Parrot Breeders Association of Southern Africa Papegaaitelersvereniging Van Suidelike Afrika

Parrot Breeders Association of Southern Africa Papegaaitelersvereniging van Suidelike Afrika

PVSA/PASA Voorsitter/Chairman Ben Minnaar Ondervoorsitter/Vice-Chairman Antonie Meiring Admin

Elsabe Snyman Lynette Vermeulen Design and Layout Lynette Vermeulen

Disclaimer: The Editors and Publishers of PASA do not accept any liability whatsoever with regards to any statement, fact, advertisement or recommendation made in this newsletter. © 2015 By PVSA. All rights reserved. Reproduction of any material from this issue in whole or in part is strictly prohibited. PVSA /PASA

KANTOOR URE/OFFICE HOURS PVSA/PASA

WEEKSDAE/WEEKDAYS Adres: Wonderboom Voëlpark 9:00-15:00 H/v Lavender en Braam Pretorius Str. Sinoville Pretoria, 0182 Suid-Afrika Posbus 80546 Doornpoort, 0017 Tel: 082 418 1555 /072 533 7791 E-mail/E-pos : [email protected] Bank Besonderhede PVSA/PASA Standard Bank Takkode: 0502201 Rek Nr : 040 417 654

Redakteurs Brief

Voorwoord

Die PVSA het deur die jare sy lede op verskillende vlakke verteenwoordig en deurbrake op verskillende gebiede behaal. Die gewone lede is nie altyd bewus van die werk wat agter die skerms gedoen word nie en soms word ons gekonfronteer met die vraag; “Maar watter voordele het ek nou eintlik as PVSA lid?”

Ons sal poog om in die volgende paar uitgawes van die Focus bietjie meer inligting aan die lede deur te gee.

Hoop al die lede het ‘n goeie broeiseisoen en geniet die boerdery.

Preamble PASA has through the years represented its members on different levels and achieved breakthroughs in many fields. The members are not always aware of the work that are done behind the scenes and we are sometimes confronted with the question ”But what is the advantage of being a PASA member?”

We will try and give some information to our members in this regard in the next issues of Focus.

We hope that all our members have a good breeding season and that you enjoy your hobby.

Ben Minnaar

www.aviculturesa.co.za

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Nuusbrief / Newesletter

Pg.3 Kennisgewing uit kantoor

Pg.4 Rose-ringed parakeet report

Pg.8 Who is the Breeder: Randy Berry

Interviewed by Alena Winner

Pg.11 Algemene oorsake van gewigsverlies by papegaaie : Dr. Anton Smit BVSc (Pret.)

Pg.17 Veilings/Auctions 2020

Pg.20 Cop 18 Verslag

Pg.23 A Revolution in nesting boxes by

Randy Berry

Pg.25 Uitvoerende Komitee

Executive Committee

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LEDEGELD VERHOGING 2020 LEDEGELD VERHOGING VANAF 2019 Geaffilieerde Lede: R350 per jaar GeaffilieerdeKlub Lede Lede: : R300.00 R175 per jaar

Klub LedeIn tree: R50 : (eenmalig)R150.00

Intree : R50.00 (eenmalig)

Neem kennis alle betalingsbewyse moet aangedui word met die Lid se telerskode en waarvoor die betaling is geen ringbestelling sal verwerk word sonder bewyse van betaling nie.

Bewyse van betaling moet gefaks of per E pos gestuur word saam met die bestelling wat geplaas word.

GEEN TELEFONIESE BEWYSE VAN N SMS OF WATS APP SAL AANVAAR WORD NIE

KLUB lede moet hul ledegeld by hulle klubs inbetaal Slegs geaffillieerde lede betaal ledegeld direk aan PVSA Kantoor Sluiting

Kantoor sluit die 11de Des 2019 – Open weer 6 Jan 2019 PVSA/PASA RINBESTELLINGS moet voor of op 29 November 2019 geplaas word Adres: Wonderboom Voëlpark geen bestellings na bogenoemdeh/v Lavender en Braamdatum Pretorius se leweringstydperk Str. kan

binne 21 dae gewaarborgSinoville word nie. Pretoria,0182

Suid-Afrika Posbus 80546 Doornpoort, 0017 Tel: 082 418 1555 /072 533 7791 E-mail/E-pos : [email protected]

Bank Besonderhede PVSA/PASA Standard Bank

Takkode: 050201 Rek Nr : 040 417 654

www.aviculturesa.co.za

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Rose-ringed Parakeet Report (RRP)

Annual General Meeting feedback - August 2019

PASA held a meeting with DEFF on 13 December 3 Conditions Reports submitted by PASA – 2018 in Pretoria to discuss the following points Proposed changes to Permit Conditions 1 Permit, • Conditions Point 29 (current)–No specimen 2 Permit reports requirements may be loaned, sold, donated, exchanged or 3 Establish a line of communication transported to non-members of PASA without a between PASA and DEA. permit from the issuing Authority. PASA was represented by Antonie Meiring, Guy The said permit being for restricted activities van Zyl and Lynette Vermeulen. DEFF was pertaining to Rose-Ringed Parakeets, the represented by Six officials, representing their exporting of Rose –Ringed Parakeets not being a legal as well as their operational staff and restricted activity. The above point prohibits management. PASA members from selling Rose Ringed Parakeets to a company who wishes to purchase Whilst the discussions were direct and to the point for the purpose of exporting the Parakeets. we managed to agree on certain aspects and the following points of the meeting must be highlighted Proposed amendment to Read: at this time. Conditions Point 29 – No specimen may be 1 The Biosecurity Officers reported back on loaned, sold, donated, exchanged or transported Breeder inspections that were done. to non-members of PASA, without a permit from the issuing Authority (or receipt from movement • Inspections had been done in the Kimberly and booklet). This does not include sales to registered Bloemfontein regions exporting Companies who make the purchase • Bird records, in terms of linage, mutations etc were solely for the purpose of exporting the specimen. well kept and available. • Conditions Point 32(Current) – The issuing • Unfortunately, the records of the origin of Authority reserves the right to conduct purchased RRP`s, as well as the buyers’ details for inspections or investigations and to withhold or sold RRP`s, was not up to date. cancel any permits. In our endeavour to continually improve our 2 Reports Required / Requested by DEFF – Additional Conditions (Requested by DEFF, but not member’s compliance of the “PASA Code of listed in Permit Conditions. Good Conduct and Code of Practice” as well as the conditions of the Permit conditions regarding • Number of RRP`s sold to exporters to be reported. the Rose-Ringed Parakeet. To achieve these, we • Number of RRPs purchased from Non- Permit request that feedback be provided to PASA in holders (this stand us in good stead with the Point terms of a report of findings, along with 41 of the Permit conditions) recommendations of improvements for each member inspected. • Why the number of breeding birds is less than the cages that are approved. Proposed amendment to Read

Conditions Point 32 - The issuing Authority reserves the right to conduct inspections or investigations and to withhold or cancel any

permits. DEFF will provide PASA with a report of the findings of the inspections.

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• Conditions Point 38 – All members of PASA • Conditions Point 47 – PASA must conduct pre- will receive species movement Booklets as a inspections on all its current and future members to traceability Management system. Also read ensure that its members adhere to cage along with Point 36 – PASA must Issue their requirements and permit conditions. members with alien and invasive species All members Aviaries` are being inspected by movement booklets. PASA to ensure they comply with Permit The points as set out below stipulate in detail Conditions 47. In areas where members are what records must be kept by PASA members sparsely populated providing the required who are exempted in terms of The Permit (Permit inspections become problematic. Number 5069265679 hereafter referred to as • A special request to DEA to assist in making their The Permit). staff available to physical inspect the facilities, Permit conditions for PASA regarding the using PASA forms and submitting them to The Restricted Activities allow Exempted members to PASA administration office for validation of membership and issuing of Exemption in terms of 1. Have in Possession or exercise control over DEA Permit 5069265679. any specimen of Rose-Ringed Parakeet (Refer Point 1.a) • Would photos supplied by the member constitute an inspection to confirm compliance of Permit 2. Breed or in any other way propagate any Conditions? specimen of the Rose-Ringed Parakeet or causing it to multiply. (refer point 1.b) Proposed amendment to Read;

3. Conveying, moving or otherwise trans locating DEFF will provide PASA with the names and any specimen of the Rose-Ringed Parakeet. contact details of inspecting officers when required (Refer point 1.c) in special circumstances and where that fails,

members may confirm compliance with 4. Selling or otherwise trading in, buying, Photographs. receiving, giving, donating or accepting as a gift, or in any way acquiring or disposing of any • Conditions Point 41 – PASA must provide the specimen of the Rose-Ringed Parakeet. (Refer DEA with the Monitoring, Control and Eradication point 1.d) Plans for feral Rose-ringed parakeets. 5. All PASA members must ensure that records PASA is working with Robert Thompson (Senior of Rose-Ringed Parakeets are kept. (Refer point Lecturer –Fitzpatrick Institute of African

20) Ornithology), Prof Colleen Downs (SARCHi Research Chair in Ecosystem Health and 6.PASA Members must keep and maintain Biodiversity in KZN), Ben Hoffman (Raptor records for any sales of listed invasive species, Rescue.org.za) Craig Symes (Previously of WITS), Rose- Ringed Parakeets. (Refer point 46). Beka Nxele (eThekwini Municipality-Invasive

As can be clearly seen in the above highlighted species unit). points, the conditions of the permit clearly set out • All the above persons are, in some form or what records must be kept by exempted another doing research on invasive species, which members. The requirement for movement include the Rose –Ringed Parakeet, this research booklets is thus a duplication of the stated record is ongoing, requiring time, manpower and funds. keeping required by the Permit Conditions’, members keep records of who they purchased • PASA is in early stages of obtaining information Rose-Ringed Parakeets from, who they sell them on the said organizations work to enable PASA to to, along with their permanent tamper proof make an informed decision of what our monitoring identification numbers. and control plan will need to entail. (Progress hereof will be submitted with the quarterly report on Proposed amendment; members inspections as required by the Permit conditions) Remove all points relating to movement Booklets • What has stuck out like a pole above water is the

term “eradication” in the Preliminary research.

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➢ PASA is a non-profit organization dedicated ✓ Mist netting and exporting the birds- to the well-being of parrots, whether in Registered exporting companies concur captivity or in their natural habit. they are able to export (hence the change ➢ No PASA member can condone the killing to Conditions point 29) of any Parrot, be it in captivity and or ✓ Net Guns – used successfully in the United elsewhere. Kingdom. ➢ As agreed by all present at the meeting in Pretoria, the SPCA will not take kindly to Proposed amendment to Read:

DEA and /or PASA exterminating the feral Conditions Point41 – PASA must provide the Rose-ringed parakeets in the Durban and DEFF with the Monitoring, Control Plans for Feral Irene areas. Rose-Ringed Parakeets.

➢ Preliminary enquiries with residents in the The above proposal points are motivated by a areas where the feral populations have brief summary as motivations, these will be established themselves have objected to discussed and further motivated at the meeting in the possibility of these parakeets being Cape Town to discuss these proposals. culled and /or removed. Local populations sentiment will be the ultimate factor in any 4 Submission of Changes to Permit Conditions.

action the DEA and PASA take in this • These proposed changes have been submitted regard. and it was agreed that a follow up meeting will be ➢ More research will have to be done before held to discuss these proposals. the final action plan can be considered. • Unfortunately, to date not communication or • PASA is in the process of obtaining research feedback has been received back from the DEFF. documents, information and specialised input from Two Remaining Issues. knowledgeable individuals about these feral Rose- ringed Parakeets. The two issues that have not been addressed sufficiently according to the DEA are • PASA has also requested: 1 Conditions Point 41 – PASA must provide the The document that were used in the motivation of DEFF with the Monitoring, Control and Eradication the registration of Rose-Ringed Parakeets as being Plans for feral Rose-ringed parakeets. a threat to indigenous species. ➢ DEFF is of the opinion that we as PASA The release of a study done by WITS on the Rose- ringed Parakeets in Pretoria /JHB area, due to be must plan and action the removal the feral published later this year. populations of RRP `s in South Africa. ➢ Whilst we have asked for the removal of This information will assist PASA in developing a the word “eradication” the current Permit monitoring and control plan as required by the conditions till requires the action thereof. Permit Conditions. In light of the foreseen ➢ We have consulted with numerous resistance from Animal Rights Organizations (E.g. Professional people about Eradication of SPCA, World Parrot Trust and local inhabitants) feral populations and have met with one PASA would like to propose that we relook the Person who can consolidate the current condition point 41.With the understanding and commitment from PASA that we are committed to information and present it to DEFF to plead research to find alternative methods of controlling our cause. the said feral populations, examples being looked ➢ We are currently reviewing their proposals. at are:

✓ fertility control,

✓ alternate nest sites (for easy capturing nesting adults)

✓ PASA Members capturing feral specimens – provisions in the Permit conditions must be redefined to allow for this

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2 The Annual Report Conclusion Having submitted two Annual reports to DEFF, it has PASA`s current Permit expires on the 17/10/2021.DEFF are not compelled to renew the become clear that recording the DATA as required by the DEFF permit cannot be done on a manual permit , and based on the two most contentious excel Spreadsheet. issues transcribed in the Permit Conditions not being adhered to as per the DEFF interpretation’s This is both time consuming and further complicated will have action the above two strategies to ( Web by the quality of information submitted by members. based management system and Monitoring, It is not a cost-effective program, as office staff are Management and Eradiation Plan) make a good tied up for days with compiling this report. casing point for renewal of the Permit. Alternatively, This has led to the proposed web-based system RRP`s will be removed from our aviaries. where members can upload and obtain all their It thus remains of utmost importance that we as relevant information on the webpage. This will breeders adhere to the conditions of the RPP`s include uploading the Rose-ringed parakeet permits. Have a concrete strategy in place with information and will enable the required information achieved outcomes transcribed in a well set out to be downloaded immediately and submitted to strategy. This and only this will ensure RRP`s for DEFF. We have contacted the relevant people and future aviculturists in South Africa. await their proposal and costs for the program.

Current status of PERMITS ISSUED.

Currently PASA has 440 active members who have been issued RRP`s Certificates of compliance. These are members whose enclosures have been inspected and the PASA Office has inspection sheets on file.

91 Issued permits are currently inactive. We will endeavour to contact these members and establish the reason for the current situation. Thirteen of the 91 members have stopped breeding birds. The conditions of the permit require PASA to inform

DEFF should any member not conform to the conditions, or risk having the permit retracted. Should attempts to re-activate these members be unsuccessful we will adhere to the conditions and submit the report accordingly.

PASA annual report to DEFF has been submitted, whilst a little later then required by DEFF due to reports being outstanding by members. We have also only reported strictly according to the condition requirements as set out in the permit. Whilst DEFF has not given any feedback or comment on our report submitted in December or the proposed changes to the conditions submitted in February 2019.

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WHO IS THE BREEDER: RANDY BERRY Words by: Alena Winner and Randy Berry Pictures by: Randy Berry When did you start with breeding of parrots? Was it the family tradition? Although our family was always very passionate about wildlife and keeping different pets in the house like dogs, turtles and fish, it was not until the mid 80’s when my family moved to Italy that we started getting birds. Some family friends were leaving Italy to move back to the USA and left us a large aviary to take apart and move to our house. They also gave us some small African finches to care for. This was the start of what was going to become a passion that took over our lives.

Can you describe to us your current breeding facility and how it is managed? We are very passionate about plants and birds, so our aviaries are a mixture of traditional planted and suspended aviaries. Our climate is very mild so it gives us the opportunity to keep plants and birds outside all year round. When facilities get large, one needs to understand the operations side of managing it. Focus should be on providing enrichment for the birds combined with operating it very efficiently. To do so, items such as next boxes, feeding bowls and perches need to be standardized so that the can be easily swapped out quickly to vastly reduces labor.

Which parrot species do you breed at the moment? We keep a verity of different parrot species such as Amazona, Pionus, Conures, but the majority of pairs are Macaws and grey parrots.

What do you consider your biggest breeding success so far? This is a tough one. I consider success on how well you know a species. Having bred Psittacus erithacus and Ara glaucogularis to third generation, and soon to be fourth, I have to say they are the most successful project so far. Other species have been bred to second generation, so there may be change in the future.

Can you describe us some very interesting and unusual story according to breeding of parrots? (Any species… but some interesting story…) Recently we have had the surprise of some Ara glaucogularis hatch in our aviaries with yellow feathers. This seems a surprise to us, given that none of the pairs are not related. How are your experiences … what is the key to the successful breeding? In order to be successful with a species, it is key to keep more pairs so you can average the data across the pairs. It is better to specialize in one species than have one of every species. Avoid imitating a breeder’s setup and making the same mistakes. Do not hesitate to go outside the box to learn more and venture on your own ideas.

Do you think that good nutrition can influence the breeding results? Could you describe your way of feeding parrots? Verity is key. More than just the quality, It is how it is served that is equally important. I have seen many photos of breeders serving amazing banquet of foods in bowls at one time. My thought is to serve a standard base food like spouted pigeon mix and then change the fruits, vegetables, nuts with different types often. In this way, the birds are always intrigued for what is in the bowl. This provides a form of enrichment, as they take longer to eat and explore the bowl for new foods.

What about nest boxes? Which type is used for your parrots? And what is inside?

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Most of our nesting boxes made from 19mm marine grade plywood, except the macaws. For the macaws, we use a horizontal PVC nest boxes that we have developed over the years. In the nest boxes, we have installed infrared cameras. These new generation cameras can function both a camera and a sensor. Camera visibility gives you a vast amount of breeding information that can help the breeder to successfully breed a species. Undisturbed data information can be gathered such as: harmony of the pair; Are the chick feeding the young?; Is the hen sitting well? Is the male feeding the hen correctly in the nes?; Is the chick being fed regular?

Do you also breed parrot mutations? Which ? I am a firm believer that we must keep back pure species without mutations, but in collections, unexpected mutations can appear. Besides the recent event, I mentioned earlier regarding the Ara glaucogularis, we keep only a few interesting parrot mutations like some grey parrot mutations and a dark mutation Amazona amazonica. These mutations are in development and we are still learning about them and how they are past down. Are there many parrot breeders in Italy? Which parrot species are mostly kept in Italy? Italy has always had a rich ornithological history. Tony Silva and I visited the ruins of Pompeii, near Naples, Italy and it was interesting to see the amount of bird species depicted on the walls of ruins from 79 A.D. it was amazing to see paintings containing various species of Psittacula. Today, Italian breeders still enjoy keeping parrots. As a parrot group, the Loriinae family are well represented and making Italy the strong hold regarding rare species.

Do you have problem with good avian vet? Although it is important to have a good relationship with your vet, it equally important to have a good relationship with your local university. Often we have professors and students that come to our aviaries to learn by collecting data and samples to study and share with us any results. Additionally, breeders should buy and learn to use a microscope and share it with the family.

Back to you… I know that your plan is create ZOO. How is it going so far? Yes, it is a big project. The project is moving forward. In May, I attended the second Zoo design conference in Wroclaw, Poland. Currently, we are having many meetings with zoo designers and architects from around the world to define the design of the zoo. More to come… Which animals will be in your ZOO? It is still early as we are still in the design phase, but I can say the park will not only have birds but will have many mixed exhibits Is there anything what would you like to tell the breeders through? Avicultialist must collaborate more on an international level if we are to preserve species in captivity.

Please feel free to contact me

[email protected]

RANDY BERRY BERRY BROTHERS AVIAIRIES

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ALGEMENE OORSAKE VAN GEWIGSVERLIES BY PAPEGAAIE

Dr. Anton Smit BVSc (Pret.)

Gewigsverlies of “Going light” is nie `ŉ siekte Kroniese gewigsverlies se oorsake kan op so wyse nie maar wel `ŉ simptoom van verskeie siektes onderverdeel word met behulp van eenvoudige en kan as sodanig selfs as `ŉ sindroom beskou diagnostiese prosedures en word. Baie selde is 1 simptoom = 1 siekte, Geskiedenis, om primêre oorsake te elimineer of gewoonlik het `ŉ siekte verskeie simptome en bevestig. Die eerste onderskeid is of die oorsaak kan een simptoom soos gewigsverlies by infeksieus van aard is of nie, meeste infeksieuse verskeie siektes of toestande voorkom. `ŉ oorsake sal meer as een voël affekteer en gaan Proses van eliminasie word gebruik om die gepaard met `n koors reaksie (temp.> 41°C),ander verskeie simptome met `n spesifieke siekte te simptome soos aptyt verlies of traagheid is ook verbind. gewoonlik sigbaar. Infeksieuse oorsake word verder Gewigsverlies kan `ŉ vinnige (akute) of meer onderverdeel volgens veroorsakende organisme se geleidelike (kroniese) ontstaan hê, klassifikasie in virus, bakteriese, swam of protosoïese laasgenoemde word na verwys as “Going light”. toestande. Nie infeksieuse oorsake word verdeel in Omdat voëls `ŉ baie vinnige metabolisme het metaboliese en nie metaboliese oorsake. Ouderdom en hoe kleiner die spesie hoe vinniger die van voëls is ook `ŉ baie handige hulpmiddel, juis metabolisme, kan enige siekte of toestand wat omdat sekere toestande meer algemeen by die aptyt verlies of verswakte voedsel inname tot verskillende ouderdoms groeperings die simptoom gevolg het, lei tot akute gewigsverlies wat as wys. simptoom binne 48uur sigbaar is. Krop staking, virus of bakteriese dermontsteking is goeie voorbeelde hiervan.

Kroniese gewigsverlies in `n enkel of groep voëls is moeiliker om te diagnoseer, omdat die simptoom nie uitgesproke is nie en met `n stadiger verloop waar ander simptome of die oorsaak nie altyd onmiddellik duidelik sigbaar is nie.

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Infeksieuse Oorsake: Virus: 1. Borna virus/Proventricular Dilatation Disease (PDD) Ook bekend as “Macaw wasting disease”, word meestal by macaws, kaketoes,amazones, conures en greys gevind. Die inkubasie periode kan enigiets van 6 weke to `n jaar wees, stress en omgewings veranderings is meestal die aanleidende faktor vir die ontwikkeling van die siekte. `n Draer toestand bestaan en nie alle geïnfekteerde voëls ontwikkel die kliniese siekte nie. Om die diagnose verder te bemoeilik skei geïnfekteerde voëls nie aanhoudend virus af nie maar onderbroke. Oordrag geskied via ontlasting-orale roete. Die virus tas die sentrale en meer belangrik die perifere senustelsel aan, deur degenerasie van ganglia met limfosietiese infiltrasie in die proventrikulêre outonome senuwee pleksus. Gevolglik word die spierlaag van die proventriculus atrofies, atonies en dilateer, sigbaar as `n uitgesette dunwandige kos gevulde orgaan op post mortem. Soms word die krop en gedeeltes van derm ook aangetas. Simptome sluit in vomisie van sade kort na eet en teenwoordigheid van onverteerde sade in die ontlasting. Gewigsverlies en vermaering. In sommige gevalle is dilatasie van die krop ook sigbaar en in sommige gevalle mag senu-simptome ook voorkom. Diagnose is moontlik met x-strale in baie gevalle, `n ELISA toets bestaan, sowel as `ŉ PCR toets, omdat virus onderbroke afgeskei word, is valse negatiewe PCR toets nie ongewoon nie en word 3 toetse met `ŉ weeklikse interval aanbeveel. Histologiese ondersoek van krop en/of proventriculus word ook gebruik om toestand te diagnoseer. Behandeling is simptomaties. Die mortaliteit is baie hoog en is genadedood `ŉ realistiese opsie. Voorkoming word gefokus om blootstelling aan virus te beperk en is kwarantyn en biosekuriteits maatreëls noodsaaklik. Waar PCR toetsing gedoen word, is dit raadsaam om 3 toetse soos voorheen aanbeveel te gebruik. 2. Avian Papillomatosis Papillomavirus (Herpesvirus) veroorsaak proliferatiwe epidermale massas op enige deel van die spysverterings kanaal, van die mond en keel tot kloaka, laasgenoemde is algemeenste plek om die letsel te sien. Macaws, veral Green-wing en Buffon’s is meer geneig tot hierdie toestand. Oordrag geskied deur direkte kontak van slymvliese, tydens paar, voer van mekaar en voer van kuikens. In die meeste geaffekteerde voëls volg die kliniese simptome `n sikliese patroon afhangend van die posisionering en die uitgesprokenheid van die letsels. Meestal is voëls asimptomaties behalwe vir sigbare letsels veral in kloaka epidermis. Tydens simptomatiese siklus is voëls lusteloos met verswakte aptyt en soms met vomisie, hierdie lei tot gewigsverlies. Diagnose geskied op visualisasie van letsels. Geen effektiewe behandeling bestaan nie, chirurgiese verwydering is moontlik maar keer nie dat nuwe letsels vorm nie. Spontane regressie is ook moontlik. Voorkoming bestaan uit kontak tussen besmette en onbesmette voëls te vermy.

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3. Pokke In psittacine spesies kom die difteriese vorm van pokke voor, wat sigbaar is as geel korsagtige aanpaksels van mond en keel area. Hierdie letsels bemoeilik eet en asemhaling, gevolglik kan dit lei tot gewigsverlies. Diagnose word gemaak op visualisasie van letsels, PCR toets van letsel materiaal, virus isolasie en elektron mikroskopie. Behandeling met topikale jodium en voorkoming deur beheer van vektore sal die toestand onder beheer kry.

4. Psittacine Beak & Feather Disease (PBFD) Bek & veer siekte word nie algemeen met kroniese gewigsverlies assosieer nie, maar in kroniese gevalle met immuun onderdrukking en lewer patologie is diarree en gewigsverlies moontlike simptome.

Bakteries: 1. Salmonella Die meeste gewerwelde spesies kan met Salmonella geïnfekteer word (staafvormige, gram negatiewe, arobiese bakterieë), dit sluit voëls en mense in en dis word dit as soönose beskou. Van die meer as 2500 serovars is die algemeenste patogeniese serovar by voëls Salmonella typhimurium. `n Draer status kan by meeste spesies ontstaan wat ander voëls in die hokke sowel as wilde voëls kan behels, verder kan vlieë, knaagdiere en ander ongediertes as vektore dien. Al hierdie faktore bemoeilik die beheer van hierdie siekte. Greys neig om baie vatbaar vir Salmonellose te wees. Omdat die organisme redelik stabiel buite die gasheer is geskied oordrag deur die lug as `n aerosol, waar geïnfekteerde voëls, bakteria afskei in neus en oog afskeidings, ontlasting en veerstof wat dan direk op ander voëls se slymvliese beland of kos en water kontamineer en sodoende opgeneem word. Geïnfekteerde wyfies wat hulle kuikens voer kan Salmonella ook so oordra. Oordrag kan vertikaal van hen na embrio deur die eier geskied, in erge gevalle sal die embrio sterf, andersins broei die kuiken reeds geïnfekteer uit. In die meeste gevalle is die siekte akuut van aard veral by jonger voëls en sluit simptome traagheid, vermaering en diarree in. In kroniese gevalle is gewigsverlies, gewrigsontsteking, senu-simptome, slymerige neus afskeiding, dermatitis en uitermatige dors ook simptome. Ontlastings het gewoonlik `ŉ swael geel groen kleur. Diagnose word gemaak op kliniese simptome, bakteriese kwekings en nadoods ondersoek. “Immunoassay” toetse en PCR toetse is ook beskikbaar. Behandeling is met antibiotika en antibiogramme is noodsaaklik om behandeling effektief te laat geskied. Enrofloxacin en Tylocin word algemeen in hok verband gebruik. Kroniese gevalle behandel baie minder suksesvol. Voorkoming en beheer word bemoeilik deur draers en vektore, waak teen oor populasie van hokke en bestry vektore. Goeie biosekuriteit en kwarantyn van nuwe toevoegings is ook belangrik.

2. Tuberkulose Tuberkulose word in voëls deur verskeie Mycobacterium spp. Veroorsaak en is byna altyd `n kroniese siekte. Die belang van Tuberkulose is dat dit `ŉ soönose is wat `n gesondheidsrisiko vir mense inhou en dus ook `n aanmeldbare siekte is. Mycobacterium is `n hardnekkige organisme wat lank in die omgewing kan oorleef (tot 7 jaar) en nie maklik deur ontsmetmiddels vernietig word nie. Oordrag geskied gewoonlik deur draers of vektore wat die organisme in liggaams vloeistowwe afskei wat dan via orale roete opgeneem word, die primêre letsel onstaan dan gewoonlik in die derm en versprei van daar na milt en lewer. Simptome is moegheid en erge gewigsverlies ten spyte van goeie eetlus, soms diarree. Diagnose kan met X-straal, endoskopie of post mortem gemaak word, Ziehl-Neelsen gekleurde smere van verdagte weefsel of askites vloeistof bevestig suurvaste stawwe. Histologie of PCR toetse kan ook gebruik word.

FOCUS/pg.13

Weens die aard van die siekte en soönotiese implikasie word behandeling selde gedoen en is genadedood die aangewese opsie. Geaffekteerde fasiliteite is onderworpe aan kwarantyn prosedures vir ten minste 2 jaar.

3. Chlamydia/ Psittakose Chlamydia psittaci is `n intrasellulêre gram negatiewe organisme verantwoordelik vir hierdie soönotiese, aanmeldbare siekte. Wat Chlamydia so uitdagend maak is die inkubasie periode wat kan wissel van 3-10 dae normaalweg, tot etlike jare by latente kronies geïnfekteerde voëls met volgehoue asimptomatiese infeksies. Die organisme is baie stabiel buite die liggaam en oordraging is primêr deur aerosol waar bakteria afgeskei word in neus en oog afskeidings, ontlasting en veerstof. Vertikale transmissie deur die eier is ook moontlik. African greys is baie vatbaar en vrek gewoonlik terwyl kokketiele en amazones minder vatbaar is en meer geneig is om in draers te ontwikkel. Simptome kan algemeen wees soos, lusteloosheid, swak eetlus, rimpelrige vere tot meer spesifiek vir respiratories aantasting (bemoeide asemhaling, rinitis, sinusitis en conjunktivitis), of dermkanaal aantasting (geel-groen diarree), of senusimptome. In kroniese gevalle is daar uitgesproke gewigsverlies wat soms deur ander simptome vergesel word. Diagnose is moeilik op geskiedenis en simptome omdat daar nie spesifieke simptome is nie, maar die gebruik van Stamps gekleurde smere kan help om organismes te wys in afskeidings of weefsel monsters. PCR toetse is baie spesifiek en van waarde. Post mortem lewer ook gewoonlik akkurate diagnose. Chlamydia word redelik suksesvol met Doxycycline behandel, maar dit is belangrik om behandeling vir 45 dae ononderbroke te gee om die risiko van latente draers te verlaag. Kwarantyn en toets van nuwe toevoegings tot `n fasiliteit is die aanbevole praktyk om verspreiding van Chlamydia te beperk.

Swam: 1. Candidia Candidia albicans is gewoonlik `n lokale swam infeksie van keel area en krop in kuikens en jong voëls, veral hand grootgemaakte kuikens, gekenmerk deur `ŉ wit draderige voorkoms. Candidia is `n oportunis en kom veral voor onder stress, swak higiëne, wanvoeding of immuun onderdrukte toestande soos verlengde antibiotika behandeling. Dit veroorsaak vomisie, verlaagde eetlus en ongemaklike sluk wat alles bydra tot gewigsverlies. Behandeling met Nystatin is baie effektief, Fluconazole is ook effektiewe behandeling, terwyl probiotika en pH verandering die swam groei sal onderdruk en ook kan dien as voorkomende maatreels.

2. Avian Gastric Yeast/ Megabacteria/Macrorhabdus ornithogaster Megabakeriose word algemeen in budgie kring na verwys as “going light” a.g.v. erge kroniese gewigsverlies. M. ornithogaster is `n swam ongeveer 20x groter as meeste bakterieë wat hom vestig in die epiteel van die spiermaag waar dit ulserasie van die spiermaag veroorsaak met gevolglike bloed en liggaams vloeistof verlies. Soos met die meeste swamme is dit `n oportunis en waar stress toestande heers word omstandighede gunstig vir hom om te vestig. Oordrag geskied via ontlasting-orale roete en word organismes onderbroke afgeskei, dus sal mikroskopiese evaluasie van ontlasting nie altyd organismes oplewer nie. Simptome sluit in kroniese gewigsverlies ten spyte van goeie eetlus en kos inname, onverteerde sade in ontlasting, selfs bloed in die stoelgang. Die mortaliteit is gewoonlik hoog. Diagnose geskied meestal op post mortem, waar ulsers in die spiermaag sigbaar is. Amphotericin B is die voorkeur behandeling, net nie prakties In `ŉ groot versameling mee te behandel nie. Fluconazole lewer bevredigende resultate teen 5mg/kg vir versameling behandeling. Behandeling moet vir 28 dae plaasvind. Deur voëls se immuniteit opgebou te hou, gebruik van pro-biotika en die aansuur van drinkwater kan die organisme voorkom word om homself te vestig.

FOCUS/pg.14

3. Aspergillose Daar is verskeie spp. Aspergillus wat Aspergillus pneumonie en lugsakulitis kan veroorsaak. Gewoonlik is die bron van Aspergillus verrottende plant materiaal en is dit as sulks nie aansteeklik tussen voëls nie. Oordrag geskied via spore wat as aerosol ingeneem word, swak higiëne, swak ventilasie, kontamineerde neskaste of nesmateriaal sal alles bydra tot moontlike inname van spore. Immuun onderdrukte voëls is meer vatbaar, maar primêre infeksie kan ook plaasvind as daar `ŉ massiewe spoor lading is. Die swam vestig in lugsakke en longe waar dit koloniseer om `ŉ inflammatoriese reaksie te veroorsaak en die weefsels beskadig, in die akute vorm veroorsaak die aflatoksiene lewer nekrose. Die kroniese vorm is meer algemeen en simptome behels gewigsverlies, stem verandering, respiratoriese tekens soos “tail bobbing”, anemie en gedragsveranderings. Diagnose is nie altyd maklik nie, maar visualisasie van letsels met x-strale en endoskopie saam met simptome is algemeenste metode. PCR toetse bestaan ook, afhangend van monster en status van toestand redelik betroubaar. Kweking van Aspergillus ook moontlik. Behandeling bly uitdagend en sukses is afhanglik van die omvang van Aspergillus verspreiding. Die voorkeur middel is Voriconazole (Vfend, Pfizer), maar Itraconazole, Fluconazole en Ketoconazole is ook al suksesvol gebruik, behandeling duur 4-6 weke gewoonlik. Enkel voël behandeling kan ook nebulisasie met gepaste middels insluit. Voorkoming is gegrond op die beperk van blootstelling tot die spore, dus is higiëne en ventilasie noodsaaklik. Met inbring van nuwe voëls sal kwarantyn help om moontlike gevalle vinniger te diagnoseer. Protosoiëse: 1. Trichomoniase Trichomonas is `n geflagelleerde Protozoa wat in die krop wand vestig waar dit die mukosa beskadig, gevolglike verdikking en irritasie van mukosa. Budgies is vatbaar vir hierdie toestand. Verspreiding geskied deur direkte kontak en meestal die ontlasting-orale roete. Simptome sluit in gewigsverlies, vomisie, diarree, depressie, natheid om bek en soms respiratoriese simptome. Diagnose word d.m.v. kropwas en direkte smeer ondersoek gedoen. Behandeling is met orale Metronadizole.

2. Coccidiose Coccidia is eensellige protozoa wat die agterste gedeelte van dermkanaal parasiteer waar hulle op bloed voed. Oordrag is direk via ontlasting-orale roete en stress toestande aktiveer dikwels kliniese simptome van hierdie parasiet. Simptome sluit in gewigsverlies, bloed armoede en diarree. Nie Infeksieuse Oorsake Metabolies: 1. Wanvoeding Wanvoeding is baie breë term en kan onvoldoende volume kos of onvoldoende nutriënte in kos gevoer of ingeneem beskryf. Hierdie is meer `n probleem van kuikens en jong voëls beide in nes of handgrootmaak. Iets so eenvoudig soos ongereelde voedings roetine kan ook bydra tot gewigsverlies. Die belangrikste nutriënte is protein (boustene vir groei) en energie (suikers, koolhidrate en vette), so ook is die benutbaarheid en verteerbaarheid van hierdie komponente belangrik. Gedrags afwykings van voëls kan veroorsaak dat hulle swak eet, bv. Kaketoes en Macaws wat tydens speen ophou vreet of na `ŉ skuif weer baba word. Enige bek besering of oorgroei kan kos inname belemmer en ook lei tot gewigsverlies

2. Wanabsorpsie Genetiese of aangebore onvermoë om sekere ensieme te produseer sal lei tot wanabsorpsie en gevolglike gewigsverlies en uiteindelik dood.

FOCUS/pg.15

Enige kroniese lewer aantasting met gevolglike patologie soos Vettige Lewer Sindroom, lewer toksiene (aflatoksien, swaar metale) lewer absesse of gewasse het `n negatiewe effek op metabolisme en verswakte absorpsie van voedingstowwe. Simptome is divers maar kan gewigsverlis, depressie, diarree, poliurie, swak veer kwaliteit en askites insluit. Interessant is dat daar by sommige Palm Kaketoes `ŉ aangebore toestand is, waar die lewer verklein is en gevolglik nie voldoende kapasiteit het nie, dit ook kan aanleiding gee tot gewigsverlies. Diabetes mellitus kom in voëls voor en is al aangeteken by budgies, kokketiele, greys, amazones en macaws. Voëls het inhirent `ŉ hoër bloed glukose vlak as soogdiere en is `ŉ konstante bloed glukose vlak van bo 20mmol/lt nodig om `ŉ diagnose te maak. Een van diabetes se simptome is gewigsverlies ten spyte van bo normale kos inname. Net so kan enige ander patologie van die pankreas soos pankreatitis ook gewigsverlies as simptoom openbaar. Swaar metaal vergiftiging soos Zink veroorsaak gewigsverlies as simptoom in kroniese gevalle te wyte aan pankreas en lewer patologie.

Nie Metabolies: 1. Parasiete Inwendige parasiete soos rondewurms en lintwurms, voed op die voël se nutriënte, beskadig dermepiteel en mukosa met gevolglike verswakte nutrient absorpsie. Veral haarwurm en spoelwurms (Ascarids) vermeerde vinnig en in toestande van stress of hoë blootstellings vlakke sal voëls simptome soos vermaering ontwikkel. Uitwendige parasiete soos luise en myte het tweeledige effek op voëls, hulle parasiteer op bloed en het irritasie effek wat kos inname kan benadeel. Beide hierdie kan gewigsverlies tot gevolg hê

2. Vreemde voorwerp/obstruksie Dit kan by jong en volwasse voëls voorkom, maar is meer `ŉ probleem van kuikens en jong voëls wat nuuskierig is en aan alles vat of kou met hulle bekke. Soms word vreemde voorwerpe ingesluk. Aanvanklik bevind so voorwerp hom in die krop, vanwaar hy makliker verwyder kan word, as hy deurgaan na die proventriculus en maag veroorsaak dit meganiese obstruksie van die organe, sowel as beskadiging van die mukosa. Meeste van hierdie voëls ontwikkel gewigsverlies as simptoom. Derm obstruksies of intersusepsies kom nie algemeen voor nie, maar is ook moontlike oorsake van gewigsverlies

3. Kroniese bloed verlies Meer van akademiese belang kan enige toestand wat kroniese bloed verlies veroorsaak soos `ŉ maag ulser ook gewigsverlies as simptoom openbaar.

Verwysings: 1. Avian Medicine: Robert B Altman et al 2. BSAVA Manual of Psittacine Birds: Nigel Harcourt-Brown and John Chitty 3. Handbook of Avian Medicine: Thomas Tully 4. Clinical Avian Medicine: Gregg J. Harrison & Theresa Lightfoot 5. MSD Vet Manual: Dana G. Allen et al 6. Psittaculture: Tony Silva 7. Viral Diseases of Pet Birds: Sharman M. Hoppes, DVM, ABVP (Avian) 8. Avian Biotech.com: several authors 9. Megabacteria Infection in Birds: Colin Walker BVSc, MRCVS, MACVSc(Avian health) 10. Internal papillomatous disease. Managing the papilloma-positive breeder bird: Margaret A. Wissman DVM; Bill Parsons

FOCUS/pg.16

FOCUS/pg.17

PVSA VEILINGSKOMITEE – VEILINGVOORWAARDES 2020 1.Enige persoon wat die Veilingsterrein betree, 13.2.Slegs geringde voëls sal aanvaar word. Dit doen dit op eie risiko en vrywaar die beteken gering met ŉ geslote ring, korrekte

Vereniging/Klub van alle aanspreeklikheid vir enige grootte en met ŉ dwars jaartal daarop. besering en/of enige persoonlike verlies of skade Ouderdomme van voëls moet wees soos per lys aan sy of haar eiendom saamgestel deur PVSA Veilingskomitee. Die jaartal op ringe moet ooreenstem met 2.Afslaerskommissie van _% sal deur verkoper inskrywing op die katalogus. betaal word.

13.3.Die voëls moet oor geen uiterlike gebreke 3.Die Vereniging/Klub aanvaar geen beskik nie. verantwoordelikheid teenoor die voëls voor, tydens of na Veiling nie. 13.3.1.Hul bekke moet reg wees.

4.Die Vereniging/Klub moet sorg vir die nodige 13.3.2.Moet met beide oë kan sien. sekuriteit van die voëls vanaf die oomblik dat die 13.3.3.Moet normaal kan loop, klouter en vlieg. voëls gehok is en tot en met wanneer die Koper die voëls in ontvangs neem. 13.3.4.Nie meer as een toon nael per poot af wees nie. 5.By die toeslaan van die bod, verskuif die verantwoordelikheid van die verkoper na die koper. 13.3.5.Die algemene kondisie van die voël asook sy vere moet onberispelik wees. 6.Eiendomsreg gaan oor aan koper met betaling van die lot. 13.4.Die voëls moet normaalweg self kan eet. Waar voëls nog op een of meer voedings per dag 7.Alle voëls word voetstoots verkoop, onderhewig is, moet dit met die opveil van die lot afgekondig aan bepalings van punt 8. word. 8.Alle voëls moet van reserwe prys voorsien word 13.5.Maksimum van twee voëls per lot. Volgens op die inskrywingsvorm. Voëls wat reserwe prys klub se diskresie kan meer per lot toegelaat haal, sal verkoop word. word. 9.Alle voëls sal deur ŉ keurder of paneel 14.Bek en Veersiekte: Indien deur ŉ koper goedgekeur word. Die keurder se beslissing is verlang, sal daar op die veiling ŉ bloedmonster finaal. Voëls wat nie aanvaar word nie, moet geneem word om ŉ PCR toets vir Bek en onmiddellik verwyder word. In hierdie geval sal Veersiekte te doen. Hierdie is vir die koper se inskrywingsfooi verbeur word. koste. Slegs monsters op die veiling deur die 10.Die verkoper of sy verteenwoordiger kan tydens Klub/veearts geneem, sal aanvaar word. keuring en hok van voëls teenwoordig wees. Indien monster positief toets sal die koop 11.Slegs voëls wat vooraf ingeskryf is, mag op die gekanselleer word. veiling aangebied word. 15.Die Vereniging/Klub moet die nodige sorg dra

12.Kos (saad of nektar) en water moet voor en dat die inligting van lotte korrek op die katalogus tydens Veiling aan voëls verskaf word. verskyn. 13.Met die hok van voëls, moet die 16.Alle permit voëls moet vergesel wees van ŉ veilingsbeampte toesien dat: afskrif van ŉ geldige permit. In die geval waar die koper ook bewys van sy registrasiesertifikaat 13.1.Die voëls geseks is en dat die nodige bewyse moet lewer en hy nie kan nie sal die verkoper die beskikbaar is. (Dimorfies, Klinies, DNA) voëls bewaar totdat die koper die nodige bewyse

kan lewer. Die verkope word nie outomaties gekanselleer nie. (Ringnekke en Inheemse voëls) FOCUS/pg.18

FOCUS/pg.19

CoP18 Verslag

CITES se 18de 3-jaarlikse konferensie (CoP18) het plaas gevind van 17-28 Augustus 2019 in Geneva, Switzerland en PVSA was verteenwoordig deur Antonie Meiring en Dr Anton Smit. PVSA neem ook deel aan CITES se 71ste en 72ste Staande komitee vergaderings op 16 en 28 Aug. (SC71 en SC720). CoP18 sou oorspronklik van 23 Mei tot 3 Junie in Colombo, Sri Lanka plaas gevind het, maar moes gekanselleer word weens die terreur aanvalle in Colombo gedurende die Paasnaweek in April vroeër die jaar. Die CITES Sekretariaat moes toe inderhaas alternatiewe reëlings tref en die Switserse regering het ingestem tot bystand om dit in Geneva aan te bied. 156 van die 183 CITES lidlande was teenwoordig by CoP18. Die Europese Unie neem deel en stem as ŉ blok van 28 lande maar elke land moet egter teenwoordig wees by die vergadering volgens CITES se reëls van prosedures. Met die 1ste dag se stemming, het die EU hulself in verleentheid gebring met 4 van die EU lande wat nog nie op daardie stadium teenwoordig was nie en die EU dus nie sy stem van 28 kon uitbring nie. Met die fiasko dat die EU nie hulle 28 stemme kon uitbring nie, was ŉ resolusie ingestem op Agenda item 44.2 waar die Suidelike populasies van Olifante wat op CITES II is, onder strenger handelsbeperkings geplaas was as ŉ CITES I gradering. Hierdie besluit was toe gelukkig omgedraai tydens die Plenary vergadering op die laaste dag, waar al die besluite bekragtig word. Weereens was daar ŉ oormag van diereregte- en anti-dierehandel nie-regerings organisasies (NGO’s) teenwoordig by CoP18 waar hulle invloed op baie van die CITES lidlande se standpunte duidelik sigbaar was. Saam met PVSA was daar ook ander NGOs vanaf Suid Afrika teenwoordig wat volhoubare benutting ondersteun nl. die Private Rhino Owners Association (PROA), Professional Hunters Association of South Africa (PHASA), South African Predator Association (SAPA) en Wildlife Ranching South Africa (WRSA). Die Organisation of Professional Aviculturists (OPA) wat voëlboere in die VSA verteenwoordig en verskeie internasionale NGOs wat troeteldier industrieë in die VSA en Europa verteenwoordig was ook daar. Ons almal het goeie ondersteuning en advies geniet vanaf die Sustainable Use Coalition (SUCO) onder leiding van Eugene Lapointe van IWMC. Die belangrikste Agenda item van CoP18 vir PVSA was item 81 oor African Greys nl. dat die vergunning wat ons het om ons Greys in Switzerland te registreer sal bly staan tot CoP19 in 2022 en dat die hervestiging van Greys in die natuur ook ingesluit word by CoP18 se besluite. Behalwe vir World Parrot Trust en ander diere regte en anti-handel NGOs se teenkanting, het al die CITES lidlande egter die besluit ondersteun. CoP18 Agenda item 99 oor spesie benaming het verskeie papegaai spesies wat voorheen sub-spesies was, nou gesplit om nuwe spesies op hul eie te wees. Congo Greys en Timneh Greys word nou as aparte spesies gekalsifiseer asook ander spesies wat ons gereeld uitvoer het “nuwe spesies” geword soos: Groen Sokkie- en Geel Sokkie Caiques, Rainbow Lorikiete en Pyrrhura Conures wat nou ŉ reeks aparte spesies het wat deur CITES erken word en nie meer sub-spesies is nie. Dit kan tot gevolg hê dat sekere spesies geteiken kan word vir opgradering na CITES I by CoP19 in 2022. CITES hou nie outomaties die spesie splits in ag by vrae wat gevra kan word tydens die “Review of Captive bred Trade” van die Dierekomitee vergaderings, wanneer uitvoere van hokgeteelde spesies op kom waar daar nie rekords is van invoere nie.Vind die Lys van al die “nuwe” papegaai spesies onderaan verslag. CoP18 Agenda item 49 oor Pre-Convention en pre-Appendix I specimens het besluit dat: FOCUS/pg.20

• Pre-convetion sertifikate (ARTIKEL VII.2) slegs uitgereik kan word vir iets wat bekom was voordat dit op enige CITES Appendix was. • CITES II permitte (ARTIKEL IV) moet verval op die 90dae implementerings datum wanneer die opgradering na CITES I (ARTIKEL III) inwerking tree. Ander agenda punte wat verwys was na intersessionele werksgroepe en op ons van toepassing is sluit in: Doc.40 Due diligence, Doc.53 Purpose codes on permits en Doc.57 Captive bred trade. Die werksgroepe kommunikeer per epos en moet volgende jaar rapporteer aan die Staande- en Dierekomitee vergaderings. PVSA neem deel aan al 3 die werksgroepe. Agenda item 105 (Proposals to amend Appendices I & II) hanteer voorstelle vir die open afgradering van plant- en diere spesies tussen CITES I en CITES II. Die voorstelle wat nie deur konsensus aanvaar of afgekeur word nie, se uitslag word deur stemming bepaal. Om ŉ voorstel vir op- of afgradering deur stemming te laat slaag, word ongeveer 100 ja-stemme benodig. Uit die 57 voorstelle wat ingedien was daar 45 voorstelle op diere en 8 voorstelle op plante waaroor besluit was en 4 voorstelle was onttrek. 37 Voorstelle was vir op-gradering waarvan 35 aanvaar was en 2 afgekeur. Die sekretariaat het egter aanbeveel dat 13 van die opgraderings voorstelle behoort afgekeur te word wat die CoP duidelik geïgnoreer het. Onder die 16 voorstelle vir af-gradering was 12 aanvaar en 4 afgekeur. Dit het grotendeels volgens die sekretariaat se aanbeveling geskied behalwe vir Namibië se voorstel om hulle renosters na CITES II af te grader wat deur die sekretariaat aanbeveel was maar summier afgekeur was deur die CoP. Die Wes-Afrika Mahem of Black Crown Crane Balearica pavonina word opgegradeer na CITES I en Reeves Fisante Syrmaticus reevesii word op CITES II gelys, beide was met konsesus besluit sonder enige teenkanting. Die SADC lande se voorstel om handelsbeperkings op die suidelike populasies van Olifante en Renosters effens te verslap was summier afgeskiet met stemmings van ongeveer 100 nee teen 30 ja stemme. Baie min tyd was gegun vir debat in insette van NGO’s op kleiner spesies soos voëls, reptiele, spinnekoppe en skoenlappers wat vinnig deur gedruk was as konsensus besluite, in vergelyking met mega fauna soos Olifante, Renosters en Haaie wat lang debat-tyd gegun was en tot stemming gedwing was. Dis ondenkbaar, maar daar is nou skoenlappers wat CITES I is!! PVSA onderteken dan ook ŉ brief aan die Sekretaris General van CITES wat deur die Pet Industries Joint Advisory Council (PIJAC) van Amerika opgestel is, wat objeksie maak en kla dat die betrokke industrieë nie spreekbeurte gegun was om hul insette te lewer oor opgradering van hulle spesies tydens debat by CoP18 en ook vorige CoP’s nie. Kameelperde is ook op CITES II gelys deur ŉ stemming van 106 ja en 21 nee stemme. Die SADC se voorstel om die suidelike populasies uit te sluit van CITES II af, was ook summier afgeskiet en invloed van diere regte organisasies was duidelik sigbaar met verdraaide en vals informasie wat verkondig was. Selfs die voorsitter van die vergadering was bevooroordeeld, deurdat hy nie ŉ spreekbeurt aan Suid Afrika toegestaan het om die mis informasie wat in die voorstel en tydens gesprekke weergegee was, uit te wys en reg te stel nie. Die SADC lande het aangedui dat hulle gaan reserveer op die CITES II status van Kameelperde. Die SADC lande het saam gestaan en hul ontevredenheid met CITES besluite baie duidelik gestel tydens die afsluitings kommentaar op die laaste dag van die CoP18 vergadering. Costa Rica het aangebied om as gasheer land vir CoP19 in 2022 op te tree.

FOCUS/pg.21

Papegaai spesies wat na CoP18 deur CITES gesplit word van sub-spesies af en erken word as aparte spesies op hul eie.

New Latin name Old latin name Common name Charmosyna stellae papou Stella Lorikeet Trichoglossus meyeri flavoviridis Meyers Lorikeet Trichoglossus capistratus haematodus Edward Lorikeet Trichoglossus forsteni haematodus Forsten Lorikeet Trichoglossus moluccanus haematodus Swainson Lorikeet Trichoglossus rosenbergii haematodus Rosenberg Lorikeet Trichoglossus rubritorquis haematodus Red Collared Lorikeet Trichoglossus weberi haematodus Weber Lorikeet Loriculus sclateri amabilis Moluccan Hanging Parrot Loriculus tener aurantiifrons Bismarck Hanging Parrot Amazona diadema autumnalis Diademed Amazon Amazona lilacina autumnalis Lilacine Amazon Amazona guatemalae farinosa Blue Crown Amazon Amazona bodini festiva Bodin’s Amazon Amazona gomezgarzai New species Tony Silva Psittacara rubritorquis holochlora Red Throated Conure Psittacara frontatus wagleri Red Fronted Conure (Waglers) Coracopsis barklyi nigra Lesser Vasa Coracopsis sibilans nigra Lesser Vasa Cyclopsitta coxeni diophthalma Double eyed Fig Parrot Cyclopsitta amabilis gulielmitertii Orange breasted Fig Parrot Cyclopsitta melanogenia gulielmitertii Orange breasted Fig Parrot Cyclopsitta nigrifrons gulielmitertii Orange breasted Fig Parrot Psittaculirostris cervicalis desmarestii Red Faced Fig Parrot Psittaculirostris godmani desmarestii Yellow Naped Fig Parrot Diopsittaca cumanensis nobilis Noble Macaw Eunymphicus uvaeensis novazealandae Uvea Horned Parakeet Forpus spengeli crassirostris Blue Winged Parrotlet Geoffroyus hyacinthinus heterocclitus Singing Parrot Myiopsitta luchsi monachus Quaker Parakeet Northiella narethae haematogaster Naretha Blue Bonnet Parakeet Pezoporus flaviventris wallicus Ground Parrot Pionites leucogaster leucogaster Green Thighed Caique Pionites xanthomerius leucogaster Yellow Thighed Caique Pionites xanthurus leucogaster Yellow Tail Caique Pionus reichenowi menstruus Blue headed Pionus Pionus seniloides tumultuosis Massena Pionus Prioniturus mindorensis discurus Blue Crown Raquet Tail Prioniturus waterstradti montanus Mindanao Raquet Tail Psittacella lorentzi picta Painted Tiger Parrot Psittacula eques echo Echo Parakeet Psittacus timneh erithacus Timneh Grey Psittinus abbotti cyanurus Blue Rumped Parrot Pyrrhura emma leucotis Venezuela White Ear Conure Pyrrhura chapmani melanura Black Tail Conure

FOCUS/pg.22

A revolution in nesting boxes By Randy Berry

The macaw-nesting box is often one aspect of •Macaws, like other psittacines, do not like aviculture that is often over looked. This is mainly excessive light in the nesting chamber. due to breeders using traditionally built nesting boxes built from boards or plywood or from •Macaws do not like to see people when they are in commonly available items such as wooden barrels, the box. and metals drums. Although these types of have •Macaws need to understand it is a nesting box and been used successfully to breed macaws, they are that they can enter it and lay without fear plagued with problems. •Disturbance from nest inspection needs to be Wooden nest boxes, do not last very long because minimal. of macaws chewing ability and unless you add very thick hard wood, it will not last long and lead to Keeping in mind this criteria I mentioned above, I started designing a horizontal nest box that lacked disruption because of the replacement. Using hard wood will result in very heavy nest boxes, which if the disadvantages but instead focused on the not installed problem can become dangerous to advantages. I first started by selecting the material, both the parrots and the breeder. Polyvinyl chloride, also known commonly as PVC.

It is a very hard material and can stand up to If wooden boards are used this can allow too macaws chewing it. It is relatively inexpensive; if much light to enter between the boards and you consider that, it outlasts wood. discourage nesting.

Wood also encourages insects, fungus growth and

is not possible to sanitize properly without eliminating the risk of the birds possibility ingesting chemicals from chewing the wood. Metal nest boxes have some of the similar problems I mentioned with wooded boxes, one being that they too are heavy. Other disadvantages are they can become very hot which can result in either discouraging the pair from entering them or the death of embryos in eggs or hatched chicks. Sharp edges left in the manufacturing process of the nesting box can cut birds skin.

Based on my experience over the years of breeding macaws, I know that a successful nest box needs to meet basic criteria in order for a pair to be reproductive. Some of these aspects are:

FOCUS/pg.23

PVC is very lightweight. Lastly, you can wash and Make sure to file down any metal burs. You will disinfect it before the breeding season. Upon need to make to end caps, one being an inspection selecting the material, I needed to source the color, side. For the inspection door, I used my standard correct size and form. I ended up selecting grey, guillotine one that consists of a door, a bolt and a because it avoids the birds from getting scared from wooden block with a retaining plate. In seeing the shadows appearing inside the boxes from objects photo it is clear how it works. Screws hold the end outside. I choose 50cm diameter (6mm thick) as it is caps in place. You will need to drill pilot holes a compromise between anything smaller I risked the before installing the screws. The wooded end caps birds overheating, and anything larger would be heavier and too expensive and not be practical. After were varnished on the outside, as the next boxes would be partially exposed to the elements. selecting the material, I had to figure out a way to make it into a nest box. I install a camera in every nest box. I use “anti- Once I bought the 50cm pipe, which normally come vandal” dome cameras made in aluminum. Please in 3 meters I made the decision to cut it in three equal read my article on the usage of camera systems in sections. I proceed first by making a cut just under aviaries entitled “Cameras, in and around the the 10 cm flange as it is not needed, and then divide aviaries”. the rest of the pipe in three equal parts. The result should be three sections of about 90cm. I would like Chains are used to hang the boxes up. Use at to point out that make sure you take the proper least five screw with washers through the chain to measurements and use masking tape as a guide secure it in the aviary. when cutting or else you risk scrapping an expensive pipe. I found the best way to cut the pipe equally was I add Versele Laga 8mm wood breeding in the using a metal grinder with a very thin blade. boxes. I have found this the best as it does not Next, I proceeded to cutting a 20cm entrance hole. create dust in the box and creates a more stable 20 cm was chosen to compensate between light floor bedding. To help stimulate the pair, I put level and heat exchange being a smaller hole would some soft wood blocks for them to shred. be darker, but hotter and vice versa.

I then proceed to make the end caps. Although PVC end caps are found in commerce, they are very expensive. I opted instead to use a combination of sheet metal and marine grade plywood for the end caps. This was done by tracing the inside of the pipe over wood. When you cut it out make sure to cut on the outside of the line to avoid scrapping the wooden

sheet. The same was done with the metal sheet. Be very careful as it can cut you.

In conclusion, I like to say, that we as aviculturist need to continue to push the boundaries of standard practices, think more outside of the box and use technology to our advantage so that we can advance aviculture to the next level.

Please feel free to reach out to me if you have any questions.

FOCUS/pg.24

UITVOERENDE KOMITEE/EXECUTIVE

COMMITEE 2019/2020

Antonie Meiring

Onder Voorsitter/Chairman

Ben Minnaar Gauteng Voorsitter/Chairman 082 900 1478 /[email protected] Gauteng

082 446 2644 /[email protected]

Karl Markram

Lid/Member Guy van Zyl Noordwes Lid/Member 082 379 3165/ [email protected] Wes-Kaap

082 492 1253/ [email protected]

Piet Jacobs

Dieter Hortsman Lid/Member

Lid/Member Noordkaap

Gauteng 082 821 9877/ [email protected]

082 441 6511/ [email protected]

Tinus Jonker Deon le Roux Ouditeur/Auditor Lid/Member Gauteng Gauteng 082 804 2918/ [email protected] 082 8949264/ [email protected] www.aviculturesa.co.za FOCUS/pg.25