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Chapter 13: the Region Today: Europe

Chapter 13: the Region Today: Europe

CHAPTER THE TODAY

Why It Matters A study of will reveal how Europe the economies of the region are changing and becoming more unified. This chapter will also explore how Europeans are rec- ognizing and managing specific environmental issues.

Section 1: The Economy Cooperation and conflict among people influence the division and control of ’s surface. The countries of Europe face the chal- lenge of developing distinct eco- nomic, social, and political identities while uniting for greater strength and prosperity in a global economy. Section 2: People and Their Environment The characteristics and distribution of ecosystems help people under- stand environmental issues. Europeans identify environmental challenges and find new ways of managing natural resources and reversing the effects of damage caused by industry and development.

Geography ONLINE Chapter Overview Visit the World and Cultures Web site at glencoe.com and click on Chapter Overviews—Chapter 13 to preview infor- mation about the region today.

The central location of Prague, , makes the city an important crossroads for trade in the region.

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William Manning/CORBIS EUROPE 323 Make Chapter 13 As you read about the economy Summarizing Information Summarizing to help you a Layered-Look Book information summarize important today. about Europe tion by taking notes about economic activities, transpor- tion by taking notes about economic activities, and tation and communications networks, trade human interdependence, managing resources, and impact on the environment. Reading and Writing informa- and environment of Europe today, summarize SECTION 1 The Economy Guide to Reading Throughout Europe, people remain proud of their individual national identities, but they are also Section Preview The countries of Europe face the beginning to identify with the and challenge of developing distinct the region as a whole. At the same time, people want economic, social, and political identities while uniting for greater to maintain the distinct national identities that give strength and prosperity in a global Europe its unique and celebrated character. economy.

Content Vocabulary Voices Around the World • heavy industry • genetically (p. 325) modified food “ . . . [O]ne of the more delicate issues facing the new Europe is how to • light industry (p. 326) create a common foundation without carpeting over the ’s rich (p. 325) • organic tapestry of peoples, languages, cuisines, and cultures. • mixed farming farming (p. 326) Even Herr Eisenhauer [a European executive], despite (p. 326) • Maastricht . . . his commitment to unity, was worried about • farm Treaty (p. 328) that. ‘European culture is a bouquet de fleurs,’ cooperative (p. 326) [bouquet of flowers] he told me. . . . ‘Together they are beautiful. But the rose is still a rose, and the Academic Vocabulary tulip is a tulip. This must be preserved.’” • computer (p. 325) • chemical (p. 326) — T. R. Reid, “The New Europe,” • media (p. 327) National Geographic, January 2002 Places to Locate • Prague (p. 325) • Budapest (p. 325) • Paris (p. 326) • Brussels (p. 326) • London (p. 326) Reading Strategy Organizing As you read, use a web diagram like the one below to list the goals of the European Union.

Goals of EU

Celebrating ’s EU membership

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Mark H. Milstein/NorthFoto/ZUMA Press EUROPE 325 . Czech Czech Chapter 13

cities. glencoe.com or Prague, agriculture. Plus

Hungary, are two inter- Hungary,

StudentWorks™ GDP by Economic Sector by Economic GDP Use Budapest, In which country do services account for the larg- In which country do services account for the How is ’s GDP by sector different from that ofHow is Ukraine’s GDP by sector different from ourism is another large service industry in industry in ourism is another large service , , and ? Why do you think this is so? Norway, Germany, and Greece? Why do you est percentage of GDP? The smallest percentage? T Europe also has Although largely industialized, Agricultural crops vary from area to area. Agricultural crops vary from area to area. 2. Place 1. Place Europe, especially in , , and Greece. In Greece. and Italy, in Spain, especially Europe, politi- in ’s changes recent years, also opened cal and economic landscape have up tourism in urban areas. and Republic, nationally popular eastern European Agriculture

fewer than 2 percent engage in fertile farmland. As a result, many Europeans many Europeans As a result, fertile farmland. the per- Yet continue to earn a living farming. centage of farmers in each country varies widely. ’s about 48 percent of For example, but in the , workers are farmers, Olives, citrus fruits, dates, and grapes grow in dates, citrus fruits, Olives, in Farther north, warm Mediterranean areas. farmers grow wheat, the cooler plains region, and other grains as well as livestock. rye, light light heavy heavy to trans-

Service industries Service industries computers For what kinds of prod- For what

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The development of industry is The development of industry is software. European economies are based on based on economies are European

Europe. a such as high-end electronics and spe-

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N I A The made Europe the Europe the The Industrial Revolution made Economic activities in Europe are related to Economic activities MAIN MMAIN industry, cialty tools. industrial centers include the Ruhr and the Ruhr and the industrial centers include the the Lorraine- Middle Rhine districts in Germany, basin in Italy, the Po Saar district in , in and the Upper - district Countries lacking and the Czech Republic. industrial raw materials specialize in often linked to the availability of raw materi- often linked to the availability large deposits of coal Europe’s In the 1800s als. of and iron ore sparked the growth industry leading Europe’s Today industrial equipment. Service and Technology Manufacturing Industry throughout different combinations of manufacturing, service service manufacturing, combinations of different and agriculture. and technology, AND GEOGRAPHY is the U.S. economy known? ucts and businesses the economic activities found Read to learn about Economic Activities Economic birthplace of modern industry. Today the region the region Today birthplace of modern industry. produces everything from service indus- However, portation equipment. GDP. tries provide a large percentage of longtime leaders in manufacturing, while others while others in manufacturing, longtime leaders insurance, banking, are centers for international and finance. the natural resources, people, and culture of the people, the natural resources, some countries have been For example, area. ern Europe’s economy. , for example, has for example, Ireland, economy. ern Europe’s become a leading manufacturer of computer products and 60 percent of workers in work International banking and in service industries. top service insurance rank among Europe’s with and the United industries, High-tech- Kingdom the leaders in these fields. nology industries are a growing sector of west- employ a large percentage of the workforce in more than in fact, — most European countries Northern countries, such as and the Nether lands, are major producers of dairy prod- Transportation and ucts. The Scandinavian countries are among the Communications world’s leading suppliers of fish.

Farming Techniques In western Europe, farmers MMAINAIN IIdeadea The economies of Europe are sup- use advanced technology to make the best use of ported by transportation and communications sys- limited agricultural space. Mixed farming — rais- tems that are state-of-the-art in some areas and improving in other areas. ing several kinds of crops and livestock on the same farm — is common. Most western European GEOGRAPHY AND YOU On what transportation farmers own their own farms. The average farm and communications systems do people in your covers about 30 acres (about 12 ha). In Denmark community rely? Read to learn about the role these and some other countries, farm cooperatives, systems play throughout Europe. organizations in which farmers share in growing and selling products, reduce costs and increase Europe’s network of highways, railroads, water- profits. ways, and airline routes is among the best in the The fall of communism brought many changes world. Modern communications systems also to farming in eastern Europe. Outdated equip- link most parts of Europe to one another and to ment and lack of incentive resulted in low crop the rest of the world. yields. Since the shift to democracy, private own- ership of land and food production has risen. Railways and Highways Yields and profits have increased through the Rail lines connect Europe’s major cities and use of modern equipment and fertilizers. airports and link natural resources to major industrial centers. France pioneered the use of Agricultural Issues Throughout Europe new high-speed trains with its introduction in 1981 farming methods have not escaped criticism. of trains á grand vitesse (TGVs), which means Many Europeans, for example, oppose “very fast trains.” TGVs cause less damage to genetically modified foods, foods with genes the environment than most other forms of trans- altered to make them grow bigger or faster or be portation. High-speed rail lines now also oper- more resistant to pests. Opponents claim that ate in Germany, Italy, and Spain. Bridges and little is known yet about the safety of these foods. tunnels carry traffic over or through barriers Many consumers also avoid foods grown in posed by water, mountains, or valleys. For exam- fields treated with chemicals to control insects or ple, in 2000 Denmark and opened a rail weeds. So some farmers rely on organic farming, and road bridge linking Sweden to western using natural substances instead of chemicals to Europe for the first time since the last Ice Age. A increase crop yields. high-speed rail triangle links Paris, Brussels, and Despite much success, agriculture in western London, passing beneath the Europe is still vulnerable to problems. For through the Chunnel, or Channel Tunnel. example, in 2001 an outbreak of foot-and- A well-developed highway system also links mouth disease in the United Kingdom required Europe’s major cities. Germany’s super high- the killing of thousands of animals, severely ways, called autobahnen, are among Europe’s crippling the country’s livestock industry. best roads. Europe has the highest number of Agricultural subsidies are also an issue. Billions automobile owners in the world except for the of dollars are paid to farmers each year to sup- . plement their income, support the agricultural industry, and protect prices. Many, however, Comparing Transportation argue that such subsidies create overproduction Region Land Area Railroad Road of crops and distort trade. Europe 2,283,048 sq. mi. 175,546 mi. 3,611,279 mi. 3,674,210 sq. km 282,514 km 5,811,790 km What kinds of problems United 3,717,796 sq. mi. 141,508 mi. 3,981,521 mi. affect agriculture in western Europe? States 5,983,213 sq. km 227,736 km 6,407,637 km

326 Unit 4 EUROPE 327 which

Europe. Chapter 13 . glencoe.com European Union. or world. Plus

What might be the chal- What might be the

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Trade within Europe and between between Europe and Trade within StudentWorks™

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N I rade and and rade A Europe’s economies, like its peoples, are diverse are diverse its peoples, like economies, Europe’s MAIN MMAIN T Interdependence as a world is changing the rest of the Europe and Union and changes in theresult of the European landscape of eastern political and economic GEOGRAPHY AND working together toward lenges of many countries goals? Read to learn about the the same economic of the benefits and challenges and changing. The European Union (EU), and changing. unites much of Europe into one trading com- unites much of Europe into one a greater volume of trade than enjoys munity, any single country in the The European Union What countries are the original members of the European Union? Why do you think and Ukraine are not members of the European Union? 2. Regions 1. Regions

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vary throughout vary throughout

ications Sate ith its long coastline, Europe has a seafaring seafaring has a Europe long coastline, ith its n elephone service and print T The International Telecom- The International Europe’s many navigable rivers and canals many navigable rivers and canals Europe’s W What role do rail lines play in sup- porting the economy of Communications Seaports and and Seaports the European Broadcasting the European Broadcasting Union. media the Eurovision network linked and most of western Europe, the Intervision network oper- The ated in eastern Europe. two networks merged in 1993 and are now both operated by mu nization uses a series of to satellites (INTELSATs) broadcast and receive televi- sion programs in Europe. Before the fall of communism, Germany links inland ports between the North Germany links inland Sea and the Black allow for transporting goods at less cost than allow for transporting The Rhine River and its many other regions. more freight than any other tributaries carry The economies of cities river system in Europe. of the River are depen- along the banks Canal in The Main-Danube dent on it for trade. tradition. It handles more than half the world’s the world’s more than half It handles tradition. the Nether- Rotterdam, shipping. international in surface area, largest port is the world’s lands, numbers of ships and of freight handled, amount at one that it can dock Europeans use cell phones, Europeans use cell phones, and the electronic mail, Cell phone use is Internet. increasing in eastern Europe. Print media continue to shape public opinion. cable and microwave radio cable and microwave radio and satellite fiber optics, relay, Such high-quality systems. service is not as available in Most western eastern Europe. Europe. Western European Western Europe. telephone systems include The European Union Since the EU was formed, member countries The movement for European unity arose from have worked to boost trade and to make their the ashes of World War II, as western European economies more efficient and productive. This countries struggled to rebuild their ruined econ- process includes agreeing on a variety of issues omies. In 1950 France proposed closer links directly and indirectly related to the economy. among Europe’s coal and steel industries, a In 2004 members attempted to establish an move seen as the first step toward a united EU constitution. The original EU community Eur ope. This was such a success that in 1957 needed to be restructured to accommodate the Bel gium, West Germany, , France, expanded membership. The constitution was to Italy, and the created the European address the following topics: Eco nomic Community to further integrate their • the way members vote on European issues; economies. • the creation of the post of EU president; Over the years more steps were taken toward • the incorporation of a formal Charter that goal, but not until the 1990s did most of Fundamental Rights; Europeans agree that such a goal could ever be • confirmation that EU law has more power reached. In 1992 representatives from various than national law; European governments met in Maastricht, the • confirmation that the EU can sign interna- Netherlands, to sign the Maastricht Treaty, which tional treaties on behalf of its members; and set up the European Union. This new body aimed • the formation of common policies on to make Europe’s economies competitive with foreign affairs and defense matters. those of the rest of the world by getting rid of The acceptance of this new constitution came restrictions on the movement of goods, services, to a standstill when France and the Netherlands and people across its members’ borders. It also rejected it for various reasons. At the time, both paved the way for a single European currency, a countries had relatively slow economies and , and a common foreign policy. extremely unpopular governments, which con- tributed to a general feeling of dissatisfaction among their populations. Until a new constitu- tion can be agreed upon, the EU must operate under the rules of the original structure. A New Eastern Europe Since the fall of communism in 1989, eastern European countries have been moving from command economies to market economies. The graph on page 329 shows how GDP has changed in some countries. To compete in global mar- kets, industries have had to overcome the obsta- cles of outdated equipment and inefficient production methods. Many laid-off workers were retrained, as industries tried to acquire new technology and adopt measures to reduce pollu- tion. Eastern European governments are seeking to attract foreign investments and financial aid. Change, however, is costly and difficult. Workers lost part of their social “safety net” — the free health care, lifetime jobs, and other social bene- fits — provided by the communist system. With Josep Borrell Fontelles was reduced benefits, death rates have risen in some elected president of the European places, and life expectancy has declined. Despite Parliament in 2004 for a term of three years. these difficulties, however, people in eastern Regions Why was the European Union created? Europe are slowly adjusting to a new way of life.

328 Unit 4

Jean-Marc Loos/Reuters/CORBIS EUROPE 329 . Chapter 13 glencoe.com or Plus

What different challenges do eastern

StudentWorks™ Imagine that you are a farmer in eastern ONLINE To review this section, go to Study the table on page 326. How does

Use and click on Study Central.

Economies in Eastern Europe Eastern in Economies In what ways could the merging of economies In what ways could the merging of economies What generalization can you make about the effect the What generalization can you make about the Which country experienced the most dramatic increase in Which country experienced the most dramatic Geography Study Central™ glencoe.com through the European Union give the entire region of Europe through the European Union give the entire fied Europe? fied Europe compare to the United States in terms of miles of rail- Europe. Write a brief essay describing how your work has road? Miles of road? economic strength? economic changed since the fall of communism. Discuss the pros and cons of command economies and market economies. and western Europeans face as they move toward a more uni- Analyzing Information Analyzing Visuals Narrative Writing

6. 5. 7. 8. Writing About Geography Writing About fall of communism had on the economies in eastern Europe? fall of communism had on the economies Critical Thinking Critical GDP after the fall of communism?

1. Place 2. Regions

wealth. and click on

World Geography What economic change What economic change

Visit the glencoe.com

REVIEW Regions ONLINE Poland, for example, farmers repre- for example, Poland, Web site at

1 Impact of Transportation and Communications Service and technology Agriculture Industry tries are built on different combinations of manufacturing, ser- nications systems. nications nomic landscape of eastern Europe? nomic landscape of eastern vice and technology, and agriculture. vice and technology, and mies of Europe are supported by transportation and commu- mixed farming, farm cooperative, genetically modified food, mixed farming, farm cooperative, genetically Union? How is it changing as a result of the political and eco- organic farming, European Union, Maastricht Treaty. organic farming, European Union, Maastricht of the world changing due to the influence of the European Describe examples of how the economies of European coun- Complete a chart like the one below to show how the econo- How is trade within Europe and between Europe and the rest Explain the significance of: heavy industry, light industry, Explain the significance of: heavy industry, In addition to benefits, membership in the the in membership to benefits, In addition

Geography Student Web Activity and Cultures activity about Student Web Activities—Chapter 13 for an the European Union. Main Ideas Main 2. 4. 3. 1. Vocabulary

occurred in eastern Europe after the fall of commu- occurred in eastern nism in 1989? compete with existing EU members, who are in EU members, compete with existing ahead of them in terms of pro- some cases years In ductivity. of the population but generate sent 20 percent of the country’s less than 5 percent on trade, banking, business law, environmental law, business banking, on trade, mem- countries seeking rights, and human issues, and adjust their legal examine and bership must and ways of doing business. financial systems and businesspeople must farmers As members, European Union poses challenges for eastern eastern for challenges poses Union European strict EU standards meet To countries. European SECTION SECTION 2 People and Their Guide to Reading

Section Preview Environment Europeans identify environmental challenges, find new ways of manag- For today’s Europeans, the lasting effects of certain ing natural resources, and reverse the human activities on their environment are becoming effects of damage caused by industry all too clear. The Danube River, a vital waterway that and development. passes through nine European countries, needs protec- Content Vocabulary tion. Dams, dikes, and other types of development • dry farming • acid deposition (p. 331) (p. 332) have damaged water quality and posed a threat to • acid rain • environmentalist wetlands, fish, and bird populations. (p. 332) (p. 333) • meltwater • global warming (p. 332) (p. 333) Voices Around the World

Academic Vocabulary “In the town of Tutrakan, , on a hill overlooking the Danube and • cycle (p. 331) across it to the north, 65-year-old Dimo Kovachev sat idle on a tree • vehicle (p. 333) stump. Below, on the waterfront, sat the town’s crane, which he operated before • disposal (p. 333) retirement five years ago. . . . ‘There’s just no work here,’ he said . . . Fishing Places to Locate has declined because of environmental degradation and habitat loss. ‘Thirty • Strait of (p. 333) years ago I caught four kinds of sturgeon in the Danube.’ That was before wet- • Białowieza Forest (p. 334) lands on and along the riverbanks were diked to create cropland. ‘In Reading Strategy spring, when the water was up, the Organizing Complete a graphic marshlands flooded,’ providing a organizer like the one below by list- place for fish to spawn. ‘If the ing some of the reasons for eastern marshes are restored, the fish Europe’s pollution problems. will come back.’”

Pollution — Cliff Tarpy, “The Danube: Europe’s River of Harmony and Discord,” National Geographic, March 2002

A sturgeon fisher on the Danube River

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Caroline Penn/CORBIS EUROPE 331

areas. Chapter 13 What do scientists Europe. After days of torrential rains in After days of torrential cities 2002, the Elbe River flooded Human-Environment Interaction

combat the effects of forest loss, many many combat the effects of forest loss,

Soil erosion is a serious problem in the in the Soil erosion is a serious problem It is believed that four-fifths of Europe was of Europe was It is believed that four-fifths To in eastern Germany. Interaction Human-Environment flooding in Europe? believe to be the cause of heavy rains and trees. This is necessary because the average time trees. to replace a full-grown spruce and pine is about 70 years in the south and about 140 years in the northern part of the country. countries have taken steps toward reforestation, countries have taken steps toward reforestation, Others have taken or the replanting of trees. steps to manage the cutting of trees responsibly. has followed since the for example, Sweden, 1800s a strict system of cutting and replenishing What activities have led to soil erosion in Europe? Deforestation ranean countries. Since the 1980s, scientists have Since the 1980s, ranean countries. extent of the conducted studies to learn the countries can problem and develop specific steps destruction over Forest take to reduce erosion. reason for the time in the Mediterranean is one As a result, severe problems with erosion. area’s some reforestation is being promoted in , and it affects the highly- Mediterranean basin, coastal areas of the Mediter- sandy populated, once covered by forest, and two-thirds of this and two-thirds once covered by forest, over time. forestland has been removed region and in Particularly in the Mediterranean people removed Europe, Western industrial In many trees in order to create cities and farms. the healthiest commercial forests Europe today, are found in northern

Dry farming accounts for the moisture.

ycle c Europe. What measures do people do people What measures Resources

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coast. Europeans realize their connection to realize their connection Europeans a wisely. e d IIdea Erosion

N Christof Stache/AP Images I A Humans’ repeated misuse of the land has accel- In northwestern Europe, violent Atlantic and violent In northwestern Europe, In recent years heavy rains have drenched drenched In recent years heavy rains have People in Europe face challenges posed by the People in Europe MAIN MMAIN Soil Flooding resources are managed in resources are managed the environment and the importance of managing importance of managing and the the environment resources AND GEOGRAPHY take to manage natural in your community learn more about how natural resources? Read to Managing Managing to rapid erosion include over-farming, bad farm- to rapid erosion include over-farming, and removing too much vegetation, ing practices, overgrazing of livestock. built to seal off and protect the Netherlands’ built to seal off and protect the Netherlands’ southwestern Activities that lead erated soil erosion in Europe. flooded the Netherlands, killing about 1,800 killing about 1,800 flooded the Netherlands, For nearly 30 years after this tragic people. a engineers carried out the Delta Plan, event, project aimed to prevent such severe flooding. a system of dams and dikes was Under the plan, rains. Others believe that global warming is believe that global warming is Others rains. responsible. that border storms strike countries com- Atlantic storm, In 1953 a severe the sea. heavy spring tide, bined with the North Sea’s much of Europe, causing widespread flooding much of Europe, This extreme weather has led to and mudslides. and disruption of damage, property loss of life, scientists claim Some transportation networks. that the natural climate is a way of farming in dry areas that produces is a way of farming in dry areas relies on farm- crops without any irrigation and ing methods that conserve soil and Macedonia indicates that tectonic changes and Macedonia People in southern place today. continue to take For rainfall. Europe also have to cope with low streams Meseta is so arid that Spain’s example, This arid cli- dry up and drought is common. mate makes dry farming necessary. physical environment. The frequent occurrence physical environment. Greece, countries such as Italy, of earthquakes in increased until it affected public health. Although Human Impact efforts are now under way to clean up the envi- ronment, the “black triangle” still bears the scars MMAINAIN IIdeadea Population growth and industrializa- of poorly considered development from the past. tion have impacted Europe’s environment in nega- Countries in western Europe have also experi- tive ways, and Europeans must find ways to reverse enced environmental damage from the the damage. of industrial wastes into the air and water. The GEOGRAPHY AND YOU What examples of world- European Union (EU) now requires environmen- wide pollution have you observed or read about? tal protection and cleanup from its members. Read to learn how pollution and the other effects of human activities have impacted Europe. Acid Rain In the 1970s and 1980s, European industries Europe’s high concentration of industry and built tall smokestacks to carry pollution away from population has had a devastating impact. For industrial sites. This worked locally, but pollution example, in the “black triangle”—a heavily drifted across national borders. This pollution, industrialized area in Poland, eastern Germany, containing acid-producing chemicals, combined and the Czech Republic—soot covers the ground, with moisture in the air and fell as acid rain. and the air smells of sulfur from smokestacks. Polluted clouds, drifting from the industrial belt of Before 1989 eastern European countries had Europe, withered forests in other areas. practically no laws to control pollution. With the Many western European countries have made Communist emphasis on rapid industrial the switch from coal to natural gas, thus reducing growth — not environmental safety — pollution the effects of acid rain. How ever, many eastern European countries continue Acid Rain in Europe to rely heavily on coal. As a result, the effects of acid rain are especially severe in eastern Europe. Acid rain is not limited to for- ests; it also falls on lakes and rivers. In winter, snow carries the industrial pollution to the ground. In spring, meltwater — the result of melting snow and ice — carries the acid into lakes and rivers. As acid concentra- tions build, fish and other aquatic life die. Many lakes in have declining fish populations or even no fish at all. Some rivers in the Czech Republic and cannot support aquatic life. Automobile exhaust also adds acid-forming compounds to the atmosphere. Acid deposition, wet or dry acid pollution that falls to the ground, harms not 1. Regions Which European countries are the most affected by acid rain? only Europe’s natural environ- 2. Human-Environment Interaction Compare this map to the map of forests affected by ment but also its historic build- defoliation on page 273 of the Regional Atlas. What relationship do you see between acid ings, statues, bridges, and stained rain and defoliation? glass windows.

332 Unit 4 EUROPE 333 ople ople Chapter 13 — pe

What impact has pol- A warmer climate will

environmentalists In addition to industrial and agri- In addition to industrial also affects cultural pollution, trash Human-Environment Interaction

global warming. countries. The problems of air quality in Europe, like those The problems of air quality in Europe, Facing the threat of global warming requires water and wildlife in Europe. water and wildlife in Human-Environment Interaction lution had on Europe’s rivers and lakes? How has industrialization impacted Europe’s How has industrialization impacted Europe’s environment? Global Warming tional treaty on climate change designed to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases emitted by spe- cific in other industrialized regions, may have global in other industrialized regions, Many consequences. the environ- concerned with the quality of effects of increased car- are studying the — ment The atmosphere. bon dioxide in the Earth’s raised the burning of fossil fuels has significantly atmosphere, amounts of carbon dioxide in the expect Scientists increasing global temperatures. could rise that the average global temperature and fifty years, 1–4.5°F (0.6–2.5°C) in the next a trend century, 2.2–10°F (1.4–5.8°C) in the next called caus- melt polar ice caps and mountain glaciers, ing levels to rise and submerge coastal areas. how- Many scientists, international cooperation. cannot agree on the exact causes of global ever, has so the international community warming, how- The EU, done little to combat the problem. has consistently been a supporter of the ever, an amendment to the interna- — Kyoto Protocol This often involves involves often This dumping sewage, gar- dumping sewage,

traffic. ships. takes almost a century to

ehicles. disposal, v completely. Ashley Cooper/CORBIS ater pollution is another issue facing Europe, Europe, ater pollution is another issue facing W Air pollution is a problem throughout Europe. problem throughout Europe. Air pollution is a The EU has set strict emissions regulations for for regulations emissions set strict EU has The Pollution also affects Europe’s rivers and lakes. rivers and lakes. Pollution also affects Europe’s Pollution contaminates marine and animal life raffic exhausts and industrial fumes cause eye raffic exhausts and tems with devices that remove sulfur and nitro- sulfur and devices that remove tems with believe that fossil Many people gen compounds. energy with alternative be replaced fuels should that solar others believe However, sources. energy sources are not yet real- power and other for fossil fuels. istic replacements equipping smokestacks and vehicle exhaust sys- vehicle exhaust smokestacks and equipping Air and Water Pollution Air and Water renew itself are also putting more cars on the road, increas- road, are also putting more cars on the ing air pollution from region. particularly in the useCountries bordering the Mediterranean the sea for waste people who live in industrial areas of western people who live factories built in the In eastern Europe, Europe. and carbon sulfur, Communist era belch soot, Some former Communist dioxide into the air. they Yet countries are closing polluting factories. T in and respiratory infections asthma, irritations, industries and and industries ers in various places. Industries in western Industries in western ers in various places. Europe deposit wastes into the Meuse and Rhine Rivers. The Danube River, for example, is seriously is seriously for example, The Danube River, When fertilizers affected by agricultural runoff. they encourage algae growth. enter the river, of so much oxygen rob the river in turn, Algae, pol- Another source of that fish cannot survive. which is dumped into riv- lution is raw sewage, and creates health hazards for people. The The and creates health hazards for people. Mediterranean is overfished and cannot provide Native species of seaweed and its former bounty. shellfish compete with foreign species carried into the Mediterranean by where it is discharged. The Mediterranean Sea, The Mediterranean Sea, where it is discharged. only through the narrow Atlantic open to the of Gibraltar, Strait bage, and industrial waste. In the past, bacteria in In the past, waste. and industrial bage, most of thethe Mediterranean Sea broke down however, times, In recent waste the sea received. along the coastgrowing populations and tourism Small have increased the environmental problems. keep pollutiontides and weak currents tend to Pollution that crosses national borders pre- Future Challenges sents a more complex situation. For example, pollution in the Danube River threatens wildlife MMAINAIN IIdeadea European countries are uniting to in its outlet, the . People recognize that develop ways of protecting and restoring the improving water quality is a necessity, but direct- region’s environment. ing and financing the cleanup is difficult when GEOGRAPHY AND YOU How might a group of the process involves many countries. many countries develop one plan to protect the The EU and others continue to develop ways environment? Read to learn what measures Europe to protect the environment. Many power plants is taking to address environmental concerns. now burn natural gas instead of lignite coal. By 2010 all EU member countries must lower emis- Few areas in Europe remain unchanged by the sions to 15 percent below 1990 levels to reduce clearing of forests, the drainage of , or the greenhouse gases. Some countries are develop- building of canals. Although much of Europe has ing alternative fuels. For example, in 2005 been altered by human activity, Europeans want Sweden introduced the first biogas-powered to preserve what little wilderness area is left. One passenger train. Biogas, produced by decompos- of the largest areas still in its natural state is the ing organic material, is much less damaging to Białowieza (bee•ah•waw•vee•YAY•zhah) Forest the atmosphere than fossil fuels. in Belarus and Poland. It is home to animals such To be admitted to the EU, eastern European as the wolf, lynx, and European bison, all of countries are expected to meet EU environmen- which are now rarely seen elsewhere in Europe. tal standards. Since cleanup will cost about $120 In recent decades Europeans have made more billion, eastern European countries are now concerted efforts to clean up the environment. seeking financial aid from EU countries in west- EU member countries can face legal action if ern Europe. Western Europe and U.S. companies they do not respect environmental protection are providing technology and investment to help laws. Individual countries are also addressing modernize eastern Europe’s industries. the consequences of pollution. For example, cit- Human-Environment Interaction ies in western Europe now protect buildings and How is western Europe encouraging eastern Europe statues with acid-resistant coatings. to meet environmental standards?

SECTION 2 REVIEW Vocabulary Critical Thinking 1. Explain the significance of: dry farming, acid rain, meltwater, 5. Why does eastern Europe have higher levels of pol- acid deposition, environmentalist, global warming. lution than western Europe? 6. Drawing Conclusions Why is cooperation among today’s Main Ideas European nations necessary in order for cleanup and preser- 2. Describe three examples of how Europeans are managing vation of the environment to take place? their resources wisely. 7. Analyzing Maps Study the map of acid rain on page 332. Which 3. How are European countries developing ways of protecting western European countries are most affected by acid rain? the region’s environment? What are they doing to clean up the environment? Writing About Geography 4. In a table like the one below, identify the ways in which grow- 8. Narrative Writing Imagine that you live in a polluted area of ing populations and industrialization have impacted Europe’s Europe. Write a letter to the editor of a newspaper there, sug- environment. Then describe steps to counteract gesting steps to halt environmental damage. pollution’s effects.

Activities Effects of Pollution Steps Taken Geography ONLINE Growing populations Study Central™ To review this section, go to Industrialization glencoe.com and click on Study Central.

334 Unit 4 EUROPE TODAY . 335 glencoe.com Section B Chapter 13 by downloading quizzes by downloading your to and flashcards PDA from Study anywhere, anytime anywhere, Study OLUTIONS S arid locations. arid flooding. dams to protect the Netherlands from erosion. solutions to combat soil toward reforestation to replenish the trees lost deforestation. to • Dry farming has made farming possible in • The Dutch have built a series of dikes and • Studies have been done to identify and find • Many European countries have taken steps tourism rank among the  R T  R T VISUAL SUMMARY SUMMARY VISUAL Europe. HALLENGES C 13 ercoming the Environment the ercoming industry. resulted in the loss of nearly two-thirds of Europe’s forests. resulted in the loss of nearly two-thirds of Europe’s and transportation routes. and transportation some places. he Birthplace of Ov Tuesday eastern and western eastern and western living from farming. industries. Banking, insurance, and insurance, Banking, industries. service industries. top region’s modern • difficult. has low rainfall, making farming • Widespread flooding in Europe has destroyed property • Misuse of land over time has led to severe soil erosion in • Deforestation, especially in the Mediterranean region, has • particularly between country, by varies economy Europe’s • is in service workforce Europe’s 60 percent of western About • people still earn a Europe is industrialized, many Althoughh • made Europe the birthplace of Industrial Revolution The Modern Industry Modern T (t)Johner/Getty Images, (b)Pete Cairns/Nature Picture Library CHAPTER CHAPTER 13 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE

TEST-TAKING TIP

When you have fi nished, check to be sure you have answered all the questions.

Reviewing V ocabulary Reviewing Main Ideas Directions: Choose the word or words that best complete the Directions: Choose the best answers to the following questions. sentence. Section 1 (pp. 324–329) 1. The manufacture of machinery and industrial equipment 5. Today most Europeans work in . is . A farming A heavy industry B mining B light industry C services C services D manufacturing D economics

6. The fi rst step toward a more united Europe involved the industry. 2. Organizations that share the cost of growing and selling crops are called . A textile A communes B agricultural B villages C coal and steel C plantations D automobile D farm cooperatives

3. When pollutants in the atmosphere combine with moisture, Section 2 (pp. 330–334) the result is . 7. Today the healthiest commercial forests are found in A dumping Europe. A B acid rain northern B southern C soil erosion C D meltwater eastern D western

4. When the Earth’s average temperature rises, it is called 8. Waste disposal has caused severe pollution problems in . the . A global cooling A North Sea B the greenhouse effect B C the acid rain effect C Black Sea D global warming D Mediterranean Sea GO ON

336 Unit 4 ASSESSMENT

Critical Thinking Document-Based Questions Directions: Choose the best answers to the following questions. Directions: Analyze the document and answer the short-answer questions that follow the document. 9. When eastern European countries close polluting factories, what is a negative result? The European Union proposed the Constitution Treaty, or A There are more cars on the road. Constitution of Europe, in 2004. Presently, it has not been ratifi ed by all member countries. The excerpt below states the Union’s B Workers go back to being farmers. objectives. C People become unemployed and cannot get services they need. 1. The Union’s aim is to promote peace, its values and the well-being of its peoples. D School enrollments go up. 2. The Union shall offer its citizens an area of freedom, secu- rity and justice without internal frontiers, and an internal Base your answer to question 10 on the map and on your knowledge market where competition is free and undistorted. of Chapter 13. 3. The Union shall work for the sustainable development of Europe based on balanced economic growth and price Europe: Acid Rain stability, a highly competitive social market economy, aiming at full employment and social progress, and a high level of protection and improvement of the quality of the environment. It shall promote scientifi c and techno- logical advance . . . 4. In its relations with the wider world, the Union shall uphold and promote its values and interests. It shall con- tribute to peace, security, the sustainable development of the Earth, solidarity and mutual respect among peoples, free and fair trade, eradication of poverty and the protec- tion of human rights, in particular the rights of the child, as well as to the strict observance and the development of international law, including respect for the principles of the United Nations Charter. 5. The Union shall pursue its objectives by appropriate means commensurate with the competences which are conferred upon it in the Constitution.

11. How does the Union work for better lives for the people of its member countries?

Extended Response 12. Describe the current economy of eastern Europe. What 10. In which country is acid rain most concentrated? effects has communism had upon the current economic situation? A Czech Republic STOP B Germany C Poland D Slovakia Geography ONLINE For additional test practice, use Self-Check Quizzes— Chapter 13 on glencoe.com.

Need Extra Help? If you missed questions. . . 123456789101112 Go to page. . . 325 326 332 333 325 328 331 333 332 337 337 328

Chapter 13 337 Case STUDY THE EUROPEAN UNION: What is next for this international organization that acts more and more like a single country?

At the end of World War II, Europe’s cities lay in ruins, and its economy was destroyed. The rebuilding began with iron and steel and the raw materials that went into them: coal and iron ore. Germany had some of the best coal, while France had excellent deposits of iron ore. The European Coal and Steel Community, consisting of France, Germany, , Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Italy, agreed to in coal, iron ore, and steel. From this small start came today’s European Union (EU), including almost all the countries on the continent. Today, as new members wait to join, the EU draws closer together, acting more and more like a single country.

Understanding the Situation The creation and growth of the European Union is viewed from varying perspectives. A Moral Issue Europeans needed a means to work together and end the series of wars that had destroyed their countries. As the EU developed, it established programs to help farmers and to end tariffs and other trade barriers for all products. These programs meant that people in richer countries were helping those in poorer ones, and some Europeans objected to these programs. An Economic Dilemma Countries, farmers, and companies that had specialized in a certain crop or product because they were protected by tariffs and Above right: The European Parliament Building, Strasbourg, France other regulations suddenly found themselves com- Above: coins and paper money peting with lower-paid workers. Because people can move around in the EU and look for jobs in other Average Monthly Minimum Wages in the European Union countries, workers from low-wage countries began to move to high-wage countries. Workers in the high-wage countries felt threatened. A Political Issue The EU has brought greater politi- cal unification among its members. For example, people today can get EU passports instead of pass- ports from individual member countries. Some of the members have adopted a single currency called the euro, and there is a European Parliament that holds sessions in Brussels, Belgium, and Strasbourg, France. The European Parliament makes rules that the member countries must obey. The EU also has courts to enforce its laws.

338 Unit 4

(t)IFA Bilderteam/eStock Photo, (b)IT Stock Free/eStock Photo Challenges for the Future EUROPE As the EU has grown, its members have become Tighter Organization The EU has become more more diverse. Some members that joined in 2004 had involved in the lives of the people of its member been under Communist governments. Their transi- countries. Most of its members use the euro, and its tion to market economies and democracies caused representatives take a more active role in world pol- economic problems. Unemployed workers wanted to itics. Many EU leaders felt that it needed an updated move west to find jobs, and farmers had to compete document for its governance, a real constitution. with more technologically advanced farms. However, France and the Netherlands rejected the proposed constitution in 2005. Agricultural Policy Originally, the European Economic Community, the predecessor to the European Union, adopted policies to help farmers European Union Membership produce food as cheaply as possible so that citizens Year Countries Joining would be able to afford a healthy diet. Now, the 1951 European Coal and Steel Community: Germany, policies aim to support farmers in producing high- France, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands quality foods using methods that protect the 1973 Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom environment. 1981 Greece Workers In general, workers in EU member coun- 1986 Spain, tries can move to any EU country to look for work. 1995 , , Sweden They must receive the same rights as other workers in that country. However, when ten new countries joined 2004 , Czech Republic, , Hungary, , , , Poland, Slovakia, in 2004, some feared that many of their people would flood old member countries looking for work. So the 2007 Bulgaria, Romania new members agreed that for at least two years, their Negotiations , citizens would have to obtain work permits to move beginning to old member states. Source: http://europa.eu.int/abc/history/index_en.htm

Unit 4 339

Murat Ayranci/SuperStock Understanding the Case

The primary resources listed below provide information about the EU and what it means for the lives of Europeans. Use these resources, along with what you have learned in Unit 4, to complete the activities listed on the next page.

Further Expansion? Primary Source 1 Excerpt from “Analysis: EU Views on Turkish Bid” by Jan Repa, BBC News, September 30, 2005. Turkey has begun discussions with the European Union in a bid to join. Not Sources Primary everyone agrees that it should be a member. Most EU countries officially welcome the prospect of Turkish membership: albeit at least a decade from now and subject to consistent evidence of Turkey’s com- mitment to democratic values. In contrast, public opinion in most EU countries appears, with varying degrees of intensity, to oppose Turkish membership. Reasons cited for opposition include: Turkey’s large population (70 million and rising fast); its relative poverty and doubts about its cultural compatibility with Europe. The French, Germans and Austrians seem especially unhappy with the idea. Further Integration? Primary Source 2

Excerpt from “Analysis: EU Charter Back from the Dead” by Gareth Harding, UPI, January 10, 2006. As the EU grew, leaders decided that it should have a formal constitution. They drafted a document, which needed ratification by all member countries. After French and Dutch voters roundly rejected the European Union’s first constitu- tion in May and June, the controversial 480-page charter was placed firmly in cold storage. . . . Thirteen countries have so far ratified the constitution and only two have rejected it. But with the text needing the approval of all 25 member states, it cannot come into force until there is a rerun of the votes in France and the Netherlands. . . . [T]here is increasing frustration in Brussels and other European capitals that an orga- nization with 25 states simply cannot function smoothly with rules drawn up for just six countries almost half a century ago. . . . The changes in the constitution that affect how the European Union acts on the world stage are: the creation of a more permanent EU president and foreign minis- ter — widely expected to be Solana — clearer rules enabling groups of countries to strengthen defense cooperation, the creation of a European diplomatic corps and a treaty clause obliging member states to come to each other’s aid in the event of a terrorist attack or major disaster.

340 Unit 4 LATINEUROPE AMERICA 341

tightly? Unit 4 Unit Write a one-page essay constitution? countries? world. Ratifying the EU Constitution the Ratifying new member countries to agree on a problem of uniting the members more made that reflect the problems of adding many Writing About the Case to answer one of the questions in #3 above. • Why is it so difficult for all the EU member • How will adding new members impact the • What changes in EU rules have already been 4. do. countries? (Plymouth, United (Plymouth,

3 Review the information Use the following ques- What steps can EU leaders Then perhaps by the time new governments with a fresh slate take office in France Then perhaps by the time new governments should first make sure that the activi- In the meantime the heads of government the enlarged EU has become too diverse for And second they should accept that Without the unanimous consent of Without the unanimous consent of So what are the practical steps The first, which should have been done board and produce a much more narrow The second is to go back to the drawing The constitution, which is intended to The constitution, Europeans and their leaders may now and their leaders Europeans Primary Source Primary and the Netherlands, there will be a far less ambitious text to put the nations, one and the Netherlands, there will be the holding of referendums. whose importance wouldn’t merit issues that matter to all voters, such as jobs and ties of the EU keep focused on the economic strength. the old dream of ever-closer union to work. It is a new each and every member state, the consti- each and every member state, the . . . tution cannot enter into force. forward? thatlast June, is for them all to concede the constitution is dead. It was a compro- mise that, however worthy, didn’t find favour. tedious but necessary institutional document focused only on the excruciatingly work smoothly. reforms which will enable the EU to replace all other EU treaties and provide replace all other EU to the extent of EU and a definitive guide been lying in limbo- national power, has French and the Dutch land ever since the referendums last rejected it in national summer. What Happens Next? Happens What Europe,” “Hills Are Alive for Excerpt from News Western Morning January 23, 2006. Kingdom), need to go back to the drawing boardneed to go back what they want aand think again about and to constitution to require related?

tions to stimulate a debate on the future of the European Union: constitution Making Predictions take to write a constitution that can be approved by the majority of voters in all member Conducting a Debate Drawing Conclusions in the primary sources above. How are expan- sion of EU membership and the question of a Primary Sources Primary Analyzing the Case 2. 3. 1.

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