division of Inorganic Chemistry. January and 20 February 2004, respectively. The conference program has been divided into The City of Merida is the capital of Yucatan and the seven sessions that cover all areas of coordination economic and cultural center of Southeastern México. chemistry, in fundamental and applied research, Merida, known also as “the White City,” is considered including theoretical and green chemistry issues. The the cultural and tourist capital of the Mayan World seven sessions are as follows: bioinorganic chemistry, and is near to the beautiful beaches of the Gulf of nano- and supramolecular chemistry, catalysis, main Mexico, small towns with colonial flavor, and the most group element coordination chemistry, d and f ele- important archeological sites of the Mayan culture: ment coordination chemistry, functional materials, Chichén Itzá, Uxmal, Mayapán, and Kabah. and reaction mechanisms. The conference will include 10 plenary lectures and See Calendar on page 37 for contact information 70 session lectures. Large sections of the lecture pro- gram are being reserved for submitted contributions. www.iccc36.org
Polymer Networks materials scientists, and engineers to apply their mod- 15–19 August 2004, National Institutes of els and methods to address targeted biological prob- Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA lems, such as developing models of cell and tissue-level processes, and new methods for measur- The Polymer Networks 2004 Conference (17th ing and controlling biomolecular interactions. Polymer Networks Meeting), jointly organized by the National Institutes of Health (specifi- Conference Topics: cally NICHD and NIBIB), and the • Phase Transition in Synthetic and Biopolymer Gels National Institute of Standards • Associating/Self-Assembly Systems and Technology, is part of a • Polyelectrolytes and Intelligent Gels series of biannual interna- • Nano-particles in Diagnostics and Therapeutics tional meetings that began • Gene and Drug Delivery in Strasbourg, France, in • Tissue Engineering and Hydrogel Scaffolds 1975. The programs of these • Controlled Synthesis of Networks meetings include contribu- • Simulation and Modeling of Polymer Networks tions from all areas relevant to the formation, structure, properties, Abstracts will be accepted until 1 April, and and application of synthetic and natural polymer net- advance registration at a discounted fee is available works and gels, but at each meeting particular until 15 June. emphasis is put on a specific topic. The theme for the Polymer Networks 2004 meeting will be “Research of See Calendar on page 38 for contact information Gelation Phenomena, and Properties of Synthetic and Biopolymer Gels.” The purpose of the conference is to www.polymer.nichd.nih.gov encourage polymer physicists, polymer chemists,
CHEMISTRY International January-February 2004 35 Upcoming IUPAC-sponsored events See also www.iupac.org/symposia Mark Your Calendar for links to specific event Web site
2004
6–9 January 2004 • Polymer Characterization • Guimaraes, Portugal 12th Annual Polychar World Forum on Advanced Materials (POLYCHAR 12) Prof. Antonio M. Cunha, Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, P-4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal, Fax: +351 253510339, E-mail: [email protected]
26–31 January 2004 • Biodiversity and Natural Products • Delhi, India International Conference on Biodiversity and Natural Products: Chemistry and Medical Applications (combining ICOB-4 and ISCNP-24) Prof. V. S. Parmar, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India, Tel.: +91 11 2766 6555, Fax: +91 11 2766 7206, E-mail: [email protected]
9–10 March 2004 • Heterocyclic Chemistry • Gainesville, Florida, USA 5th Florida Heterocyclic Conference Prof. Alan R. Katritzky, University of Florida, Dept. of Chemistry, PO Box 117200, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA, Tel.: +1 352 392 0554, Fax: +1 352 392 9199, E-mail: [email protected]
3–8 April 2004 • Macromolecules • Stellenbosch, South Africa UNESCO Introductory Course (3–4 April) and 7th Annual UNESCO/IUPAC Conference on Macromolecules with Special Sessions on Polymers in Medicine, Nanotechnology and Degradation (5-8 April) Prof. R. D. Sanderson, UNESCO Associated Centre for Macromolecules & Materials, Institute for Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa, Tel: +27(21) 808-3172, Fax: +27(21) 808-4967, E-mail: [email protected]
17–21 May 2004 • Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins • Bethesda, Maryland, USA 11th International Symposium on Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins (ISMP-11) Dr. Douglas L. Park (HFS-345), CFSAN, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD, 20740, USA, Tel: +1 301 436 2401, Fax: +1 301 436 2644, E-mail: [email protected]
23–26 May 2004 • Bio-interfaces • Barossa Valley, South Australia, Australia The Ian Wark Research Institute International Conference & Workshop on Physical Chemistry of Bio-Interfaces Prof. Hans Griesser, Ian Wark Research Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, South Australia, Australia 5095, Tel.: +61 8 8302 3703, Fax: +61 8 8302 3683, E-mail: [email protected]
1–4 June 2004 • Biodegradable Polymers and Plastics • Seoul, Korea 8th World Conference on Biodegradable Polymers and Plastics Prof. S. S. Im, Department of Polymer and Textile Engineering, Hanyang University, 17 Haengdang-dong, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Korea, Tel.: +82-2-2290-0495, Fax: +82-2-2297-5859, E-mail: [email protected]
14–18 June 2004 • π-Electron Systems • Ithaca, New York, USA 6th International Symposium on Functional π-Electron Systems Prof. George Malliaras, Materials Science and Engineering, 327 Bard Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853-1501, USA, Tel.: +1 607 255-1956, Fax: +1 607 255-2365, E-mail: [email protected]
27 June–1 July 2004 • Biomolecular Chemistry • Sheffield, United Kingdom 7th International Symposium on Biomolecular Chemistry (ISBOC-7) Prof. George M. Blackburn, University of Sheffield, Department of Chemistry, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK, Tel.: +44 114 222 9462, Fax: +[44] 114 273 8673, E-mail: [email protected]
27 June–2 July 2004 • Germanium, Tin, and Lead • Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA XIth International Conference on the Coordination and Organometallic Chemistry of Germanium, Tin, and Lead Prof. Keith Pannell, Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968-0513, USA Tel.: +1 915-747-5796, Fax: +1 915-747-5748, E-mail: [email protected]
36 CHEMISTRY International January-February 2004 4–9 July 2004 • Phosphorus Chemistry • Birmingham, United Kingdom 16th International Conference on Phosphorus Chemistry (ICPC 16) Prof. Pascal Metivier, Rhodia, R&D for Phosphorous and Performance Derivatives, Oak House, reeds Crescent, Watford, WD24 4QP, UK, Tel.: +44 1923 485609, E-mail: [email protected]
4–9 July 2004 • Macromolecules • Paris, France 40th International Symposium on Macromolecules—IUPAC World Polymer Congress (MACRO 2004) Prof. Jean-Pierre Vairon, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Case 185, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris Cédex 05, France, Tel: +33 1 44 27 50 45, Fax: +33 1 44 27 70 89, E-mail: [email protected]
11–15 July 2004 • Polymer Biomaterials • Prague, Czech Republic 43rd PMM Microsymposium: Polymer Biomaterials: Biomimetic and Bioanalogous Systems Drahomir Vyprachticky, Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovskeho nam. 2, CZ-162 06 Praha 6, Czech Republic, Tel.: +420 296 809 332, Fax: +420 296 809 410, E-mail: [email protected]
17–22 July 2004 • Photochemistry • Granada, Spain 20th IUPAC Symposium on Photochemistry Prof. Dr. Miguel A. Miranda, Departamento de Química/Instituto de Tecnologia Química UPV-CSIC, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Avenida de los Naranjos, s/n, E-46022 Valencia, Spain, Tel: + 34 963877807, Fax: + 34 963877809, E-mail: [email protected]
18–21 July 2004 • Chemical Sciences in Changing Times • Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro 4th International Conference of the Chemical Societies of the South-Eastern European Countries Prof. Ivanka Popovic, Belgrade University, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro, Tel.: +381 11 337 0478, Fax: +381 11 337 0473, E-mail: [email protected]
18–23 July 2004 • Coordination Chemistry • Merida, Yucatan, Mexico 36th International Conference on Coordination Chemistry Prof. Norah Barba-Behrens, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, México, D. F., 04510, México, Tel./Fax: +52(55)5622-3810, E-mail: [email protected]
18–23 July 2004 • Polymers and Organic Chemistry • Prague, Czech Republic 11th International Conference on Polymers and Organic Chemistry 2004 (POC ’04) Dr. Karel Jerabek, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Rozvojova 135, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic, Tel.: +420 220 390 332, Fax: + 420 220 920 661, E-mail: [email protected]
23–27 July 2004 • Carbohydrates • Glasgow, United Kingdom 22nd International Carbohydrate Symposium Prof. E. Hounsell, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Birkbeck University of London, Malet St., London WC1E7HX, UK, Tel.: + 44 207 631 6238, E-mail: [email protected]
25–29 July 2004 • Solubility Phenomena • Aveiro, Portugal 11th International Symposium on Solubility Phenomena, Including Related Equilibrium Processes (11th ISSP) Prof. Clara Magalhaes, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, P-3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal, Tel.: +351 234 401518, Fax: +351 234 370084, E-mail: [email protected]
25–30 July 2004 • Organometallic Chemistry • Vancouver, Canada 21st International Conference on Organometallic Chemistry (ICOMC) 21st ICOMC Secretariat, Conferences & Accomodation at UBC, 5961 Student Union Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 2C9, Tel.: +1 604 822-1050, Fax: +1 604 822-1069, E-mail: [email protected]
CHEMISTRY International January-February 2004 37 Mark Your Calendar
1–6 August 2004 • Organic Synthesis • Nagoya, Japan 15th International Conference on Organic Synthesis (ICOS-15) Prof. Minoru Isobe, ICOS15 Secretariat, c/o International Communications Specialists, Inc., Sabo Kaikan- bekkan, 2-7-4 Hirakawa-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8646 Japan, Tel: +81-3-3263-6474, Fax: +81-3-3263-7537, E-mail: [email protected]
2–7 August 2004 • Chemistry in Africa • Arusha, Tanzania 9th International Chemistry Conference in Africa—Chemistry Towards Disease and Poverty Eradication Dr. G. S. Mhinzi, University of Dar es Salaam, Chemistry Department, PO Box 35061, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Tel./Fax: +255 22 2410038, E-mail: [email protected]
3–8 August 2004 • Chemical Education • Istanbul, Turkey 18th International Conference on Chemical Education (18th ICCE) Prof. Dr. Mustafa L. Berkem, Chairman, Marmara University, Ataturk Faculty of Education, TR- 81040 Goztepe- Istanbul, Turkey, Tel: +90 2163459090/231, Fax: +90 2163388060, E-mail: [email protected]
15–19 August 2004 • Polymers • Bethesda, Maryland, USA Polymer Networks 2004 Dr. Ferenc Horkay, Section on Tissue Biophysics and Biomimetics, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 13, Room 3W16E, 13 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA, Tel: +1 301 435 7229, Fax: +1 301 435 5035, E-mail: [email protected]
15–20 August 2004 • Physical Organic Chemistry • Shanghai, China 17th IUPAC Conference on Physical Organic Chemistry (ICPOC-17) Prof. Guo-Zhen Ji, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China, Tel: +86 21-64163300, Fax: +86 21-64166128, E-mail: [email protected]
17–21 August 2004 • Chemical Thermodynamics • Beijing, China 18th IUPAC Conference on Chemical Thermodynamics Prof. Haike Yan, Chairman, 18th ICCT c/o Chinese Chemical Society, PO Box 2709, Beijing, 100080, China, Tel.: +86 10 62568157, 86 10 62564020, Fax: +86 10 62568157, E-mail: [email protected]
20–25 August 2004 • Heteroatom Chemistry • Shanghai, China 7th International Conference on Heteroatom Chemistry (ICHAC-7) Prof. Lin-xin Dai, ICHAC-7, c/o Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China, Tel: +86-21-64163300- 3405, Fax: +86-21-64166128, E-mail: [email protected]
3–5 September 2004 • Chemistry of Vanadium • Szeged, Hungary 4th International Symposium on Chemistry and Biological Chemistry of Vanadium Prof. Tamas Kiss, University of Szeged, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, PO Box 440, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary, Tel.: +36 62 544337, Fax: +36 62 420505, E-mail: [email protected]
5–10 September 2004 • Analytical Chemistry • Salamanca, Spain European Conference on Analytical Chemistry—Euroanalysis XIII, Prof. J. Hernández Méndez, Departamento de Química Analítica Nutrición y Bromatología, Universidad de Salamanca, E-37008 Salamanca, Spain, Tel./Fax: +34-923-294483, E-mail: [email protected]
12–15 September 2004 • Heterocyclic Chemistry • Sopron, Hungary XXI European Colloquium on Heterocyclic Chemistry Prof. György Hajos, Chemical Research Center, Institute of Chemistry, H-1025 Budapest Pusztaszeri ut, Hungary, Tel.: +36 1 3257550, Fax: +36 1 3257863, E-mail: [email protected]
38 CHEMISTRY International January-February 2004 Mark Your Calendar
7–8 October 2004 • Trace Elements in Food • Brussels, Belgium 2nd International Symposium on Trace Elements in Food (TEF 2) Dr. Michael Bickel, European Commission—Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, B-2440 Geel, Belgium, Tel.: +32 14 57 17 34, Fax: +32 14 57 17 87, E-mail: [email protected]
17–22 October 2004 • Biotechnology • Santiago, Chile 12th International Biotechnology Symposium Prof. Juan A. Asenjo, Centre for Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Chile, Beauchef 861, Santiago, Chile, Tel.: +56 2 6784288, Fax: +56 2 6991084, E-mail: [email protected]
2005
17–22 July 2005 • Carotenoids • Edinburgh, Scotland 14th International Symposium on Carotenoids Prof. Andrew J. Young, School of Biological and Earth Sciences, John Moores University, Byrom St. Liverpool L3 3AF, UK, Tel.: +44 151 231 2173 / 3575, Fax: + 44 151 207 3224, E-mail: [email protected]
13–21 August 2005 • IUPAC 43rd General Assembly • Beijing, China IUPAC Secretariat, Tel.: +1 919 485 8700, Fax: +1 919 485 8706, E-mail: [email protected]
14–19 August 2005 • IUPAC 40th Congress • Beijing, China Innovation in Chemistry Prof. Xibai Qiu, IUPAC-2005 Secretariat, c/o Chinese Chemical Society, PO Box 2709, Beijing 100080, China, Tel.: +86 (10) 62568157, Fax: +86 (10) 62568157, E-mail: [email protected]
11–15 September 2005 • Boron Chemistry • Sendai, Japan 12th International Meeting on Boron Chemistry Prof. Yoshinori Yamamoto, Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan 980-8578, Tel.: +81 22 217 6581, Fax: +81 22 217 6784, E-mail: [email protected]
Visas How to Apply for IUPAC Sponsorship
It is a condition of sponsorships that organizers of Conference organizers are invited to complete an meetings under the auspices of IUPAC, in considering Application for IUPAC Sponsorship (AIS) preferably 2 the locations of such meetings, should take all possible years and at least 12 months before the Conference. steps to ensure the freedom of all bona fide chemists Further information on granting sponsorhsip is from throughout the world to attend irrespective of included in the AIS and is available upon request from race, religion, or political philosophy. IUPAC sponsor- the IUPAC Secretariat or online at ship implies that entry visas will be granted to all bona
CHEMISTRY International January-February 2004 39