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Universidade Estadual De Campinas, Instituto De Biologia ii FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA ELABORADA PELA BIBLIOTECA DO INSTITUTO DE BIOLOGIA – UNICAMP Kaminski, Lucas Augusto K128m Mirmecofilia em Parrhasius polibetes (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae): história natural, custos, seleção de planta hospedeira e benefícios da co-ocorrência com hemípteros mirmecófilos / Lucas Augusto Kaminski. – Campinas, SP: [s.n.], 2010. Orientadores: André Victor Lucci Freitas, Paulo Sérgio Moreira Carvalho de Oliveira. Tese (doutorado) – Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia. 1. Cerrados. 2. Formiga. 3. Lepidoptera. 4. Morfologia (Animais). 5. Mutualismo. I. Freitas, André Victor Lucci. II. Oliveira, Paulo Sérgio Moreira Carvalho de. III. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Biologia. IV. Título. (rcdt/ib) Título em inglês: Myrmecophily in Parrhasius polibetes (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae): natural history, costs, host-plant selection, and benefits of co-occurrence with myrmecophilous hemipterans. Palavras-chave em inglês: Cerrados; Ants; Lepidoptera; Morphology (Animals); Mutualism. Área de concentração: Ecologia. Titulação: Doutorado em Ecologia. Banca examinadora: André Victor Lucci Freitas, José Roberto Trigo, Karina Lucas Silva-Brandão, Marcelo Duarte da Silva, Ronaldo Bastos Francini. Data da defesa: 09/04/2010. Programa de Pós-Graduação: Ecologia. iii iv AGRADECIMENTOS Em primeiro lugar eu gostaria de agradecer à Universidade Estadual de Campinas, pelo ensino gratuito e de qualidade. Ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, em especial à Maria Célia Duarte Pio, pela valiosa assistência prestada aos alunos do programa. Ao CNPq pela concessão de bolsa de Doutorado (Proc. 140183/2006-0) e FAPESP pelo financiamento (Proc. 08/54058-1). Ao meu orientador Prof. André V. L. Freitas pelo incentivo ao longo desses anos e pela oportunidade de desenvolver uma Tese de Doutorado abordando interações borboleta-formiga. Da mesma forma, ao Prof. Paulo S. Oliveira, pela excelente orientação, pelo exemplo de entusiasmo, e pela clareza com que enxerga os fenômenos biológicos. À Daniela Rodrigues, pelo auxílio fundamental em todas as etapas deste trabalho e pela amizade incondicional. Ao amigo Adilson Moreira pela ajuda dedicada e comprometida nos trabalhos de campo. Ao Adriano Cavalleri pela amizade, conselhos e por dividir as dúvidas existenciais de um pós-graduando latino-americano. À Sabrina C. Thiele pela ajuda e por dividir a paixão pelas larvas. Ao Prof. Keith S. Brown por ter aberto as portas de sua casa, pela amizade, pelas refeições compartilhadas, pelas conversas filosóficas, pelos ensinamentos, pelas ironias e pelo constante bom humor. Aos amigos e ex-colegas do Laboratório de Bioecologia de Insetos e Laboratório de Morfologia e Comportamento de Insetos da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, em especial ao Prof. Gilson R.P. Moreira pelo papel fundamental na minha formação acadêmica. À Carla M. Penz e Phil J. DeVries pela oportunidade de realizar um estágio fora do país, pelas discussões sobre mutualismo e por terem me recebido em New Orleans. Aos diversos pesquisadores e colaboradores que contribuíram no desenvolvimento dessa Tese, em especial Alfred Moser, Anne Zillikens, Carla M. Penz, Cristiano A. Iserhard, Curtis Callaghan, Daniela Rodrigues, Harold F. Greeney, Helena P. Romanowski, José R. Trigo, Keith S. Brown, Kleber Del-Claro, Konrad Fiedler, Lee Dyer, Luis F. de Armas, Marcelo Duarte, Mirna M. Casagrande, Naomi E. Pierce, Olaf H.H. Mielke, Phil J. DeVries, Peter W. Price, Rudi Mattoni, Robert K. Robbins, Sabrina C. Thiele e Sebastián F. Sendoya. Ao Laboratório Síncrotron por permitir o acesso à área de cerrado para realização dos experimentos. Da mesma forma, ao Instituto de Botânica de São Paulo for permitir o trabalho de campo na Reserva Biológica e Estação Experimental de Mogi-Guaçu. v Aos vários especialistas que forneceram identificações, dentre eles Jorge Y. Tamashiro e Maria C. Mamede pelas plantas; Rogério R. Silva, Rodrigo M. Feitosa, e Ana Gabriela Bieber pelas formigas; Aires Menezes Jr., Jober F. Sobczak, e Angélica M. Penteado-Dias pelos parasitóides; Silvio Nihei pelos dípteros; Adriano Cavalleri pelos percevejos. Aos colegas do LABOR, Alexandra Bächtold, Artur N. Furegati, Cristiane Matavelli, Danilo Ribeiro, Eduardo Barbosa, Leonardo Jorge, Luisa Mota, Karina L. Silva-Brandão, Mariana Magrini, Marcio Uehara-Prado, Noemy Pereira e Tatiane Alves. Da mesma forma aos colegas do Laboratório de Mirmecologia, Ana Gabriela Bieber, Alexander Christianini, Claudia Bottcher, Daniel P. Silva, Henrique Silveira, Mayra Vidal, Paulo S. Silva, Pedro Rodrigues e Sebastián F. Sendoya pela convivência e apoio. Às pessoas especiais que de alguma forma fizeram parte da minha vida nesses anos de UNICAMP: Adaíses Maciel, Adriana Salomão, Bruno Buzatto, Carla Saleta, Carolina Marmo, Christiane Correa, Christini Caselli, Elen Peres, Giulia D’Angelo, Janaina Cortinoz, João Costa, Kid Azambuja, Larissa Pereira, Leonardo Mendonça, Lorena Fonseca, Lucybeth Arruda, Luisa Lokschin, Maria C. Amatuzzi, Marília Cesarino, Nívea Santos, Renato Ramos, Tadeu Guerra e Thais Postali. Aos grandes amigos e companheiros astrais Bruno H. Rosado e Pedro O. Cavallin, pela agradável convivência na República Ariana. Aos amigos de futebol, Adriano Mariscal, André Gil, André Rochelle, Graham Wyatt, João Aranha, Rubens Filho, Rafael Costa, Felipe Amorin, Vinicius Duartina, Henrique Silveira, Arildo Dias, entre outros, por ajudarem a manter o meu condicionamento físico e sanidade mental em níveis aceitáveis. Em especial aos grandes amigos Carlos H.Z. Martins, Ricardo G. Mattos (Ricky) e Sebastián F. Sendoya, parcerias 100%. À Cora Caron, pelo colorido nada dolorido, pela loucura que cura, pelo caroteno na dose certa e pela brisa corada mais do que justa. Repetindo o Mestrado, eu agradeço e dedico essa Tese aos meus familiares que nunca julgaram as minhas excentricidades, pelo contrario, sempre apoiaram. Em especial: aos meus queridos avós, irmãos, sobrinhos, a minha mãe Dóris S. Teixeira, que me ensinou o gosto pelas artes e ciências naturais, ao meu pai Luiz C. Vergara, por ter sempre incentivado os meus estudos. A todos, meus sinceros agradecimentos. vi “Uma formiguinha atravessa, em diagonal, a página ainda em branco. ... Mas ele, naquela noite, não escreveu nada. Para quê? Se por ali já havia passado o frêmito e o mistério da vida...” Mario Quintana (Nova Antologia Poética, 1966) Dedicado aos meus irmãos Martin, Fernanda, Moises, Sarah, Leon, Lenon & Isadora, todos partes de um patchwork bem quiltado... vii ÍNDICE ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. 01 RESUMO .................................................................................................................................. 03 INTRODUÇÃO GERAL .......................................................................................................... 05 CAPÍTULO I Ecologia comportamental na interface formiga-planta-herbívoro: Interações entre formigas e lepidópteros ..................................................... 12 CAPÍTULO II Immature stages of Parrhasius polibetes (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae): Host plants, myrmecophily, and co-occurrence with ant-tended hemipterans .... 44 CAPÍTULO III Species-specific levels of ant attendance mediate developmental costs in a facultative myrmecophilous butterfly ..……...………………………... 72 CAPÍTULO IV Interaction between mutualisms: Ant-tended butterflies exploit enemy- free space provided by ant-treehopper associations ……………………. 90 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS ……………………………………...……….………………… 114 ANEXOS Natural history and morphology of immature stages of the butterfly Allosmaitia strophius (Godart) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) on flower buds of Malpighiaceae ………………………..…………...…………………… 121 Natural history, new records, and notes on the conservation status of Cyanophrys bertha (Jones) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) …...………...…… 140 1 ABSTRACT Ants are one of the most prominent groups of terrestrial organisms in terms of diversity, relative abundance and biomass. Their importance is due primarily to eusocial behavior combined with complex communication systems. Tropical foliage is rich in renewable feeding sources that promote ant foraging. As some of the most important predators on plants, ants strongly affect the herbivorous insects. The presence of ants on foliages may affect herbivores by two ways: (1) decreasing herbivore individual numbers due to antagonistic interactions (e.g., aggressiveness, predation); (2) providing an enemy-free space for myrmecophilous herbivores (i.e. those living in close associations with ants). The symbiotic interaction between Lepidoptera and ants is widespread but only among two butterfly families (Lycaenidae and Riodinidae). Due to the great importance of myrmecophily for the morphology and biology of these butterflies, it is supposed that much of the evolutionary history of organisms, including diversification, would be explained by their interactions with ants. However, most of the knowledge about the evolutionary ecology of lycaenids is based on studies of well known Palaearctic, Oriental, and Australian species while little is known about the rich Neotropical fauna, which contains nearly 1,200 species. Larvae of Parrhasius polibetes (Stoll) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) co-occur spatially and temporally with honeydew-producing hemipterans on the host plant Schefflera vinosa (Araliaceae). This study describes new aspects of morphology and natural history of immature stages of P. polibetes, including
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