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Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in the Sediments from the Yellow River Wetland National Nature Reserve (The Sanmenxia Section), China

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Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in the Sediments from the Yellow River Wetland National Nature Reserve (The Sanmenxia Section), China Environ Sci Pollut Res DOI 10.1007/s11356-014-4041-y RESEARCH ARTICLE Assessment of heavy metal contamination in the sediments from the Yellow River Wetland National Nature Reserve (the Sanmenxia section), China Qingli Cheng & Ruiling Wang & Wenhai Huang & Wenlin Wang & Xudong Li Received: 6 October 2014 /Accepted: 22 December 2014 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015 Abstract The Yellow River Wetland National Nature indicated that the sediments of the Canglonghu site were Reserve (the Sanmenxia section) is an important area of the low polluted, that of the Houdi site is nearly slightly contam- Yellow River for two important hydrologic gauging stations: inated, and those of others were natural and uncontaminated. the Sanmenxia reservoir and the Xiaolangdi reservoir. Seven It was vital to evaluate the degree of contamination with indi- sites along the section were selected: Jiziling, Dinghuwan, vidual and overall elements and even with the metal toxicity. Houdi, Canglonghu, Shangcun, Wangguan, and Nancun. Cu, Pb, and Mn contaminations were aggravated in the After the microwave digestion with aqua regia, concentrations Sanmenxia section, and there maybe was one of the main of Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn, and Mn in the sediments were analyzed anthropogenic sources of these metals along the Yellow by flame atomic absorption spectrometry with air-acetylene River. The findings were expected to update the current status flame. The results showed that all the concentrations of Cr of the heavy metal pollution in the Sanmenxia section as well detected were from the lithogenic source, and 63 % Mn, as to create awareness concerning the sound condition of the 48 % Pb, 41 % Cu, 20 % Cd, and 12 % Zn were from the whole reaches of the Yellow River. anthropogenic source. The values of the index of geo- accumulation pointed out that there was moderate contamina- Keywords The Sanmenxia section . Heavy metal . tion of Mn at the Dinghuwan (1.04) and Houdi (1.00) sites Assessment . Sediment . The Yellow River . The wetland (class 2), while the modified degree of contamination denoted that the contamination at the Houdi site (2.02) was moderate, Abbreviation nil to very low at the Nancun and Shangcun sites and low at JZL Jiziling the other sites, consisting with the tendency of pollution load DHW Dinghuwan index. For metal toxicity, the sediment pollution index HD Houdi CLH Canglonghu Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues SC Shangcun Q. Cheng (*) WG Wangguan Institute of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, North China NC Nancun University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, China Igeo The index of geo-accumulation e-mail: [email protected] mCd Modified degree of contamination : PLI Pollution load index Q. Cheng X. Li SPI Sediment pollution index Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China Cfi Contamination factor R. Wang : W. Huang Yellow River Water Resources Protection Institute, Zhengzhou, China Introduction W. Wang Department of Biology, Henan Institute of Education, In aquatic environment, heavy metals tend to be incorporated Zhengzhou, China into the bottom sediments. Sediment has also been recognized Environ Sci Pollut Res as one of the important indicators of metal contamination for consequences of reservoir sedimentation, sediment manage- ecosystem quality assessment (Giusti 2001; Birch and Taylor ment strategies, and potential solutions to critical sedimenta- 2002;Rateetal.2000) and has drawn wide attention in recent tion problems (Jiang et al. 2004;Wangetal.2005;Zhouand years (Liu et al. 2009;Chenetal.2009, 2000;Heetal.2009; Zhang 2012). Over the past 58 years, from 1950 to 2007, the Zhao et al. 2008). Those metals can be released by various sediment trapping by the Sanmenxia and Xiaolangdi reser- processes under favorable conditions, and aquatic organisms voirs accounts for 30 % of the total amount of reduction in might be exposed to a high level of heavy metals, which may the upper, middle, and lower reaches of the Yellow River cause potential health risks to the local inhabitants through basin (Peng et al. 2010; Wang et al. 2007). The praxis of food webs (Ghregat et al. 2011; Cui et al. 2011). sustainable water dispatching has also resulted in significant The Yellow River is the second longest river in China, with economic and social benefits (He et al. 2013). It is important a length of 3395 miles (5464 km), and flows through seven to protect and maintain the ecological security of the provinces and two autonomous regions, empting into the Sanmenxia section. However, the wastewaters discharged by Bohai Sea near the Dongying City in Shandong Province. It various plants (gold, bauxite, pyrite mining companies, etc.) is famous for sediment laden, carrying a large number of sand and sewage inputs from the cities along the river bank may from the Loess Plateau. The sediment carries many el- have caused the contamination of metals in the section. It is ements, such as metals, from the cities and industrial vital to investigate the origin and the spatial distribution of the and mining enterprises in the basin. Heavy metal con- metals in the river sediments along the section and then to tamination in sediment is influenced by many factors, clarify the pollution degree and quantify potential ecological such as wastewater discharge (Feng et al. 2010;Wang risk of these contaminations. et al. 2010), petroleum-hydrocarbon spillage (Nie et al. 2010), fossil fuel combustion (Cheng et al. 2012), flow- sediment regulation (Bai et al. 2012), etc. Materials and methods At the Lanzhou section situated on the upper reach of the Yellow River, spatial distributions of Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cd in the Study sites sediments show that heavy metal concentrations remain al- most constant at this region (Liu et al. 2009) and the levels The study region is located between 110° 24′–111° 48′ E of these metals are proposed to influence the abundance and longitude and 34° 34′–35° 2′ N latitude. It belongs to warm structure of nematode communities (Chen et al. 2009). In the temperate continental monsoon climate, the average annual middle stretch of the river, e.g., Inner Mongolia, heavy temperature is 14.1 °C (57.38 °F), and the mean annual rain- metalsinthebedmudareevaluatedtobeinthenon- fall is 614 mm. The study region lies close to the Loess to-mid-pollution condition and the ecological risk of Cd, Plateau, and the soil type is loosely silt, thin-grained sand, Cu, Pb, and Cr is moderate in this area (Zhao et al. and clay, overlying the Quaternary sediments. The section is 2008). At the beginning of the lower reach, the dominated with different flora in wild land, e.g., Populus Yellow River Wetland Nature Reserve of Zhengzhou, simonii, Salix matsudana, Tamarix chinensis, Phragmites the contamination of Cr and Pb is more serious than communis, Typha orientalis,andXanthium sibiricum,and that of Cu, Cd, and Mn, and Pb pollution is moderate some places are cultivated mainly for Glycine max,etc. at some sampling sites (Cheng et al. 2012).Cuietal. Seven sites were selected: Jiziling (JZL), Dinghuwan (2011) also report that the concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cd, (DHW), Houdi (HD), Canglonghu (CLH), Shangcun (SC), Cr, and Cu are detected in sediments of the Yellow Wangguan (WG), and Nancun (NC) (Fig. 1). JZL is the west- River delta. ernmost site of the study region and also the beginning of the The Yellow River Wetland National Nature Reserve in Sanmenxia section; DHW and HD are the entry and exit sites Henan Province includes the Yellow River reservoir area of of the Sanmenxia reservoir; CLH and SC are the upper and Sanmenxia (the Sanmenxia section), Xiaolangdi Dam, and the lower sites of the Sanmenxia City; WG and NC are just up the region from the Xiaolangdi Dam Reservoir to the junction of Sanmenxia Dam and Xiaolangdi reservoir, respectively. Mengjin County and Gongyi County. The Sanmenxia section is an important area as wintering and stopover sites for many Sampling, preparation, and analysis geese and ducks, such as whooper swan (Cygnus cygnus), and also as breeding habitats for a large number of species. In this The sediment samples were collected with stainless steel con- reserve, there are two important hydrologic gauging stations: tainers and wrapped in the polyethylene plastic bags during the Sanmenxia reservoir and the Xiaolangdi reservoir. The May–July in 2011. All of the samples were extracted at top Xiaolangdi reservoir is just following the Sanmenxia section. horizon (5–20 cm deep from the surface). Replicates were These two reservoirs are effective in protecting the Lower taken at each site to reduce the probability of random perfor- Yellow River and offer an excellent example of the mance. After being air-dried at room temperature, removed off Environ Sci Pollut Res Fig. 1 Map showing the research area and the geographical location of the sampling sites. a Azoomed view of the Yellow River. b Detailed sample sites the coarse debris, ground using a mortar and pestle, and evaluating individual metal pollution and overall enrichment passed through a 100-mesh nylon sieve, 0.5 g of each sample impact of groups in sediments. Pollution load index (PLI) also was digested in capped Teflon tubes with 5 ml aqua regia provides a simple and comparative mean for assessing the (HNO3:HCl=1:3), followed by the addition of a small amount level of heavy metal pollution of the entire sampling area. of nitric acid or hydrogen peroxide until the supernatant be- The empirical index has been determined as the nth root of came clear. Digested solution was diluted with 1 % HNO3 (v/ the product of the nth contamination factor (Cf) (Varol 2011). v) to 50 ml for the following analysis. Heavy metal concen- Sediment pollution index (SPI) is defined as a linear sum of trations of Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn, and Mn were analyzed by flame the metal enrichment factors along with the account of metal atomic absorption spectrometry with air-acetylene flame.
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