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STHE JOURNAL OF THE HISTORICAL e c14 s t' t ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHERN FLORIDA 5 Editors Emeriti Charlton W. Tebeau, Ph.D. Thelma Peters, Ph.D. Editor Arva Moore Parks Managing Editor Timothy Schmand NUMBER XLVI 1986

CONTENTS

Last Command: The Dade Massacre 5 by W. S. Steele

Boca Raton and the Florida Land Boom of the 1920s 20 by Donald W. Curl

The State of Florida and the Florida Indians 35 1954 - 1961 by James Covington

The Development of the Overseas Highway 48 by Alice Hopkins

The Log of the Biscayne House of Refuge 59 by Dr. Thelma Peters

List of Members 70

Z( is published annually by the Historical Association of Southern Lequest¢ : Florida. Communications should be addressed to the managing I editor of Tequesta, 101 W. Flagler Street, Miami, Florida 33130. The Association does not assume responsibility for statements of fact or opinions made by contributors. This Page Blank in Original Source Document Historical Association of Southern Florida, Inc.

FOUNDED 1940 - INCORPORATED 1941

D. Alan Nichols Arva Moore Parks President Editor Tequesta Raul Rodriguez Charlton W.Tebeau, Ph.D. First Vice President Editor Emeritus Tequesta Sandra Graham Younts Thelma Peters, Ph.D. Second Vice President Editor Emeritus Tequesta Howard Zwibel, MD Marie Anderson Secretary Editor Update C. Frasuer Knight Stuart McIver Treasurer Editor Update Marcia J. Kanner Randy F. Nimnicht Past President Executive Director

TRUSTEES

Luis Ajamil Kathy Ezell Ronni Bermont Dorothy J. Fields Dennis Campbell Jay I. Kislak Gregory M. Cesarano Stephen A. Lynch, III Carlton W. Cole R. Layton Mank Newall J. Daughtrey David Mesnekoff H. Willis Day, Jr. Lamar Noriega Hunting F. Deutsch Tom Pennekamp Dale Dowlen Clarence Smith, MD Sandy Earle Joel Weiss Douglas Erickson Otis Wragg

ON THE COVER The Dade Massacre, 1835 by Ken Hughs This Page Blank in Original Source Document Last Command: The Dade Massacre

By W. S. Steele

INTRODUCTION One hundred and fifty years ago Dade County was established amidst the smoke and flames of burning plantations. This violent period of our history is known as the Second Seminole War. Precipi- tated by the massacre of U.S. troops under the command of Brevet Major Francis Langhorne Dade, near Bushnell, Florida, this war has been referred to as the fiercest of all the American Indian wars. The Dade Massacre is also the second greatest defeat the U.S. Army ever suffered at the hands of the Indians (Custer's defeat at the Little Big Horn decades later, being somewhat worse). The creation of Dade County came shortly after the attack on Dade's troops. On receipt of the news of the disaster, the proposed new county's name was changed from Pinkney, after a Revolutionary War hero, to Dade. At the time, the Dade Massacre created a national sensation much like the fall of the Alamo or Custer's Last Stand. But as the years passed, the event faded from the public memory. After 150 years the story bears retelling.

As Major Francis Langhorne Dade swung into his saddle on the morning of December 23, 1835, he faced a familiar challenge. He was to lead two companies of approximately 110 men across more than 100 miles of wilderness which lay between Fort Brooke, at Tampa, and

W. S. Steele, an employee of the Historical Association, also serves as Military Historian for the Archaeological and Historical Conservancy. His other research projects have included locating the site of Fort Henry in Dade County, and of the Okeechobee Battlefield, a national landmark whose boundaries have been the center of controversy for the last 60 years. 6 TEQUESTA Fort King, near modern day Ocala. This march was to be made in spite of the fact that the small garrison at Fort King had not been heard from for some time, an ominous indication of Indian activities between the two posts. Major Dade faced this dangerous expedition with more than a decade of military experience on the Florida frontier. As an officer of the 4th Infantry, he had led his men against staggering odds in the Florida wilderness and had a good record of success. Incredibly, he had accomplished the same march twice before (a march of which the post commander, Captain Francis Belton, had said he would rather resign than lead).' Dade had made the first of these journeys to Fort King in 1825 during an Indian disturbance which threatened to grow into open warfare. A counterpart expedition from St. Augustine, also destined for Fort King advanced only 12 miles before poor quality territorial roads, and weather completely stalled the expedition forcing them to return to St. Augustine. 2 In 1826 Dade was again ordered to lead two companies from Fort Brooke to Fort King to provide military security for an Indian election being organized by the U.S. authorities. The result of the election was unpopular with the Seminoles because the minority Miccosukees and Tallahassees had united in electing a minority tribe (Miccosukee) member as head of the new nation. This 1826 expedition was not without incident; 15 miles south of Fort King, Dade had to pass Micanopy's town (Micanopy was one of the most important Seminole leaders). Lieutenant George A. Mc- Call, who commanded one of the companies, later wrote "on arriv- ing at Micanopy's town ... we found it abandoned. A negroe who came out to meet us informed the commanding officer that the in- habitants on hearing our approach had taken to the swamp and would fight if followed." 3 Dade did not follow and the potential battle was averted. The situation in Florida worsened ominously between 1826 and 1835. The settlers' ill feelings toward the Indians was fueled by distrust, fear, greed, and bigotry. The Indians' ill feelings could be traced to more specific causes. The lands assigned to them by the Moultrie Creek Treaty of 1823 were too poor to cultivate or raise cattle. "19/20 of their whole country," wrote Governor Duval of Florida, "is by far the poorest and most miserable region I have ever beheld." 4 There was little healthy drinking water. Those Indians who did move onto the reservations were not properly maintained and funds were not fairly distributed. To make matters worse, an 1826 Last Command: The Dade Massacre 7 flood created famine among the Indians. In 1828, Andrew Jackson was elected president. This was to have a profound effect on American-Indian relations. He was the first of four presidents between 1828 and 1844, two of whom won fame as Indian fighters and the other two were their Vice-Presidents. Acts of Congress during this time were to reflect this. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 proposed removal of all 72,000 Indians who lived east of the Mississippi River. The Moultrie Creek Treaty of 1823 had given the Florida Indians 20 years (1843) to emigrate, but a new treaty at Payne's Landing in 1832, changed it to 1835. This further solidified Indian anti-removal factions, and added to their ranks. On March 27, 1835, an address by President Jackson was read before the assembled Florida Indian chiefs. Although it began "My children" and ended "your friend A. Jackson," in between it revealed the un-veneered harshness of Jackson's intentions. "The game has disappeared from your country," he wrote, "your people are poor and hungry ... The tract you ceded will soon be surveyed and sold and immediately occupied by a white population . . . You have no right to stay ... I have directed the commanding officer to remove you by force." 5 When principle leaders such as Micanopy, Alligator, Jumper, and Sam Jones expressed their disapproval, Indian agent Wiley Thompson illegally struck their names from the list of chiefs. The chiefs who agreed to leave asked for and were granted time to harvest their crops. They were given nine months before they were scheduled to assemble in Tampa for emigration. By mid-January they were to board transport ships bound for the west. After this meeting Thompson cut off the sale of ammunition to the Indians. He also made the reservation off limits to traders and Negro hunters. 6 The Negro hunters were a constant source of irrita- tion to the Seminoles because an estimated 25% of their population were Negroes. As a Spanish territory, Florida had been a haven for blacks, but when Florida became an American territory, many slavers came into Florida to reclaim or abduct them. An example of the slavers harrassment occurred in June, 1835, when Osceola visited Fort King with his wife, whose mother was an escaped slave. When a slaver claimed Osceola's wife as a slave, Osceola reacted with such language that Thompson ordered him into irons. 7 After being jailed for six days, Osceola became "penitent" and was released. Later, when asked what should be done about Thompson, Osceola remarked that the agent was his "friend", and he would take 8 TEQUESTA care of him personally. Other incidents added to the tension. One skirmish between seven settlers and seven Indians left three settlers and one Indian wounded and one Indian dead. Early in August, Private Kinsly Dalton (after whom Dalton, Georgia was named) was killed while carrying the mail between Fort Brooke and Fort King.8 On the 19th of August Indians and the authorities held the last council with ten chiefs and seventeen sub-chiefs present. Osceola sat quietly as only Holata- Emathla, a pro-removal chief, spoke for the Indians. The anti-removal chiefs said nothing. Soon after, the Indians held their own council in the Big Swamp. It was decided that any Indian who prepared for removal would be put to death. When Holata-Emathla brought 400 of his people into Fort Brooke on November 9, they were closely followed by a war party. 9 On the 26th of the same month Osceola killed Charley Emathla because he sold his cattle, a preliminary step toward removal. Osceola took the money Charley Emathla had received for his cattle and threw it to the ground, forbidding anyone from pick- ing it up, because the white man's money came from Indian blood. Four days later agent Thompson postponed cattle sales and warned the public to guard against Indian depredations. What might be considered the first battle of the war occurred at Payne's Prairie on December 18th when 50 or 60 Indians attacked a military wagon train. Of the 30 militia-men, eight were killed and six wounded. As a result, 500 men joined the mounted Florida militia and landowners began fortifying their plantations. Some built fairly elaborate forts like the stockade at the Bulow Plantation. It consisted of an "alley-way, made of substantial squared cedar posts 10 feet high, that led into a palmetto fort having four angles or bastions. The palmetto logs were laid horizontally and morticed in one another to a height above that of a man. Loop-holes were cut between them. On one side of the fort there was a terrace, or log platform for a sen- tinel to walk on, and a fine wall in its center. On the outside some little way off, there was a high tree with steps like a ladder reaching to its top which commanded an extensive view of the country around for a mile or more, and had been used as a lookout."10 Because most settlers could not afford such elaborate defences, many abandoned their homes and gathered at fortified points. At this time, there were only 500 Federal troops in Florida. Commander Duncan L. Clinch, of the 4th Infantry had asked for reinforcements. This small number of troops encouraged the Indians to resist removal because 500 men could not enforce the removal of Last Command: The Dade Massacre 9 over 4,800 Indians. One reason given later for the government's in- action was that "the Indians were not to be removed before January, hostilities were not to be expected until the time of actual embark- ment."'I President Jackson's views of the Florida situation are easily seen in a statement he made to Representative White of Florida. Jack- son claimed "that he could take 50 women and whip every Indian that had ever crossed the Suwannee .. ." He maintained that there never were 600 Indians. White further quoted the old Indian fighter as saying that the men in Florida "had better run off or let the Indians shoot them, that the women might get husbands of courage and breed up men who would defend the country." 12 This gross understatement of the situation in Florida led to Dade's orders that day 150 years ago. Dade was representative of the regular army in which President Jackson had so much confidence. He was a "tall man but so well built he did not appear so."' 3 He served as an officer under Jackson and was commanding officer in Key West. His extensive service in Florida led to his assignment as commander of the territory lying between Charlotte Harbor and Cape Florida. His orders specifically required him to occasionally accompany expeditions into the interior of the territory to keep familiar with Indian affairs there. The men of Dade's command reflected a recent change in re- cruiting policy. Prior to 1835, immigrants had not been accepted into the military service. Now, less than a year after this change, nearly one-half (47) of Dade's men were immigrants from Ireland, Germany, Scotland, England, Prussia, Canada, and Saxony. 14 Private John Thomas was one of these immigrants. He and his younger brother had come to America together. The younger brother impetuously joined the army, and John had joined to see after him. Another private among the ranks was a 19 year old American named Ransom Clarke. He was described as a vulgar, unappreciative youth who had already accomplished all but the crowning achievement of an astonishing career in the Army. In 1835 he had been the only survivor of the crew of a small ship that sank in Mobile Bay. On reaching Florida he was assigned the mail route between Fort King and Fort Brooke after the previous courier, Private Dalton, was murdered by the Indians. Clarke survived this hazardous duty although it was reported that the Indians captured him twice." 5 The road on which Dade's men marched had been established by the military to connect Ft. Brooke with the Indian agency at Ft. King. The road crossed four rivers and several hammocks before reaching Fort King. Each of these crossings and hammocks was an ideal loca- 10 TEQUESTA tion for Indian ambushes. The first crossing was at the Little Hills- borough River, seven miles from Fort Brooke. The men felled trees and raised a breastwork where Dade camped the first night. Trans- porting the cannon hampered the day's march. Dragging this gun through the sand was too much for its team of oxen so it was finally abandoned four miles from Ft. Brooke. Lieutenant Benjamin Alvord was sent back to Ft. Brooke to get a team of horses to pull it.16 On the first day's march, the command had been joined by Cap- tain George Gardiner and a Negro guide-interpreter. Captain Gardi- ner, who was described as being "almost as thick as he was long,""7 contrasted to the taller Dade. He was originally ordered to command this mission but because his wife was gravely ill, Dade offered to take his place. After accepting this kind offer, Captain Gardiner discovered that the schooner Motto (the same ship which later saved the keeper from the top of the Cape Florida Lighthouse) was preparing to leave for Key West. Because his wife's father and their children were at Key West, he sent her there on board the Motto and caught up with Dade. 18 Had he known about the Motto sooner, present day Dade County might have been named Gardiner County. With Gardiner arrived a slave, Louis Pacheco. Fluent in four languages, Pacheco went ahead of Dade's small army to scout for potential Indian ambushes. There is still controversy as to which side Pacheco was on in the approaching battle. Osceola had told Pacheco that no man could save him from the wrath of the Indians. 19 General Jessup said Pacheco was a dangerous man and that he should be hanged.2, When the march continued the next day, Dade sent Pacheco ahead to scout the next crossing at the Hillsborough River. Pacheco discovered that the bridge was a smoldering ruin. When Dade and his men arrived, Dade decided to camp for the night and cross the river the next day. He put his men to work cutting timber for the breastwork and camp fires. Timber was also needed for a raft to float the cannon across the river. Dade sent Private Aaron Jewell back to Fort Brooke to inform Captain Belton of the burnt bridge and urge him to send supplies and reinforcements. In the morning the men were able to ford the river but had problems with the cannon that fell into the river. It was extricated only after much difficulty during which Private John Thomas painfully injured his back. Unable to continue, Thomas was forced to make his own way back the 15 miles to Fort Brooke. When the command left him, nearly helpless and alone in the wilderness, Thomas could Last Command: The Dade Massacre 11 not have known his life had just been saved. Crossing the H illsborough River took time and Dade's command only made six miles before setting up the next fortified camp. Some- time after dark Private Aaron Jewell rejoined them. He had left Fort Brooke that afternoon and brought- news that Major Mountfort's command was to join Dade in the morning. What Jewell did not know was that the ship with Mountfort's equipment was lost and Mount- fort would not be coming. On the 26th, as the command proceeded, Pacheco was again sent forward to reconnoiter the next river crossing, this time the Ouithla- coochee. As before, the bridge was burned but this time only partially. After replacing the damaged planks, the army crossed and went into camp two miles above the river. To Dade, these burnt bridges must have seemed more malicious than strategic. What he did not know was that the Indians were delaying him to allow more time for the arrival of additional Indian forces under Osceola and Micanopy. 21 The Little Ouithlacoochee was reached the next day. The 20 foot bridge here was also burnt, but the small river posed no serious ob- stacle. The men felled a tree and used it as a foot bridge for the soldiers, as the horses dragged a small cannon through the stream. The next camp was made four miles above the Little Ouithlacoochee. Surviving accounts show a sharp contrast between the camps of the soldiers and Indians. The soldiers awoke before dawn, relieved as they cooked their breakfast under overcast skies. Most believed that the danger was behind them because they were heading into open country where ambush would be difficult. As the soldiers moved out of camp in a drizzling rain, they marched with their hands up their sleeves, muskets carelessly held across their arms. Even Dade was serene, as he failed to post men on his flanks to guard against sur- prise. 22 Not far away the scene at the Indian camp was one of intense ex- citement. The warriors danced to keep warm. The moment had come which could wait no longer. "We had been preparing for this for more than a year," Alligator later reported, "Though promises had been made to assemble on the Ist of January, they did not plan to leave the country, but to fight for it. In council, it was determined to strike a decided blow about this time." 23 Micanopy wanted to delay the attack until Osceola arrived. He was opposed by Jumper who reproached Micanopy for his timid- ness. Jumper addressed the Indians and then requested that those faint hearts should stay behind. As Jumper prepared to leave, Micanopy 12 TEQUESTA said he was ready. 24 The following three accounts embody nearly all we know of what happened that day. Almost poetically, in justice to the three factions involved, one is from a soldier, Ransom Clarke, another is from chief Alligator, and third is from the enigmatic Negro guide, Pacheco.

STATEMENT OF RANSOM CLARKE It was 8 o'clock. Suddenly I heard a rifle shot in the direction of the advance guard, and this was immediately followed by a musket shot from that quarter. Captain Fraser had rode by me a moment before in that direction, I never saw him afterwards. 1 had not time to think of the meaning of these shots, before a volley, as if from a thousand rifles, was poured in upon us from the front, and all along our left flank. I looked around me, and it seemed as if I was the only one left standing in the right wing. Neither could I, until several other vollies had been fired at us, see an enemy and when I did, I could only see their heads and arms peering out from the long grass, far and near, and from behind pine trees. The ground seemed to me an open pine barren, no hammock near that I could see. On our right, and a little to our rear, was a large pond of water some distance off. All around us were heavy pine trees, very open, particularly towards the left and abounding with long high grass. The first fire of the Indians was the most destructive, seemingly killing or disabling one half our men. We promptly three ourselves behind trees, and opened a sharp fire of musketry. I for one, never fired without seeing my man, that is, his head and shoulders -- the Indians chiefly fired lying or squat- ting in the grass. Lieutenant Bassinger fired five or six rounds of cannister from the cannon. This appeared to freighten the Indians, and they retreated over a little hill to our left, one half or three quarters of a mile off, after firing not more than 12 or 15 rounds. We immediately then began to fell trees, and erect a little triangular breastwork. Some of us went forward to gather cartridge boxes from the dead, and to assist the wounded. I had seen Major Dade fall to the ground by the first volley, and his horse dashed into the midst of the enemy. Whilst gathering the cartridges I saw Lieutenant Mudge sitting with his back reclining against a tree -- his head fallen, and evidently dy- ing. I spoke to him, but he did not answer. The interpreter, Louis, it is said, fell by the first fire. (We have since learned that this fellow shammed death - that his life was afterwards spared through the intercession of the chief Jumper, and that being an educated negro, he read all the dispatches and letters that were found about the dead to the victors.) We had barely raised our breastwork knee high, when we again saw the Indians advancing in great numbers over the hill to our left. They came on boldly till within a long musket shot, when they spread themselves from tree to tree to surround us. We immediately extended as Light Infantry, covering ourselves by the trees, and opening a brisk fire from cannon and musketry. The former I don't think could have done much mischief, the Indians were so scattered. Captain Gardner, Lieutenant Bassinger, and Dr. Gatlin, were the only officers left unhurt by the volley which killed Major Dade. Last Command: The Dade Massacre 13

Lieutenant Henderson had his left arm broken, but he continued to load his musket and fire it, resting on the stump, until he was finally shot down towards the close of the second attack, and during the day he kept up his spirits and cheered the man. Lieutenant Keyes had both his arms broken in the first attack; they were bound up and slung in a handkerchief, and he sat for the remainder of the day until he was killed, reclining against the breastwork - his head often reposing upon it - regardless of everything that was passing around him. Our men were by degrees all cut down. We had maintained a steady fight from 8 until 2 p.m. or thereabouts, and allowing three quarters of an hour interval between the first and second attack, had been pretty busily engaged for more than 5 hours. Lieutenant B. was the only officer left alive and severly wounded. He told me as the Indians approached to lay down and feign myself dead. I looked through the logs, and saw savages approaching in great numbers. A heavy made Indian of middle stature, painted down to the waist, (corresponding in description to Micanopy) seemed to be chief. He made then a speech frequently pointing to the breastwork. At length, they charged into the work; there was none to offer resistance, and they did not seem to suspect the wounded being alive - offering no indignity, but stepping about carefully, quietly stripping off our ac- coutrements and carrying away our arms. They then retired in a body in the direction from whence they came. Immediately upon their retreat, forty or fifty negros on horseback galloped up and alighted, tied their beasts, and commenced with horrid shouts and yells the butchery of the wounded, together with an indiscriminate plunder, stripping the bodies of the dead of clothing, watches, and money, and splitting open the heads of all who showed the least sign of life, with their axes and knives, and accompanying their bloody work with obscene and taunting derisions, and with frequent cries of "what have you got to sell?" Lieutenant B. hearing the negros butchering the wounded, at length sprang up and asked them to spare his life. They met him with the blows of their axes, and their fiendish laughter. Having been wounded in five different places myself, 1 was pretty well covered with blood, and two scratches that I had received on my head gave to me the appearance of having been shot through the brain, for the negros, after catching me up by my heels, threw me down, saying "d. . n him, he's dead enough!" They then stripped me of my clothes, shoes and hat, and left me. After stripping all the dead in this manner, they trundled off the cannon in the direction the Indians had gone, and went away. I saw them first shoot down the oxen in their gear, and burn the wagon. One of the soldiers who escaped, says they threw the cannon into the pond, and burned its carriage also. Shortly after the negroes went away, one Wilson, of Captain G's company, crept from under some of the dead bodies, and hardly seemed to be hurt at all. He asked me to go back to the Fort, and I was going to follow him, when, as he jumped over the breastwork, an Indian sprang from behind a tree and shot him down. I then lay quiet until 9 o'clock that night, when Decourcy the only living soul beside myself, and I started upon our journey. We knew it was nearest to go to Fort King, but we did not know the way, and we had seen enemies retreat in that direction. As I 14 TEQUESTA

came out I saw Dr. G. lying stripped amongst the dead. The last I saw of him whilst living, was kneeling behind the breastwork, with two double barrel guns by him, and he said, "Well, I have got four barrels for them!" Captain G. after being severly wounded, cried out, "I can give you no more orders, my lads, do your best!" I last saw a negro spurn his body, saying with an oath, "that's one of their officers." (G. was dressed in soldier clothes.) My comrade and myself got along quite well until the next day, when we met an Indian on horseback, and with rifle coming up the road. Our only chance was to separate - we did so. I took the right, and he the left of the road. The Indian pursued him. Shortly afterwards I heard a rifle shot, and a little after, another. I concealed myself among some scrub and saw palmetto, and after awhile saw the Indian pass, looking for me. Suddenly, however, he put spurs to his horse and went off at a gallop towards the road. I made something of a circuit before I struck the beaten track again. That night I was a good deal annoyed by the wolves, who had scented my blood, and came very close to me; the next day, the 30th, 1 reached the Fort. 25

STATEMENT OF ALLIGATOR Just as day was breaking we moved out of the swamp into the pine- barren. I counted, by direction of Jumper, one hundred and eighty warriors. Upon approaching the road, each man chose his position on the west side; opposite, on the east side, there was a pond. Every warrior was protected by a tree, or secreted in the high palmettoes. About nine o'clock in the morning the command approached. In advance, some distance, was an officer on a horse, who, Micanopy said, was the captain; he knew him personally; had been his friend at Tampa. So soon all the soldiers were opposite between us and the pond, perhaps twenty yards off, Jumper gave the whoop, Micanopy fired the first rifle, the signal agreed upon, when every Indian arose and fired, which laid upon the ground, dead, more than half the white men. The cannon was discharged several times, but the men who loaded it were shot down as soon as the smoke cleared away; the balls passed over our heads. The soldiers shouted and whooped, and the officers shook their swords and swore. There was a little man, a great brave, who shook his sword at the soldiers and said, 'God-dam!' no rifle ball could hit him. As we were return- ing to the swamp supposing all were dead, an Indian came up and said the white men were building a fort of logs. Jumper and myself, with ten warriors returned. As we approached we saw six men behind two logs placed one above another, with the cannon a short distance off. This they discharged at us several times, but we avoided it by dodging behind trees just as they applied the fire. We soon came near, as the balls went over us. They had guns but no powder; we looked in the boxes afterwards and found they were empty. When I got inside the log pen, there was three white men alive, whom the negros put to death, after a conversation in English. There was a brave man in the pen; he would not give up; he seized an Indian; Jumper's cousin, took away his rifle, and with one blow with it beat his brains, then ran some distance up the road; but two In- dians on horseback overtook him, who, afraid to approach, stood at a distance and shot him down. The firing had ceased, and all was quiet Last Command: The Dade Massacre 15

when we returned to the swamp about noon. We left many negros upon the ground looking at the dead men. Three warriors were killed and five wounded. 26

STATEMENT OF PACHECO About 10 o'clock, while I was with the advance guard, Captain Frazer and I turned aside to examine an old gray horse we found by the road, and finding it worthless, had returned to the road, and had nearly over- taken the advance guard, when I heard a single rifle shot, and I looked back to see if someone was shooting game, but just in time to see Major Dade fall just in front of me, shot in the breast. Although this was perfectly open country, and I had just looked carefully for Indians ahead, the country was now filled with large numbers of them on our left, coming for us with the war-whoop; I immediately threw down my gun and laid down behind a tree, very much frightened. As I could speak the Seminole language, I begged each one for my life, as they leveled their guns at me, and they were not a few, telling them I was a slave and was doing what I was bidden, etc. Finally Jumper, the chief in command, interfered and ordered as well as he then could, that I should not be shot, but even after this, one Indian was determined to kill me, but fortunately another In- dian got his rifle ball stuck in his gun and ran, when the other Indians seeing this one run, became frightened, and all ran, when Jumper again took me and put me under guard. The same Indian, though, still assured me that when he came back he would kill me yet, but, luckly for me, he was shot by the whites. The battle lasted from about 10 o'clock in the morning until nearly sunset.27

After the battle the Indians, joined by Osceola, retired to an island in the Wahoo Swamp. That same day Osceola had exacted his vengeance on Wiley Thompson. As he ventured outside Fort King for an evening stroll with Lieutenant Constantine Smith, Osceola and his followers volleyed round after round into Thompson and Smith. (Thompson was shot 14 times.) Nearby, Mr. Euastus Rogers, Fort King's sutler, and two clerks Suggs and Hizler, were killed at their dinner table.2x The post was so weak that a force large enough to retaliate could not be mustered. The soldiers did not even dare venture out of the safety of the fort to recover the bodies of Thompson and Smith which lay nearby. That night, some of the Indians gathered in Wahoo Swamp, addressed humorous speeches to the scalp of Gen- eral Thompson, imitating his gestures and manner of speaking. Private John Thomas returned to Fort Brooke on December 29th. On his way from the Big Hillsborough to Fort Brooke he had met an Indian. In his disabled condition he had to buy his life from the Indian who threatened to kill him by giving the Indian all of his money. 29 Thomas had not been in the battle and no news of it reached Fort 16 TEQUESTA Brooke until December 31st when Ransom Clarke arrived. Although he had been shot five times, he managed to walk and crawl the 65 miles back to the post. Fort King had been 35 miles closer, but the Indians had gone that way and the only certain safety seemed to be in the direction of Fort Brooke. When within 3/4 of a mile of Fort Brooke he had collapsed, a friendly Indian woman found him and helped him to the post.30 He gave a full account of the battle to Captain Belton, who began fortifying the post, expecting an attack at any moment. The last survivor, Joseph Sprague, reached Ft. Brooke on January Ist. He had found a letter left on the trail by Captain Frazer for Major Mount- fort and had brought it to the post. The letter described being "beset by the enemy every night and we're pushing on." 31 Instead of attacking Fort Brooke or Fort King, Osceola turned his attention to a force under Colonel Duncan L. Clinch. Osceola fought Clinch at the Ouithlacoochee on December 31. This was an evening battle fought to a draw, but coupled with the destruction of Dade's command, demonstrated the inability of the army to remove the Indians. After this engagement Osceola told Clinch he could hold out against the army for five years. 32 Quickly, destruction spread across the state. In January 1836, 16 large plantations in east Florida were destroyed by Indians. Each plantation had from 100 to 150 working slaves. Most of the slaves evacuated to safe areas such as Anastasia Island. On January 6, the Cooley family in Fort Lauderdale was massacred while William Cooley, husband and father, was away. By the end of 1836, all but one house of all the settlements in what is now Dade and Broward Counties had been burnt by the Indians. 33 The settlers had gone first to Key Biscayne for safety, then to places such as Indian Key or Key West. News of the Dade disaster stimulated belated military action. Colonel Clinch was authorized to call state troops from Georgia, Alabama, and South Carolina. President Jackson ordered General Winfield Scott to Florida to assume command. Gaines arrived at Tampa with 1100 men on the 10th of February. He immediately went with these troops into the interior and on February 20th was the first to arrive at the scene of Dade's battlefield. 34 Unburied for nearly two months, identification of the dead had to be made in the following manner: Major Dade by his vest and infantry buttons; Captain Frazer by his shirt and a miniature pin; Lieutenant Mudge leading the head of the main column by a charred ring on his finger, his officers pants and his fine teeth; Lieutenant Bassinger by his undershirt, stock, large whiskers and position, and the broken Last Command: The Dade Massacre 17 sponge near him; Lieutenant Keais by his pants, shoes, shirt and pock- et pistol which dropped on the ground moving the body; Dr. Gatlin by his size, stock and hair, and gold filled tooth; Captain Gardiner by size, shirt, and hair; and Lieutenant Henderson partly by clothing and his broken arm. 35 The bodies of the officers were buried in a common grave with the barrel of the six pounder planted vertically at the head of the grave as a marker. The other 98 soldiers were buried in two common graves. Gaines had a brief ceremoney and the command moved on. Although only two soldiers of Dade's command actually survived the battle, there were two in the command who missed the battle. The man sent back the first day to have the cannon brought up, is believed to have been Lieutenant Benjamin Alvord.36 Private John Thomas who injured his back pulling the cannon from the Big Hillsborough, continued to serve in the army until his discharge on June 28th, 1837. 37 The battle survivors included Private Ransom Clarke who conva- lesced until April, 1836, and was discharged from the Army May 2, 1836.3x He received a full disability pension of $8 a month. He went on a speaking tour, charging 12.5c a person to speak about his experi- ences, and wrote several articles about the Dade Massacre. He embel- lished his accounts greatly as time went by. His first account stated that after the battle the negroes picked him up by his heels and said "he's dead enough."39 A later account quotes the negroes as saying "our God is dead."4" Clarke married in 1838 and fathered a daughter. He died on November 18, 1840, less than five years after battle. He was 24 years old. Private Joseph Sprague, like Clarke, actually survived the battle, but was illiterate and left no accounts of the battle. Curiously, Sprague served in the army until his discharge on March 6, 1843, and yet no one recorded his account of the battle, as was done with survivors Clarke and Thomas. He drew a pension of $8 a month until September 1847. He is believed to have died some time in the next six months. 4' In 1837, Pacheco, long thought dead, made his appearance at Fort Brooke. He had come in to emigrate as the slave of Coacoochee and was shipped west where he lived for many years.42 In 1892, a man claiming to be Louis Pacheco came to Jacksonville and presented himself to the daughter of Pacheco's old master. Here he lived until his death in 1895. 43 He was the last survivor of Dade's Massacre. 18 TEQUESTA

NOTES

1. Nathan W. White, Private Joseph Sprague of Vermont, the last soldier survivor of Dade s Massacre in Fla., 28, Dec. 1835, p. 45. 2. John T. Sprague, The Origin, Progress, and Conclusion of the Fla. War, (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1948) pp. 28-29. 3. George A. McCall, Lettersfron the Frontiers,a facsimile repro. of 1868 ed. intro by John K. Mahon (Gainesville, Fla.: University of Florida Press 1974) pp. 147-148. 4. U.S. Cong., 14th-19th, 1815-1827, American State Papers; selected and edited by Walter Lowerie and Walter S. Franklin (class II; Indian Affairs, Vol. II) (Washington: Gales, and Seaton, 1834) pp. 663-664. 5. White, Private Joseph Sprague, p. 43. 6. Joshua R. Giddings, The Eviles of Florida,(Columbus Ohio; Follett, Foster, and Company, 1958) p. 98. 7. Charles H. Coe, Red Patriots, The Story of the Seminoles, (Cincinnati: Ohio, The Editor Publishing Company, 1898) p. 52. 8. M. M. Cohen, Notices of Fla. and the Campaigns,(Charleston: S.C., Burges and Honour, 1836) p. 66. 9. White, Private Joseph Sprague, p. 44. 10. W. W. Smith, Sketch of the Seminole War, (Charleston, S.C.: Dan J. Dowling, 1836) pp. 171-172. 11. Ibid. p. 33. 12. The Territorial Papers of the United States, compiled and edited bk Clarence Edwin Carter, Vol. 25, (N.A.R.S., 1960) pp. 378-379. 13. White, Private Joseph Sprague, p. 45. 14. Senate Document #33, 67th Congress Istsession, Apr. 13, 1921, Doc. #4 from Dade Monument. 15. Ransom Clarke, The Garland Library of Narratives of North American Indian Captivities, Vol. 54 selected by Wilcomb E. Washburn, (Smithsonian Institu- tion) pp. 8-13. 16. Frank Laumer, Massacre, (Gainesville, Fla: University of Fla. Press, 1968) pp. 40-41. 17. John Bemrose, Reminiscences •ofthe 2nd Seminole War, edited by John K. Mahon (Gainesville, Fla.: University of Fla. Press 1966) p. 64. 18. Ibid p. 63. 19. White, Private Joseph Sprague, p. 68. 20. Giddings, Exiles of Fla., pp. 106-107. 21. Sprague, The Florickt War, p. 90. 22. J.O. Parrish, Battling the Seminoles, (Lakeland, Fla.: Southern Printing Co., 1930) pp. 44-45. 23. Sprague, The Florida War, p. 90. 24. Ibid. 25. Cohen, Notices of Fla., pp. 70-74. 26. Sprague, The Fla. War, pp. 90-91. 27. White, Private .oseph Spr'ague, p. 68. 28. Giddings, Eviles ofFlorida, pp. 100-101. 29. Florida Reported, compiled by Georgine and Thomas Mickler (Chulota, Fla.: Fla. Breezes, 1964) p. 5. 30. Clarke, Narratives, p. 16. 31. Smith, Sketch of the Seminole War, p. 38. 32. Coe, Red Patriots, p. 65-66. Last Command: The Dade Massacre 19

33. Cohen, Notices of Florida, p. 80. 34. Sprague, The Florida War, p. 107. 35. James Duncan, Diary, Feb. 20, 1836 entry. 36. Laumer, Massacre, pp. 40-41. 37. White, Private Joseph Sprague, p. 67. 38. Ibid. p. 55. 39. Cohen, Notices of Florida, p. 73. 40. Clarke, Narratives, p. 15. 41. White, Private Joseph Sprague, p. 66. 42. Giddings, Exiles of Florida, p. 291. 43. White, Private Joseph Sprague, p. 68. 20 TEQUESTA

Boca Raton and the Florida Land Boom of the 1920s

by Donald W. Curl

The Florida land boom of 1924-25 is commonly mentioned by historians of the twenties and of the South. Most of them see the boom as a phenomenon of the Miami area, though they usually mention in passing that no part of the state remained immune to the speculation fever. Certainly Miami's developments received major attention from the national press and compiled amazing financial statistics for sales and inflated prices. Still, similar activity took place throughout the state. Moreover, the real estate boom in Palm Beach County began as early as that in Miami, contained schemes that equaled that city's in their imagination and fantasy, and also captured national attention. Finally, one of these schemes, that of Addison Mizner's Boca Raton, probably served as the catalyst for exploiting the boom bubble. The Florida land boom resulted from a number of complex factors. Obviously, the mild winter climate had drawn visitors to the state since the Civil War. Summer was said "to spend the winter in West Palm Beach." Now with the completion of the network of roads known as the Dixie Highway and the increasing use of the automobile, Florida became easily accessible to the cities of the northeast and midwest. For some, revolting against the growing urbanization of the north, Florida became "the last frontier." Others found romance in the state's long and colorful history and "fascination in her tropical vege- tation and scenery." Many were confident in the lasting nature of the Coolidge prosperity, and, hearing the success stories of the earliest

Donald W. Curl is a professor of History at Florida Atlantic University. His book, Mizner's Florida: American Resort Architecture, received the Rembert W. Patrick Memorial Book Award in Florida history for 1984. Boca Raton and the Florida Land Boom 21 arrivals in the state, came to find their fortunes. Finally, Florida encouraged economic development by promising never to enact a state income or inheritance tax.' All of these factors account for America's growing interest in Florida. The decision of various state business and real estate boosters to promote this interest becomes a more immediate reason for the boom. As Elmer H. Youngman said, "The people of Florida themselves have not been in the least backward in making the resources of their country known to the world." Palm Beach County business leaders had seen the virtues of their section for many years. As early as 1920 a Palm Beach visitor noted that "boomers" had platted a series of communities stretching for eighteen miles to the south of the town. Continual claims were heard of the seventy-mile-long city that would include the entire southeast coast in its borders. The people of Palm Beach County wholeheartedly joined local business concerns in their attempts to advertise the section. They believed in the future of their county.2 The promoters realized the need to convince the rest of the nation. This called for publicity. In general, they accomplished their goals in two ways. First, campaigns attempted to take the Palm Beach message to as many northerners as possible. These campaigns, spon- sored by the Chambers of Commerce of various cities and towns and the West Palm Beach and county real estate organizations, had as their goal the bringing of visitors to the county. One project called for local residents to mail 100,000 post cards before the start of the 1924-25 winter season bearing "pictures and messages calculated to draw friends and relatives to the Palm Beaches." Another effort had West Palm Beach competitors in a marksman event in the north wearing "gold and green maps of Florida" and distributing hundreds of booklets telling of their city's virtues. Finally, the West Palm Beach Chamber of Commerce published 50,000 publicity booklets featuring the "best-appearing young men and women" in the area to show the "allurements of this section." 3 The second part of the Palm Beach campaign was more subtle. Its goal was to give investors confidence in the soundness of real estate values in the area. To accomplish this, a continuing flow of stories in the local newspapers told of the opening of new projects, developments, and subdivisions; of profits being made from land and real estate sales; of constantly rising values in building activities and bank clearings; of famous individuals who had purchased land in the area; and of the projections for community improvements. All of these stor- 22 TEQUESTA ies were designed to show Palm Beach County as a dynamic and fast- growing area in which people already had confidence: an area where real estate investments could only increase in value. The Palm Beach Post and the Palm Beach Times both actively participated with the boosters. Since a land boom, like a stock market boom, is based on confidence that what is purchased today will be worth more tomorrow, and even more the next day, the newspapers particularly emphasized the profits made by investors. A common story told of property reselling several times in just a few weeks and its price doubling at each resale. The tales seemed endless. A West Palm Beach lot increased in value $750 an hour when a buyer paid $11,000 for a 100-foot lot on Dixie Highway at three in the afternoon and resold it at five o'clock for $12,500. In Palm Beach a 32 acre tract purchased in 1916 for $75,000 from a homesteader sold in 1925 for a million. Nine months later the same tract, subdivided into building lots, sold at auction for $1,757,647. 4 Although the newspapers realized that the stories of quick profits interested their readers and helped fuel the continuing boom, they also understood the need for building and developing to prolong the boom and make it meaningful to the community. Thus new developments, buildings, and improvements always received prominent treatment in both the Post and Times.5 The great boom period in Palm Beach County, like all of South Florida, came in the winter season of 1924-25 and lasted into the following autumn months. Hardly a day passed in this period without the announcement of the creation of a new development or the founding of a new city someplace in the county. Some of the promotions called for small ten-lot subdivisions, others embraced thousands of acres. Of all of these, Boca Raton, near the south county line, captured the most national attention and became in many ways the arch-typical boomtime development. As the creation of Palm Beach architect Addison Mizner, Boca Raton's tremendous size, presumed social cachet, and financial backing placed it immediately into the forefront of Florida land schemes. Mizner announced on April 15, 1925, that he planned to build a great $6,000,000 hotel on the beach at Boca Raton. The "Castillo del Rey," the world's "most complete and artistic hostelry" spearheaded what was to be Palm Beach County's greatest development. Mizner and his associates had acquired two miles of beach front at the Boca Raton inlet and an overall total of sixteen Boca Raton and the Florida Land Boom 23 thousand acres of "ideally situated high land directly back of this ocean frontage - probably the finest piece of property anywhere in the south of Florida." The syndicate which formed the Mizner Development Corporation included "such noted personages" as Lytle Hull, Harold Vanderbilt, J. Leonard Replogle, the Duchess of Sutherland, Paris Singer, Jesse L. Livermore, Irving Berlin, W. K. Vanderbilt, II, Madame Frances Alda, Wilson Mizner, W. C. Robinson, H. H. Rogers, D. H. Conkling, A. T. Herd, Porte Quinn, Elizabeth Arden, Clarence H. Geist, T. Coleman duPont, and Rodman Wanamaker. 6 Mizner planned the hotel as a modern fireproof building (this was important because only a month before both the second Breakers and the Palm Beach Hotel had been destroyed by fire) containing a thousand rooms contructed in the Spanish style. Building was to start at once on the hotel, on two 18 hole golf courses, on a polo field, on a casino, and on "other attractions."7 Although Mizner had no formal university training in architecture, his entire life had been spent in studying design. This self- training began in Guatemala where his father served as the American Minister and continued in Spain where he studied at the University of Salamanca. In 1894-96 he worked in the San Francisco office of Willis Polk, a principle proponent of the Spanish "mission" style. Here he received his practical training in the profession, eventually becoming Polk's partner. By 1925 Mizner ranked as one of the country's most prominent architects. Dixon Wecter placed him with Richard Morris Hunt and Stanford White as America's "great society architects." Although Mizner's reputation as a society architect came from his flamboyant Spanish and Italian revival style Palm Beach villas of the 1920s, he laid the framework for his Florida success in the period between 1904 and 1917 when he completed numerous northern projects. In these years he even designed several Spanish houses. When American entry into World War I brought a halt to residen- tial construction, Mizner accepted the invitation of Paris Singer, the sewing machine heir, to visit Palm Beach. Shortly after his arrival in January 1918, Singer commissioned him to design a convalescent hospital for shellshocked officers that could later serve as a private social club. For his first Florida project the architect said the location on the shores of Lake Worth suggested a Spanish building with Venetian and Spanish colonial elements. The war ended before completion of construction, so it opened in January 1919 as the Everglades 24 TEQUESTA Club, which immediately became the exclusive new center of Palm Beach resort life. As an attractive and romantic alternative to the existing frame and shingle northeastern seashore style buildings of the resort, the club's architectural success soon equalled its social triumph. Before the end of the season confirmation of the fashionableness of the style came when Mizner received the commission for a great oceanfront villa from Mrs. Edward T. Stotesbury, wife of the Philadelphia banker and undisputed leader of Palm Beach society. Mizner's architectural style swept the resort with almost all construction for the next six years, no matter who the architect, in the form of Mediterranean revival style. It was also Mizner's most productive period. In 1923 alone he designed "Playa Riente," his most magnificent Palm Beach mansion, for Joshua Cosden, an Oklahoma oil millionaire; 11 other large villas for society clients like Anthony J. Drexel Biddle, Angier B. Duke, and Rodman Wanamaker, II; a club house for the Gulf Stream Golf Club; a studio and office building for himself which became the first section in the "Via Mizner"complex of stores, apartments, offices, and restaurants; and remodeled the houses of Henry C. Phipps and J. Leonard Replogle. To supply "authentic" materials he also established Mizner Industries, which produced handmade barrel tiles and pottery, cast stone door and window surrounds, decorative wrought-iron work and lighting fixtures, and even the furniture used to decorate his houses.8 The advertisements for Boca Raton began to appear in both local and northern newspapers within a week of the announcement of the development. From the beginning they seemed to combine a curious mixture of snob appeal and greed appeal: "The owners and controllers of the Mizner Development Corporation are a group of very rich men - men of unlimited means, who propose to build from the creative genius of Addison Mizner, what will be probably the most wonderful resort city in the world." After the announcement of the plans for Boca Raton, which included the estimate that Mizner planned to spend $100,000,000 in developing the city during the first years, the remaining tracts of land in the city doubled and tripled in value with real estate men bidding higher and higher for any available acreage or lot.9 On May 4 Mizner announced that he had negotiated a deal between his company and the Ritz-Carlton Investment Corporation to build a Ritz-Carlton hotel in place of his "Castillo Del Rey." The Post believed that the Ritz-Carlton participation in Boca Raton Boca Raton and the Florida Land Boom 25 added greatly to the interest the Mizner plans had aroused around the country. 10 By the time the company accepted its first "reservation" for the purchase of land on May 14 its publicity proclaimed that the stockholders represented "considerably over 1/3 of the entire wealth of the United States." The first offering of lots was sold in both Miami and West Palm Beach. In the latter city automobiles jammed the streets for blocks around and "pandemonium reigned in the office." $2,100,000 worth of lots sold, a record for opening day purchases. George Freyhofer, the general sales manager, claimed Boca Raton shattered sales records because "of the largeness of the proposition, its financial backing and the prominence of the men who are connected with it." Two days later Mizner advertisements promised that every purchaser of the first day's offering should make quick and large profits." Throughout the summer and into the fall the Mizner organization's publicity, under the direction of Harry Reichenbach, seemed calculated to maintain the concept of constant growth and activity in Boca Raton. When he had no news of lot sales or company plans, his advertisements told of the thousands throughout the world interested in Boca Raton. "English, French, Spanish, American, and Italian people like the zest and snap of American life." With T. Coleman du Pont, W.K. Vanderbilt, J.C. Replogle, and others sup- plying the money to build the hotels and theatres they could be brought to Boca Raton. 12 On May 23 and 27 the Mizner Company announced new plans for their development, which included the small Boca Raton Inn to be built on the west shore of Lake Boca Raton. The one hundred room Inn, designed entirely by Mizner in the Spanish style, was to be rushed to completion so that it might open in January 1926. Ty- ing all of the planned development together, the one hundred sixty foot wide Royal Highway ran from the Ritz-Carlton on the beach for two and a half miles inland.' 3 Interest in Boca Raton remained high, and when the second offering of lots came on the market the company again sold over $2,000,000 worth in Miami and West Palm Beach. The organization claimed sales of over $1,000,000 in the first twenty minutes with baskets of sales slips remaining uncounted. Moreover, the company had opened additional offices in New York City, Philadelphia, Pitts- burgh, Chicago, and Boston. 14 As the Mizner interests continued their sales pitch, other de- 26 TEQUESTA velopers, anxious to be part of the great Palm Beach County venture, joined them in Boca Raton. In early June, George W. Harvey, a West Palm Beach and Boston real estate man, announced the development of "Villa Rica at Boca Raton." "Villa Rica" was to be a complete 1,400-acre modern city within the Boca Raton city limits. Like the Mizner development, "Villa Rica" was to be designed in the Spanish style. Harvey proposed to spend two million dollars immediately on a Florida East Coast Railway station and on the one hundred room "Villa Rica Inn." By September the new south county developments included Del- Raton (to the north of "Villa Rica"), "Boca del Faro" (to the south on the Broward County line), and "Del Boca" (to the west and north). As activity picked up in the fall, W.A. Mathes purchased a tract to the east of Del-Raton Park for $3,000,000 to develop an American Venice and G. Frank Croissant, a Chicago developer, announced "Croissantania," a 2,360-acre tract north of the Mizner land and west of the Dixie Highway at prices "available to working men who could aid in the upbuilding of the entire community." Boca Raton Heights, located south of Palmetto Park Road and east of the Dixie Highway; "Boca Vista," on the highlands of Boca Raton, 30 feet above sea level and "overlooking the entire city;" and "Boca Centrale," "in the heart of the city;" were all quickly added to the list. 15 In June the Mizner organization announced it had purchased an additional $4,000,000 worth of land, giving it 2/3 of Boca Raton property. By this time the Royal Highway had been renamed "Camino Real" and the Boca Raton Inn the Cloister Inn. Included among the newest improvements planned for the city were: an air terminal equipped for the largest passenger-carrying planes and hydro-planes, a deepened inlet with an inland sea and yacht basin, a Venetian lake with gondolas, a Spanish village "large enough to hold much of the color and old world charm of those Spanish cities with which Mr. Mizner is familiar," and Irving Berlin's Cabaret, which promised the best theatrical talent of America and Europe.' 6 Throughout May and June a force of 350 workmen cleared plats one and two and the land for the first golf course. As sales hit $6,000,000 the company employed additional men and signed contracts to build the inn and to pave miles of streets. Committed to making Boca Raton one of the world's most beautiful cities, Mizner demanded that the workmen clearing the land leave trees of every size undisturbed. He also took over an existing Boca Raton nursery and started a new one of 40 acres to grow additional landscaping plants. Boca Raton and the Florida Land Boom 27 At the same time the company purchased two Mack "Pullman buses" to carry prospective purchasers to Boca Raton from Miami and Palm Beach in their wicker seats. The battleship-gray buses with vivid yel- low stripes had "Boca Raton" painted in deep red on their sides. 17 When interviewed by the Post, Mizner said that he planned a city as perfect as "study and ideals can make it." His goals included "homes that are livable . . . streets that are suitable for traffic . . . shops that are inviting and parks that are beautiful." All of this in Spanish style architecture because it "is the most direct and simple ... lending itself perfectly to climate and country ... " He claimed that the $7,000,000 in lots and $4,000,000 in acreage sold by the company in less than three months proved the acceptance of his vision. " On August 6, a board of directors meeting elected Anderson T. Herd vice president and general manager of the company. At this time the directors included T. Coleman du Pont, newly elected senator from Delaware as chairman, Addison and Wilson Mizner, Herd, William A. White, L.A. Bean, vice president of the Dwight P. Robin- son Company, the New York firm building the Cloister Inn and twenty-nine houses in Floresta, H.S. Meeds, a Delaware banker, Jesse L. Livermore, and Wall Street operator, Ward A. Wickwire, A.A. Thompson, and Congressman George S. Graham. Du Pont took this opportunity to thank Mizner and the officers for their management of the company, adding it met "with our unqualified approval." 19 As fall approached a contract was let to the Robinson Company for the building of the Ritz-Carlton Hotel and a Venetian styled bridge over the Florida East Coast Canal. Mizner also released a sketch for his own new house, a castle on an island in Lake Boca Raton. Among the many unique features was a working drawbridge and a dining room with panels from the room in which Ferdinand and Isabella issued final instructions to Columbus before he sailed to the new world. Shortly thereafter, a Post reporter said that obviously Boca Raton's designer planned no city of air castles. Claiming that Americans will one day thank Mizner for his gift, she said that Boca Raton would stand as a cornerstone to American architectural prestige and "a monument to American money." 20 Unfortunately, about this time the money flow began to slow. Mizner's plans demanded great sums to be realized, and, although the lots continued to sell, they did not sell in the necessary volume. To stimulate sales, the company added a line to their newspaper publicity: "Attach this advertisement to your contract for deed. It becomes 28 TEQUESTA a part thereof." With this pledge the company hoped to counteract attacks about dishonest Florida real estate claims. Although there is no evidence that the other Boca Raton developers even started their promised improvements, Mizner seems to have sincerely wished to build his dream city. 2 1 Without question the campaign by northern newspapers and bankers to warn of shady and fraudulent Florida real estate promotions started to worry some investors. Moreover, other problems for Florida's development had surfaced over the summer. One of the most serious resulted from the breakdown in transportation services. The southeast coast was dependent upon supplies from outside the area to continue the massive building programs. On August 17, 1925, the Florida East Coast Railway announced that the freight car congestion on the southeast coast made it necessary to embargo all but perishable goods. The railroad claimed that while it sent one hundred cars a day into the area, only eighty were being unloaded. This meant over five hundred cars in the south Florida yards left to be cleaned. The embargo's meaning for construction could quickly be seen. 22 Protests, coupled with the formation of committees and the publication of lists of uncollected freight did little to solve the problem. The high wages paid unskilled labor by contractors made it impossible to hire anyone to unload the cars. Moreover, the embargo soon spread to all the railroads. In West Palm Beach a Citizens Com- mittee on Freight Congestion organized a "volunteer army" which emptied hour hundred cars in one day. Unfortunately, the work of the merchants, real estate men, truckers, handlers, contractors, Boy Scouts, and women's club members did not convince the railroad to lift the embargo. 23 Palm Beach County also felt the housing shortage which hit South Florida by the summer of 1925. Lack of rooms forced many visitors to sleep in their automobiles or in hastily pitched tents. When newly hired teachers could find no rooms one proposal called for temporarily housing them in the Stotesbury mansion. An ice shortage in August only added to the discomfort visitors suffered. 24 Booms feed on strong assurances that money can be made. Even small doubts begin to erode confidence. By fall 1925 the freight embargo which caused construction problems, the inconvenience of the housing shortage, and the growing doubts about the boom produced by northern newspapers, promoted an uncomfortable atmosphere for speculation. In early October, T. Coleman du Pont served as a member of a Boca Raton and the Florida Land Boom 29 delegation of Florida businessmen and investors, headed by Gov- ernor John W. Martin, that visited New York to counteract the un- favorable Florida publicity found in the northern newspapers. For this "truth about Florida" seminar, held at du Pont's Waldorf-Astoria hotel, the sponsors invited representatives from the country's leading newspapers and magazines. Various speakers stated that the real estate activity in Florida did not constitute a boom: the great increase in values only represented real worth. Although several speakers ad- mitted that some "fraudulent misrepresentations" had taken place, they said Florida planned to curb this activity. The New York Times drew the conclusion that the meeting proved Florida businessmen had become uneasy about the boom. Certainly du Pont now questioned his association with the Mizner Development Corporation. 25 When the company's board met in late October both du Pont and Jesse Livermore resigned. Both men had grave concerns about the management of the company's publicity. Although they objected to all use of their names in advertisements, their particular concern cen- tered on the publicity which implied that they personally guaranteed the millions of dollars worth of construction planned for the city. They also objected to the campaign which allowed promotional advertisements for the company to be attached to deeds. Some of these advertisements had been very explicit, promising the construction of: the Ritz-Carlton Hotel, the Cloister Inn, an additional lake, three golf courses, polo fields, tennis courts, lakes and canals dredged for large size yachts, "boulevards wider than America has ever known," palm-lined streets paved full width, restricted residences, protected dwellings, uniform architectural themes, and "every home a gem of beauty. "26 The resignations were not announced until November 24. In a statement to the New York Times du Pont claimed he resigned be cause of differences between himself and the officers of the company as to proper business methods. Nonetheless, he said that under proper management Boca Raton still offered "wonderful possibilities." The same article also quoted Mizner. He said that General du Pont resigned because of differences over the membership in the board of directors, implying that du Pont tried to have his friends elected and when he failed, he resigned. Mizner also claimed that he and his associates now controlled the company and that the building and developing program would continue without interruption. 27 Four days later the Times published a letter by du Pont and the other resigned board members. In the letter the men claimed that they 30 TEQUESTA had little financial interest in the company and thus objected to the use of their names in advertisements. They had resigned because when they attempted to eliminate exaggerated publicity, the company officers met them with "criticism rather than cooperation." The letter marked the end for the Mizner Development Corporation and probably for the South Florida land boom. 28 Du Pont, who with his cousins Alfred and Pierre incorporated the family powder firm into the gigantic E.I. du Pont de Nemours Company in 1902, had the great financial name behind the Mizner organization. Du Pont's interest in Boca Raton assured financial sta- bility. Thus his decision to disassociate himself from the development warned prospective buyers of possible financial problems. In fact, one Mizner biographer says that du Pont's attack on the corporation's officers "put a wet blanket on the entire boom." Sales of Boca Raton real estate, which totaled over $25,000,000 in its first six months, practically ended after du Pont's resignation from the board. The high point for sales and building permits in all of south Florida was October 1925. Although the end of the boom was not abrupt, activity began to slacken after that month. 29 Of all the great boom developments, Boca Raton seemed one of the most sound investments. Although the very magnitude of the concept attracted many, and others saw Addison Mizner's leadershhip as assurance that fashionable America approved, speculators actually bought because of the association of prominent financiers like T. Coleman du Pont whose participation seemed to guarantee profits. Any serious shock to confidence can collapse a speculative boom. The many problems plaguing the state paved the way, but the du Pont letter to the Times produced the shock. To the speculator the message seemed clear. If you could not place your trust in Boca Raton, could any Florida venture be safe?30 To counteract the effect of du Pont's defection, the company announced that W.E. Shappercotter, "a powerful figure in Northern financial circles . . . associated with the rise of the Lehigh Valley Rail- road," had been elected chairman of the board of directors. Later it claimed that Otto H. Kahn, "internationally known banker and finan- cier" had purchased both stock in the company and property in Boca Raton. Evidence, according to the publicity release, of the continued prosperity of the company. Even when Charles M. Schwab, an or- ganizer of both U nited States and Bethlehem Steel companies, lunched with Mizner, the publicity people made it evidence of the capitalist's endorsement of the project, quoting him as saying that he had never Boca Raton and the Florida Land Boom 31 seen "anything so artistically beautiful" as the city. At the same time, other Boca Raton developers also felt the need of new and bigger names. George Harvey brought in former Boston mayor James M. Curley, "at a salary many times that as mayor," to promote "Villa Rica."3' Mizner publicity also emphasized that "reorganization" of the company had not changed any of the plans for the development of Boca Raton. The company rushed to completion all the Boca Raton improvements that promoted sales. At the end of October work started on radio station WFLA, a proposed 1000-watt clear channel station to broadcast the Boca Raton message over all of Florida and most of the eastern United States. The Palm Beach Post and the New York Times agreed to share an hour of news every day between five and six o'clock. When not broadcasting news of the "facts of Florida," the station planned programs to include modern adaptations of Seminole Indian music. 32 The company also hurriedly finished the Administration Build- ings modeled on El Greco's house in Toledo, Spain. Although the other sales offices were to remain open, the office in Boca Raton provided a center for the company's activities and a focal point for sales efforts in the city. By the end of October the company could report that the building was ninety percent completed, the second story was on the Cloister Inn, two thousand workers were leveling the grading the streets, bids for a waterworks were received, electrical service was scheduled, and two hundred homes were planned. 33 The construction of the Cloister Inn proceeded at great haste. Even before its completion, Mizner entertained some of his former Palm Beach clients at a Christmas Eve dinner in the Salamanca Room. At about this time Mizner announced that the Ritz-Carlton organization had assumed management of the new Inn which would have $10,000-a-room furnishings made by the Mizner Furniture Company. The formal opening came with another society dinner on February 6 hosted by the architect. The guest list "rivaled the social registers of two continents" according to the development company's publicity men. Red-coated and gold-braided footmen served a "Lucullan re- past" to 500 guests which included Stotesburys, Warburtons, Astors, Wanamakers, Charles Norris the novelist, and Mrs. Stanford White, the widow of the renowned architect. A development company advertisement later quoted Mrs. White's reaction to the Cloister Inn: "Addison Mizner is the foremost genius of the age. Since Stanford White, there has been no one with such exquisite sense of artistry. This building is superb." 34 32 TEQUESTA Until April of 1926 news releases and advertisements stressed the continuing nature of the project. In early November the company told of building permits for September and October totaling $918,066. This led to the claim, "They are buying to live in Boca Raton." On the day that du Pont's resignation became public, the company claimed twenty-two percent of all Palm Beach County's October land trans- fers for its property. December saw the opening of the Administration Building, the near completion of the first Mizner supervised houses in the city, and the sale of property reaching $31,000.000. In January sales started in the "socially restricted" "Distrito de Boca Raton," an oceanfront area of the city. April brought claims for extensive summer projects. Maurice Druker planned to build ten Mizner designed homes, the development company intended to con- struct a one-hundred-thousand dollar building modeled on the "Via Mizner" in Palm Beach, and Mrs. Joshua B.Cosden, who had sold "Playa Riente" to Mrs. Horace S. Dodge, Sr. for $2,800,000, asked Mizner to plan her new home in the "Distrito" section to "rival in splendor her old house."36 By spring, even Mizner recognized he could never realize his dreams for Boca Raton. New sales of land had all but ended. This in turn stopped the flow of money needed to continue the various projects. Moreover, the purchasers of the first lots sold in the early spring of 1925 now found their second installments due. Many had bought for speculation alone, planning to sell at a profit long before the date of the second payment. After December these speculators discovered they could not make a profit on their lots; in fact, they found no buyers at all. Some of these had no money for the second payment. Many others, seeing the declining prices of Boca Raton real estate, just decided to cut their losses by not making the second installment payment. Almost every developer in Florida faced the same situation. Some, like Mizner, had committed themselves to huge expenditures for improvements, confident of a continuous flow of money from new sales and yearly payments on previous sales. When the money stopped they could not meet their commitments. Most projects ended in bank- ruptcy.37 Although the Mizner Development Corporation continued to survive, serious problems began in April when the Company could not meet payments on the promissory notes signed to purchase its Boca Raton land. In May, various contractors found they could not collect on their contracts. When they began to file liens against the corporation, Mizner's backers forced a reorganization. In July Miz- Boca Raton and the Florida Land Boom 33 ner yielded his management to the Chicago based Central Equities Corporation controlled by United States Vice President Charles Dawes. Dawes allowed Mizner to retain control of architectural development, but there was no additional building. Ultimately, Clarence Giest, one of Mizner's original backers, purchased the remaining assets of the company and reopened the Cloister Inn as the private Boca Raton Club.3x In the next few years city after city defaulted on their bonds, development after development fell into the hands of creditors and li- quidators, and bank after bank closed their doors forever. Of course, some things in Florida never change. In the Spring of 1927 the town of Palm Beach reported the best ever winter season with some of its citizens excited over a possible south Florida oil boom. 39

NOTES 1. Elmer H. Youngman, "Florida: The Last Pioneer State of the Union." The Bankers Magazine (1926), pp. 7-23; Kenneth Ballinger, Miami Millions (Miami, 1926), p. 159; Frederick Lewis Allen, Onli Yesterday (New York, 1931), pp. 272-273; Charlton Tebeau, A History of Florida (Coral Gables, 1971), p. 383; George B. Tindall, "The Bubble in the Sun," American Heritage, August 1965, p. 79. 2. Youngman, "Florida," p. 7; E.W. Howe, "The Real Palm Beach," The Sat- urdav Evening Post (April 17, 1920), p. 49. 3. The Pahn Beach Post, June 16, 1925, September6, I1, 1924, March 27, 1925. 4. John Kenneth Galbraith, The Great Crash: 1929 (Boston, 1961), p. 23; Panl Beach Post, March 20, 1924, June 24, March 3, 1925. 5. Panl Beach Post, March 30, April 10, 1924. 6. Pahln Beach Post, April 15, 1925. 7. hIid., March 19, April 15, 16, 17, 1925. 8. Donald W. Curl, Mizner'v Florida: American Resort Architecture (New York, 1984); Christina Orr, Addlison Mizner, Architecture of Dreams and Realities (West Palm Beach, 1977), pp. 52-58. 9. Donald W. Curl, "The Architecture of Addison M izner," The Spanish River Papers(October 1978), pp. 4-6; Palm Beach Post, April 28, 1925. This is the first advertisement in which the Mizner Development Corporation drops the "e" in "Boca Ratone." In news stories the Post and the Pahn Beach Times retain the"e" foranother month, finally dropping it at the end of May; Pahn Beach Times, April 15, 1925. Times stories about the boom tended to parallel those found in the Post. I only cite the Times when it contained information not found in the Post. 10. Pahl Beach Post, May 5, 1925. 11. hIid.. May 15, 16, 1925. 34 TEQUESTA

12. Ibid., May 18, 1925. 13. Ibid., May 23, 27, 1925. 14. Ibid., May 28, 1925. 15. Ibid., June 4, 7, 8, 10, 11, 1925, September 24, November 1, 3, 8, 1925. 16. Ibid., June 18, 19, 1925. 17. Ibid., July 1, 2, 18, 1925. 18. Ibid., August 4, 1925. 19. Ibid., August 7, 1925. 20. New York Times, September 3, 1925; Alva Johnston, The Legendary Miz- ners (New York, 1953), p. 227. Johnston claims that the panels came from a room at the University of Salamanca. After Mizner purchased the panels he had plaster casts made and reproduced many sets, "giving rise to a confused idea that Ferdinand and Isabella issued their historic decrees from twelve sections of Palm Beach;" Pahn Beach Post, August 23, September I, 5, 1925. 21. Palm Beach Post. October 14, 1925. 22. Palm Beach Post, August 27, 1925. 23. Ibid., August 22, September 18, October 10, 1925. 24. Ibid., August 17, September 16, 1925. 25. New York Times, October 10, 14, 1925; Frank B. Sessa, "Real Estate Ex- pansion and Boom in Miami and its Environs During the 1920's." Ph.D. Disserta- tion, University of Pittsburgh, 1950, pp. 288-89. 26. Palm Beach Post, October 10, 25, 1925; Du Pont's fears were realized in April 1929 when three investors in Mizner Development Corporation filed suit in New York Supreme Court to recover $1,450,000 from du Pont, Jesse L. Livermore and ten other officers of the company. The suit claimed that the Boca Raton development "was merely a scheme to sell lots at prices in excess of their value." Ibid., April 4, 1929. 27. New York Times, November 29, 1925. 28. Ibid., November 29, 1925. 29. Johnston, Legendary Mizners, p. 287; Sessa, "Real Estate," p. 147; William H.A. Carr, The du Ponts of Delaware (New York, 1964). 30. Johnston, p. 287); Homer B. Vanderblue, "The Florida Land Boom," The Journalof Land and Public Utility Economics (May 1927), p. 129; Galbraith, p. 95; Edward Dean Sullivan, The Fabulous Wilson Mizner (New York, 1935), p. 309. 31. Pahn Beach Post, November 25, December 6, 7, 13, 1925, February 24, March 10, 14, 25, 1926; Palm Beach Post, November 25, December 6, 7, 13, 1925, February 24, March 10, 14, 25, 1926; For an interesting discussion of the rather desperate advertising of the final months of the boom see Elliot Mackle, "Two-Way Stretch: Some Dichotomies in the Advertising of Florida as the Boom Collapsed." Tequesta XXXIII (1973), pp. 17-29. 32. Pahn Beach Post, October 25, November 13, 1925. 33. Ibid., October 29, November 25, 1925. 34. Ibid., November 10, December 6, 7, 1925, January 1, February 8, 14, 1926; New York Times, February 7, 1926. 35. Panl Beach Post, November 8, 1925. 36. Ibid., January 3, 10, 17, 24, February 8, 14, 21, 26, April 11, 16, 1926. 37. New York Times, September 29, 1926. 38. Donald W. Curl, ed., "Boca Raton's 'Old' Floresta," The Spanish River Papers (February 1977), pp. 34; New York Times, June 22, 1926, March 10, 1927; Theodore Pratt, The Story of Boca Raton (St. Petersburg, 1969), pp. 24-25. 39. New York Times, April 6, 1927; James H.R. Cromwell, "Palm Beach Past and Present," Country Life (January 1935), p. 60. The State of Florida The Florida Indians: 1954-1961

By James W. Covington

The decade between 1950 and 1960 was a most memorable one for the Seminole Indians of Florida. These ten years saw the filing of the $40,000,000 lawsuit before the Indian Claims Commission, organization of the tribe living on the reservations into a self-governing unit under the terms of the Wheeler-Howard Act, the organization of the Miccosukee group and subsequent demand to be recognized as a separate entity and finally, some belated State of Florida assistance to the Indians.' It is the object of this paper to examine the efforts of the State of Florida and its governor Leroy Collins to assist the Indians during this time. Although there had been several futile nineteenth century attempts to fund state reservations or schools, it was not until 1917 that the legislature created a 99,200 acre reservation in Monroe County. Due to its elevation of thirteen inches above sea level, the land had limited value for raising cattle or agriculture, but had possibilities as a game preserve. The state provided no funds for the upkeep of the reservation and state officials hoped that the federal government would acquire the land. 2 In 1947 when the Everglades National Park was created, the Trustees of the Internal Improvement Fund were authorized to exchange land in the Indian reservation for other sites. Consequently, 104,000 acres were acquired in Palm Beach and Broward counties for the reservation. One unforeseen feature of the second tract was that in 1955 Humble Oil Company leased much of it to explore for oil, paying in return fees which amounted to $32,414.86 by 1956.

James Covington, Dana Professor of History at the University of Tampa, has the distinction of having more articles published in Tequesta than any other person. He is currently writing a book exploring the complete history of the Florida Seminole Indians. 36 TEQUESTA In 1946 congress created the Indian Claims Commission by which tribes could establish claims against the United States government and receive restitution for illegal or unfair actions by the government against the several tribes including the Seminoles. In August, 1950, a committee of twelve reservation Indians engaged the services of John C. Jackson and Roger Waybright, attorneys from Jacksonville, to represent them in a suit for $50,000,000 in claims against the United States government. This lawsuit would be a most complicated one and so far unrewarding for various teams of lawyers would enter and leave the picture. The Oklahoma Seminoles would dispute the claim, perhaps 1/3 of the Florida Seminoles or 400 persons wanted land and not money, but by 1984 not a single Indian had received either land or money. Most of the portion that did not want money but land organized themselves into a group that became known as the Miccosukee Indians. These Indians, governed by a general council which was first headed by medicine man Ingraham Billie and later by Buffalo Tiger, hired an attorney and began making moves that would demonstrate to the federal and state governments and the white community that the non- reservation Indians wanted other areas of participation that were entirely different than those desired by the reservation Indians in Florida. The next crisis that loomed on the scene of federal-Florida- Seminole relations was the attempt to terminate all federal responsibility for Indian welfare. Spurred by the Hoover Commission Report of 1947 which advocated the cessation of federal aid to the Indians and recommended that the federal services be turned over to the states, congress adopted in 1953 House Concurrent Resolution 108, which stated that tribes in several states, including Florida, should be severed from their federal relationship. 3 The Seminole Indian Association, Friends of the Seminoles and other groups including the Indians fought the measure until the Commissioner of Indian Affairs and a congress- ional committee decided not to end federal assistance to the Semi- noles.4 In Washington on March 1, 1954, an event took place which would cause lasting headaches among federal and state officials for the next several years. In a petition written on buckskin and decorated with egret feathers, and delivered to a representative of President Dwight Eisen- hower, the General Council of the Miccosukee Indians protested that the claim filed by the reservation Indians with the Indian Claims Com- mission had been filed without the consent of the Miccosukees and that The Florida Indians 37 the President should send a representative to talk to the Indians. This petition was signed by ten Indians and translated by Buffalo Tiger. A copy was sent to acting Governor Charley E. Johns of Florida but both Johns and Eisenhower did not respond.5 By September 17, 1954, the Miccosukee attorney Morton Silver filed a motion with the Indian Claims Commission to squash the claim of the reservation Indians. Johns and Eisenhower did not answer the petition that was sent to them, for federal and State of Florida officials could not understand that perhaps one-third of the Seminoles did not want money awarded as a result of past wrongs committed by the federal government but an award of land. In addition, it was not understood that a considerable portion of the tribe followed procedures established in a traditional manner for the past one hundred or more years by the Council and to the officials the Miccosukees were a small band of renegades. In 1954 Leroy Collins was elected to fill the vacancy left in the governor's chair by the death of Dan McCarthy in 1953. During this term and following a full term to which he was elected in 1956, Collins created an image of progressive leadership and concern for minorities. In 1957 Collins requested the legislature to appoint a committee on race relations to help preserve harmony and improve black living conditions, but the lawmakers did not follow his advice. Thus judging from his record as a moderate administrator who tried to improve the condition of minority groups, Collins was expected to render full support to the Seminole Indian cause. On December 20, 1955, a delegation of reservation Indians accom- panied by their agent Kenneth Marmon appeared before the Board of Commissioners of State Institutions (Florida Cabinet), which was custodian of the state Indian reservation oil revenue, requesting the oil funds be released to the Indians. They needed the money for indigent Indians, clothing for sick children and the end of unsanitary conditions.6 Former Governor Millard Caldwell and, at that time an attorney for the Miccosukees, noted that he did not object to the proposal but did not want the Indians to state what they were going to do with the money. Governor Collins believed that the Indians should use the money to their best advantage. Finally, Fred C. Elliott, Engineer and Secretary of the Internal Improvement Fund Trustees, and one person from the At- torney-General's office were appointed to contact the Miccosukee group and get their opinion on the matter. 7 It would soon become ap- parent to the white officials that the Miccosukees wanted land and not money. In March, 1956, a delegation from Washington headed by Com- 38 TEQUESTA missioner of Indian Affairs Glenn Emmons appeared in Tallahassee before the Board of State Institutions and Internal Improvement Fund Trustees to discuss Indian affairs in Florida. They noted aneed to enroll Indian children in the public schools and believed that the Miccosukees would cooperate if they were given a perpetual hunting and fishing re- serve. At the conclusion of Emmons'presentation, the two state boards directed Elliott to confer with federal and state officials and submit a plan in response. 8 By March 29, 1957, Elliott submitted his report and recom- mendations. He believed that the acquisition on an exclusive land use basis of Area Number Three of the Water Conservation Area of the Central and Southern Florida Flood Control District, comprising from 150,000 to 200,000 acres, would be most useful for the Indians. In- cluded in the proposal was the acquisition of four or five camp sites near the Big Cypress Swamp. In addition, Elliott proposed the provision for federal Indian schools that would stress Indian culture but lead to the admission of students in the state system. 9 Elliott also recommended the establishment of local rule for the Indians in which minor offenses could be settled by an Indian tribunal. Finally he recommended that a branch office of the Board of Commissioners of State Institutions be established to handle the oil funds, the state reservation affairs and other Indian matters. It took some time to ascertain the feelings of the various groups of Indians and to formulate an Indian policy for the State of Florida. Finally in a meeting of the Board of Commissioners of State Institu- tions on October 16, 1956, business committees from the three federal reservations proposed that the $32,414 in the oil and gas fund be spent to purchase 1420 acres of land. 10 In response, Fred Elliott proposed that a branch office be established and an advisory committee be formed to guide office affairs. Several weeks after, on October 30, 1956, a special committee composed of Ray Green - Comptroller Chairman, Richard Erwin - Attorney General and J. Edwin Larsen - Treasurer, hired Col- onel Max Denton as Florida Commissioner of Indian Affairs at a salary of $400 a month. Denton would assume his position on November 1, 1956 (operating from Elliott's office or another site), and make a study of all laws pertaining to the Florida Indians." The State of Florida was in the Indian business. The appointment of Denton alarmed both the federal Indian officials and several organizations supporting Indians. On the surface, the move seemed rather rash because funds supporting the office were taken from the oil and gas fund. Kenneth Marmon, Superintendent The Florida Indians 39 of the Seminole Agency at Dania wrote to Collins inquiring into the status of the office and the source of funding. In reply, Collins noted that the $5,196 operating funds for the Indian office were borrowed from the oil and gas lease fund and would be repaid from general revenue effective June 30, 1957.12 Budget director Harry Smith clarified the duties of the office to Denton: starting January 15, 1957, he would make monthly reports to the cabinet, but he need not appear in person unless requested.13 By April 8, 1957, Denton, having learned a few facts concerning the Florida Indians, was ready for a conference with federal officials in Washington. Represented on the federal side were Glenn L. Emmons, Commissioner, Indian Affairs, W. Barton Greenwood, Deputy Com- missioner, and eight other high officials. General topics discussed and agreed upon included the following: 1. It was agreed that the Seminole Indians of Florida should be organized under a constitution and charter as soon as possible, but there was no mention of the Miccosukees. 2. The current law and order status for state, civil and criminal jurisdiction was most satisfactory. 3. Director Denton should bring up the matter of more land for the Indians before the Board of Commissioners of State Institutions. 4. Tribunal monies held in trust by federal and state governments could not be given to the Indians until some type of governing body was organized by the Indians.14 Next, Denton met with representatives of some of the off- reservation Indians at Everglades and with the Miccosukees at Jimmie Tiger's camp on the Tamiami Trail. In the Everglades meeting attended by Ingraham Billie, Sam Jones and a few others representing the traditional group, items of discussion included: land, homesites, grants of money and school attendance. Another meeting was scheduled six or eight weeks later. Next came the May 1 meeting with the Miccosu- kees at Jimmie Tiger's camp, which was attended by 50 to 75 adults. They requested that Area No. Three of the Central and Southern Florida Flood Control District be assigned to the tribe and paid for from their claim pending against the United States government. In addition they agreed to prepare a constitution and by-laws to be approved by their people and, thus, to establish a governing body. Denton endorsed the proposal. 15 On July 30, 1957, the Everglades Miccosukee General Council presented their constitution to the Board of Commissioners of State Institutions for approval. At the meeting Buffalo Tiger pointed out 40 TEQUESTA that of the 355 Indians living away from the reservation, 201 had signed the constitution. Indian attorneys Millard Caldwell and Dr. John Mil- ler explained phases of the constitution. The cabinet was assured that it was an agreement similar to municipal charters. 0. B. White, attorney for the reservation Indians, pointed out some objectionable features to the constitution and alleged that it had no legal effect. Finally, Collins noted that the two groups could not be unified at this time and that approval of the constitution would not "detract from or deny recogni- tion of the reservation group and their constitution." The motion to recognize the Miccosukee Council as the Miccosukee governing body was unanimously adopted. 16 As soon as the Miccosukee constitution had been approved, it seemed that assignment of Area Three or 202,000 acres of land to the Indians would come next. Accordingly a meeting was held at Miami Shores on July 27, 1957, and attended by 86 white sportsmen, and several Miccosukees and their attorney, Morton Silver. The Indians were questioned on their possible use of the land and their refusal to allow others hunting and fishing rights. Silver allegedly remarked, "Give us the land and after we have it we will sit down and negotiate your hunting and fishing privileges." The white audience laughed. Silver pointed out that the Indians wanted exclusive use of 100,000 acres and would permit the whites to hunt and fish in the remainder. The sportsmen voted to hire an attorney and send a committee to the governor to protest the allocation of land to the Indians. They pointed out that 5,012 licenses had been sold for hunting and fishing in the Everglades but only 400 Indians were involved in the issue. Despite the opposition, Denton pressed ahead to acquire Area Number Three for the Miccosukees. In a letter to Richard Erwin, Attorney-General, he desired to know the legal ramifications that would arise in the acquisition of property by eminent domain for the Indians. In reply, Erwin pointed out that the taking must be for a public purpose but the use could be public even though it would be enjoyed by a small number of people.18 More facts were disclosed in a letter from B. F. Hyde, Jr., Execu- tive Director of the Central and Southern Florida Flood Control Dis- trict and custodian of AreaThree. Accordingto Hyde, 19,320 acres were owned by private interests, 1,960 acres owned in fee by his group, 15,360 by State Board of Education and the remaining portion owned by trustees of the Internal Improvement Fund. Hyde did not object to Indian hunting and fishing rights, public hunting seasons and exclusive frog gigging but noted that his organization had authority to flood the The Florida Indians 41 area. In addition, if grazing, cattle raising and agricultural activities were fostered in the area, extensive changes would be required, including construction of canals, dikes and pumping stations.19 By December 16, 1957, Denton and Van H. Ferguson, Director, Trustees Internal Im- provement Fund, submitted a proposal to Collins recommending the assignment of 138,430 acres in Area Three to the Seminole Indians of Florida for the protection of "their native religion, customs, tradition and economy in their native habitat."20 At this point it seemed that the Indians would be given some rights exclusive to the involved land. The plan submitted by Denton and Ferguson to Collins and the cabinet was sent to Attorney General Richard Erwin for review. Er- win found no legal authority by which the trustees of the State Improve- ment Fund could place state land in trust for the Indians or to designate land for the exclusive use of a particular class. To remedy the situation, Erwin suggested that a public hearing be held so that proper authority might be determined. If some doubt concerning proper approval of the Denton-Ferguson plan remained, the Florida legislature should grant such authority.21 Erwin issued a strong statement on May 22, 1958. If the state conceded that the Indians had a right to the land, Erwin reasoned, "Florida would admit that the monetary debt owed to the Indians was for much more than the acreage actually being sought."22 One important factor in Erwin's decision was the agreement signed between Attorney Morton Silver and the Everglades Miccosukees. In the agreement signed on March 30, 1958, Silver would receive a reason- able fee from the awards of money or land that the council would receive from the federal or state governments. As a result Silver would have a lien on these benefits and such a lien could not be recognized by the State of Florida.23 Consequently, after receiving the advice of Er- win, the State of Florida applied brakes to the efforts to give land to the Indians. In 1956 a split had taken place between the various elements that composed the off-reservation Seminoles. The off-reservation Indians headed by Ingraham Billy had hired Morton Silver in 1952. In 1955 he was joined by George Miller and Millard Caldwell. By 1956 Ingraham Billy and the so-called traditionalists broke away from the lawyers claiming that all the lawyers wanted was money, leaving Buffalo Tiger and some others being represented by Silver. According to the Indians, "the reason is that he [Silver] refused to do what we wanted to do. He wants to do what he likes instead of what we want. Mr. Silver wants to get a title of land to which we do not believe in." 24 In reply, Fred Elliott explained that Silver had no official connection with the trustees of the 42 TEQUESTA Internal Improvement Fund and that the board's dealings would be directly with the Indians or with a representative selected by them and certified by the board.25 It seemed that officials of the State of Florida were doing their best to avoid contact with Silver. Finally Silver and George Miller wrote letters to President Dwight Eisenhower and Governor Collins offering to negotiate the dispute between the Indians of Florida and the federal and state governments. 26 Included with the offer was a 60 day ultimatum in which the Indians threatened to take the matter to an appropriate international forum if it was not settled by November 20, 1958. In reply, Commissioner of Indian Affairs Emmons pointed out that the United States government had responsibility only towards those Indians who lived on the federal reservations. Just because the Miccosukees claimed certain rights, such rights were not recognized by the federal government. 27 The State of Florida did not take action within the requested time frame. 28 Despite the tough stand taken by both federal and state officials, a negotiating session was held in Washington, D.C., on November 10, 1958, at the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Included within the group hold- ing the discussion were Buffalo Tiger and his two attorneys, State of Florida Indian Agent Max Denton, the attorney for the reservation Indians, Commissioner of Indian Affairs Emmons and several re- porters. The Indians and their attorney claimed that the State of Florida was equally liable with the United States government for robbing the Indians of their land and not paying for it. Denton, in response, reviewed historical evidence specifying that the treaties signed with the Indians had been negotiated before Florida had become a state.29 Emmons concluded the meeting with an offer that he would use his influence to get the state to grant the Indians the use of the land. In their next move, Silver and the general council tried to settle the matter of the liens and the lawyers' fees. Silver wrote a letter to the general council, which in turn was forwarded to Governor Collins, stating that he had no intention of placing a lien on their land for payment of fees or making the State of Florida responsible for such fees. 30 The Indians noted in their supporting letter that Collins had not met with them, but had made a public announcement concerning the lawyers' fees interfering with the land transaction. On November 7, 1958, Governor Leroy Collins appointed a committee composed of William Baggs, John Pennekamp, Louis Capron, Harold Vann and Chairman Grady Crawford to study the problems of the Florida Seminoles. The group held meetings on December4, 12, 13, 1958, and January 23, 1969, with various federal, state and private in- The Florida Indians 43 dividuals that could furnish information. No Miccosukees were met by the committee. In a report submitted February 16, 1959, to Governor Collins, the committee found that the United States government only defined the Seminoles as Indians residing on federal reservations in Florida. Since all dealings with the Indian tribes were on the federal level, no tribe had a legitimate claim against a state. Because the Ever- glades Miccosukee tribe of Seminole Indians had a pending claim against the state "it would be impracticable" the committee wrote, "or impossible for the state to make any grants, gifts or leases of land to the Indians." Furthermore, they concluded, "the Everglades Miccosukee Tribe does not intend to live on the land sought from the state but in- tends to lease or use the land for profitable transactions. However," they added, "the State of Florida should acquire all land now occupied by Indian villages sited along the TamiamiTrail, plus adjacent land used for agricultural purposes and land used by the Indians to insure privacy in their Green Corn Dances. Finally," they suggested, "Indian monies held in trust by the state should be made available for medical care for the Indians and in making small loans to the Indians at moderate interest rates. "3 The reaction of the Executive Council of the Miccosukee Seminole Nation to the work of the committee was an interesting contrast. In a letter dated February 10, 1959, the council noted Collins had expressed a great interest in the Indians and had wanted to protect them from the lawyers. 32 Yet, Caldwell had shifted from the Miccosukee side and was working for the Seminole tribe. The council, therefore, wanted him removed from the legal team. Commissioner of Indian Affairs Emmons had announced on television that the land claims were the responsibility of the State of Florida and by this statement seemed to have washed his hands of the land matter. In a second letter several weeks later, the council complained that the committee had been invited to meet with the council but it had not taken advantage of the opportunity.33 Thus, members of the council wondered how the so-called fact finding committee could make a final report without talking to some Indians who wanted the land. Acting on the recommendation of the committee, the cabinet voted not to make the large land transaction, but offered some conces- sions to the Seminoles. The cabinet rejected the bid of the Indians for the 200,000 acres, but agreed to acquire from private owners and to place all of the needed 18-20 camp sites under state control. In addition the committee voted to release the $75,000 held in trust for all Seminoles for use by individual Indians. Max Denton was instructed to work out a 44 TEQUESTA plan for the acquisition of the campsites, help disperse the money from the trust fund and to "encourage the Miccosukees to accept white schools, medical care and modern life." 34 At this point, the Miccosukee general council could do little to protest the action of the cabinet for the council had expended virtually every weapon in its arsenal. But white friends of the Indians were able to reverse the tide of battle. President Evelyn Harvey and the Miccosukee Seminole Indian Association circulated a petition supporting the land claim which would be sent to the Florida legislature, the cabinet, Gov- ernor Collins and Congress. An open meeting was held in May at the Hialeah City Hall at which three members of the Governor's committee were questioned by the Indians, their attorney and white friends. 35 A salient point was the fact that the Indians had not yet seen the full committee report and had not been consulted in its preparation. As a result of the mounting pressure, in June the Florida legislature voted to set aside 143,400 acres of Everglades land for Indian use. Although there had been little or no official communication between the reservation or official Seminole tribe and those living away from the reservations, Commissioner of Indian Affairs Emmons was able to arrange a meeting in Miami at which most of the Florida Indians were represented. On November 15, 1959, members of the Board of Directors of the Seminole Tribe of Florida and the Miccosukee Tribal Council met at the Everglades Hotel. The only Indians not represented at the session were those living in the area near Naples known as the "Traditional Indians." Without much heated discussion and a firm desire to settle a serious problem displayed by all, it was resolved that the reservation Indians would assert full control on the Federal reservations leaving the Miccosukees in control of all activities on the Area Three 143,620 acres. 36 Such control of the area by the Miccosukee council was in variance with a proposal submitted by Max Denton and Van Fergu- son, Director, Trustees Internal Improvement Fund, who wanted the Tribal Council of the SeminoleTribes to have direct jurisdiction over the land. Evidence that Governor Collins was not swayed by the action of the legislature was disclosed at a hearing of the Seminole Indian problems by the Board of Commissioners of State Institutions held on November 17 in Tallahassee. Present at the meeting were leaders of the two Indian groups, Bureau of Indian Affairs officials and white friends of the In- dians including Robert Mitchell, Bertram Scott and Mrs. Evelyn Har- vey. First, Emmons pledged that theOffice of Indian Affairs would offer technical assistance but that the U nited States government did not want The Florida Indians 45 to create any more federal reservations at this time. Collins replied that he did not think anything could be settled in the meeting because all types of legal questions could arise concerning land and the state was limited in action. Miccosukee Howard Osceola pointed out that the Indians had no claim against Florida, but both Indian groups had agreed that the state Indian land would be managed by the Miccosukees. Collins questioned the Indians as to possible use of the land and brought out the fact that little research on land had been done by the Indians. "In the first place," he concluded, "we haven't any legal authority to convey this land or set it up in any irrevocable trust ... we do not have the authority to control the use of it and we can grant certain license and use and privileges." 37 Collins, refusing to abide by the decision of the November 15 meeting referred the matter back to the citizen's committee for further study. By April 5, 1960, the Board of Commissioners of State Institutions voted to make available 143,620 acres in Flood Con- trol Area Three to all the Indians for traditional use. Yet, because some of the necessary paper work was not completed, the Attorney-General ruled that it was not binding. 38 Although the land remains under full control by the State of Florida today, the Indians have been granted a few privileges in the area. The release of surplus water from flood stor- age lands to the north make it difficult for even the deer and other wild life to survive during the rainy season. When Leroy Collins left the office of the governor on January 3, 1961, he had achieved some limited success in assisting the Indians. The problems in dealing with the Miccosukee group and their attorneys, who could place liens upon land and initiate lawsuits against the state, forced the state officials who really wanted to help the Indians into a situation which prevented any affirmative action that benefitted the Miccosukee Council. Although denied use of the 143,000 acres, in the 1960's the federal government would recognize the Miccosukees as a separate group. They would also be given use of some land by the National Park Service and the State of Florida, and have a separate school system and cultural center. Finally, in 1970, they began a contract relationship with the Bureau of Indian Affairs by which the government gave them funds to pay for the schools and self-government. When their attorney, F. Bobo Dean, initiated a lawsuit for the involved land, the State of Florida and the Indians agreed to a settlement of $975,000 for the land claim, 265,800 acres with hunting, fishing and living privileges, and 76,800 acres for a federal reservation, when approved by Congress. 46 TEQUESTA

NOTES 1. For a brief view of the Seminole post Indian Wars period see Harry A. Kersey, Jr. "Those Left Behind: The Seminole Indians of Florida," in Walter L. Williams ed. Southeastern Indians Since the Removal Era (Athens, 1979) 174-192. 2. For an excellent description and evaluation of the state reservation see Roy Nash "A Survey of the Seminole Indians of Florida," Senate Document 314, 71 Congress, Session 3, (Washington, 1931), 57-59. 3. Arrell M. Gibson, The American Indian: Prehistory to the Present, Lex- ington, Mass., 1980), 551. 4. Robert Mitchell, Seminole Indians Association of Florida to Governor Daniel McCarty, August 31, 1953, Administrative Correspondence, Governor Dan McCarty and Acting Governor Charley Johns, 1953-54. Box 26, Register 102, Series 569, Florida State Archives, hereafter cited as M and J, FSA; Mrs. N. R. Johnson, Friends of the Seminoles to Charley Johns, November 9, 1953, M and J, FSA; Termination of Federal Supervision Over Certain Tribes of Indians, Joint Hearing Before the Sub-Committee of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, 83rd Congress, second session, on S.2747 and H. R. 7321, Part 8, Seminole Indians, Florida (Washington, 1954), passim. 5. Morton Silver to Charley Johns, June 10, 1954, M and J, FSA. 6. Minutes of Board of Commissioner of State Institutions, December 20, 1955 hereafter cited as Minutes. 7. Ibid. 8. March 20, 1956, Minutes. 9. Report to the Board of Commissioners of State Institutions and to the Trustees of the Internal Improvement Fund, May 29, 1956. Governor Leroy Col- lins, Administrative Correspondence 1955-56, Register 102, Box 19, Series 776-A Florida State Archives, hereafter cited as Collins Correspondence. 10. October 16, 1956, Minutes. 11. October 30, 1956, Report of Director of Committee, Minutes. At the same time Denton was being appointed, Bertram D. Scott, executive director of the Seminole Indian Association of Florida nominated Fred Montsdeoca for the position. Montsdeoca, who had nearly twenty years of experience in dealing with the Indians, would have probably been a better choice. Bertram D. Scott to Governor Leroy Collins, October 30, 1956. 12. Collins to Marmon, December 21, 1956, Collins Correspondence. 13. Harry Smith to Denton', December 18, 1956, Collins Correspondence. 14. Denton to Board of Commissioners of State Institutions, no date, Collins Correspondence. 15. Denton to Board of Commissioners of State Institutions, July 19, 1957, Collins Correspondence; the reservation Indians had adopted a constitution in August, 1957. 16. Minutes, Board of Commissioners of State Institutions, July 30, 1957, Collins Correspondence. 17. Minutes of Protest Meeting, July 27, 1957, signed by C. E. McLane, Director, Airboat Association of Florida, Collins Correspondence. 18. Erwin to Denton, November 1, 1957, Collins Correspondence. 19. Hyde to Van Ferguson, Director, Trustees Internal Improvement Fund, November 14, 1957, Collins Correspondence. 20. Denton and Ferguson to Collins, December 16, 1957, Collins Corre- spondence. 21. Don Livingstone to Collins, November 6, 1958, Collins Correspondence. The Florida Indians 47

22. LaVerne Madigan, "A Most Independent People - A Field Report on Indians in Florida," Indian Affairs (April, 1959), 5. 23. Annex K, Miccosukee Papers, National Anthropological Library, Smithsonian Institution. 24. Ingraham Billie et al to Collins, October 25, 1956, Collins Correspondence. 25. Elliott to Ingraham Billie et al, November 7, 1956, Collins Correspondence. 26. Executive Council Miccosukee Indians to Eisenhower, September 20, 1958, Distribution of Semnole Judgement Funds, Hearing before the United States Senate Select Committee on Indian Affairs, S 2000 and S 2188 95th Congress, 2nd Session (Washington, 1979), 205-26. 27. Emmons to Howard Osceola, October 17, 1958, 58-14773 Bureau of Indian Affairs, Box 286, File 163050 Record Group 75, Federal Records Center, Suitland, Maryland. 28. Livingstone to Collins, November 6, 1958, Collins Correspondence. 29. Denton to Board of Commissioners of State Institutions, November 20, 1958, Collins Correspondence. 30. Silver to Executive Council, November 10, 1958, Collins Correspondence. 31. Chairman Grady L. Crawford to Collins, February 16, 1959, Collins Correspondence. 32. Executive Council to Collins, February 10, 1959, Collins Correspondence. 33. Executive Council to Collins, February 23, 1959, Collins Correspondence. 34. Tampa Tribune, March 5, 1959; Miami Herald, March 5, 1955. 35. Hialeah-Miami Springs Journal, May 21, 1959. 36. Minutes of Special Board of Directors Meeting, Everglades Hotel, Miami, Florida, November 15, 1959, B/A, SM. 37. Typed version, tape transcription of meeting held November 17, 1959, Collins Correspondence. 38. Tampa Tribune, July 31, 1977. The Development of The Overseas Highway

By Alice Hopkins

_1 As early as the 1850s, there was talk of a railroad to Key West. South Florida's first S representative to Congress, Senator Stephen R. Mallory, tried to gain support for the project, stressing the strategic location of Key West as "America's Gibraltar." 2 This was an idea whose time did not come until Henry Morrison Flagler, patron millionaire of Florida arrived on the scene. By 1896, his Florida East Coast Railway had reached I Miami. Flagler, more than anyone else, was /responsible,$ for the development of the east Scoast of Florida as a vacation paradise. He was not content, however, with quiet con- ,_,-_ templation of his past achievements. In 1902, - at the age of 72, he commissioned preminar, surveys south of Miami with the ultimate objective of extending his railroad to the most southern point in the United States - Key West. One route under consideration went from Homestead across the Everglades to Cape Sable on the southwest tip of the Florida mainland, then across 33 miles of open water to Big Pine Key and on to Key West. 3 After careful consideration and following the advice of his engineers, Mr. Flagler decided to build the railroad to take advantage of the entire stretch of the 30 islands from Key

Alice Hopkins is a graduate student in history at Florida Atlantic University. The Development of the Overseas Highway 49 Largo to Key West. He reportedly sought reassurance that the job could be done from his vice president, Joseph Parrott. Upon receiving an affirmative reply, Flagler gave the famous order, "Very well, then go ahead. Go to Key West." 4 Why would anyone, even one with seemingly unlimited funds, desire to build a railroad across thirty islands and over seventy-five miles of open water? What motivated Flagler to sponsor such a gigantic undertaking? There are many reasons offered. Key West was a thriving metropolis. Until 1890, it was the most populated city in Florida. It had the deepest harbor south of Norfolk, Virginia.5 The Spanish American War had intensified interest in Cuba and the Caribbean with attention focused on Key West and its strategic location as "America's Gibraltar." Perhaps the most practical reason from an economic point of view was the building of the Panama Canal in 1903. American interest in the Caribbean greatly increased and Key West would be a natural base for protecting the eastern side of the Canal.6 Finally, credit must be given to Flagler's flair for "doing great things." Perhaps he saw the eventual completion of this unique railroad as a "grand climax to all his other developments." 7 What- ever the motivating force was behind Flagler's decision, he never wav- ered in his dedication to finish the railroad through to Key West. Construction spanned a period of seven years (1905-1912). Ma- terial was shipped in from all over: cement from Germany, steel from Pittsburgh, lumber from northern Florida and Georgia, and gravel from Cuba." Six thousand men came to work on the railroad from all parts of the world. According to E. H. Sheeran, general superintendent, a large percentage of them came from New York City's "Skid Row." The men were paid $1 for a ten hour day.9 Besides handling thousands of tons of steel and concrete, they also dug 20,000,000 cubic yards of rock, sand, and marl for embankments."~ All of this gruel- ling labor was mostly done without benefit of modem machines or horsepower of any kind.

"Except for the very early days, not a horse or a mule or a -wagon or a motor car was employed in the construction between the mainland of Florida and Key West."'' At least, after suffering through three devastating hurricanes (1906, 1909, and 1910) and the loss of some 700 lives, the track was through to Key West. On January 22, 1912, 20 days after his 82nd birthday, Henry Flagler rode the first train into Key West. The city 50 TEQUESTA went wild in its celebration of at last being connected to the mainland. Representatives from France, Italy, Brazil and Guatemala attended the ceremonies. The United States delegation included senators, congressmen, generals and admirals. 12 A contemporary account of the festive scene is, furnished by the Miami Herald: "The city is flooded with people; it is bedecked with bunting and colors. Its splendid harbor is floating war vessels of many nations, and its people are overjoyed and enthusiastic over the coming of the railroad, the realization of their dream of years. Their hearts are open to the world. They are going to do themselves proud."13

The glow was soon replaced by cold, hard facts. After World War 1, Key West began to lose the importance once given it as a strategic harbor and tourist attraction. Tourists just "passed through" on their way to Cuba. Hurricanes damaged the sugar industry and labor problems further contributed to the growing depression. The sponge and cigar-making industries moved away; the real estate boom of the twenties showed little interest in the Keys. By 1934, 80% of the residents of Key West were on relief!14 In the meantime, Flagler's crowning achievement was turning into "Flagler's Folly." The Key West Extension of the Florida East Coast Railway never made a profit. During the 1920s, mortgage bonds were issued to raise money for expansion. By 1929, however, the F.E.C. freight income was not enough to meet the payments on these bonds. By 1931, the revenue from freight hauled was down 400% from 1926!' 5 In August of 1931, the F.E.C. went into receivership. Facts and figures could no longer be denied, according to a report on the feasibility of abandoning several branches of the Florida East Coast Railway to "reduce operating expenses without reducing revenue."16 All of the reasons for abandoning the Key West extension were good ones: There was scarcely any local traffic, in either freight or passengers. There was far less agricultural development than ten years previously. It was expensive to maintain and was constantly exposed to storms. Exports from Cuba were far less important than during World War I. The new "sea train"from New Orleans to Havana was hurting business, as was the luxury steamship service from New York to Havana. In 1930, the operating loss for the Key West Exten- sion was $344,000.00 and an even larger deficit was predicted for 1931!' 7 It was sad but unfortunately true: "The Overseas Railroad The Development of the Overseas Highway 51 had been engaged for sometime with the chore of carrying nothing to nowhere for nobody."' 8 The decision to abandon or not to abandon the Key West Ex- tension was made not by the Board of Directors but by fate in the form of the hurricane of 1935. This was a killer storm which plunged baro- meters to 26.350, the lowest reading ever recorded on land. The exact toll of human lives would never be known. Almost half of those known dead were part of the group of disillusioned veterans of World War I known as the Bonus Army. In 1934, the federal government decided to send some 700 of these troublesome veterans to Ft. Jefferson in the Dry Tortugas, 63 miles west of Key West. They were to clean up the old fort which was to be an historic monument. 19 The government soon realized this was too small a job for so many workers. The vets were re-routed to three camps in the vicinity of Islamorada to work on the highway being built parallel to the Key West Extension. These luckless veterans were caught in the center of the approaching storm. When the decision was finally made to get them out, it was already past 2:00 p.m. on Labor Day. Holiday traffic and a series of unfortunate mishaps caused one delay after another as the rescue train slowly made its way down from Miami. At last, through pounding wind and rain, the train reached Islamorada at 8:20 p.m.20 The terrified veterans made a mad dash for the cars. Five minutes later a 20 foot tidal wave slammed into the train. Only the engine, weighing 106 tons, remained upright. The devastation was almost total with heavy loss of life and property. Not a single stick remained of the railroad station and the buildings around it. Ten miles of Keys lay in utter destruction. It was not unitl the next day that the first rescue boats got through to Matecumbe Key from Key West. Early eye-witness accounts listed the dead or missing at 119 civilians and 327 veterans. 2' The final toll would never be known.* The employees of the Florida East Coast Railway who manned the rescue train knew they were risking their lives in their efforts to reach the stranded veterans. They were saved, huddled inside the engine, but their railroad, Flagler's pride and joy, was gone forever. Over 40 miles of railroad track between Key Largo and Key Vaca were destroyed. Six miles of track had disappeared completely (two miles

*One of the first rescue workers to reach the ravaged area was Ernest Hemingway. He expressed the outrage many rescuers fell as he later wrote: " ... the veterans had been sent there; the/ had no opportunity to leave . . . and they never had a chance for their 7 lives. '- 52 TEQUESTA of which later washed up at Cape Sable). Nineteen miles of track were washed completely off the roadbed. Embankments built over stretches of shallow water were gone, and the natural water openings were back as a result of the tidal wave. 23 The damage estimate was $3,000,000. 24 The country was in the middle of the Depression. Application for a $3,000,000 loan to repair a losing railroad line was not regarded fa- vorably by bankers or officials of the Reconstruction Finance Corpo- ration. 25 The Key West connection was not really needed as freight traffic to Havana was being handled through Miami and Port Ever- glades. There was one glimmer of hope: "There is vague talk that the state of Florida might take over the old right of way, use it to build a continuous automobile road down the Keys. Unless it does so, Key West, the last jewel inserted in the Flag- ler crown of empire, is liable to become a ghost city, reverting to sand and sea."26 This "vague talk" concerning an overseas highway had started long before 1935. In 1917, a bond issue in Monroe County provided $100,000 for the construction of "trails" on Key Largo and Big Pine Key, a bridge between Key West and Stock Island and a short road on Stock Island. 27 This early construction emphasized the need for more roads. No further action was taken, however, until 1922. Then, a $400,000 bond issue was voted to build a highway from Key West to Sugarloaf Key, roughly 17 miles. There was no market for these bonds as the interests of Key West and Monroe County were at odds. In the eyes of Monroe County officials, a $400,000 road through the lower Keys was seen as too expensive for such an undeveloped area. Instead, the two governing bodies agreed on another bond issue of $300,000. This would extend the highway south from Key Largo to Lower Matecumbe and connect Key Largo to the mainland on the north. 28 Work began in August, 1923, to connect Key Largo with the mainland through a series of six small bridges and one long bridge between Barnes and Card Sound.* Construction continued slowly in spite of the adverse effects on the bond market of the real estate bust in the mid twenties. In 1927, the Florida legislature granted approval for Monroe County to finance the building and operating of three ferry boats between Lower Matecumbe and No Name Key -- a forty mile *This wooden bridge over Card Sound was condemned in 1944, and construction began on a new one in 1968. 21 The Development of the Overseas Highway 53 stretch of mostly open water.30 In January, 1930, a road was finished on Grassy Key which separated this stretch into two water gaps of approximately fourteen miles each. 31 On January 25, 1928, the road from Key Largo to Key West was officially opened. Called a "magnificent gesture" and the "dream of the century," 32 it still took eight hours to complete the trip, of which four hours were spent on the ferry boat. Monroe County was in debt for over $4,000,000 and still had no bridges to span the long gaps of open water! With the country heading into a deepening depression, there was no money left to bridge the water gaps between Lower Matecumbe Key and No Name Key. The state of Florida took over the job of maintenance of the highway except for the rickety wooden bridges in the lower keys. For these ramshackled affairs, the state refused to assume responsibility. In 1933, the state legislature created the Overseas Road and Toll Bridge District with power to sell bonds to finish the highway and "to build, operate, and maintain a toll road between Lower Matecumbe and Big Pine Key." 33 Actual progress was slow, and money remained extremely tight. In 1935, the histories of the Overseas Highway and the Over- seas Railway became one. The Labor Day hurricane had hit the weakest, most vulnerable spot. of the railroad. Estimates to repair the destroyed embankments ran into millions of dollars. 34 Even if a loan could be secured, it would seem like throwing good money after bad. Passenger service to Cuba was being handled very smoothly out of Miami. Plus, Pan American Airlines now had a special plane service between Miami and Key West. The day of the Overseas Railway had passed; that of the Overseas Highway had barely begun. The Toll Bridge Commission saw its chance when the F.E.C. decided to abandon the shattered Key West Extension. The opportunity would have been lost if the federal government, specifically the Public Works Administration, had not supplied the money. The P.W.A. approved a loan of $3,600,000 to finish the highway. In 1936, the Toll Bridge Commission purchased 122 miles of right-of-way "from Florida City to Key West for $640,000 and cancellation of $300,000 in state, city and county taxes." 35 The history of the road to Key West had come full circle. Once again there was a determined effort to link the southernmost city to the mainland. Once again men labored through the Keys, this time on an Overseas Highway. But this time it was public money supporting the project instead of private, and this time the workers 54 TEQUESTA could follow where someone else had led. Henry M. Flagler had a life-long penchant for doing a job right. John D. Rockefeller recognized this trait very early in their partnership: "He (Flagler) believed we should do the work as well as we knew how . . . that everything should be solid and substantial . .."36 "Solid and substantial" would certainly describe Flagler's railroad bridges over the Keys. No less than six hurricanes between 1905 and 1935 failed to damage any of the concrete viaducts of the 34 bridges. 37 All of the steel structures had been carefully maintained, cleaned and painted. The concrete piers were driven six to ten feet into solid rock. The plain concrete arches were in excellent condition. 3x Since railroad builders had used salt water to mix the plain concrete with such durable results, the chief engineer decided to follow the same formula in the new construction. The plans for construction and conversion of the bridges were prepared by B. M. Duncan, former consulting engineer of the state road department. In 1936, he became the Toll Bridge Commission's chief engineer. According to Mr. Duncan, there were several ways of placing a roadway deck over the existing bridges. "The problem was to obtain an economical design that would suffer the least possible damage from a hurricane." 39 The plan finally adopted called for a flat slab supported by either concrete or timber. The 18 foot railroad bed was widened to 20 feet to allow the passage of two lanes of traffic. The longest bridge in the chain of highways and bridges was, and is, the famous Seven Mile Bridge, then known as Knight's Key Bridge. The Seven Mile Bridge extended over several small islands including the picturesque Pigeon Key. This awesome span had 546 concrete foundation piers -far more than any other bridge in the world. 40 The biggest engineering problem was not caused by the longest bridge, but by the Bahia Honda Bridge, a little less than one mile long. Again, the railroad was only 14 feet across. Spreading the trusses could be done, but the concrete piers would have to be widened. The Bahia Honda Channel, literally "Deep Bay", was the deepest along the entire sweep of the Keys, twenty-four feet at low tide. 41 In building the original railroad bridge, the use of truss spans permitted the foundation piers to be spaced farther apart than were the concrete arches used in the other bridges. Duncan and his crew The Development of the Overseas Highway 55 considered several plans to support a roadway across this bridge. Finally, it was decided to go with two lanes over the top of the steel span. The spans had been designed to handle heavy-duty railroad equipment and were "strong enough to allow for this over the top adaptation." 42 This part of the route provided the most panoramic view of the whole trip as motorists looked down from a highway rising more than 65 feet above the water. 43 On March 29, 1938, the project was finished. Mr. Duncan took justified pride in the fact that over 1,000 men were at work on the highway for nearly 15 months without a single fatality. These men were paid somewhat better than the dollar-a-day railroad workers. Wages ranged from $.80 per hour for heavy equipment operators (for example: crane operators, crusher and drag-line operators) down to $.30 per hour for jobs such as cement handler, guard-rail builder, and cook's helper.44 Toll rates on the new highway were set at $1.00 per car and driver and $.25 per passenger. Trucks were charged between one and four dollars. 45 All tolls were removed in 1954. On March 30, 1938, local headlines once again proclaimed the opening of a Miami-Key West Overseas Highway sans ferry boat ride. Crowds filled the old streets of Key West as residents celebrated yet another opening of a link to the mainland. But the story was not over - no, not yet, for there was work still to be done. Up until 1941, Monroe County was still trying to get the Florida State Road Department to finish the Key West end of the highway along the old F.E.C. right-of-way. Altogether, there still were "more than one hundred miles of narrow, poorly aligned, winding roads on the Keys and many obsolete wooden bridges..."46 With the outbreak of World War II, it became a matter of national security to have a complete highway from the mainland to Key West. On January 20, 1942, a conference was held in Tallahassee between representatives of the State Road Department and the national Public Roads Administration. At this time it was agreed to jointly finance the final completion of the Overseas Highway. 47 So began yet another road-building project through the Keys. This time 89 miles of completely new highway were built. At Florida City the new road followed the abandoned path of Flagler's railroad and cut 17 miles from the alternate route over the Card Sound Bridge.4 8 The old railroad right-of-way was also followed for new road construction between Big Pine Key and Key West. The completion of this phase in the saga of the Overseas High- 56 TEQUESTA way was celebrated in a two day ceremony on May 16 and 17, 1944. Governor Spessard L. Holland presided over the ribbon-cutting ritual first in Key West and then at Florida City. 49 This occasion also marked the "opening of the last line of U.S. 1 running from Kent, Maine to Key West."so Anyone who has ever been behind the wheel on a trip across the old Seven Mile Bridge remembers a feeling of sweaty-palm panic as he carefully maneuvered over that narrow roadway. It was as if one were walking a tightrope, with on-coming traffic on the left and the blue water so close on the right! It is no wonder that by the 1960s, the Seven Mile and the other bridges were considered very substandard in width. 51 In 1977, Congress appropriated $109,000,000 for the purpose of replacing the reconverted railroad bridges with brand new, wider bridges. Plans for the new bridges called for a 36 foot wide roadway including two 12 foot driving lanes and a six foot recovery area on either side. 52 Under the direction of Mr. Jack Mueller, chief construction engineer for the State Department of Transportation, construction began on the north end in 1977. The new project called for the replacement of 37 bridges through the Keys. Congress would provide 70% of the total cost, the State of Florida, the remaining 30% 53 The new Seven Mile Bridge was built using the European process of segmentation. In other words, construction was done in pieces, which were brought to the site and then put together. It is the longest "segmental" bridge in the world. 54 The new Seven Mile Bridge was formally opened to traffic on May 23, 1982.* So the work goes on of building and maintaining the Overseas Highway. It really is a never ending project begun so long ago by Henry Flagler. Now the old railroad bridge - those "marvelous feats of engineering" have disappeared, except for the three most impressive spans. In 1980, Long Key, Bahia Honda, and Seven Mile Bridges were designated by the federal government as historic monuments. 55 Mr. Flagler would be proud. Today as thousands of motorists per day 56 speed down the Overseas Highway, one can almost visualize those long-ago railroad workers at their back-breaking labor and hear the ghost of Henry Flagler ordering, "Go, go to Key West!"

*The Marathon end of the old Seven Mile Bridge has been lefi open to trafficfor access to the University of Miamic' marine biology lab on Pigeon Key. The Development of the Overseas Highway 57

NOTES 1. Map from timetable, Florida East Coast Railway Company, 1 July 1917, Historical Association of Southern Florida. 2. Carlton Corliss, "Building the Overseas Railroad to Key West," Te- questa, V.13, 1953, p. 4. 3. Ibid., p. 5. 4. Ibid., p.6. 5. Ibid., p. 3. 6. Sidney Walter Martin, Florida's Flagler,(Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1949) p. 206. 7. Ibid., p. 205. 8. Earl Adams, "Long Cherished Dream of Overseas Highway Rapidly Shaping into Reality," Miami Herald, 16 May 1937, p. IA. 9. Ibid., p. 12A. 10. Charles Laying, "The Railroad Over The Sea," Trains, V.8: No. I, November 1948, p. 44. I1. Ibid., p. 45. 12. "Henry M. Flagler will see the Culmination of his Crowning Ambition Today in the Opening of the Overseas Ry. to Key West," The Miami Herald, 22 January 1912, p. 18. 13. Ibid. 14. Joan and Wright Langley, Key West - Images of the Past, (Key West: Christopher C. Belland and Edwin O. Swift Ill, Publishers, 1982), p. 51. 15. Capt. V. Roger duPont, "The F.E.C.: Rise, Fall and Resumption," seminar paper, St. Leo College, Florida, November 1977, p. 19. 16. H.N. Roderbough, "Report to General Superintendent and General Freight Agent Re: Official Report to Board of Directors Re: Changes in Physical Plant of the F.E.C.," 21 October 1931, p. 1. 17. Ibid., p. 12. 18. Christopher Cox, A Key West Companion, (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1983), p. 133. 19. Frank W. Lovering, HurricaneBetween, (no publisher noted, 1946), p. 18. 20. Pat Parks, The Railroad that Died at Sea, (Brattleboro, Vt.: Stephen Greene Press, 1968), p. 27. 21. "Disaster: Heroism and Tragedy in Florida's 'Mild Hurrican'," Newsweek, 14 September 1935, p. 12. 22. Ernest Hemingway, "Who Murdered the Vets?", New Masses, 17 September 1935, p. 18. 23. "The Florida Hurricane," Railway Age, 7 March 1936, p. 382. 24. Ibid., p. 383. 25. "Abandoned Keys," Time, 24 February 1936, p. 66. 26. Ibid., p. 67. 27. U.S. Congress, House Joint Resolution #256, "Report of a Survey of Uncompleted Bridges of the Overseas Highway from Key West to the Mainland State of Florida," by Thomas H. MacDonald, 70th Congress, 1st sess., 16 May 1928. 28. R. Hodges Mardon, "Key West Touches Hands with Mainland in One Magnificent Gesture ---The Oversea Highway," The Key West Citizen, 25 January 1928, p. 7B. 29. "Notes - Overseas Highway, Barnes-Card Sound Route," Florida Collec- tion, Monroe County Public Library, Key West, Florida. 30. Mardon, "Key West Touches Hands . .." p. 7B. 58 TEQUESTA

31. B.M. Duncan, "Overseas Railroad Becomes a Highway; Revamping Thirteen Miles of Bridges to Handle Auto Traffic," Civil Engineering, V.8: No. 6, June 1938, p. 393. 32. Mardon, "Key West Touches Hands .. ," p. 7B. 33. Duncan, "Overseas Railroad Becomes a Highway .. .," p. 395. 34. "The Florida Hurricane," p. 381. 35. Baynard Kendrick, Florida Trails to Turnpikes, (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1964), p. 139. 36. Martin, Florida's Flagler, p. 48. 37. Duncan, "Overseas Railroad Becomes a Highway .. ," p. 395. 38. Ibid. 39. Corliss, "Building the Overseas Railroad .. ," p. II. 40. Ibid. 41. Kendrick, Florida Trails to Turnpikes, p. 150. 42. Adams, "Long Cherished Dream of Overseas Highway ... ," p. 1 IA. 43. U.S. Works Progress Administration, "Administrative Order No. 39," 25 February 1936. 44. Duncan, "Overseas Railroad Becomes a Highway ... ," p. 397. 45. Kendrick, Florida Trails to Turnpike, p. 145. 46. hbid. 47. Ibid., p. 146. 48. Lovering, Hurricane Between, p. 22. 49. Kendrick, Florida Trails to Turnpike, p. 149. 50. Ibid., p. 150. 51. Interview with Jack Mueller, Florida Department of Transportation, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, 22 July 1985. 52. Ibid. 53. Ibid. 54. Ibid. 55. Interview with Robert Ogletree, Florida Department of Transportation, Miami, Florida, 24 July 1985. The Log of the Biscayne House of Refuge

By Dr. Thelma Peters

INTRODUCTION

In the 1978 Tequesta, Dr. Thelma Peters shared an excerpt from the Biscayne Bay House of Refuge's log with our readers. Space limitations prevented the entire log from being presented. This continuation of the log begins on April 10, 1900, and ends on January 15, 1903. As with the 1978 edition, space limitations prevent reproduction of the entire log. To quote the 1978 article, "Entries are chronological and have been selected with an eye for historical significance and/or possible reader interest. Misspellings have been left but an occasional capital or comma has been supplied."

During the summer of 1900 the keeper, William H. Fulford,had become increasingly ill and on August 18 left the station in the care of a temporary keeper, Ludwig H. Hovilsrud. Fulford with his wife had been at the station for ten years. He was from North Carolina and had been a sea captain before moving from New Smyrna to Sta- tion Five.

April 10, 1900 Keeper much better. Feaver broken. Mr. Roberts came over to stay with me. Keeper went to Lemon City to consult Dr. Apr. 11, 1900 Mr. Roberts left for his home in Lemon City this morning. Aug. 5, 1900 Ten years ago today I came to the station as keeper.

Dr. Thelma Peters is a charter member of the Historical Association of South- ern Florida and the author of Lemon City, Biscayne Country and Miami 1909. 60 TEQUESTA Aug. 16, 1900 Mr. Ludwig Hovilshrud came to station and relieved me temporarily. I am unwell and need treatment, previously reported. Aug. 18, 1900 At 11 A.M. keeper left station being able to do duty longer. [signed] Ludwig H. Hovilsrud, temporary keeper Sept. 10, 1900 District Supt. inspected property by inventory and informed acting keeper as to his duties. Received from Captain C. A. Abbey inspector one anchor 30 lb in good order and two rolls of screens. Sept. 11, 1900 District Supt. still at station in order to drill acting keeper more thoroughly. Keeper Fulford at station from 9:30 A.M. to 3 P.M. and with Supt. corrected receipt books, finishing them to date. Sept. 13, 1900 Practiced signals from 8 - 9 A.M. Continue making a new mast for the supply boat. Taking out the old broken mast and carried it up to the house. Sept. 17, 1900 Practiced signals. Placing the flag pole in a vertical position which was bent over in the last storm. Also putting planks crossways at the bottom near the surface of the ground, nailed them in place, so as to make it stay. Sept. 18, 1900 Painting iron cots and the woodwork on the grindstone. Sept. 24, 1900 Trying moving boathouse back to the right position, which was leaning to the south, but could only move it 3". Put braces on to protect it from further damage. Sept. 25, 1900 Making a good room for the paint, oil, cans and different things, by closing in with boards all around the bench in the boathouse. Oct. 1, 1900 Practiced signals 9 - 10 A.M. Finished the table for the boathouse and painted the same. Keeper Captain W. H. Fulford came to station at 5 P.M. Oct. 2, 1900 Keeper left station at 8:30. Temporary keeper helping him move The Log of the Biscayne House of Refuge 61 some of his property down to the landing, which was left here. Pre- paring a room for painting by taking down shelves, taking out nails and filling holes with putty. Oct. 3, 1900 Have been down the bay sailing this afternoon for the purpose of drying the sails quickly after the last rain. Oct. 12, 1900 Started for the post office this morning at 6 a.m. Returned half ways on account of appearance of heavy rain from SW which came very suddenly before I got to the landing. Practiced resuscitation. Oct. 18, 1900 Being patroling the beach. Made a small flag pole for the signal flag. Oct. 20, 1900 Being on the look out for wrecks. At 5 P.M. the surf was very rough and high. The surf making up under the house but no damage was done. Oct. 23, 1900 Started to make sand bags as ballast for supply boat. Nov. 1, 1900 Went to post office at 8 A.M. Returned at 1 P.M. Received tele- gram from H. B. Shaw with order to go at once to Oslo where further order would await me. At the same time got letter from H. B. Shaw to see the keeper Capt. W. H. Fulford about getting a good man in my place at the station. Received letter at the same time from keeper W. H. Fulford, with order to get Mr. B. E. Curry in my place. I got Mr. B. E. Curry with me at once. Nov. 2, 1900 Temporary keeper Mr. L. H. Hovilsrud left the station at 4 A.M. in charge of Mr. B. E. Curry. B. E. Curry went with L. H. Hovilsrud to Lemon City and returned at 10 A.M. [signed] B. E. Curry, temporary keeper Nov. 3, 1900 Cleaning house and working on road from the house to the landing.' Nov. 21, 1900 Working on boat to see if I can stop it from leaking. 62 TEQUESTA Nov. 26, 1900 Left the station at 7 A.M. and went to Lemon City for paint and oil from the east coast railway and returned 11:30 A.M. Dec. 1, 1900 Walked the beach 2 miles each way and partly painted one room. Dec. 21, 1900 Went to the post office at 9 A.M. Received one book list of mer- chant vessels of the United States 1900 from H. B. Shaw. Jan. 4, 1901 Went to Lemon City to the depot and received one wheel barrow from H. B. Shaw. Jan. 6, 1901 Wm. H. Fulford keeper came to the station Saturday evening and staid overnight and left this morning for his home. Feb. 4, 1901 Very large whale seen off the station. It looked to be 70 ft. long. Feb. 5, 1901 Very large steamship off the station 3 P.M. Came near getting ashore. I just had time to make a signal. Captain seeing it kept off about East, then blew three times and went off. I think it was a foreign ship. Mar. 1, 1901 Saving some lumber that is drifted on the beach for the use of the station. May 23, 1901 Repairing the broken chairs. June 15, 1901 Raining all the week not able to do anything. Sept. 19, 1901 Working on the station helping to block it up on its foundations. Sept. 24, 1901 Working on the station helping to block it up and get it on rollers. Sept. 26, 1901 Working on the station night and day to get it on a foundation to keep the sea from washing it away. A heavy sea undermined the chimney and washed it down and broke a hole in the roof. The Log of the Biscayne House of Refuge 63 Oct. 1, 1901 Working on the station getting it ready to move. Oct. 3, 1901 Lifting the station to get it ready to put on rollers. Oct. 4, 1901 Working on the station all day and part of the night to get it on rollers. Oct. 6, 1901 Worked on the station and moved it in about fifty feet. 2 Oct. 9, 1901 Working on the boathouse getting it ready to put on rollers to move it. Oct. 12, 1901 Finished moving the boathouse today and blocking it up in its place. Oct. 18, 1901 Working on the station. Moved it about 25 feet today. Oct. 19, 1901 Got through moving the house at 11:30. Now blocking it up, taking the rollers from underneath it. Oct. 21, 1901 Working around the station digging trenches for a foundation. Oct. 22, 1901 Working moving the water tank. Oct. 24, 1901 Working on the tank house, moving it in its place, blocking it up. Left the station at 3:30 P.M. to take Capt. Shaw and the mule across to Lemon City. Oct. 26, 1901 Carpenters working on the station putting up a foundation. Oct. 30, 1901 Finished putting the foundation under the dwelling and gone to work putting the foundation under the boat house. Nov. 2, 1901 Carpenters working fixing up the kitchen and putting lattice work around the building. 64 TEQUESTA Nov. 28, 1901 Driving the hoops down on the tank. Took one off and cut it and put it back on. Dec. 6, 1901 This A.M. Mr. Curry left the station taking all his property with him and leaving me in charge. As there had been no provisions by anyone in authority I proceeded to Miami to our Dist. Supt. Shaw who instructed me to remain in charge. [signed] W. C. Kemper, acting keeper Dec. 24, 1901 A launch brought lumber and carpenters today. They will com- mence work tomorrow. Dec. 26, 1901 Carpenters ceiling veranda. Four more carpenters came this morning making six in all. Dec. 28, 1901 Carpenters working on tank house, ceiling veranda, and building a new way to boat house. Put new floor in kitchen. Dec. 31, 1901 Carpenters working on addition to kitchen, fixing steps and putting up moulding. Jan. 4, 1902 Carpenters about finished. Chimney topped out. Took Mr. Woodworth to Lemon City. Jan. 23, 1902 Cleaning and burning brush. W. L. Kemper, acting keeper. Feb. 3, 1902 I was at Miami this morning and Mr. Kemper came from the station with all his things in the boat and turned boat over to me at 11:30 A.M. and told me I could go and take charge of the station, that he would not wait any longer. Name of substitute - B. E. Curry Feb. 9, 1902 Keeper absent on account of sickness. 3 Name of substitute B. E. Curry Feb. 10, 1902 Name of substitute C. J. Yates Taken charge of House at 6 A.M. Carried Mr. Curry to Lemon The Log of the Biscayne House of Refuge 65 City and went on to Miami. Got my family and returned at 3:30 P.M. Feb. 11, 1902 Am sunning all the blankets and mattresses and cleaning up the house generally. Feb. 27, 1902 Painting some on house today and planted flower bed in border around one side of house. March 22, 1902 Painting lattice work around cistern and scrubbing kitchen and dining room. Mar. 25, 1902 Two boys came over to the beach today from Lemon City and their boat left them. They came up to the house and stayed overnight. I took them back across the bay the next morning. Mar. 28, 1902 A fish boat came in from the bay with sail torn to pieces and remained here overnight. 2 men on board. I gave them beds and 2 meals, helped them mend their sails and they returned to Miami. Mar. 29, 1902 Putting new screens in some of the doors and cleaning house inside. Cleaning up the yard around the house. Apr. 1, 1902 One large steamer tried to pass inside of buoy today at 10:30 going south. I put up I.D. flag. She immediately turned her course and went outside of buoy. The direction she was going would soon have put her on the banks. Apr. 4, 1902 A party of 10 people came to the house today to get water and rest. They were from Miami. Apr. 5, 1902 A young man named Sturgis came over from Miami to go in surf bathing and after coming out said he felt very badly and stayed overnight. During the night I heard him struggling and I went to his room and found him with an epileptic fit. I applied the usual remedies and brought him around all right. He went back to Miami today. Apr. 6, 1902 Gen. Gordon and party came over from Biscayne to station today. Got water from cistern. 66 TEQUESTA Apr. 17, 1902 Heavy rain and hail storm this afternoon. Apr. 21, 1902 Went to Miami today and returned at 4 o'clock P.M. Received word from Capt. H. B. Shaw Dist. Supt. engaging me as keeper in charge of this station in place of Capt. W. H. Fulford who received his discharge on account of sickness. Apr. 24, 1902 Visitors from Miami today Mr. and Mrs. Bennett Mrs. Adams Miss Louise Bennett Mrs. Hassell Mr. and Mrs. Brice Mrs. Rutherford Mrs. McAlaster and son Mr. Brickle All went in the surf. Apr. 26, 1902 Visitors4 Mrs. W. M. Burdine Miami Mrs. L. E. Hill Mrs. Fred Kronowitter Mrs. V. A. Rutherford Miss Helen F. Burr Little River Miss Clarissa Stone Miami Miss Sadie Kolb Mr. and Mrs. Peter F. Boyce Chicago, Ill. D. E. Stocking [?] Miami Mr. Stockman [?] Miami Miss Maud Coahman, Miami Miss Florence Frederick Miami Miss Lucy Collier [?] Miss Willie Colier [?] Miss Grace Rader Miss Rosalin Quarterman Miami Miss Belle Blackman E. V. Blackman W. S. Miller Columbus Ohio Miss Mamie Gamble, Jacksonville Mrs. H. C. Walton Lady Lake, Fla. C. E. Mc Lean, Leesburg, Fla. Joe Frier Little River Corah Freeman The Log of the Biscayne House of Refuge 67 Rebecca Freeman A. C. Wolf Birmingham, Ala. Miss Kate Wolf Grandview, Tenn. Miss Annie Wolf J. B. Merritt and wife, Lemon City M. J. Parsons, Denver, Colo. Josephine Parsons " " O. D. Markley, Cincinnati, Ohio Bessie Sligh Miami Agnes Sligh Daisy Sligh Jacksonville Fraser McHook Gainesville Mr. Gasper Ind. Mr. J. C. Sawyer Grand Rapids, Mich. Mr. W. J. Williams McRae, Ga. Miss Mona Smith Cleveland May 1, 1902 A party of 30 were prevented from visiting the station today on account of low water. May 2, 1902 Mr. and Mrs. R. C. Roome and W. G. Roome on Yacht Roomy Jersey City, N.J. May 4, 1902 A small sail boat going to Boynton from Miami came ashore this morning at 9 o'clock with sick man aboard. He came ashore and I gave him some medicine which relieved him. Boat went on and left him here. His name is Hamp Streggle Phelps [?]. He lost his shoes overboard and I gave him 1 pr. brogue shoes and 1 pr. wool socks and took him to Lemon City. May 13, 1902 A picnic party of col. people numbering about 200 came to station today and got water. May 17, 1902 Mrs. Comstock Madame Trybom Mrs. Walter S. Graham Miss Haslett May Worley Miss Gunilla Sjostrum Harold Graham 68 TEQUESTA Harold Sjostrum Jno. Allen all of Miami July 15, 1902 Went to Miami to vote in the primary election. July 25, 1902 A small schooner came ashore to get the time and some fresh water this afternoon. Hailed from Palm Beach and bound for Elliotts Key. July 29, 1902 Went to Miami today to take my family over to the Jubilee celebration. July 30, 1902 Went over to Miami and about the time was ready to start back took a chill and high fever. Had to remain overnight but sent my son over to take care of the station. Aug. 1, 1902 Returned from Miami early this A.M. after fever went off and found station all O.K. Sept. 28, 1902 Mr. Tatum and party came over from Miami today. Also a party from Little River. Oct. 20, 1902 One small schooner came ashore today for provisions and water. Said they left Palm Beach 6 days ago bound for Miami. Nov. 14, 1902 Six Indians are camping with us tonight. Nov. 27, 1902 Mr. Norton and party Lemon City James Pent and party Lemon City C. Hughes and party Miami All came over and spent day. Dec. 25, 1902 Joseph Thrift party F. Gillett party Deughase party [DesRochers] The Log of the Biscayne House of Refuge 69 Dec. 27, 1902 A party of fishermen came to the house from the bay side at midnight and said they were about frozen. I gave them lodging and they went away Sunday morning. Temperature at sunrise 38. Jan. 15, 1903 Capt. A. H. Johanson arrived this A.M. to take charge of station.

(This concludes Part I or the first 20 years of the log.) To be continued . .

NOTES 1. Curry made a daily entry of a line or two but with little variation: "walking beach," "painting," "cleaning house." 2. The Miami Metropolis, Oct. 18, 1901, reported that high tides had undermined the House of Refuge and made it necessary to be moved "across the ravine on the west to a high ridge." 3. Captain William Fulford was still official keeper. According to a Miami Metropolis story about the town of Fulford, April 26, 1901, Fulford was living in his "pleasant home" and was the "efficient" postmaster of Fulford. 4. This list is apparently in the handwriting of the guests. Many other lists were in Keeper Yates' hand. On two occasions as many as 96 persons came to the station in one day. Only a few of the visitors are given here. The station appeared much less "social" under Yates' successors. 70 TEQUESTA

LIST OF MEMBERS

Members of The Historical Association of Southern Florida enjoy a full variety of benefits which include free admission to the Museum, subscriptions to the three Museum publications, Tequesta, Update, and Currents, invitations to special events, use of the Research Cen- ter and the Archives, discounts on purchases at the Museum store, and discounts on educational and recreational programs. Each membership category offers the benefits outlined above, plus additional gifts and privileges for the higher levels of support.

Membership revenues primarily cover the costs of the benefits provided, educational programs, special exhibitions and daily operations of the Museum. The membership listing is made up of the names of those persons and institutions that have paid dues since August 1985; those who joined after November 1, 1986 will have their names in the 1987 Tequesta.

CATEGORIES OF MEMBERSHIP

Fellows $500.00 (and up) Corporations and Foundations $500.00 (and up)

Life (no longer available) Benefactor $250.00 Sponsor $100.00 Donor $ 50.00 Family $ 35.00 Individual $ 25.00 Institutional $ 20.00

Any changes in the level or listing of Membership should be reported to the membership office at 375-1492.

Honorary Life Membership is voted by the Board of Trustees to recognize special service to the association. The symbol ** indicates Founding Member; the symbol * indicates Charter Member. List of Members 71

LIFE M.R. Harrison Construction Franklin, Mr. Mitchell Alpert, Mr. Maurice D. Ryder, Mr. & Mrs. Ralph B., Jr.

HONORARY LIFE *Waters, Mr. Fred M. Jr. Withers, Mr. James G. Withers, Mr. Wayne E.

FOUNDATIONS Biscayne Foundation Ruth & August Geiger The J.N. McArthur Foundation Dade County Council of Foundation Southeast Banking Arts & Sciences The Graham Foundation Corporation Foundation

CORPORATE MEMBERS Arvida Disney Corporation Ernst and Whinney Plantation Sysco The Babcock Company Florida Power and Light Price, Waterhouse & Baptist Hospital Arthur Gallagher & Company Company Barnett Bank of Miami, N.A. General Development Racal-Milgo, Inc. Blackwell, Walker, Fascell & Corporation Ryder System, Inc. & Hoehl The Graham Companies Sears Roebuck and Company Burdines Department Stores Hialeah Hospital Southern Bell Burger King Corporation InterAmerica Investment, Inc. South Miami Hospital CenTrust Savings Bank Knight Ridder Corporation Spillis Candela and Chase Federal Savings Ladex Corporation Partners, Inc. and Loan M-Bank Stadler Corporation Church & Tower of Mershon, Sawyer, Johnston, Sun Bank/Miami, N.A. Florida, Inc. Dunwody and Cole Terremark, Inc. Coconut Grove Bank Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Trenam, Simmons, Kemker, Consolidated Bank Fenner and Smith Scharf, Barkin, Frye & Cordis Corporation The Miami Herald O'Neill Deloitte, Haskins and Sells The Miami News United National Bank of Doctors Hospital Morgan, Lewis, Bockius Miami Drexel, Burnham, Northern Trust Bank Wometco Enterprises Lamber, Inc. of Miami Arthur Young and Company Eisner and Lubin Norwegian - Caribbean Lines

FELLOWS Aberman, Mr. & Mrs. James Collier, Ms. Beth Harris, Mr. & Mrs. Marshall S. Ajamil, Mr. & Mrs. Luis Colson, Mr. & Mrs. William Harrison, Mr. & Mrs. John C. Sr. Anderson, Ms. Marie Corlett, Mr. & Mrs. Haverfield, Mrs. Shirley Anderson, Dr. & Mrs. Edward S. III Hector, Mr. & Mrs. Robert C. William W. Corson, Mr. & Mrs. Allen Hicks, Mr. William M. Batten, Mr. & Mrs. James K. Curry, Miss Lamar Louise Hills, Mr. & Mrs. Lee Battle, Mr. & Mrs. Davis, Mr. & Mrs. James L. Huston, Mrs. Tom Benjamin, B. Jr. Earle, Mr. & Mrs. William G. Kanner, Mr. & Mrs. Lewis M. Bermont, Mr. & Mrs. Peter L. Easton, Mr. Edward W. Katz, Mr. & Mrs. Michael Bierman, Mr. & Mrs. Donald I. Erickson, Mr. Douglas Kenny, Mr. & Mrs. James J. Britton, Dr. & Mrs. Leonard Ezell, Mr. & Mrs. Boyce F. III Kislak, Mr. & Mrs. Jay I. Cesarano, Mr. & Mrs. Fitzgerald, Dr. & Mrs. Knight, Mr. & Mrs. C. Frasuer Gregory M. Joseph H. Korth, Mr. & Mrs. James E. Chapman, Mr. & Mrs. George, Dr. & Mrs. Phillip T. Kyle, Mr. Alan Alvah H. Jr. Graham, Mr. & Mrs. LaFontisee, Mr. Louis L. Jr. Cole, Mr. & Mrs. Carlton W. William A. Laurence, Mr. Kenneth R. 72 TEQUESTA

Lawrence, Mr. & Mrs.Norman Noriega, Ms. Lamar Stewart, Dr. & Mrs. Earl Lopez, Dr. & Mrs. Ray Norman, Dr. & Mrs. Harold G. Spencer Lowell, Mr. & Mrs. Jack Ostrenko, Mr. & Mrs. Stewart, Dr. & Mrs. Franz Jr. Lynch, Mr. & Mrs. Witold Jr. Stewart, Dr. & Mrs. Franz Sr. Stephen A. III Pappas, Mr. & Mrs. *Tebeau, Dr. Charlton W. Mank, Mr. & Mrs. R. Layton Theodore J. Toms, Mr. & Mrs. Gerald Marmer, Mr. Syddney Parks, Ms. Arva Moore Trainer, Mr. Monty P. Matheson, Mr. & Mrs. Parks, Mr. Robert L. Traurig, Mr. & Mrs. Robert Finlay B. Payne, Mr. & Mrs. R.W. Jr. Trochet, Dr. & Mrs. Jean A. Matheson, Mr. & Mrs. Pero, Mr. & Mrs. Joseph H. Jr. Vergara, Dr. & Mrs. George L. Finlay L. Prunty, Mr. & Mrs. John W. Voelter, Mrs. Karl E. Matteson, Mr. Arnold C. Pryor, Dr. & Mrs. T. Hunter Warren, Mr. & Mrs. McCrimmon, Mr. & Mrs. C.T. Read, Mrs. Bess B. Lewis G. Jr. McLamore, Mr. & Mrs. James Rebozo, Mr. C.G. Webb, Mr. & Mrs. Mead, Mr. & Mrs. D. Richard Robinson, Mr. Edward J. Dennis L. Mensch, Dr. & Mrs. Joseph Roller, Mrs. G. Philip Weitz, Mr. & Mrs. Michael Merrill, Mr. & Mrs. Slack, Mr. & Mrs. Ted C. Wiseheart, Mr. & Mrs. James C. III Smiley, Mrs. Charlotte S. Malcolm Jr. Mesnekoff, Mr. & Mrs. David Smith, Drs. Clarence E. Wolfe, Dr. & Mrs. S. Anthony Molinari, Dr. & Mrs. Robert L. & Camile Wolfson, Mr. Mitchell Jr. Morrison, Dr. & Mrs. Glenn Smith, Mr. & Mrs. John E. Woodruff, Mr. & Mrs. Robert Moss, Mr. Ed Soman, Mr. & Mrs. William D. Younts, Mr. & Mrs. David Nordt, Dr. John C. Ill Stein, Dr. & Mrs. Lawrence E. Zwibel, Dr. & Mrs. Howard

BENEFACTORS Peacock, Henry B. Jr. Shapiro, Ms. Phyllis A. Pennekamp, Mr. Tom Sonnett, Mr. & Mrs. Neal R.

SPONSORS Abess, Mr. & Mrs. Leonard Davis, Mr. Hal D. *Herin, Judge & Mrs. Abitol, Mr. Andre Davis, Mr. & Mrs. Frank C. William A. Adams, Mr. Larry H. DeCarion, Mr. George H. Highleyman, Ms. Daly Adler, Mr. & Mrs. Dellapa, Mr. & Mrs. Gary Hollinger, Mrs. Barbara Samuel I. Dowlen, Dr. & Mrs. L.W. Jr. Hornstein, Mrs. Norene Ansin, Toby Lerner Dresser, Mr. & Mrs. Huff, Dr. Prudence Apthorp, Mr. & Mrs. William G. Hunter, Dr. & Mrs. Burke M. James W. Duncan, Mr. & Mrs. James Hunter, Dr. Caroline B. August, Mr. & Mrs. DuPuch, Sir Etienne OBE Jaffe, Dr. Jonathan Ravid Leslie J. Ellenburg, Mr. & Mrs. Jinks, Claire & Larry Averill, Mr. Joseph James C. Jude, Mr. James & Bardi, Mr. & Mrs. Bruno Evoy, Mr. & Mrs. Bill Mrs. Sallye Barkell, Mr. & Mrs. William Fields, Dorothy J. Keen, Mr. & Mrs. George H. Beam, Mr. Frank L. Fogg, Mr. Stephen M. Keller, Mr. Bruce A. Ben-Moleh, Dr. Josef Friedman, Mr. Arnold S. Kienzle, Mr. Carl R. Bingham, J. Reid Gallagher, Mr. & Mrs. Klein, Mr. Norman S. Black, Mr. & Mrs. Hugo Robert Jr. Kleinberg, Mr. & Mrs. L. Jr. Glinn, Mr. & Mrs. Howard Broad, Mrs. Mary Ellen Franklyn B. Kniskern, Mr. & Mrs. Brown, Mr. & Mrs. Jack N. Goldberg, Mr. Bruce Kenneth F. Clark, Mrs. Kathryn L. Goldstein, Mr. & Mrs. B.B. Kreisberg, Mr. & Mrs. Irving Cleveland, Dr. John Q. Jr. Goodman, Mr. & Mrs. Lawrence, Mr. Joseph M. Crow, Mr. & Mrs. Lon Jerrold F. Leake, Martin & Joan Worth Jr. Greenfield, Mr. & Mrs. Leo Leiva, Mrs. Maria Camila Daniel, Mr. & Mrs. Hansen, Mr. William M. Levine, Mr. & Mrs. Arthur R. William A. Jr. Hemmings, Mr. & Mrs. Levy, Mr. & Mrs. Harry Danielson, Mr. J. Deering Arthur Lewis, Mr. & Mrs. Robert L. List of Members 73

Martinez, Dr. & Mrs. Plumer, Richard B. Straight, Dr. & Mrs. Milton E. Poe, Mr. Frank William M. Masvidal, Mr. & Mrs. Raul P. Postlethwaite, Ms. Nina Stuart, Ms. Helen Maxted, Mr. & Mrs. F.J. Jr. Rassel, Mrs. Greta L. Sweeney, Mrs. Edward C. McCammon, Mr. & Mrs. Ratner, Nat Swenson, Mr. & Mrs. Robert Rawls, Mr. & Mrs. Edward F. Jr. McGonigal, Mr. & Mrs. Edward K. Jr. . Taft, Mr. Richard A. Richard M. Rosselli, Mr. Francesco Taylor, Mr. Mitchell A. Merritt, Mr. & Mrs. W.C. Rutter, Mr. & Mrs. Thatcher, Mr. John Meyer, Mr. & Mrs. Jack L. Nathaniel III Vazquez, Mrs. Olga Mizell, Mr. Earl S. Schwartz, Mr. & Mrs. Stanley Vega, Mr. & Mrs. Joe Molina, Mr. & Mrs. Luis Shay, Mr. & Mrs. Roger D. Wien, Mr. & Mrs. Leonard Moritz, Ernest & Claudette Sherry, Mr. & Mrs. Wood, Mr. & Mrs. Munroe, Mrs. Wirth M. Lawrence R. Warren C. Sr. Oliver, Dr. & Mrs. Shevin, Mr. & Mrs. Robert *Woore, Mrs. A. Meredith Robert M. Jr. Shula, Mr. & Mrs. Don Wragg, Mr. Otis 0. III Oren, Dr. & Mrs. Mark E. Smith, Mr. & Mrs. Samuel L. Yates, Mrs. Eunice P. Padron, Dr. Eduardo J. Stearns, Mr. Gene Esq. Yost, Mr. Roger L. Pawley, Mrs. William D. Steinberg, Mr. Alan W. Zeppa, Dr. & Mrs. Robert Pettigrew, Mr. & Mrs. Stollon, Ms. Heidi Zolten, Dr. & Mrs. Robert A. Richard Storer, Mrs. Peter

DONORS

Abraham, Ms. Norma Davis, Mr. & Mrs. Darrey Godwin, Mr. & Mrs. Elby A. Adams, Mr. & Mrs. James R. Davis, Mr. Roger Barry Goldman, Dr. & Mrs. Adelman, Ms. Helen W. de Castro, Mr. & Mrs. Lloyd S. Adler, Dr. Robert M. Raymond Goldwyn, Dr. Robert H. Albrecht, Mr. & Mrs. Dinnerstein, Ms. Jeanne Gonzalez, Mr. & Mrs. Mario Seymour Dotson, Mr.& Mrs. Harry H. Goodson, Mr. & Mrs. Alterman, Mr. Sidney Dowdell, Mr. & Mrs. S.H. William M. Jr. Ammarell, Mr. John S. Downs, Mr. Howard Goosen, Mr. & Mrs. Anllo, Mr. Bill Dunan, Mr. & Mrs. Geo V.R. Frederick D. Arend, Mr. Geoffrey Eaton, Judge & Mrs. Joseph Grafton, Mr. & Mrs. Barber, Mr. & Mrs. Gilbert Edison, Mr. & Mrs. Mike Edward G. Bavly, Mr. & Mrs. Harry D. Ehrhard, Mrs. Harriett Graham, Mr. & Mrs. Behrmann, Mr. & Mrs. Embry, Mr. & Mrs. Tally William E. John M. Ericson, Mr. Arthur E. Grant, Hazel R. Billings, Mr. & Mrs. Jim Espindola, Mr. Robert Grier, Ms. Helen R. Black, Mr. Leon David Jr. Fabelo, Mr. & Mrs. Gutierrez, Ms. Maria B. Blumberg, Mr. & Mrs. David Humberto Guyton, Dr. & Mrs. Bogis, Mr. & Mrs. Gilbert S. Feltman, Dr. & Mrs. Robert Thomas B. Bomar, Mr. & Mrs. Thomas Fitzgerald, Mr. & Mrs. Hancock, Mrs. Cis Bowker, Mr. & Mrs. Willard Jr. Hanley, Mr. & Mrs. Peter Gordon R. Forman, Mr. & Mrs. Hardin, Dr. Henry C. Jr. Brown, Mr. & Mrs. DennisW. Lawrence S. Harrison, Mr. & Mrs. Brown, Mr. & Mrs. James K. Gaby, Mr. & Mrs. Donald C. John C. Jr. Camps, Mr. & Mrs. Carlos R. Ganguzza, Mr. & Mrs. Harvelle, Mr. & Mrs. Bill Canovas, Mrs. Mirtha Joseph H. Hawa, Mr.& Mrs. Maurice B. Chardon, Roland E. Gardner, Mrs. Dick B. Hawkins, Mrs. Roy H. Cogswell, Mr. & Mrs. T.J. Gardner, Mr. & Mrs. Heath, Mr. & Mrs. Collins, Mr. & Mrs. Donald F. Bayard E. William H. Garner, Dr. & Mrs. Helms, Ms. Patricia Cooper, Mr. & Mrs. Mike Stanley G. Helsabeck, Ms. Rosemary E. Corson, Ms. Ruth D. Georgeff, Mr. & Mrs. Hertz, Mr. Art Crump, Mr. & Mrs. C.C. James M. Hipps, Mrs. T.F. Curtis, Mr. & Mrs. Donald Gerace, Mrs. Terence Hodges, Mr. & Mrs. Daum, Mr. & Mrs. Phillip Gibson, Mr. David Richard E. 74 TEQUESTA

Hoffman, Mr. & Mrs. McCreary, Ms. Jane Saffir, Mr. & Mrs. Herbert Stuart K. McGilvray, Mr. & Mrs. Fred Samberg, Mike & Ruth Hooper, Ms. Irene Upshaw McKey, Dr. & Mrs. Sarafoglu, Dr. & Mrs. Horacek, Mr. & Mrs. Robert M. Jr. Theodore Frederick W. McMinn, Mr. John H. Schenkman, Mr. & Mrs. R. Howe, Mrs. Helen DeLano Meyerhoff, Mrs. Beatrice Schuh, Mr. & Mrs. Robert P. Irvin, Dr. & Mrs. George Misleh, R.G. Scott, Ms. Martha M. L. III Moore, Mr. & Mrs. Richard *Shaw, Dr. Martha L. Jefferson, Dr. & Mrs. Moore, Mr. Richard W. Shouse, Ms. Abbie H. Thomas W. Morris, Mr. & Mrs. David M. Simon, Mr. & Mrs. Edwin O. Jimenez, Mr. Juan Moynahan, Mr. John H. Smith, Mr. & Mrs. Samuel Joffre, Dr. & Mrs. John Murray, Mr. John M. Smith, Mr. & Mrs. Johnson, Mr. Hal R. Jr. Murray, Mrs. Mary Ruth William H. Jr. Jollivette, Mr. & Mrs. Myers, Ms. Ruth Dowell Stirrup, Ms. Edeane W. Cyrus M. Natiello, Dr. Thomas A. Sutton, Mr. & Mrs. William Jones, Dr. & Mrs. James R. Needell, Dr. & Mrs. Thomas, Mr. & Mrs. Jordan, Ms. Sandra A. Mervin H. Marshall M. Jorgenson, Mr. & Mrs. Nelson, Mr. John E. Thomson, Mr. & Mrs. Parker James R. New, Mr. & Mrs. Edwin E. Thorndike, Mr. & Mrs. Junkin, Mr. & Mrs. John Newman, Mr. & Mrs. Richard K. E. Ill Frank D. Thorpe, Ms. Jean M. Kahn, Donald Newport, Ms. Carol Tierney, Mrs. Joy Kehoe, Mr. Joseph M. Norton, Dr. Edward W. D. Troner, Dr. & Mrs. Kellner, Mr. Stewart C. Osborn, Mrs. Nancy Michael B. Kistler, Mr. Robert S. Pancoast, Ms. Katherine F. Tunstall, Mr. & Mrs. Jack L. Kraslow, Mr. David Parnes, Dr. & Mrs. Vaughan, Mr. & Mrs. Lauer, Mr. & Mrs. John F. Edmund 1. William J. Lazarus, Mr. & Mrs. Peck, Mr. George W. Jr. Venable, Drs. Henry & Murray L. Pepper, Hon. Claude Susan Krauter Leesfield & Blackburn, P.A. Peskie, Mr. & Mrs. Walfish, Mr. & Mrs. Richard Lehman, Mr. Richard L. Theodore A. Wall, Mr. & Mrs. Sidney Leigh, Mrs. Charles N. Pierce, Mr. J.E. Warner, Mr. & Mrs. Leonard, Mr.& Mrs. Pither, Mr. & Mrs. Allan L. Jonathan Michael J. Post, Ms. Amelia M. Warren, Dr. & Mrs. Richard Litt, Dr. & Mrs. Richard E. Reglinski, Mr. Joseph F. Webb, Mr.& Mrs. WilliamA. London, Mr. & Mrs. Reininger, Steve & Weisberg, Mr. & Mrs. I. Edward Lynn Dunheisser Maxwell L. Long, Mr. & Mrs. James D. Rice, Mr. & Mrs. Ralph E. Weiss, Mr. & Mrs. MichaelN. Losak, Mr. & Mrs. John Righetti, Dr. & Mrs. Thomas Whalin, Mr. Michael J. Ludwig, Mr. & Mrs. Sidney Risi, Mr. & Mrs. Louis J. Jr. Williams, Mr. & Mrs. MacDonald, Mr. & Mrs. Roach, Patrick and Carol William M. Robert Rodriguez, Mr. Raul Wills, Mr. James Mack, Mr. & Mrs. James L. Root, Mr. & Mrs. Arnold S. Wimbish, Mr.& Mrs. PaulC. Maingot, Dr. & Mrs. Roser, Aliz A. Winston, Mr. & Mrs. Michael Anthony P. Ross, Ms. Aileen R. Witz, Mr. Joseph Malone, Mrs. Katherine Rossi-Espaguet, Mr. G. Wolfe, Mr.& Mrs. Gregory B. Marti, Mr. Tony Rowell, Mr. Donald Woods, Mr. & Mrs. John P. Matheson, Mr. R. Hardy Rubin, Mr. & Mrs. Wright, Mr. & Mrs. Mathews, Mr.& Mrs. J.F. III Herman P. James A. III McCormick, Mr. & Mrs. Ruiz, Mr. & Mrs. Jose M. Wyllie, Mr. & Mrs. Stuart S. C. Deering Sadymont, Mr. & Mrs. Wynne, Mr. James R. McCormick, Mr. & Mrs. Walter A. Zdon, Mr. & Mrs. Joseph Robert F. Paul Jr.

FAMILY Abbott, Mr. & Mrs. Henry F. Abrams, Mr. & Mrs. Kenneth Adams, Mr. & Mrs. John L. Abess, Mr. Allan T. Jr. Acle, Mr. & Mrs. Eduardo P. Adams, Mr. & Mrs. Steven D. Abrams, Mr. & Mrs. Harvey Adams, Mr. Andrew D. Jr. Admire. Mr. & Mrs. Jack G. List of Members 75

Agha, Mr. & Mrs. Abdul Aye, Mr. & Mrs. Charles Benowitz, Mr. H. Allen Aibel, Mr. & Mrs. Harold Ayer, Mr. & Mrs. H.E. Jr. Benson, Mr. & Mrs. Aixala, Mr. & Mrs. Angel M. Baer, Mr. & Mrs. Ken Richard C. Aizenshtat, Mr. & Mrs. Bailey, Mr. & Mrs. Berch, Mr. & Mrs. George R. Melvin Charles W. Berg, Mr. & Mrs. Akerman, Mr. & Mrs. John Baker, Ms. Darlene H. Randall C. Jr. Albl, Mr. & Mrs. David E. Baker, Mr. & Mrs. John W. Berger, Mr. & Mrs. A. Alexander, Mr. & Mrs. Baker, Mr. & Mrs. Leonard A. Berke, Mr. & Mrs. Michael A. Gary D. Baker, Mr. & Mrs. Robert M. Berkowitz, Mr. & Mrs. Don Aljure, Mr. & Mrs. Rene Baker, Ted & Liz Berndt, Ned & Lynda Stone Allen, Mr. & Mrs. Charles Baker, Mr. & Mrs. Terry Berns, Mr. Neil D. Allen, Mr. & Mrs. Gary L. Ball, Mr. & Mrs. Rod C. Bernstein, Ms. Berta G. Allenson, Mr. & Mrs. Ballard, Mr. & Mrs. Robert Bernstein, Mr.& Mrs. A. Bruce Herbert E. Banbury-Campeau, Ms. Berrin, Mr. & Mrs. Ray Allington, Mr. Gary Beulah Berryman, Mr. & Mrs. Tom Allsworth, Mr. & Mrs. E.H. Bander, Mr. & Mrs. Michael Bertrand, Mr. & Mrs. Alspach, Dr.& Mrs. Bruce W. Banks, Col. & Mrs. Richard Etienne R. Alter, Mrs. Patricia Barber, Mr. & Mrs. Earl Beveridge, Mr. & Mrs. J.A. Aly, Mr. & Mrs. Douglas B. Barkdull, Mr. Thomas H. Jr. Beyer, Dr. & Mrs. Robert H. Amery, Mr. & Mrs. Sean A. Barker, Douglas & Sandra Bienenfeld, Mr.& Mrs. Jerome Anderson, Mr. Chris Barkett, Mrs. Sybil Bigelow, Mr. & Mrs. John H. Anderson, Mr. & Mrs. Barnes, Dr. & Mrs. George W. Biggers, Mr. & Mrs. Douglas Cromwell A. Barnes, Mr. & Mrs. Leslie O. Billman, Mr. George B. Anderson, Mr. & Mrs. Duane Barnhill, Mr. & Mrs. Binkerd, Mr. Edward Anderson, Mr. & Mrs. John Lester R. Birk, Mr. & Mrs. Richard T. Anderson, Mr. & Mrs. John E. Baros, Mr. & Mrs. Evans E. Birmingham, Mr. & Mrs. Anglin, Mr. Bruce Barrow, Mr. & Mrs.JamesW. Eugene Anguish, Mr. & Mrs. Don Barrs, R. Grady Bjorkman, William & Apgar, Mr. & Mrs. Ross Barry. Mrs. Matrina E. Pam Winter Arango, Mr. & Mrs. Joseph Barton. Mr. George Blackard, Mr. & Mrs. David M. Arango, Mr. & Mrs. Richard Basch, Mr. Gustavus Blackburn, Mr. & Mrs. Arboleda, Ms. Cynthia Bass, Mr. & Mrs. Allan Ira Elmer E. Arboleya, Mr. Carlos J. Bass, Dr. Robert T. Blackburn, Mr. & Mrs. Arch, Mr. & Mrs. Ted Baumann, Ms. Grace E. Robert Jr. Archer, Mr. Edward M. Baumberger, Mr. & Mrs. Blair, J. Armbrister, Mr. & Mrs. Charles H. Blake, Mr. & Mrs. Alvin M. Thomas S. Baumel, Mr. & Mrs. Ray Blake, Mr. & Mrs. Tim Armstrong, Mr. John D. Baumgartner, Mr. & Mrs. Blanck, Mr.& Mrs. BernardG. Arnold, Mr. & Mrs. Richard Gary L. Blanco, Mr. & Mrs. Jose Alan Baxter, Ms. Jo Blaney, Mr. & Mrs. Paul H. Arnold, Mr. & Mrs. Robert Beach, Mr. & Mrs. Berton E. Blechman, Dr. & Mrs. W.J. L. Jr. Beales, Mr. & Mrs. Blikre, Mr. Wayne C. Aronson, Mr. & Mrs. Alan John H. Jr. Bloom, Mr. & Mrs. Sam Aronson. Mr. & Mrs. Beck. Mr. & Mrs. Allen M. Bloom, Mr. & Mrs. Sy Albert M. Beckham, Mr. & Mrs. Blount, Mr. & Mrs. Arrington, Ms. Viviana James K. David N. Jr. Arsenault, Mr. & Mrs. Paul Beckwith, Mr. & Mrs. Bludworth, Mr. & Mrs. Ashmore. Mr. & Mrs. Clive M. David H. Charles J. Beels, Mr. Robert Blue, Mr. & Mrs. Ted Athan, Mr. & Mrs. Peter Beer, Mr. & Mrs. Albert J. Bluestein, Mr. & Mrs. Harold Arkins, Judge & Mrs. Beiser, Dr. & Mrs. Blum, Mr. Henry C. Clyde Seymour Z. Blumenthal, Mr. & Mrs. Ed Atkins, Ms. Lorna Bell, Mr. Paul Boldrick, Mr. Samuel J. Atlass, Mr. & Mrs. Alvin Benbow, Mr. & Mrs. John R. Bolton, Dr. & Mrs. John Atwill, Mr. Rick Sr. Bendler, Mr. & Mrs. Fred A. Bonsignore, Ms. Victoria August, Mr. & Mrs. Benitez. Mr. & Mrs. Daniel Boozer, Mr. James M. Arthur J. Bennett, Mr. & Mrs. Borovay, Mr. & Mrs. Stuart Avant, Mr. & Mrs. John L. Robert W. Borroto, Mr. & Mrs. Wilfredo Averbook, Mr. & Mrs. Bennett, Dr. & Mrs. Bowen, Mr. & Mrs. Arthur Daniel Z. William F. Bowen, Mrs. R. 76 TEQUESTA

Bradley, Mr. & Mrs. Campbell, Mr. & Mrs. Cleveland, Mr. & Mrs. William B. Edward J. Charles D. Brady, Mr. & Mrs. Daniel T. Campbell, Mr. & Mrs. Jack Cline, Mr. Stephen Brake, Mr. & Mrs. Robert M. Campbell, Mr. & Mrs. John W. Coates, Misses Nelle& Beatrice Brand, Mr. & Mrs. Raymond Canner, Mr. & Mrs. Gary Cobb, Mr. Charles E. Jr. Brantley, Mr. & Mrs. Bill Canova, Mr. & Mrs. John Codina, Mr. Armando Braswell, Mr. Julian H. Cantens, Mr.& Mrs. AgustinJ. Cody, Dr. Wanda R. Braverman, Mr. & Mrs. Arthur Cantor, Dr. & Mrs. Ronald Coffey, Mr. & Mrs. D.W. Breder, Jackie C. & Robert Capen, Mr. & Mrs. Richard Coffman, Mr. & Mrs. Wallace Breit, Charles E. Caplinger, Mr. & Mrs. Richard Cohen, Mr. & Mrs. George Brewer, Ms. Charlotte Cappelli, Mr. Joe Cohen, Mr. & Mrs. Martin Brewer, Mr. & Mrs. Tom F. Caprio, Mr. & Mrs. Tony Cohen, Dr. & Mrs. Stanley Bright, Mr. & Mrs. Bruce Carasa, Mr. & Mrs. Antonio M. Cohen, Mr. & Mrs. Stanley L. Brody, Mr. Alan C. Card, Mr. & Mrs. James Cold, Mr. & Mrs. Ronald F. Bronson, Mr. Daniel B. Cardenas, Mr. & Mrs. Al Coleman, Mr. & Mrs. Brooke, Mr. & Mrs. Peter M. Carey, Wesley and Ute C. Randolph Brookner, Mr. & Mrs. Lester 1. Carlson, Mr. Art Collier, Mr. & Mrs. Richard Brosnan, Mr. & Mrs. Jan L. Carlton, Mr. Michael E. Collins, Mr. & Mrs. Terence Brown, Mr. & Mrs. Bert S. Carman, Mr. & Mrs. Gary Colodny, Mrs. Lou Anne Brown, Mr. & Mrs. Bradford E. Carmichael, Dr. & Mrs. Lynn Colsky, Mrs. Irene Brown, Mr. J.J. Carnesoltas, Ms. Ann-Maria Comras, R. Brown, Mrs. Lynne A. Carpenter, Mr. & Mrs. Larry Connally, Ms. Ileana L. Brown Mr. Roger Carpet, Mr. & Mrs. A.K. Connolly, Mr. & Mrs. James A. Brown, Mr. & Mrs. Ronald B. Carr, Mr. & Mrs. A. Marvin Connor, Mr. & Mrs. Browne, Mr. Robert B. Carr, Mr. & Mrs. Robert S. Edmund A. Brownell, Mr. E.R. Carreker, Mr. James Connor, Dr. & Mrs. Morton Brumbaugh, Mr. & Mrs. Carrera-Justiz, Mr. & Mrs. Connor, Mr. & Mrs. Terence G. John M. Ignacio Conover, Mrs. Trudy W. Bryant, Marjorie & Franklin Carroll, Drs. Laurence & Conroy, Mr. & Mrs. John Buchbinder, Mr. & Mrs. Mark Geneviene Conte, Mr. & Mrs. Alexander Buchsbaum, Mr. & Mrs. Fred Carroll, Mr. & Mrs. Mark M. Cook, Mr. & Mrs. John Buhler, Mr. & Mrs. Jean Emil Carter, Mr. & Mrs. Cook, Mr. & Mrs. Robert F. Buhrmaster, Mr. & Mrs. Beverly R. 11I Cook, Mr. & Mrs. William F. Norman Carter, Mrs. Celia M. Cool, Mr. & Mrs. Stephen E. Burns, Mr. M. Anthony Cary, Mr. Robert C. Cooney, Mr. & Mrs. Burt, Mr. Al Cast, Mr. & Mrs. Robert B. Thomas G. Burton, LeLand Jr. Castro, Ms. Rose Cooper, Mr. & Mrs. Marc *Burton, Col. & Mrs. Cataruzolo, Mr. Tom Coords, Mr. Robert H. Robert A. Jr. Caulder, Mr. & Mrs. Mark Corenblum, Mr. & Mrs. Alvin Bush, Mr. & Mrs. Burt Chamberlain, Mr. & Mrs. T. Coslett, Mr. & Mrs. Edward B. Bush, Gregory W. & Chandler, Dr. & Mrs. J.R. Costo, Mrs. Louise A. Carolina Amram Chantese, Thoma J. Courtney, Mr. Henry Bush, Louis & Frances Chaplin, Mr. Lee Coverdale, Carol C. Butler, Ms. Diane Chapman, Mr. Arthur E. Coverman, Mr. & Mrs. Hyman Butler, Mr. & Mrs. Donald H. Charney, Dr. Richard S. Covin, Michael & Mildred Butler, Mr. & Mrs. John Chastain, Mr. & Mrs. R.B. Cowling, Mr. & Mrs. John W. Butler, Mr. & Mrs. Joseph Chowning, Mr.& Mrs. John S. Cox, Mr. William L. Butler, Mr. & Mrs. Kenneth A. Church, Mr. & Mrs. David Cram, Mrs. Dawn Butler, Mr. & Mrs. Richard A. Cibula, Ms. Kathy Cross, Mr. & Mrs. J. Alan Buxton, Mr.& Mrs. WilliamL. Cieslinski, Mr. & Mrs. Henry Crout, Mr. & Mrs. Cades, Ralph & Lilli Clapp, Ms. Alyce Norman Ted Caldwell, Mr. & Mrs. Allen G. Clark, Mr. & Mrs. Bruce Cruz, Mr. & Mrs. Marcial F. Caldwell, Mr.& Mrs. Russell L. Clark, Ms. Lydia S. Cullom, Mr. & Mrs. William O. Callander, Mr. & Mrs. Claughton, Mr. E.N. Curtis, Mr. & Mrs. DeVere H. Ralph M. Clay, Mr. & Mrs. Jose E. Cutler, Mr. & Mrs. Leonard B. Cambest, Ms. Lynn M. Clayman, Mr. & Mrs. Landon Dane, Mr. & Mrs. George P. Camp, Mr. & Mrs. S.L. Clayton, Mr. & Mrs. C.G. Dangler, Mr. & Mrs. Earl Campbell, Mr. C. Robert Cleary, Mr. & Mrs. Timothy Daniel, Mr. & Mrs. E. Campbell, Mr. & Mrs. Cleater, Mr. & Mrs. John Daniels, Mr. & Mrs. Dennis M. Clements, Mr. Joey Albert C. Jr. List of Members 77

Dann, Dr. & Mrs. O. Townsend Dunn, Mr. & Mrs. Ray Fine, Mr. & Mrs. Martin Daughtry, Mr. & Mrs. Duntley, Mr. Frank E. Jr. Finegold, Mr. & Mrs. Ira Dewitt C. Dunty, Mr. R.P. Jr. Finenco, Mr. & Mrs. John Davenport, Mr. E.J. Jr. Dunwody, Mr. Atwood Fink, Mr. & Mrs. Richard K. Davidson, Mr. & Mrs. Barry R. Duvall, Mr. & Mrs. Walker Finkelstein, Mr. & Mrs. Alfred Davies, Ms. Christine S. Dyer, Mr. & Mrs. David F. Finkelstein, Mr.& Mrs. Charles Davies, Mr. & Mrs. Ronald Eachus, Mrs. Dolores K. Finlay, Mr. & Mrs. James N. Davis, Mr. & Mrs. E. Duane Eaton, Mr. & Mrs. Joel Fischer, Mr. & Mrs. Frank M. Davis, Mrs. Graciela C. Eckhart, Mr. & Mrs. James M. Fisher, Mr. & Mrs. Dennis F. Davis, Mr. Lew Edgar, Mrs. Richard L. Fishman, Mr. & Mrs. Bruce Davis, Mr. Sam A. II Edwards, Dr. & Mrs. G. C. Fishman, Dr. & Mrs. Davison, Mr. & Mrs. Walter Edwards, Mr. Mike Lawrence M. Day, Mr. H. Willis Jr. Edwards, Newton L. Fishwick, Mr. Joseph Day, Mr. & Mrs. Joel B. Edwards, Mr. & Mrs. Oscar Fitzgerald, Mr. & Mrs. W.J. de Armas, Mr. & Mrs. Idalberto Ehlert, Dr. & Mrs. E.L. Fitzgibbon, Dr. & Mrs. J.M. de Cespedes, Mr. & Mrs. Carlos Eidenire, Mr. & Mrs. Todd Flattery, Mr. & Mrs. de Garmo, Mr. & Mrs. Kenneth Einspruch, Mr. & Mrs. Norman Michael Jr. De Leon, Mr. & Mrs. Oscar Elliott, Kiki McShane Fleming, Mr. & Mrs. Harry D. de Montmollin, Mr. & Mrs. Phil Ellison, Mr. & Mrs. S. James Fleming, Mr. Joseph Z. DeKonschin, Mr. & Mrs. Elsasser, Ms. Ruth B. Fletcher, Mr. & Mrs. Paul Victor E. Elterman, Mrs. Flora Green Flick, Mr. & Mrs. Charles P. Del Pino, Diego anda Carmen Emas, Mr. & Mrs. Marshall Flick, Mr. & Mrs. Willis H. Delgado, Mr. & Mrs. Armando Emerson, Dr. & Mrs. Flinn, Mr. & Mrs. Tom Dendy, Dr. Jack & Mrs. Richard P. Flipse, Donn & Diana Joella C. Good Engel, Ms. Beatrice B. Floch, Mr. & Mrs. Morton H. Detrick, John & Rona Sawyer Entenmann, Mr. & Mrs. Florez, Mr. Leopoldo Deutsch, Mr. Hunt Charles Ford, Richards & Mimi Deutsch, Mrs. M.D. Erickson, Mr. & Mrs. Melville Forman, Mr. & Mrs. Martin Diaz, Mr. & Mrs. Eladio S. Erikson, Mr. & Mrs. Henry B. Foster, Mr. & Mrs. David Diaz, Mr. & Mrs. Odilio Esserman, Mr. & Mrs. Jim Fox, Mr. & Mrs. Emilio Dickerson, Ms. Jane E. Estrella, Mr. & Mrs. Anselmo Fox, Mr. & Mrs. Marvin, A. Dickey, Dr. Robert F. Evans, Mr. & Mrs. Bill Fox, Mr. & Mrs. Spencer Didomenico, Mr. Louis W. Evans, Ms. Greta Fraga, Mr. Ramon J. Diehl, Mr. Joseph R. Jr. Evans, Mr. James D. Frankel, Ms. Linda Diehl, Mr. & Mrs. Ronald F. Evans, Mr. & Mrs. John F. Frankel, Mr. & Mrs. Melvin F. Dietrichson, Mr. & Mrs. Ewald, Mr. & Mrs. Thomas Fraynd, Paul& Linda Sue Stein Richard L. Eyster, Mr. Irving R. Frazier, Mr. & Mrs. Dwight Dison, Ms. Charlotte Fagg, Mr. & Mrs. Arthur Freeman, Mr. & Mrs. Dix, Dr. & Mrs. John W. Fales, Gordon and Donna Stephen Dobson, Mr. & Mrs. Bill Fancher, Mr. & Mrs. Freeman, Mr.& Mrs. William Dombro, Mr. & Mrs. Roy S. Charles E. Jr. Freidin, Mr. & Mrs. Philip Dombrowsky, Mr. & Mrs. Farina, Mr. & Mrs. Joseph P. French, Mr. & Mrs. Richard Alan H. Farkas, Mr. & Mrs. Marshall I. Friberg, Mr. & Mrs. Donelson, Ms. Rachel P. Farrell. John S. & Susana Richard E. Donnelly, Mr. & Mrs. J.F. Fascell, Rep. & Mrs. Dante B. Friedman, Mr. & Mrs. Dorsey, Mr. Michael Faysash, Mr. & Mrs. Gary J. Marvin Ross Doss, Mr. & Mrs. William Feingold, Dr. & Mrs. Alfred Friedman, Mr. & Mrs. Dougherty, Mr. & Mrs. Edward Feldman, Dr. & Mrs. H.T. Richard Dougherty, Mr. & Mrs. Felser, Ms. Fran Frost, Mr. & Mrs. James C. Fennell, Mr. & Mrs. Raymond M. Dowling, Mr. & Mrs. R.B. Thomas A. Jr. Fruitman, Mr. & Mrs. Paul Downs, Mr. & Mrs. R.M. Fernandez, Mr. & Mrs. J.R. Frum, David & Margaret Doyle, Mr. & Mrs. James Fernandez, Mr. & Mrs. John Funk, Mr. & Mrs. Arthur L. Drake, Mr. & Mrs. Robert R. Fernandez, Mr. & Mrs. Rick Gabler, Mrs. George E. Dubitsky, Mr. & Mrs. Ira Ferrando, Dr. Rick Gaby, Mr. & Mrs. Murray Dugas, Mrs. Faye Ferrer, Mr. & Mrs. Jose E. Gale, Mr. & Mrs. Stephen Dumas, Mr. Ernest M. Field, Capt. & Mrs. Benjamin P. Galigani, Mr. & Mrs. Dunbar, Mr. Ron Fierro, Mrs. Mary Ann Richard Dunn, Mr. & Mrs. D. Figuera, Mrs. Mary N. Gallagher, Mrs. Alice Carey Dunn, Mr. & Mrs. R.T. Fine, Dr. Ellen Gallo, Mr. & Mrs. Jorge 78 TEQUESTA

Gallogly, Mr. & Mrs. Goddard, Mrs. Hilda Grodson, Mr. & Mrs. William W. Godfrey, Mary Lou & Guy Anthony G. Gannett, Mr. & Mrs. J. Goeser, Mr. & Mrs. Robert Gross, Mr. & Mrs. Leslie King IV Gold, Mr. & Mrs. David H. Gross, Dr. & Mrs. Stuart Gantt, Mrs. Ruth W. Goldberg, Mr. & Mrs. Harold Grout, Mrs. Elizabeth Garcia, Nereida & Hector Goldberg, Mr. & Mrs. Grover, Mr. & Mrs. Dwight L. Garcia, Mr. & Mrs. Mario G. Michael Grunwell, Mr. George Gardner, Mr. & Mrs. Goldman, Ms. Sue S. Guerra, Mr. & Mrs. Phil Donald Jr. Goldstein, Richard M. Esq. Guilfoyle, Mr. Thomas D. Gardner, Mr. & Mrs. Goldstein, Mr. & Mrs. Robert Gurevitz, Mr. & Mrs. Richard Joseph T. Goldstrich, Mr.& Mrs. Jack Gusman, Mr. Carlos Gardner, Penny & Seymour Goldwebber, Mr. & Mrs. Fernandez Gardner, Mr. & Mrs. Seymour Haas, Mrs. George K. Robert J. Golob, Mr. & Mrs. Martin Hackett, Mr. & Mrs. Robert Gardner, Mr. & Mrs. Gonzalez, Mr. & Mrs. Jose A. Hackley, Mr. & Mrs. Robert W. Gonzalez, Mr. Jose B. Stephen F. Gardner, Mr. & Mrs. William A. Gonzalez, Mr. Ralph Haefele, Mr. & Mrs. Ralph S. Garis, Mrs. Millicent Gonzalez, Mr. Steve Haft, Mr. & Mrs. Richard J. Garland, Mr. & Mrs. James E. Goodman, Mr. & Mrs. Hagerman, Mr. Gary Garvett, Mr. & Mrs. Peter B. Martin B. Hahn, Mr. & Mrs. Jack D. Gaub, Dr. Margaret L. Goodman, Col. & Mrs. Hall, Mr. & Mrs. M. Lewis Jr. Gautier, Mr. & Mrs. Max W. Hall, Mr. & Mrs. Monroe S. Larry P. Jr. Gordon, Mr. & Mrs. Halpert, Dr. E. Stephen Gautier, Mr. & Mrs. Harvey P. Hammond, Dr. Jeffrey Redmond Bunn Gordon, Dr. & Mrs. Mark W. Han, Mr. & Mrs. Gregory Gautney, Mr. & Mrs. Tony Gordon, Mr. & Mrs. Reed Hanafourde, Ms. Lucy Gelabert, Mr. & Mrs. Jose A. Gordon, Mr. & Mrs. Robert Hancock, Mr. & Mrs. Gelber, Mr. & Mrs. Harold Gort, Mr. & Mrs. Willy Eugene A. Gelber, Mr. & Mrs. Seymour Goss, Mr. & Mrs. Roland C. Hancock, Mrs. Frances Gelfand, Mr. & Mrs. Lionel Gossett, Richard & Astrid Hand, Mr. Jeffrey C. Geller, Dr. & Mrs. Edmund A. Gould, Mr. & Mrs. Robert F. Hann, Mr. & Mrs. Robert R. Gelman, Dr. & Mrs. Richard Grad, Mr. & Mrs. Edward Hansen, Mr. & Mrs. Christian Gent, Mr. & Mrs. Patrick Grafton, Mr. & Mrs. Thorn Hantman, Mr. & Mrs. Larry Gentry, Mr. Hugh E. Grand, Dr. & Mrs. Lawrence Hardie, Mr. & Mrs. George George, Mrs. Cherie M. Grant, Mr. & Mrs. Leslie L. B. Jr. Gerson, Mr. & Mrs. Gray, Mr. & Mrs. Maurice Harllee, Mr. John W. Jr. Phillip M. Grayson, Mr.& Mrs. Bruce E. Harrington, Mr. Frederick H. Giegel, Mr. & Mrs. Joseph Green, Dr. & Mrs. Edward N. Harris, Mr. & Mrs. Elliott Gill, Mr. & Mrs. Horace Green, Marcia R. Harris, Mr. & Mrs. Joe Gill, Mr. & Mrs. Richard F. Greenberg, Mr. & Mrs. Allen Harrison, Mr. A.D. Gill, Ms. Shirley Greenberg, Mr. & Mrs. Harrison, Mr. & Mrs. M.R. Jr. Giller, Mr. & Mrs. Ben Murray A. Harrison, Mr. & Mrs. Giller, Mr. & Mrs. Greenblatt, Mr. & Mrs. Ernest William H. Norman M. Greenfield, Mr. & Mrs. Hartman, Mrs. Robin W. Gilmore, Mr. & Mrs. John Arnold M. Hartwell, Mr. & Mrs. James H. Gilstrap, Mr. Mack Greenfield, Mr. & Mrs. Harwitz, Mr. & Mrs. Daniel Ginsburg, Mr. & Mrs. Burton D. Hastings, Mr. Barry G. Robert A. Greenfield, Dr. David Hatfield, Mr. & Mrs. Milton H. Gjebre, Mr. William Greenhouse, Mr. & Mrs. Hathorn, Mr. Donald B. Gladson, Mr. & Mrs. Nathan Hauser, Mr. & Mrs. Howard Guy A. Jr. Greenwood, Mr. & Mrs. Havenick, Mr. & Mrs. Fred Glass, Mr. & Mrs. Reeder Gabriel N. Hayes, W. Hamilton Glatstein, Dr. & Mrs. Phil Greer, Dr. & Mrs. Pedro J. Jr. Haynes, Mr. & Mrs. G.W. Galzer, Teri & Donald Gregory, Mr. & Mrs. Heckerling, Mr. & Mrs. Dale A. Gleason, Mr. & Mrs. Ledford G. Heitzer, Mr. & Mrs. Enrique W. Lansing Griffis, Mr. & Mrs. David N. Heller, Mr. & Mrs. Daniel N. Glucksman, Dr. & Mrs. Griffith, Mr. & Mrs. Heller, Mr. & Mrs. David A. Donald L. Thomas F. Heller, Mrs. Elaine G. Glukstad, Mr. & Mrs. Sig M. Grimm, Rev. & Mrs. Robb Hellman, Mr. & Mrs. James J. List of Members 79

Helmers, Mr. & Mrs. Len Hutson, Dr. & Mrs. James J. Kaplan, Mr. Elliott Henderson, Mr. & Mrs. Jim Huysman, Dr. Arlene Kaplan, Mr. & Mrs. Lawrence Henkin, Dr. Jeffrey Hynes, Ms. Christine Kapusta, Mrs. Eleanor Henry, Mr. Buddy Hynes, Kenneth & Adele Karl, Dr. & Mrs. Robert H. Henry, Mr. & Mrs. Iglesias, Mr. & Mrs. Ray Kasdin, Mr. & Mrs. Neisen Edmund T. Ill Ingrapham, Mr. William A. Jr. Katcher, Mr. Gerald Henry, Mr. & Mrs. William Irvin, Mr. & Mrs. E. Milner III Katsir, Mr. & Mrs. Shlomo Herndon, Kerry & Isen, Mr. & Mrs. Leo Katz, Mr. & Mrs. Hy Nancy Harter Isnor, Mr. & Mrs. Russell S. Katzker, Mr. & Mrs. William Herrera, Mr. & Mrs. Ignacio Issenberg, David & Olga Kaufman, Mr. & Mrs. Alan Hersh, Mr. Barry Jablonski, Ms. Elizabeth Joan Kaufman, Mr. & Mrs. Robert Hertz, Mr. & Mrs. Marvin Jackson, Mr. & Mrs. Kaufmann, Mr. & Mrs. Otto Hesser, Charles & Frederick C. Kay, Mr. Mark W. Lesa Szymanski Jackson, Mr. & Mrs. Kril M. Kayyali, Ms. Susanne S. Hester, Mr. & Mrs. Jackson, Mr. & Mrs. Robert M. Kearney, Mr. & Mrs. Robert T. W. Warfield Jacobs, Mr. & Mrs. Richard Keefe, Dr. & Mrs. Paul H. Hicks, Mr. & Mrs. R.A. Jacobsen, Mr. & Mrs. T.M. Keeley, Mr. Brian High, Mr. Joshua Jacobson, Dr. & Mrs. George Keep, Mr. & Mrs. Oscar J. Hildner, Mr. & Mrs. Frank J. Jacobson, Dr. & Mrs. Jed Kelley, Mr. & Mrs. John B. Hill, Mrs. Lois L. Jacowitz, Mr. & Mrs. Arthur Kelley, Mrs. Marilyn C. Hinchey, Mr. & Mrs. James J. Jaffer, Mr. & Mrs. Harold Kendall, Mr. Harold E. Hinckley, Mr. Gregg James, Dr. & Mrs. Edward M. Kennon, Mr. & Mrs. Hinds, Mr. & Mrs. L.F. Jr. James, Mr. & Mrs. Harry A. Charles L. Jr. Hinkes, Mr. & Mrs. Mark James, Mr. & Mrs. James R. Kenny, Mr. Matthew A. Hirschl, Dr. Andy James, Mr. & Mrs. Ralph M. II Kenyon, Ms. Sue C. Hirzel, Dr. & Mrs. Leon F. III Jamison, Mr. & Mrs. Stanley Kern, Mr. & Mrs. James A. Hobbs, Mr. & Mrs. James C. II Jeffers, Mr. & Mrs. James L. Kessler, Mr. & Mrs. Harold Hoeffel, Mrs. Kenneth M. Jenkins, Mr. & Mrs. Dennis Ketay, Ms. Jennifer W. Hoehl, Mr. John R. Jenkins, Mrs. Mary D. Keusch, Dr. & Mrs. Kenneth Hoepner, Mr. Theodore J. Jensen, Mr. Edward C. Keye, Mr. & Mrs. Charles Hofstetter, Mrs. Ronald Jensen, Mr. & Mrs. John Khoury, Ms. Betty Holcomb, Mr. & Mrs. Johns, Mrs. Denise A. Kiem, Mr. & Mrs. Stanley Lyle D. Jr. Johnson, Mrs. Juanita B. Kilpatrick, Mr. Charles W. Holland, Mr. & Mrs. John Johnson, Mr. & Mrs. Kari King, Mr. & Mrs. Martin K. Holly, Dr. & Mrs. John H. Jr. Johnson, Mr. & Mrs. Terry Kingsley, Rabbi & Holmes, Mr. & Mrs. Steven M. Johnson, Mr. & Mrs. Wallen A. Mrs. Ralph P. Holsenbeck, Mrs. J.M. Joines, Mr. & Mrs. Edgar L. Kinzer, Mayor & Mrs. M. Horwitz, Mr. & Mrs. Roberto Jones, Dr. & Mrs. Albert C. Kipnis, Jerome & Patricia Houghton, Mr. Peter Jones, Mr. & Mrs. Bardy Kirschner, Mr. & Mrs. Morris Howard, Dr. & Mrs. Paul Jones, Mr. & Mrs. Daniel C. Klausner, Mr. & Mrs. Robert D. Howell, Mrs. Dorothy Jones, Mr. & Mrs. E. Darrell Klein, Mr. & Mrs. Gene Howl, Mrs. Martha L. Jones, Mr. & Mrs. James E. Klein, Mr. & Mrs. Harris Hubbard, Mrs. Edgar W. Jr. Jones, Terry & Anne Kluthe, Mr. & Mrs. Harold S. Huber, Mr. & Mrs. Joseph P. Jordan, Mr. & Mrs. Jan Knapp, Mr. & Mrs. Morris Huber, Dr. & Mrs. L.T. Joseph, Mr. & Mrs. Thomas D. Knotts, Tom and Wynelle Hucker, Mr. Gary Joyner, Mr. E.H. Jr. Kobetz, Dr. & Mrs. Steven A. Hudnall, Mrs. Helen B. Juncosa, Mr. Ralph A. Koch, Mr. & Mrs. Carl G. Hudson, J. Stephen Justiniani, Dr. & Mrs. Federico Kogan, Mr. & Mrs. Ralph Hudson, Ms. Sherrill W. Kain, Mr. & Mrs. Francis T. Kolber, Mr. & Mrs. ":Ziford M. Huff, Mr. & Mrs. Robert Kalback, Mr. & Mrs. Irving F. Kolski, Mrs. Patricia M. Hume, Mr. David Kambour, Dr. & Mrs. Koo, Ms. Jackie M. Humkey, Mr. & Mrs. Michael Jr. Koonce, Dr. & Mrs. George Jr. Joe Erskine Kane, Mr. & Mrs. Korach, Mr. & Mrs. Irvin Hundevadt, Mr. & Mrs. R.C. Arthur W. Jr. Koreman, Drs. Neil Hunt, Mr. & Mrs. Charles L. Kanold, Mr. & Mrs. William C. and Dorothy Huntley, Mr. Lee Kantor, Mr. & Mrs. Stan Koss, Phyllis and Abe Hurst, Ms. Peggy Kaplan, Mr. & Mrs. Arthur E. Kotler, Mr. & Mrs. Meyer Hurwitz, Ms. Marilyn Kaplan, Mr. & Mrs. Barry Kozyak, Mr. & Mrs. John Hutchinson, Mr. & Mrs. Kaplan, Mrs. Betsy Kraft, Dr. & Mrs. Daniel P. Robert J. 80 TEQUESTA

Kraus, Mr. & Mrs. Ernest R. Lindsay, Mr. & Mrs. Guion M. Margolis, Mr. & Mrs. Edward Kreutzer, Mr. & Mrs. Line, Mr. & Mrs. Robert L. Marks, Mr. Frank M. Esq. Franklin D. Lipman, Mr. & Mrs. Arthur Marks, Mr. Larry S. Krinzman, Mr. & Mrs. Richard Lipman, Mr. Robert Marks, Stanley & Irene Kritzer, Mr. & Mrs. Glenn B. Lipof, Mr. & Mrs. Elliot Marks, Stewart & Julienne Kronowitz, Mr. & Mrs. Albert Lipoff, Mr. & Mrs. Norman H. Marmesh, Dr. & Mrs. Michael Krug, Mr. & Mrs. Warren Lipp, Mr. & Mrs. Allan Marmesh, Dr. & Mrs. Kudzma, Dr. & Mrs. David J. Lippert, Kemp Michael E. Kuhn, Mr. & Mrs. John F. Sr. Little, Mr. & Mrs. Albert C. Martell, Mr. & Mrs. James Lackowitz, Mr. & Mrs. Jeffrey Little, Mr. DeWayne Martin, Mr. & Mrs. Frank C. Lafferty, Mr. & Mrs. Little, Mr. & Mrs. Robert Martin, Mr. & Mrs. Roger Robert S. Jr. Littler, Mrs. June D. Martinez, Mr. & Mrs. Laird, Mr. & Mrs. Peter Livesay, Mr. & Mrs. Leigh Francisco J. Lake, Mr. John Llanos, Mr. & Mrs. Douglas Martinez-cid, Mr. & Mrs. Lamphear, Mr. & Mrs. Michael Lloyd, Mrs. Kathleen Ricardo Lancaster, Donna Loane, Mr. & Mrs. Thomas S. Martinez-Ramos, Mr. Alberto Land, Mr. & Mrs. Malcolm Loeb, Mr. & Mrs. Henry A. Mass, Mr. & Mrs. Paul M. Landau, Cal & Ann Logue, Mr. & Mrs. Tom Masterson, Ms. Nancy S. Landsman, Mr. & Mrs. Jules Lohmeier, Mr. & Mrs. Simon Matchette, Mr. & Mrs. John A. Langley, Wright & Joan Lomonosoff, Mr. & Mrs. Matheson, Ana & Michael Lankton, Terre Boris M. Mathews, Mr. & Mrs. Lann, Mr. & Mrs. Martin J. London, Mr. & Mrs. Seymour Edward N. Jr. Lapidus, Dr. & Mrs. Robert Long, Mr. & Mrs. Duke E. Matkov, Mr. & Mrs. Thomas Lapping, Mr. Hal P. Long, Glenn & Susan Cumins Matlack, Mr. & Mrs. William C. LaRusse, Mr. & Mrs. Lawrence Longshore, Mr. Frank Mattucci, Mr. & Mrs. Donald LaTour Mr. & Mrs. Tony Lopez, Mr. & Mrs. Oscar Maxwell, Edward & Karen Layton, Mr. & Mrs. Robert G. Lord, Mr. William P. Maxwell, Mr. R.D. Jr. Lazarus, Mr. & Mrs. Frank M. Lores, Dr. & Mrs. Edward Maxwell, Mr. Thomas C. Lazarus, Ms. Pearl J. Lotspeich, Mrs. Jay W. May, Dr. & Mrs. John A. Leeds, Mr. & Mrs. Herbert A. Lowe, Mr. Roger Maynard, Mr. & Mrs. Carl Lefaivre, Mr. & Mrs. Lee Lowell, Mr. & Mrs. Robert Mayo, Mr. & Mrs. John A. Lehman, Ms. Joan Lowenstein, Mr. & Mrs. Elliot Mazal, Dr. & Mrs. Alejandro Lemos, Mr. & Mrs. Ramon Ludovici, Mr. & Mrs. Phil McAliley, Janet R. Lenner, Mr. Sandor Ludwig, Dr. & Mrs. William McAuliffe, Mr. & Mrs. Lenoir, Ms. Grace Luginbill, Mr. & Mrs. Mark Thomas III Leon, Mrs. Carmen L. Lummus, Mr. & Mrs. Lynn McCabe, Dr. & Mrs. Robert H. Leone, Dr. & Mrs. Lurie, Ms. Roberta Mcclaskey, Mr. & Mrs. William A. Sr. Lutton, Mrs. Stephen C. Robert Jr. Leposky, Mr. & Mrs. George C. Lynn, Ms. Kathryn R. McClellan, Mr. & Mrs. David Lester, Mr. & Mrs. Paul Lyons, Mr. & Mrs. Richard W. McCorquodale, Mrs. Levin, Adrienne & Dan MacDonald, Mr. & Mrs. Donald Jr. Levin, Mr. & Mrs. Lewis M. John E. McCoy, Mr. Jim Levin, Mr. & Mrs. S. Michael MacDonald, Mr. & Mrs. M.B. McCready, Dr. James W. Levine, Dr. Harold MacIntyre, Mr. & Mrs. McDonald, Ms. Gail Levine, Mr. & Mrs. Gregory A. Alexander C. McDonald, Mr. & Mrs. John K. Levin, Mr. Martin J. MacKenzie, Judge Mary Ann McDowell, Mr. Chick Lewander, Mr. & Mrs. Lars MacNaughton, Mr. Kevin A. McEnany, Mr. & Mrs. Richard Lewis, Mr. & Mrs. Madan, Mr. & Mrs. Norman L. McGarry, Mr. & Mrs. Wallace L. Jr. Madden, Mr. James Richard M. Lianzi, Mrs. Margaret Malinin, Mr. & Mrs. Theodore McGovern, Mr. & Mrs. Liddle, Mr. & Mrs. William Jr. Mallow, Mr. Robert A. Harry E. Liebler, Dr. & Mrs. John B. Man, Dr. Eugene H. & McGovern, Mr. & Mrs. Peter Liebman, Dr. & Mrs. Priscilla Perry McGuinness, Mr. & Mrs. Brian Norman C. Mank, Mr. & Mrs. Philip J. Jr. McGuinness, Mr. & Mrs. Frank Liebman, Mr. & Mrs. Manlio, Dr. F.L. Mclver, Mr. & Mrs. Stuart B. Seymour B. Mannion, Mr. Jan T. McKay, Ms. Diane J. Liebowitz, Mr. & Mrs. Jack Manship, Mr. & Mrs. E.K. McKenzie, Dr. & Mrs. Jack A. Liles, Mr. & Mrs. E. Clark Marcus, Ms. Gladys McKenzie III, Mr. & Mrs. Olin Lin, Mr. David A. Marcus, Mr. & Mrs. Jerry McKinley, Bill & Ody Ledon List of Members 81

McKirahan, Mr. James Moore, Ms. Thurla Newman, Mr. & Mrs. Fred C. McLeish, Mr. & Mrs. William Morales, Mr. & Mrs. R. Newman, Mr. & Mrs. Nathan McNair, Mr. & Mrs. Daniel W. Morales, Mr. & Mrs. Santiago Newton, Mr. & Mrs. Frank McNaughton, Dr. & Mrs. Moreman, Ms. Lucinda A. Newton, Mr. & Mrs. Ronald Robert A. Moretti, Mr. & Mrs. Joseph Nichols, Mr. D. Alan McSwiggan, Mr. Gerald W. G. Jr. Nichols, Mr. & Mrs. McTague, Mr. & Mrs. R.H. Morgan, Ms. Nancy Thomas M. Means, Dr. & Mrs. William R. Morgan, Mr. & Mrs. Nick, Mr. & Mrs. Paul C. Medina, Mr. & Mrs. Martin Robert G. Nielsen, Mr. & Mrs. Ralph C. MeGee, Mr. & Mrs. B.L. Morris, Mr. & Mrs. Edwin S. Nisbet, Mr. Michael M. Mekras, Dr. & Mrs. George D. Morrison, Dave and Lorena Nordt, Mr. & Mrs. John C. Menachem, Mr. Neal J. Morrison, Mr. & Mrs. Noriega, Mr. & Mrs. Rudy J. Mendoza, Mr. & Mrs. Theodore Norman, Mr. C.C. Charles G. Morrow, Drs. Bertram W. Norman, Mr. & Mrs. Meriwether, Mr. & Mrs. Heath & Betty H. Colgan Jr. Merrill, Mr. & Mrs. Randy E. Moses, Mr. & Mrs. Arthur L. Northrop, Mr. & Mrs. Merritt, Mr. & Mrs. Bob Moses, Mr. & Mrs. Michael Charles Merten, Mr. & Mrs. Ulrich Moss, Mr. & Mrs. Alfred I. Norvich, Mr. & Mrs. Ronald Mescon, Mr. & Mrs.TimothyS. Moss, Mr. & Mrs. Nott, Mr. Ernest C. Jr. Messing, Mr. Fred Ambler H. Jr. Novack, Mr. & Mrs. Ben Metcalf, Drs. George and Moss, Mr. & Mrs. Lyman Nuckols, Mr. & Mrs. B.P. Jr. Elizabeth Mrozek, Mr. & Mrs. Nuehring, Mr. & Mrs. Ronald Meyer, Mr. & Mrs. John K. Ronald W. O'Brien, Mr. & Mrs. Emmett Meyers, Mr. & Mrs. Frank C. Muir, Mr. & Mrs. William T. Oletzky, Mr. & Mrs. Sheldon Michelson, Mr. & Mrs. Don Mulcahy, Mrs. Irene D. Olle, Mr. & Mrs. Dennis J. Miedema, Mr. & Mrs. Mulcrone, Mr. & Mrs. Olsson, Mr. Fred R. Kenneth S. Thomas O'Niel, Capt. & Mrs. Vernon Migala, Mr. & Mrs. Ted Muller, Mr. & Mrs. Kenneth Onufrieff, Paula Baker Migliaccio, Mr. & Mrs. C.P. Munoz, Jose and Maria Oppenheim, Mr. & Mrs. Steve Miguelarraina, Mr. & Mrs. Munroe, Mr. & Mrs. Oppenheimer, Mr. & Mrs. Jean L. Charles P. Robert L. Mikus, Mr. & Mrs. Pat Murai, Mr. & Mrs. Rene Ordonez, Mr. & Mrs. Alfredo Millas, Mr. & Mrs. Aristides J. Murphy, Mr. & Mrs. Roger J. Oremland, Benjamin & Miller, Mr. & Mrs. Edward Murphy, Mr. & Mrs. Martha Miller, Mr. & Mrs. Frank E. Thomas W. Oroshnik, Mr. & Mrs. Miller, Mr. & Mrs. Graham C. Murray, Mr. & Mrs. O.C. Samuel Miller, Mr. H.E. Musselwhite, Mr. & Mrs. Osnowitz, Ms. Myrna Miller, Mr. & Mrs. Randy Albert Ostrofsky, Mr. Abe Miller, Mr. & Mrs. William Jay Musselwhite, Mr. & Mrs. Ostrofsky, Mr. Emanuel Mitchell, Mr. & Mrs. William William R. Ostrofsky, Mr. & Mrs. Gerry Mixson, Mr. Larry Mustard, Misses Margaret Overbeck, Mr. & Mrs. Miyares, Mrs. Victoria M. & Alice William Mize, Mr. Lloyd Myers, Mr. & Mrs. Stanley C. Owen, Mr. & Mrs. David Mizrach, Larry Myers, Mr. Van Owens, Mr. & Mrs. John W. Moeller, Mr. & Mrs. Lloyd L. Myers, Mrs. Walter K. Owens, Mr. & Mrs. J. Riis Mohammed, Mr. & Mrs. M.A. Nadji, Mr. & Mrs. Mehrdad Owre, Mr. & Mrs. J. Riis Mohr, Mr. Alfred B. Nagy, Mrs. Shirley L. Pagliarulo, Mr. & Mrs. Molt, Fawdrey A.S. Nance, Mr. & Mrs. G. Richard Monroe, Mr. & Mrs. Tracy Jr. Pakula, Mr. Arnold William F. Jr. Napoli, Mr. & Mrs. Palmer, Mr. Alfred R. Monsanto, Judge & Dominick J. Palmer, Mr. & Mrs. R. Carl Mrs. Joseph Nass, Dr. & Mrs. Hal Palmieri, Mr. & Mrs. Pablo Montano, Mr. & Mrs. Fausto Navarro, Mr. & Mrs. Pampe, Mr. & Mrs. Robert A. Monteagudo, Mr. & Mrs. Eduardo Pancoast, Mr. & Mrs. Mario E. Nehrbass, Mr. Arthur F. Lester C. Monzon-Aguirre, Mr. & Nelson, Mr. Charlie Pancoast, Mr. & Mrs. Peter Mrs. Victor Nerney, Mr. & Mrs. Denis Russell Moody, Mrs. Alleta M. Netherland-Brown, Capt. & Pane, Ms. Terry Moore, Mr. & Mrs. Donald R. Mrs. Carl Pappas, Dr. & Mrs. Arthur G. 82 TEQUESTA

Papper, Mr. & Mrs. Porter, Mr. & Mrs. Lester W. Renuart, Mr. & Mrs. Albert P. Emmanuel M. Potter, Mr. & Mrs. John E. Resnick, Mr. & Mrs. Hubert Parcell, Mr. & Mrs. Paul W. Potts, Mr. & Mrs. Roy V. Resnick, Mr. Larry Parker, Mr. & Mrs. Austin Poulos, Mr. & Mrs. Ress, Mr. & Mrs. Lewis M. Parker, Mr. & Mrs. Garth R. Evangelos Reubert, Mr. & Mrs. Jay Parker, Mrs. Patricia Prentiss, Mr. & Mrs. Franklin Parker, Mr. & Mrs. Robin E. Wentworth Reyes, Mr. & Mrs. Armando Parks, Mr. & Mrs. Elliott G. Prestredge, Mrs. Sally J. Reyes, Mr. & Mrs. Robert Parsons, Ms. Brena Prevatt, Mr. & Mrs. Preston Reyna, Dr. L.J. Parsons, Mr. & Mrs. Price, Mrs. Dorothy M. Rhodes, Dr. & Mrs. Milton Edward G. Price, Ms. Judith Rhodes, Mr. Robert M. Parsons, Mr. & Mrs. Price, Mr. & Mrs. Scott L. Rich, Dr. & Mrs. Maurice Huber R. Jr. Primak, Mr. & Mrs. Arthur Richard, Mr. & Mrs. Ralph Patchen, Mr. & Mrs. Prince, Mr. & Mrs. Richard Richards, Rev. & Mrs. David Brian P. Prio-Odio, Mrs. Maria Richards, Mr. & Mrs. Pawley, Ms. Anita Antonieta William J. Paxton, Dr. & Mrs. G.B. Jr. Provenzo, Dr. & Mrs. Richter, Mr. & Mrs. Charles E. Payne, Mr. & Mrs. W.E. Eugene F. Ridolph, Mr. & Mrs. Edward Paz, Mr. & Mrs. Charles Pruitt, Mr. Peter T. Riechmann, Mr. & Mrs. Peacock, Mr. & Mrs. Larry Purdy, Ms. Betty A. Terry W. Pearce, Dr. F.H. Quartin, Mr. & Mrs. Rieder, Mrs. William Dustin Pearlman, Mr. & Mrs. Herbert S. Riemer, Dr. & Mrs. W.E. Donald Quentel, Mr. & Mrs. Riess, Mrs. Marie S. Pearson, Mr. & Mrs. Wilbur Albert D. Rigau, Mr. & Mrs. Florencio Peddle, Mr. & Mrs. Grant L. Quesenberry, Mr. William Rigl, Stephen & Joanne Pehr, Mr. & Mrs. Marvin S. F. Jr. Rosenbluth Pennekamp, Mr. John D. Quick, Mr. & Mrs. David Rist, Mr. & Mrs. Karstan Perez, Mr. & Mrs. John Quillian, Dr. Warren II Roache, Mr. & Mrs. Robert E. Pergakis, Mr. & Mrs. Paul Quinton, Mr. & Mrs. A.E. Jr. Robbins, Mr. & Mrs. Charles Perry, Mr. & Mrs. Michael Quisler, Mrs. Estelle Robbins, Mr. & Mrs. Perryman, Mr. & Mrs. Raatama, Mr. & Mrs. Henry William R. Jr. James E. Rabinowitz, Mr. & Mrs. Robertson, Mr. Mark Persoff, Mr. & Mrs. Al David Robertson, Mr. & Mrs. Neil P. Perwin, Mrs. Jean Rabun,Mr.&Mrs.WilliamJ. Robertson, Wm. & Gail Peters, Mr. & Mrs. Jerry L. Racano, Mr. & Mrs. Meadows Peters, Ms. Rita W. Vincent A. Robinowich, Mr. & Mrs. Peters, Mr. & Mrs. Walton Rachlin, Mr. & Mrs. Norman Martin J. Petry, Mr. & Mrs. Rad, Mr. & Mrs. Jesus S. Robins, Dr. & Mrs. C. Richard Roderick N. Railey, Mr. & Mrs. Robinson, Mrs. Ruth Piccini, Mr. & Mrs. Silvio Constantine Robinson, Mr. Steven D. Pietsch, Mr. & Mrs. Geoff Raim, Mr. & Mrs. Jerome Rodriguez, Mrs. Alba Pikuan, Mr. & Mrs. Ramirez, Dr. & Mrs. Rodriguez, Ms. Concepcion M. Edward M. Salvador M. Rodriguez, Mr. Ivan Pimm, Mr. & Mrs. Gordon Ramsey, Mrs. Manuela M. Rodriguez, Mr. & Mrs. Jorge Pinnas, Ms. Susan Randell, David & Sheila Rodriguez, Dr. Jose A. Pino, Mr. & Mrs. Juan M. Randolph, Mr. & Mrs. Rodriguez, Mr. & Mrs. Pistorino, Mr. & Mr. William W. Jose Lopez John Charles Rapee, Mr. & Mrs. Stuart M. Rodriguez, Ms. Ronnie Lewin Pitts, Mr. & Mrs. Victor H. Rapperport, Dr. & Mrs. Rodriguez-Chomat, Mr. & Plotkin, Mr. & Mrs. Robert Alan S. Mrs. J. Plumley, Mr. & Mrs. Zane D. Ray, Mr. Peter C. Rodriguez-Muro, Mr. & Plunkett, Lawrence L. Reddick, Mr. David Mrs. Orlando Polizzi, Mrs. MaryAnn Reed, Mr. & Mrs. Thomas Rogge, Mr. & Mrs. Jim Pollack, Mr. & Mrs. Craig C. Sr. Rojas, Mr. & Mrs. Esteban R. Pollack, Mr. & Mrs. David C. Reeves, Mr. & Mrs. Garth C. Rondinaro, Ms. Tamera Ponn, Nancy and Debrah Reid, Mr. & Mrs. Ben Root, Mr. & Mrs. Clifford Porfiri, Mr. & Mrs. E. Austin Reid, Dr. & Mrs. Walter B. Root, Mr. & Mrs. Keith Porta, Mr. John E. Reilly, Mr. & Mrs. Robert Rose, Mr. & Mrs. James Portela, Mr. Mario P. Reisman, Mrs. Gail Roseman, Mr. Mark List of Members 83

Rosen, Mr. & Mrs. Norman S. Saul, Richard S. & Barbara Sheehan, Ms. Elaine Rosen, Mr. Paul Saulson, Mr. & Mrs. Sheehe, Mr. & Mrs. Phillip J. Rosen, Mr. Robert R. Stanley H. Shenkman, Mr. & Mrs. Rosenberg, Mr. & Mrs. Sawyer, Mr. & Mrs. Robert L. Stephen Theo D. Schafer, Mr. & Mrs. George Sheppard, Mr. & Mrs. H.E. Rosendorf, Mr. & Mrs. Scharlin, Mr. Howard R. Sheridan, Mr. & Mrs. George Howard S. Schechter, Mr. & Mrs. Sherman, Mr. & Mrs. Alvin S. Rosinek, Mr. & Mrs. Jeffrey M. Murray Sherota, Mr. & Mrs. Rossmore, Mr. & Mrs. Schechtman, Ms. Ricky W. Edward Jr. Allan R. Schemel, Mrs. Katherine Shey, Mr. & Mrs. Leo Rostov, Mr. & Mrs. Eugene Schenker, Mr. & Mrs. Leo Shields, Mrs. Eileen E. Roth, Mr. & Mrs. E.S. Schenker, Capt. & Mrs. Shipley, Mr. & Mrs. Vergil A. Roth, Ms. Estelle Marvin Shippee, Mr. Robert W. Rothblatt, Ms. Emma A. Schiller, Mr. & Mrs. Melvin D. Shirley Ford, Harry Horwich& Rothenberg, Judge & Mrs. Schimpeler, Dr. Charles C. Schlachtman, Mr. & Mrs. Arthur Schindler, Mr. & Mrs. Irvin Irving Rowe, Robert & Karen Orlin Schmand, Mr. & Mrs. Schoemaker, Mr. & Mrs. Don Rubenstein, Mr. & Mrs. Timothy F. Shoffner, Mr. & Mrs. A. William Schneider, Mr. & Mrs. William George Rubin, Mr. & Mrs. Mark R. Schoen, Mr. & Mrs. Marc Shohat, Mr. Edward R. Rubin, Mr. & Mrs. Sid Schoen, Mr. & Mrs. Roy E. Short, Mr. & Mrs. Riley Rubini, Dr. Joseph R. Schoene-Streb, Mr. James Shrewsbury, Mr. Homer A. Ruffner, Mr. Charles L. Scholl, Dr. & Mrs. Barry Siegel, Ms. Denise Russell, Ms. Darlene Schoonmaker, Mr. & Mrs. Siegel, Mrs. Mark A. Russell, J.C. & Carol T.P. Siegel, Mr. Roy Russell, Mr. & Mrs. Paul W. Schreiber, Mr. & Mrs. Sol Siemon, Mr. & Mrs. John Russell, Mr. Terry Schroeder, Mrs. Edna Mae Silver, Mr. & Mrs. Bernard F. Russell, Mr. & Mrs. William A. Schultz, Mr.& Mrs.Edward A. Silver, Mrs. Doris S. Russo, Mr. & Mrs. Jerome Schumacher, Mr. & Mrs. Silverman, Mr. & Mrs. Gerald Ryan, Mr. & Mrs. Richard P. Bernard Silverman, Mr. & Mrs. Saul Ryder, Mr. & Mrs. William Schuster, Mr. & Mrs. Steven E. Simmons, Mr. & Mrs. Glen Ryskamp, Judge & Mrs. Schwartz, Mr. & Mrs. Allan Simoes, Mr. & Mrs. Kenneth L. Schwartz, Mr. & Mrs. Ernest Roberto M. Sacher, Mr. & Mrs. Charles P. Schwartz, Mrs. Jay R. Simon, Mr. & Mrs. Gary Sachman, Mr. & Mrs. Don Schwartz, Mr. & Mrs. Larry Simons, Mr. & Mrs. J. Paul Sackner,Dr.& Mrs.MarvinA. Schwartz, Mr. & Mrs. Sol Simonton, Ms. Andrea Sacks, Mr. & Mrs. Neil H. Schwedel, Ms. Renee Simpson, Mr. & Mrs. M.L. Saffer, Mr. & Mrs. Harry Sciortino, Mr. & Mrs. Sims, Dr. & Mrs. Murry Sager, Mr. & Mrs. Bert Joseph M. Sindelar, Mr. & Mrs. Sager, Mr. & Mrs. Louis Scroggs, Mr. & Mrs. Barry Robert L. Sain, Mrs. Dosha Segor, Ms. Phyllis Lee Singer, Mr. Brian Sakinovsky, Mr. A.A. Segre, Mrs. Petunia Singer, Dr. & Mrs. Eli Salles, Mr. & Mrs. Jerry Seibert, Mr. & Mrs. Roy J. Singer, Dr. & Mrs. Joseph A. Salley, Mr. & Mrs. George H. Seipp, Mr. & Mrs. John C. Jr. Sisselman, Mr.& Mrs. Murphy Salokar, Mr. & Mrs. Claude F. Sekoff, Drs. Jed & Cindy Skaggs, Dr. & Mrs. Glen O. Salome, Ms. Patricia Carmichael Skigen, Dr. & Mrs. Jack Salup, Mr. & Mrs. Carlos M. Selig, Mr. & Mrs. J.R. Skoko, Mr. & Mrs. Michael Samuels, Mr. & Mrs. Harris Seligman, Mr. & Mrs. Skor, Mr. & Mrs. Richard Sanders, Paul George William B. Sleppy, Mr. Nano D. Sanders, Mr. & Mrs. William Selinsky, Dr. Herman Slesnick, Mr. & Mrs. Donald Sands, Mr. & Mrs. Charles T. Selva, Ms. Mary Anne Slosser, Dr. & Mrs. Gaius Santa-Maria, Ms. Yvonne Selvaggi, Mr. & Mrs. Albert J. II Santarella, Mr. & Mrs. Seng, Mr. William R. Smiley, Ms. Jane Joseph M. Serafini, A.N. & Lani Smith, Mr. & Mrs. Alan W. Sanz, Mr. & Mrs. Joseph Shack, Mrs. R. Smith, Mr. & Mrs. Arthur V. Sapp, Mr. & Mrs. Stephen Shafer, Mr. & Mrs. Ron Smith, Mr. & Mrs. Sarasohn, Dr. Sylvan Shapiro, Dr. & Mrs. Alvin J. Chesterfield Jr. Sarbey, Mr. & Mrs. Larry Shapiro, Mr. & Mrs. J.H. Smith, Mr. & Mrs. Satuloff, Mr. & Mrs. Barth Shayne, Mr. & Mrs. William Chesterfield, Sr. 84 TEQUESTA

Smith, Mr. & Mrs. Edward Steinberg, Marty L. Thompson, Mr. & Mrs. Smith, Mr. & Mrs. Edward F. Steinberg, Mrs. Sandy Claude David Smith, Mr. & Mrs. Emanuel J. Steinberg-Roqow, Mrs. Thony, Ms. Carol Smith, Mr. & Mrs. Jacquelyn Thorn, Mr. Dale A. McGregor Jr. Steiner, Mrs. Barbara Thurer, Dr. & Mrs. Richard J. Smith, Mr. & Mrs. Oakley G. Steinhauer, Mr. & Mrs. Tibaldeo, Mr. & Mrs. Victor Smith, Mr. & Mrs. R.C. Adolph Tilghman, Mr. & Mrs. Smith, Mr. & Mrs. Richard H. Stewart, Mrs. Cynthia James B. Jr. Smith, Mr. & Mrs. Sadie M. Stewart, Mr. & Mrs. Robert E. Tinnie, Mr. & Mrs. Gene S. Smith, Mr. & Mrs. Thomas W. Stieglitz, Mr. & Mrs. A. Tobin, Rev. & Mrs. Roger M. Snedigar, Mr. & Mrs. Blackwell Torres, Mr. & Mrs. Alfred M. James M. Stocks, Dr. & Mrs. G.J. Jr. Torres, Mr. & Mrs. Charles Sneed, Mr. & Mrs. Steven Stokes, Mr. & Mrs. Lynn Toupin, Mr. & Mrs. Edward Snetman, Mrs. Bette Stone, Mr. Art Tranchida, Mr. & Mrs. Snow, Dr. & Mrs. Selig D. Stonebraker, Mr. & Mrs. Michael A. Snow, Mr. & Mrs. Matthew Jack D. Trejo, Ms. Maria A. Snyder, Dr. & Mrs. Gilbert B. Strachman, Mr. & Mrs. Saul Tremaine, Mrs. James G. Snyder, Mr. & Mrs. Larry Straight, Dr. & Mrs. Jacob Tribble, Mr. & Mrs. James L. Socol, Mr. & Mrs. Howard Strozier, Dr. Thomas B. Trivett, Mr. & Mrs. Alan B. Soldinger, Mr. & Mrs. Samuel Struhl, Dr. & Mrs. Theodore Troia, Mr. & Mrs. Anthony F. Solloway, Mr. & Mrs. Stubins, Mr. & Mrs. Morton Tryson, Mr. & Mrs. MichaelJ. Michael L. Stuzin, Mr. & Mrs. Charles B. Tschumy, Mr. & Mrs. Solomon, Mr. & Mrs. Abner Suchman, Mr. & Mrs. William E. Jr. Solomon, Mr. & Mrs. Clifford Tuggle, Mr. & Mrs. Auby L. Charles M. Sullivan, Mr. & Mrs. Turk, Mr. & Mrs. Abner Solomon, Mr. & Mrs. Gerald Patrick R. Turner, Mr. & Mrs. Clark P. Sommerville, Mr. & Mrs. Sussex, Dr. & Mrs. James Turner, Mr. & Mrs. Dale D. Robert C. Suttile, Mr. & Mrs. Anthony Ulsh, Mr. & Mrs. William G. Soper, Mr. & Mrs. Robert P. Sutton, Mr. Barry Underwood, Dr. & Mrs. Soto, Mr. & Mrs. Edward Swann, Judge & Mrs. Alfred H. Sottile, Mr. & Mrs. James Richard H.M. Unger, Mr. & Mrs. Arthur Southan, Mr. Arturo Sweet, Mr. & Mrs. George H. Unger, Dr. & Mrs. Stephen Spak, Mrs. Rosalind Pallot Swink, Mr. & Mrs. William J. Usher, Phyllis & Paul Sparks, Mr. Bradley E. Taffer, Mr. Jack Valdez-Fauli, Mr. & Mrs. Raul Sparks, Mr. Herschel E. Jr. Tansey, Mrs. Barbara Valentino, Mr. & Mrs. Phillip Sparks, Mr. & Mrs. John T. Taracido, Mr. & Mrs. Van Denend, Mrs. Herbert Spencer, Mr. & Mrs. J.B. Manuel E. Van Orsdel, Mr. & Mrs. Sperling, Mr. & Mrs. Tarr, Mr. & Mrs. Dennis L. Clifford D. Stephen M. Tartak, Mr. & Mrs. Nathan N. VanBergen, Mr. & Mrs. Speroni, Mr. & Mrs. Donald Tatham, Mr. & Mrs. Leopolo Spillis, Mr. & Mrs. James P. Thomas L. Vasquez, Mr. & Mrs. Splane, Mr. & Mrs. George Tatham, Mr. Thomas L. Richard T. R. Jr. Tatol, Mr. & Mrs. Joseph A. Vaughn, Mr. & Mrs. Robert J. Stachura, Mr. & Mrs.Mike Taylor, Dr. & Mrs. Andrew L. Vazquez, Mr. & Mrs. J. Stadnik, John and Zanny Taylor, Mr. Marshall Michael Stahl, Mr. Catherine C. Taylor, Mr. & Mrs. Robert Velasco, Mr. & Mrs. Omar A. Stahl, Mr. & Mrs. Jeffrey N. Teagarden, Mr. & Mrs. Velez, Mr. & Mrs. Arnardo Stalwey, Dr. & Mrs. J. Ben Robin B. Jr. Venero, Mr. & Mrs. Gilbert S. Stanfill, Dr. & Mrs. L.M. Tegnelia, Mr. Anthony G. Viera, Mr.Jorge L. Stanimirovic, Mr. & Mrs. Teman, Mr. & Mrs. Hyman Villa, Dr. & Mrs. Luis Jr. Velimir Temkin, Mr. & Mrs. Ronald E. Vincent, Ms. Gale A. Stanton, Dr. & Mrs. Robert Temple, Mr. & Mrs. Jack D. Vitagliano, Mr. & Mrs. Francis Startup, Mr. & Mrs. Tendrich, Mr. & Mrs. Vogel, Mr. & Mrs. Joel J. Wendell H. Howard J. Voight, Mr. & mrs. Michael A. Stearns, Reid F. Tepper, Dr. & Mrs. Warren Voss, Mr. & Mrs. Gilbert L. Stein, Dr. & Mrs. Elliott Terman, Mr. & Mrs. Herbert Waas, Mr. & Mrs. Maxwell Stein, Mr. & Mrs. Gerald H. Theakston, Mr. & Mrs. Pierce Waddle, Mr. & Mrs. Robert Stein, Mr. & Mrs. Harry Theobald, Mr. & Mrs. Wakeman, Mr. & Mrs. Steinberg, Mr. & Mrs. James William F. Charles H. Jr. List of Members 85

Waldin, Mr. & Mrs. Earl D. Jr. White, Alice & Robert A. Witkoff, Dr. & Mrs. Fred Walker, Mr. J. Frost III White, Mr. Robert A. Wittenstein, Mr. & Mrs. Walker, Dr. & Mrs. Roger White, Mr. & Mrs. Robert R. Frederick Walker, Mr. & Mrs. Whitebook, Mr. & Mrs. Wolf, Dr. & Mrs. Benjamin Thomas B. Jr. Maurice R. Wolff, Mr. & Mrs. William Wall, Mrs. Madeline B. Whiteside, Mr. & Mrs. Eric F. Jr. Ward, Charlie Whitman, Mr. & Mrs. Wolfson, Mr. & Mrs. Ward, Mr. & Mrs. Myles Glen Stanley F. Richard F. Waters, Mr. & Mrs. Stanley L. Whittim, Mr. & Mrs. Wolpe, Mr. & Mrs. Joel Watkins, Mr. & Mrs. Ronald M. Wolpert, Mr. & Mrs. George Gerald M. Widergren, Mr. & Mrs. Robert Wood, Mr. & Mrs. William L. Watts, Mr. & Mrs. Stephen Wiggins, Mr. & Mrs. Robert H. Woodmansee, Mr. Ralph W. Ways, Mr. & Mrs. John S. Wilcosky, Mr. & Mrs. Woods, Dr. & Mrs. Frank M. Weaver, Mr. & Mrs. David Robert W. Woods, Mr. & Mrs. ThomasC. Weems, Mr. & Mrs. Arthur Wilcox, Mr. & Mrs. W.P. Wooten, Mr. & Mrs. James S. Wegman, Mr. Charles B. Wilhelm, R.E. Worley, Mr. & Mrs. Eugene C. Weinberger, Mr. & Mrs. Williams, Mr. & Mrs. Worth, Mr. & Mrs. James G. Barrett N. D. Webster Wright, Mr. R.K. Weiner, Mr. & Mrs. Robert Williams, Mr. & Mrs. Elmo H. Wronski, Mr. & Mrs. Charles Weinkle, Mr. & Mrs. Julian I. Williams, Lt. Col. & Mrs. Yaeger, Ms. Marilyn Weinkle, Mr. & Mrs. Thomas Freeman Yaffa, Dr. & Mrs. Jack B. Weinthal, Mr. & Mrs. Sidney Williams, Dr. & Mrs. Yehle, Ms. Jean T. Weintraub, Mr. & Mrs. George Jr. Yelen, Mr. & Mrs. Bruce Bernard B. Wilson, Carolyn & Gary Yoder, Mr. & Mrs. Douglas Weisberg, Mr. & Mrs. Alan Wilson, Mr. Chuck Young, E.W. Weisenfeld, Mr. & Mrs. Wilson, Mr. & Mrs. David L. Youse, Mr. & Mrs. Joseph J. Wilson, Mr. & Mrs. George Christopher R. Weiss, Mr. & Mrs. Murray Wilson, Mr. & Mrs. James Zane, Dr. & Mrs. Sheldon Weiss, Mr. & Mrs. Stuart P. Wilson, Mr. & Mrs. Lewis A. Zavertnik, Mr. & Mrs. John L. Weissenborn, Mr. & Mrs. Lee Wilson, Mr. & Mrs. Robert L. Zeder, Mr. & Mrs. Jon W. Weldon, Mr. Norman Wimmers, Howard L. and Zelman, Mr. & Mrs. A. R. Ph.D. Eleanor Zigmont, Mr. & Mrs. Welles, Mr. & Mrs. Peter D. Winick, Pauline Lawrence J. Wenck, Mr. & Mrs. James H. Winslow, Dr.& Mrs. PhilipM. Zohn, Mr. Frank M. Wenzel, Mr. & Mrs. Mike Winter, Calvin Zuckerman, Mr. & Mrs. Werner, Mr. & Mrs. Stuart A. Wirkus, Mr. & Mrs. Marvin West, Mr. & Mrs. Everett G. Leonard V. Zwick, Mr. Charles J. Whipple, Mr. & Mrs. Wiseheart, Mr. & Mrs. Richard O. Marshall

INDIVIDUALS

Abbott, Ms. Julie Allen, Mrs. Eugenia Avery, Anne Abercrombie, Ms. Barbara Allen, Mr. John R. Ayer, Mr. John H. Nell Alssen, Mr. Charles Babin, Mr. Victor Adair, Ms. Vera S. Alterman, Mr. Richard Babson, Mrs. Dorothy S. Adams, Mrs. Betty R. Altman, Ms. Ruth B. Backus, Ms. Hazel R. Adams, Mrs. E.C. Altomare, Mr. J.E. Bacon, Mrs. Jones *Adams, Mrs. Faith Y. Amdur, Mrs. Phyllis Badillo, Mr. David Adams, Mr. Gus C. Ammidown, Ms. Margot Bagg, Mrs. John L. Jr. Adams, Mrs. Richard B. Amsterdam, Mr. Carl D. Bagwell, Ms. Beth Adams, Ms. Helen F. Ancona, Mrs. John Baker, Mr. Charles H. Jr. Aiello, Ms. Josephine Anderson, Dr. Raymond T. Baker, Mr. George C. Albet, Berta Diaz M.D. Andreu, Mrs. Leonor R. Baker, Mrs. Rita Albietz, Ms. Carol Apple, Mr. Lawrence B. Baldwin, Mr. C. Jackson Albury, Dr. Paul Arredondo, Dr. Carlos R. Balfe, Mrs. E. Hutchins Alchek, Mrs. Edith Artigas, Mr. Willy Balfe, Roberta Alderman, Mrs. Jewell August, Mr. M.T. Ball, Mr. Ivan E. 86 TEQUESTA

Ballard, Mrs. Betty Bowers, Ms. Maria Christina Cassel, John M.D. Banks, Ms. Joyce Boyd, Ms. Debrah Lee Cassidy, Opal D. Baque, Mrs. Frank Boymer, Mr. Leonard Caster, Mrs. George B. Barg, Ms. Bess Bradfisch, Ms. Jean Caster, Dr. P. Barko, Ms. Maureen Brady, Ms. Margaret R. Catlow, Mrs. William R. Jr. Barnes, Ms. Ava R. Brady, Mr. Raymond G. Cauce, Ms Elena M. Barnette, Ms. Betty Braid, Ms. Linda S. Cerlingione, Mr. Alfred C. Baros, Mr. Eric E. Bramson, Mr. Seth H. Cesarano, Ms. Marilyn Barrett, J.T. Brannen, Mrs. H. Stilson Chaille, Mr. Joseph H. Barth, Ms. Mary Braunstein, Dr. Jonathan J. Chaille, Mrs. Josiah Bates, Ms. Frances P. Breck, E. Carrington Chang, Ms. Iris Batty, Ms. Frances V. Breeze, Mrs. K.W. Chapell, Ms. Connie Baumann, Mr. John Brellis, Mrs. Hazel K. Chase, Mr. Charles E. Baumez, Mr. W.L. Bremm, Mr. Robert J. Chase, Leah LaPlante Baya, Mr. George J. Esq. Bretos, Dr. Miguel A. Chauncey, Mr. Donald E. Beamish, Ms. Josephine P. Brice, Mrs. Nancy Cheezem, Ms. Jan Carson Beazel, Ms. Mary G. Bridges, Ms. Terry Chiaro, Ms Maria J. Beck, Mr. Clyde Brinegar, Ms. Bobbie A. Childs, Mrs. Marina Beckham, Mr. Walter H. Jr. *Brookfield, Mr. Charles Chin, Mrs. Sandy C. Beery, Mrs. Anna S. Brooks, Mr. Edward M. Chirtea, Ms. Margarita Belair, Ms. Renee J. Brooks, Mr. J.R. Christ, Mrs. Anita Belcher, Mrs. E.N. III Browa, Ms. Catheine G. Christensen, Mrs. Charlotte Benn, Mr. Nathan Brown, Mr. A.L. Jr. Curry Bennett, Ms. Barbara Brown, Mrs. Andrew G. Christie, Mrs. Robert E. Bennett, Ms. Debbie Z. Brown, Mrs. Irma M. Christy, Ms. Margaret A. Bennett, Ms. Hazel M. Brown, Ms. Joyce Cintron, Ms. Elizabeth Benovaich, Mrs. Nancy Brown, Mrs. Mary Clark, Ms. Betty C. Benovitz, Dr. Larry P. Brown, Mrs. Mildred P. Clark, Mrs. Mae K. Benson, Mrs. Minette Brown, Mr. Steven M. Clarke, Ms. Patricia M. Benz, Mr. Jack A. Brown, Mrs. William J. Clay, Ms. Dana L. Bercovich, Ms. Gertrude Brunstetter, Mrs. Roscoe Clay, Ms. Madeline M. Beriault, Mr. John G. Brush, Mr. Robert W. Clopton, Peggy Berning, Mrs. Cyane H. Bryan-Lewis, Ms. Arlene Cobb, Ms. Jeffie Alice Berry, Mrs. C.D. Bryant, Mr. Thomas M. Coburn, Mr. Louis Biedron, Mrs. Stanley Buckley, Ms. Irene Cohen, Mr. Andrew Bielawa, R.A. Buhler, Emil II Cohen, Dr. Gilbert Biggane, Ms. Jacquelyn Buhler, Mrs. Paul H. Cohn, Dr. L.F. Bijou, Ms. Rachelle Burke, Mr. Gordon Colbert, Ms. Marsha Bills, Mrs. John T. Burnett, Ms. Sandy Cole, Ms. Laverne Biondi, Mrs. Jerris Burranga, Ms. Consuelo Cole, R.B. Birchmire, Mrs. Thomas H. Burrows, Mr. David W. Cole, Mr. Richard P. Bishop, Mrs. Edwin H. Burrus, Mr. E. Carter Jr. Coleman, Ms Hannah P. Bishop, Ms. Elizabeth Bush, Ms. Malvina E. Colongo, Ms. Marie Bishop, Mr. James E. Caballero, Mrs. Isabel Colucci, Ms. Linda Bitter, Mrs. Barbara Cail, Ms. Essie M. Colyer, Mr. Leroy N. Blackwell, Mrs. W.L. Calderwood, Ms. Elsa Commings, Ms. Arlene Blake, Ms. Lucille B. Calhoun, Mr. Donald W. Conduitte, Ms. Catherine J. Blakeslee, Miss Zola Mae Calhoun, Ms. Ann Cone, Mrs. Dee M. Blazevic, Mr. Raymond L. Camp, Robert J. M.D. Cone, Mr. Lawrence B. Bleeker, Glenn Campbell, Beth G. Conesa, Ms. Lillian Block, Dr. James H. Candela, Mr. Hilario F. Conlon, Mr. Lyndon C. Bloland, Mr. Harland G. Carbone, Mrs. Grace Connellan, Ms. Barbara E. Blumberg, Mr. Philip F. Carden, Ms. Marguerite G. Conner, Mrs. Daphne W. Blyth, Ms. Mary S.D. Carlebach, Ms. Diane G. Connor, Mrs. Pearl A. Boas, Mrs. Alfred Carroll, Mrs. Edith A. Conte, Ms. Martha Bodrato, Mr. Gregg P. Carroll, Ms. Michelle Cook, Ms. Donna C. Bonn, Ms. Laura W. Carruthers, Mr. John II Cook, Mr. Gary L. Bordeaux, Ms. Celia Cartee, Mrs. Frank Alma Cook, M. Lorraine Bouwmeester, Ms. Lauretta R. Cason, Mr. Robert W. Cook, R. Marvin Jr. List of Members 87

Cook, Ms. Ruth Dorn, Mr. Michael C. Foote, Mrs. Edward T. Cope, Mr. Gerald B. Jr. Dorsey, Mrs. Mary C. Foote, Miss Elizabeth Corbelle, Mr. Armando H. Dotres, Mr. Jose L. Forney, Ms. Jan B. Corson, Mr. Hal **Douglas, Ms. Marjory Fortner, Mr. Edward Costello, Mrs. Gertrude Stoneman Foshee, Ms. Anne G. Costello, Mr. James Downey, Ms. Martha R. Foss, Mr. George B. Jr. Cotton, Ms. Carole Drew, Mrs. H.E. Foye, Ms. Nancy R. Coulombe, Ms. Deborah A. Drulard, Mrs. Marnie L. Francisco, Mr. W. David Courtelis, Mr. Pan DuBois, Miss Winifred H. Frasca, Mr. Jerry Covington, Mr. James W. Duffy, Ms. Elizabeth M. Fredbauer, Mrs. Roger Craig, Ms. Dorothy A. Duntov, Ms. Lili Freedman, Mrs. Penny M. Craig, Mr. James C. Durant, Ms. Debra Freier, Ms. Arlene Craig, Ms. Norma Duvall, Mrs. John E. Fritsch, Miss Renee Z. Cramer, Mr. Lowell Eaton, Ms. Sarah Frohock, Mr. John M. Creager, Mr. Don Eberhart, Ms. Claire A. Fuchs, Mr. Richard W. Creel, Mr. Earl M. Edelen, Ms. Ellen Funk, Jo Von Creel, Mr. Joe Ederer, Ms. Norma Fuster, Ms. R. Cromwell, Ms. Christine Edward, Mr. Jim Gabay, Ms. Elizabeth F. Croucher, Mr. William J. Edwards, Mrs. Dorothy Gabriel, Ms. Joanna Crowell, Ms. Syliva C. Edwards, Mr. Ronald G. Gaines, Mr. Richard H. Croyle, Ms. Diana Efron, Ms. Muriel C. Galatis, Ms Marjorie L. Crump, Mrs. Dorothy Eggleston, Ms. Jeanette Galgano, Ms. Kathleen Culmer, Mrs. Leone Ekblaw, Ms. Joyce Anne Gallwey, Mr. William J. III Culpepper, K.M. Eldredge, Mr. Al III Gardiner, Ms. Janet P. Cummings, Mr. George III Ellis, Mrs. Elgar P. Garman, Ms. Sharon Cummings, Mr. Tim Ellison, Dr. Waldo M. Garrard, Ms. Jeanne Curl, Mr. Donald W. Ender, Mrs. Geraldine M. Garrett, Mr. Frank L. Curry, Ms. Bettye Faye Engel, Dr. Gertrude Garrison, Mrs. Florence Czerwinski, Ms. Lindsay Ernst, Ms. Patricia G. Garrison, Mrs. W.E. D'ambrosio, Mr. S. Errera, Mrs. Dorothy Gelberg, Mr. Bob Daugherty, Ms. Georgette H. Eskridge, Mr. Robert Gentle, Mr. F.D. Davidson, Mrs. Robert Esplin, Ms. Beatrice George, Dr. Paul S. Davidson, Ms. Ursula M. Etling, Mr. Walter George, Mr. W.F. Davis, Mr. Alton A. Eugene, Brother Georges, Miss Wiltrud Bering Davis, Mr. Alvin B. Ewell, Mrs. A. Travers Geyer, Mrs. Elizabeth D. Davis, Ms. Bobbie Ann Ewing, Miss Geneva Gibbs, Mr. W. Tucker Davis, Mr. Jim Frank Faircloth, Mrs. Hilda Gibson, Mr. John J. Davis, Ms. Maggie Fallon, Mr. Richard Gillespie, Mr. Norman Davis, Ms. Marion Peters Farrell, John R. P.A. Gillies, Ms. Patricia L. Dawson, Ms. Phyllis M.G. Feinberg, Ms. Elaine Ginsburg, R.N. De Jesus, Ms. Vivian Feingold, Mrs. Natalie Gladstone, Mr. John De Los Santos, Ms. Adele Fernandez, Mr. Jose Glattaver, Mrs. Alfred Deans, Mr. Douglas W. Fernandez, Ms. Vivian M. Godfrey, Ms. Anne-Marie M. DeFoor, J. Allison II Ferrari, Mr. Juan Gold, Ms. Meryl S. Dellow, Ms. Susan I. Feuer, Ms. Kathy Goldberg, Ms. BettiJean DeNies, Mr. Charles F. Feurtado, Ms. Mary Lou Goldberg, Ms. Joyce Dent, Mrs. Elizabeth B. Fidelman, Mr. A.I. Goldenberg, Mrs. Anna C. Derleth, Ms. Linda Ann Field, Mrs. Lamar Golding, Mrs. Jeannette E. Deville, E. Josephine Finley, Mr. George T. Golding, Mr. Kent DeWald, Mr. Bill Fischer, Ms. Elaine R. Goldman, Mrs. Harry N. M.D. Diamond, Ms. Janis Fisher, Mr. Ray Goldstein, Mr. Albert M. Diaz, Mr. Bruno M. Fishman, Mrs. Bibi Goldstein, Judge Harvey L. Diaz, Alicia L. Fitzerald-Bush, Mr. Frank S. Gonzalez, Mr. Jorge E. Dieterich, Ms. Emily Perry Fitzgerald, James Gonzalez, Ms. Teresa Dill, Mr. Glen Fitzgerald, Mrs. W.L. Gonzalez, Mr. William Diprima, Ms. Adrienne Fleischmann, Ms. Pam Goodin, Mr. Jack A. Jr. Dobrow, Mr. Stephen Fleischmann, Mr. Thomas F. Goodlove, Mrs. William Doerner, Mrs. Rosemary Floyd, Mr. Robert L. Goodman, Mr. Edwin Donovan, Mr. James M. Jr. Fojaco, Dr. Rita M. Goodridge, Ms. Jeanie S. 88 TEQUESTA

Goodridge, N. Varney Heldt, Ms. Agneta C. Jensen, Ms. Terry Wolfe Goodstein, Mr. Michael D. Helene, Ms. Carol J. Jenson, Ms. Karen Gooravin, Ms. Helen M. Helfand, Ms. Roselee Jerome, Dr. William T. III Gordon, Ms. Gail Helfond, Mrs. Peggy Jervis, Mrs. Ida Gordon, Hon. Jack Helliwell, Ms. Anne E. Joffre, Ms. Marie J. Gottfried, Mrs. Theodore Helms, Mr. Roy Vann Johansson, Mr. Les Gould, Ms. Bernice Hendrick, Ms. Ann Johnson, Mr. Frederick L. Gowin, Dr. Thomas S. Hendry, Judge Norman Johnson, Ms. Jean Goza, Mr. William M. Hennessy, Mr. Ed Johnston, Ms. Suzanne B. Graham, Ms. Sharon Henning, Mr. George J. Jones, Ms. Anne F. Grande, Ms. Jane Hepler, Mrs. Charlene S. Jones, Ms. Donna Jean Grant, Stuart Mathew Herin, Mr. Thomas D. Jones, Mrs. Henrietta Grassell, Ms. Diane B. Herring, Mrs. V.R. Jones, Ms. Jacqueline Green, Ms. Ann Herst, Mr. Herman Jr. Jones, Ms. Marie M. Green, Mr. & Mrs. Donald Hertzberg, Mr. David J. Jones, Thompson V. Green, Lloma G. Hett, Ms Marilyn P. Jordan, Mrs. June T. Greenwald, Ms. Monique Hibbard, R.W. Jordan, Ms. Katharine R. Gregg, Mr. Robert L. Hickey, Ms. Amy K. Joseph, Ms. Donna Grentner, Ms. Lynn Hill, Mr. Gregory Jureit, Mrs. L.E. Griffin, Mrs. Katherine F. Hill, Mr. Lawrence L. Just, Ms. Leslie A. Groh, Ms. Loraine L. Hill, Ms. Louise Kainen, Mr. Dennis G. Gross, Marjorie Hill, Ms. Reanie Kaiser, Ms. Roberta Gross, Dr. Zade B. Hiller, Mr. Herbert L. Kaminis, Ms. Kim Grout, Ms. Nancy E. Hines, Ms. Bea L. Kampf, Ms. Sandy Grover, Ms. Marlene Hines, Ms. Phyllis Kanner, Mrs. Aaron M. Grutzbach, Mrs. Margaret R. Hingston, Rev. Allen R. Kaplan, Mr. Barry Guarino, Mr. Charles S. Hipsman, Mr. Mitchell Kaplan, Ms. Karen Guben, Ms. Regina K. Hoder-Salmon, Ms. Marilyn Kaplan, Mr. Leonard Guilarte, Ms. Alexis Hodes, Dr. Philip Kaplan, Ms. Marzi Hackett, Ms. Lynn H. Hofmann, Ms. Lucinda Kashmer, Ms. Ann R. Haddock, Ms. Nancy F. Hogan, Mr. G.B. Jr. Kassewitz, Mrs. Ruth B. Hagner, Mr. Casper C. Hogg, Mr. John F. Kassman, Bruce Hale, Ms. Kathleen C. Hokanson, Ms. Ginni Kaufelt, Mr. David A. Hale, Ms. Kay K. Holland, Mr. Charles W. Jr. Kavanaugh, Mr. Daniel A. Halgowich, Ms. Jerri Holland, Mr. Kim Keaton, Ms. Debra Haller, Mrs. O.W. Holshouser, Mrs. Joanne Keaton, Ms. Martha Halprin, Mrs. Maxine Rickard Holzman, Ms. Tressa A. Keely, Ms. Lucile F. Hambright, Mr. Thomas L. Hooper, Mr. Lloyd C. Keiter, Dr. Roberta M. Hammersmith, Mrs. Gwen Hopkins, Mrs. Carter Keller, Ms. Barbara P. Hamilton, Mr. McHenry Hoppenbrouwer, Mr. Walter D. Kelley, Dr. Robert L. Hamilton, Mrs. Ruth M. Horelle, Ms. Ingrid Kelly, Mr. Michael G. Hamlin, Ms. Linda Horta, Ms. Teresa Kenner, Mrs. Maynard Hamrick, Mr. David H. Hoskins, Mrs. Eddie Kent, Ms. Deborah L. Hananian, Juliet Houghtaling. Mr. Francis S. Kent, Mrs. Frederick A. Hancock, Mrs. James Thomas Houser, Mr. Roosevelt C. Kent, Mr. W.R. Hand, Mr. Robert E. Howard, Ms. Sandra S. Kesselman, Michael N. Harless, Ms. Gwen L. Howe, Mr. Ray E. Kilberg, Mrs. A.J. Harring, Ms. Margie Hoyo, Ms. Kim A. Kimball, Mr. Albert D. Harris, Mrs. Henriette Hritz, Mr. William R. King, Mr. Arthur Sr. Harris, Mr. Robert Hunter, Frances G. King, Mr. Dennis G. Harwell, Miss Wanda Ipp, Mrs. Martha Kirsch, Mr. Louis Harwood, Mrs. Manton E. Jacaway, Taffy Kjelson, Mrs. Betty L. Hauser, Mr. Leo A. Jacobs, Mrs. Ruth Klein, Ms. Helene Hawes, Mr. Leland M. Jr. Jacobs, Suzy Klein, Mr. Mason Stuart Heald, Mr. Thomas E. Jacobstein, Dr. Helen L. Klein, Ms. Roberta Heard, Dr. Joseph G. Jaffe, Ms. Eleanor Klein, Ms. Ruth C. Hecht, Mrs. Isadore Jaffe, Ms. Leah S. Knight, Mr. Jeffrey D. Heckerling, Mrs. Philip James, Ms. Mary Crofts Knott, Judge James R. Heithaus, P. Jenkins, Ms. Elsie A. Koestline, Ms. Frances G. List of Members 89

Kofink, Rev. Wayne A. Lineback, Ms. Janet A. Marshall, Mrs. Judy O. Kokenzie, Mr. Henry Linehan, Mrs. John Marshall, Ms. Treva I. Koler, Ms. Ann L. Link, Mrs. E.A. Martin, Mr. Emmett E. Jr. Komorowski, Ms. Camilla B. Link, Ms. Emma Jean Martin, Dr. John B. Jr. Kononoff, Ms. Hazel N. Lipnick, Ms. Marie Martin, Ms. Sylvia G. Kopelman, Mrs. Frances Lipscomb, Mrs. Elizabeth Martin, Mr. Victor Koski, Ms. Antoinette M. Littlefield, Ms. Doris B. Martin, Mrs. Wayne Kossow, Ms. Suellen E. Livingston, Mr. Robert Martinez, Mr. Enrique Kramer, Mrs. Claire M. Lloyd, Mr. J. Harlan Martinez, Mr. Rafael A. Kriebs, Mr. Robert V. Locke, Mr. Mark W. Martins, Mrs. Charlotte M. Kulikowska, Ms. Helen Loerky, Ms. Donna Mason, Mrs. Joe J. Kulpa, Mr. Robert F. Lom, Ms. Norma Mason, Mr. William C. III Kumble, Ms. Madelyn Lombardi, Mrs. Elaine L. Massa, Mrs. Jeanmarie M. Kurtz, Ms. Christine H. Lombardi, Ms. Maria Masson, Ms. Christina Kurzer, Ms. Joy Lombardo, Ms. Barbara A. Masterson, Ms. Lee Ann LaBelle, Mr. Dexter Longstreth, Mr. Bob Mathes, Mr. Edward S. LaCroix, Mrs. Aerial Crofts Franklin Matheson, Mr. James F. Lacy, Dr. George E. Looney, Ms. Evelyn O. Matteson, Ms. Eleanor E. LaFontaine, Ms. Patricia Lopez, Ms. Carla Maxwell, Ms. Marjorie Lamb, Ms. Gloria Lorencz, Mrs. Valerie Maxwell, Mr. Michael Lamme, Mr. Robert E. Lotharius, Mr. Richard Mayer, R. MacFarlane Lancaster, Mr. R.D. Lotz, Ms. Aileen R. Maze, Ms. Marcia Landau, Dr. S. Love, Ms. Mildred A. McAllister, Mr. Jim Lane, Ms. Elizabeth A. Lowery, Mrs. Nereida McAuliffe, Ms. Julia W. Lane, Mr. Kendall W. Lowry, Mr. James R. Jr. McCall, Mr. C. Lawton Lanford, Mr. James W. Lubel, Mr. Howard McClure, Mrs. Florence Langley, Miss Clara C. Lubitz, Mr. Alan H. McCormick, Rev. George Langner, Ms. Mildred C. Luce, Ms Marjorie McCulloch, Mr. John E. Lanman, Ms. Rosalie Lucero, Mr. George McDaniel, Ms. Bettye Grace LaRoue, Mr. Samuel D. Jr. Luing, Mr. Gary McDowell, Mr. Charles LaRussa, Ms. Lynne M. Lukens, Mr. Jaywood McGarity, Ms. Mary D. Lasa, Mr. Luis Rogelio Lummus, Ms. Martha F. McGuire, Ms. Jeanie L. Lawson, Dr. H.L. Lunnon, Mrs. James McKenna, Mrs. Alice M. Laxson, Mr. Dan D. Sr. Lunsford, Mrs. E.C. McKenna, Mr. Daniel C. Laxson, Mr. Danny Lynch, Mrs. Alethea G. McKey, Mrs. Robert M. **Leary, Mr. Lewis Lynfield, Mr. H. Geoffrey McKinney, Mr. Bob LeDuc, Ms. Charlotte J. Mack, Mr. Stephen B. McLean, Ms. Leonore Lee, Ms. Catherine D. Mackle, Ms Milbrey W. McLeod, Mr. William J. Lee, Mr. Roswell E. MacLaren, Ms. Valerie McNally, Rev. Michael Leesha, Miss Sara MacVicar, Mrs. I.D. J. Ph.D. Leffler, Mrs. Sara Madeira, Ms. E.D. McNaughton, Ms. Lehman, Mrs. David M. Maholm, Reverend Virginia D. Lehman, Mr. Douglas K. Richard D. McWilliams, Phyllis Leisner, Ms. Ruth Malafronte, Mr. Anthony F. Medina, Mr. Robert K. Leon, Mr. Salvador Jr. Malcomb, Mrs. John L. Mekras, Drs. Dowlen, Leonard, Mr. Joseph S. Malone, Mrs. Randolph A. Fitzgerald, & Leslie, Ms. Nancy L. Malter, Ms. Susan Mell, W.B. Jr. Leslie, Ms. Sylvia Ann Malvido, Ms. Emma Mendez, Mr. Jesus Levin, Mr. Marc Mangels, Dr. Celia C. Mendoza, Mrs. Enid D. Levine, Dr. Robert M. Mangone, Mr. James L. Mercy, Lamb of Levy, Ms Eleanor F. Manly, Ms. Grace Merriss, Ms. Joan Lewensohn, Mr. San Mann, Ms. Karen Mesich, Mr. George Liberty, Ms. Eunice Manning, Ms. Barbara R. Metz, Mr. J. Walter Jr. Liddell, Ms. Lynn Marcelo-Gonzalez, Metz, Martha J. Lieberman, Ms. Eleanor Mr. Manuel Meyer, Mr. Richard G. Liff, Mr. Robert A. Marchman, Mr. Dennis L. Meyers, Mrs. Bert Limerick, Mr. Lester Marcus, Mrs. Bessie Mickler, Mrs. Thomas Lindgren, Mrs. M.E. Marks. Mrs. G. Rosalind Middelthon, Mr. William Lindsley, Mrs. A.R. Markus, Mr. Daniel Royal Jr. 90 TEQUESTA

Mielke, Mr. Timothy R. Newton, Capt. W.L. III *Peters, Dr. Thelma Miles, Mr. Lewis W. Nichols, Ms. Patricia Peterson, Mrs. Edward E. Millar, Mrs. Gavin S. Nicholson, Mrs. Allene Pfenninger, Mr. Richard C. Milledge, Ms. Evalyn M. Nimnicht, Mrs. Helen Philbin, Helen K. Milledge, Ms. Sarah F. Nimnicht, Mrs. Mary Jo Pichel, Mrs. Clem A. Miller, Ms. Carolyn R. Nitzsche, Mrs. Ernest R. Pickard, Ms. Carolyn Miller, Mr. Dean R. Noble, Dr. Nancy Lee Pickering, Ms. Julie Miller, Mrs. Elizabeth C. Nodarse, Ms. Anita Pierce, Mr. Douglas Miller, Ms. Gertrude Nodarse, Mr. Raul Pierce, Mrs. Margie K. Miller, Ms. Huntley Noll, Mr. Russell L. Pierce, Ms. Renee Miller, Ms. Margaret L. Norman, Mr. Walter H. Pinder, Mr. Ray Miller, Mr. Philip Orme O'Brien, Ms. Dorothy Pinto, Mr. Jorge E. Miller, Mr. William E. O'Connell, Mr. Peter J. Plummer, Mr. Lawrence H. Mills, Ms. Rosemary O'Dempsey, Ms. Keara Poole, Mr. Edwin L. Miranda, Ms. Mercy M. Orlen, Ms. Roberta C. Poole, Mr. John Lindsley Mitchell, Mr. Robert Jr. Orovitz, Mr. Warren James Popp, Mrs. Lucene L. Miyar, Ms. Olga E. Orr, Judge George Porter, Mr. Daniel Molinari, R.E. DDS Osman, Mr. Peter Portnoy, Ms. Rita Monk, Mr. J. Floyd Ostrenko, Mr. Witold Sr. Posner, Mr. Joseph Montague, Mrs. Charles H. Ostrout, Mr. Howard F. Jr. Prado, Ms. Miriam Moon, Ms Donna L. Oswald, Mr. M. Jackson Price, Col. Thomas A. Moore, Ms. Carlene Otterson, Ms. Dana Price, Mr. W. Bedford Moore, Mrs. Jack Overstreet, Ms. Estelle C. Primus, Mr. Richard Lee Moore, Mr. Jim Overstreet, Mr. James D. Jr. Pritchard, Ms. Barbara Moore, Mr. Kevin Owen, Ms. Patti Proenza, Ms. Christina D. Moore, Mr. Patrick F. Padgett, Mr. Inman Provost, Mr. Orville Morales, Ms. Eliza S. Palen, Mr. Frank S. Puga, Mr. J. David Mordaunt, Mr. Hal Palmer, Mr. Miguel Purcell, Ms. Carol Morgan, Mr. Gregory A. Palmer, Miss Virginia Purvis, Mrs. Hugh F. Morris, Ms. Mary B. Pappas, Ms. Kathryn D. Quincy, Ms. Suzanne F. Morris, Ms. Thomasine Park, Mr. Dabney G. Jr. Ragan, Ms. Patti Morton, Ms. Jan Parker, Crawford H. Rahm, Mrs. Virginia S. Moss, Ms. Pamela Parker, David Raiden, Mr. Michael E. Moss, Mr. Steven Parks, Ms. Jeanne M. Ramos, Mrs. Pauline E. Moss, Ms. Suzanne H. Parks, Mrs. Merle Ramsey, Ms. Donna G. Moure, Mrs. Edwin P. Paroz, Ms. Amie Rankin, Ms. Sally Moylan, Mrs. E.B. Jr. Parrish, Mr. James C. Jr. Rappaport, Dr. Edward Muir, Mrs. William Whalley Paugh, Mr. Gerald L. Rapport, Mr. Stephen R. Muniz, Mr. Manuel 1. Paul, Mrs. Kenneth Rasmussen, Mr. Ray S. Murphy, Mr. Edward W. Paulk, Mr. Jule Ratliff, Mr. John Murphy, Ms. Joan Pavlow, Ms. Shara T. Reagan, Mr. A. James Jr. Murphy, Mr. Timothy Peabody, Mr. Edward L. Reed, Ms. Elizabeth Ann Myers, Ms. Austin Pearce, Mrs. Edgar B. Reed, Mr. Richard E. Myers, Ms. Lillian G. Pearson, Ms. Lillian Reeder, Mr. William F. Naccarato, Ms. Mary T. Elizabeth Reese, Mr. John Naccarato, Ms. Rosa Pearson, Ms. Madeline S. Rehwoldt, Mr. Ralph Napier, Mrs. Harvey Peckham, Mrs. Angelyn R. Reilly, Mr. Phil Napolitano, Ms. Marianne Peeler, Ms. Elizabeth Reilly, Mrs. R. Thomas Narot, Mrs. Helene Peeples, Mr. Vernon Rein, Mr. Martin Narup, Mrs. Mavis Pell, Ms. Gloria Reinhardt, Miss Blanche E. Nasca, Ms. Suzanne Pelton, Dr. Margaret M. Reiss, Ms. B.K. Navarro, Mr. Pablo A. Peoples, Anita J. Rempe, Ms. Lois D. Neinken, Mrs. Ruth Perez, Ms. Ester Renaud, Ms. Theresa M. Nelson, Mr. Jonathan Perez-Stable, Ms. Alina Rendic, Ms. Marcia H. Nelson, Mr. Theodore R. Perlmutter, Mr. Bernard P. Renick, Mr. Ralph Nelson, Ms. Winifred H. Perner, Mrs. Henry Renninger, Ms. Julie Neway, Ms. Roberta Perrin, Mrs. John Reno, Ms. Janet Esq. Newcomm, Mrs. Sally E. Peskoe, Ms. Anne Reordan, Mr. William C. Newman, Mr. Stuart G. Peters, Mr. John S. Reville, Ms. Anna List of Members 91

Rey, Ms. Ada M. Sandberg, Ms. Shirley J. Smith, Mr. Gregory A. Reyes, Ms. Lina T. Sanders, Mrs. Zannie W. Smith, Ms. Jitske B. Reynaldos, Mr. Miguel A. Santo Pietro, Mr. James Smith, Mr. Ralph K. Rice, Sister Eileen O.P. Joseph Smith, Ms. Rebecca A. Rice, Mr. R.H. Jr. Santos, Mr. Arnold Smith, William R. III Richard, Ms. Judith Sargent, Ms. Priscilla M. Sniffen, Mr. Lon M. Richheimer, Ms. R. Saul, Mr. Martin

Svaldi, Mr. Michael Tucker, Dr. Gail S. Whitlock, Ms. Mary Swartz, Donna C. Turner, Mrs. Roberta H. Jr. Whitmer, Mrs. Kenneth S. Swartz, Mr. Kenneth Udell, Ms. Marilyn Whittelsey, K. Swartz, Mr. Thomas A. Underwood, Mrs. Jean Whitten, Mr. George E. Swisher, Mr. John E. Upchurch, Miss Elise H. Whitworth, Mr. Lewis B. Jr. Szita, Ms. Blanche Vallega, Mr. Jack Wiener, Mr. Donald M. Tardif, Mr. Robert G. Van Eaton, Ms. Eleanor Wilken, Ms. Jane Steel Tarr, Ms. Katherine Vanderlaan, Mr. C. Mack Willensky, Ms. Margie Tatol, Ms. Julie T. Vanderlinden, Mrs. E.A. Williams, Ms. Billie Jo Taylor, Mr. James I. Vanderwyden, Mr. William P. Williams, Ms. Celia Taylor, Ms. Jane I. VanLandingham, Mr. Kyle S. Williams, Mr. David J. Taylor, Ms. Kareen E. Varnes, Miss Edwina Williams, Ms. Dorothy E. Taylor, Mr. L.C. III Veenstra, Mr. Tom H. Williams, Mr. G.L. Teasley, T.H. Velar, Mr. Pedro L. Williams, Mr. Herbert L. Teed, Ms. Mary M. Venditti, Mr. Robert E. Williams, Ms. Linda K. Teichner, Mr. Mark A. Veronski, Ms. D.J. Williams, Ms. Martha J. Tejeda, Ms. Alina M. Villamil, Mr. Juan M. Williams, Ms. Meredith Ternent, Mrs. James S. Vinals, Ms. Ana Maria Williams, Ms. Nancy Test, Ms. Peggy L. Vivian, Mr. John C. Willing, Mr. David L. *Tharp, Mrs. Charles Doren Vogt, Mrs. Richard Willis, Mrs. Hillard Wood Thayer, Ms. Laura Vohs, Mr. Lester J. Wilson, Mr. Daniel F. Thayer, Ms. Margaret J. Volker, Mrs. Mary Frances **Wilson, Mrs. Gaines R. Thilmont, Ms. Diane Vonarx, Ms. Carol Wilson, Mr. Gary E. Thomas, Mr. Phillip A. Vukson, Ms. Deborah Wilson, Mrs. Mary Ann Thompson, Ms. Charlotte Walaitis, Ms. Jane *Wilson, Mrs. Peyton L. Thompson, Mr. Loren L. Waldberg, Mrs. Jean Wilson, Miss Virginia Thompson, Ms. Margaret Waldron, Mrs. Neal E. Wimmer, Ms. Pauline Thompson, Ms. Mona Denise Waller, Mr. David F. Wolfe, Ms. Rosalie L. Thompson, Ms. Roberta C. Walters, Miss Ruthe Wolfe, Mr. Thomas L. Thompson, Mr. T.J. II Washburn, Mrs. James V. Wood, Mr. Edward A. Thomsen, Ms. Sharon M.D. Waters, Miss Elva Jane Wood, Mr. Hayes G. Thornton, Mr. Dade W. Esq. Watson, Ms. Hattie E. Woodall, Ms. Anna L. Thurlow, Mr. Tom Jr. Weber, John O. Woodruff, Mrs. MaryLou Tighe, Ms. Russica P. Weinberg, Ms. Claire Wotherspoon-Ford, Timanus, Mrs. Martha D. Weisel, Mr. Steven S. Ms. Rose Anne Tingler, Mrs. C.F. Weiss, Mrs. Meryle Wright, Mrs. Edward H. Tinkoff, Ms. Norma Weiss, Mrs. Milton Wright, Dr. lone S. Todd, Miss Eva Weit, Mr. Richard Wright. Dr. Jack L. Toledo, Mr. Claudio Wellington, Ms. Flora H. Wujciak, Ms. Alice Tomlinson, Mr. Edwin L. Wells, Mrs. Barbara E. Yarborough, Joan Tompsett, Ms. Clara E. Wells, Ms. Betty Lou Young, Montgomery L. Torres, Ms. Gloria Welsh, Mr. R.M. Zabsky, Mr. Harold J. Torres, Ms. Maria J. Wepman, Mr. Warren S. Zachow, Ms. Karin F. Torrieri, Ms. Joan Werblow, Mrs. Marcella U. Zapf, Mr. John S. Tottenhoff, Mrs. J.R. Wernstrom, Carole Zarzecki, Ms. Suzanne Towle, Mrs. Helen C. West, Ms. Karen C. Zeller, Mrs. Leila Trautvetter, Mr. Paul Westmoreland, Ms. Colleen F. Zimmerman, Mrs. Louis Trescott, Ms. Jean L. Wetterer, Ms. Mary Thiel Zoller, Eugene, D. Trussell, Ms. Malvina Wheeler, Ms. Helen Zwerner, Mrs. Carl Trussell, Mrs.Ralph Wheeling, Mr. Craig Tucker, Mr. Bruce E. White, Mr. Richard M. List of Members 93

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