UN ITEO STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL 'SURVEY
INTERAGENCY REPORT: AsTROGEOLOGY_. 5'
PRELIMINARY LUNAR EXPLORATION PLAN OF THE )', ... ,;~~-~- MARIUS HILLS REGION OF THE MOON
By
T. N. V. Karlstrom,, J. F. }~~Cauley and G•. A •. Swann · ·
t' •.. :. This repo~t is prelimin~ry and has not been edited or reviiw~cl for conformitY' with u.s. Geolog leal Survey· ~tand~r:d.~ and nomenclature. · l.' ' - ~- -. Prep·ared by·. the Get:> 1og i ca '. Su rve,_¥Aor. ~.,;, ~~,--~Jf~~t'~Mf~M"" Nation a 1 Aeronautics ·and Space . - · Aa~i·nistration ·' -. .,., · · CONTENTS
.:., Page
, . . .• -. . .. . 1 Regional sett~~g, significance, and geoiogic mapping . 2 Small-scale geologic map. • • • • • • • . .. 3 Large-scale geologic map. • • • • ·• • . . 4 Scientific obj.ectiYe,l?• ·1. • •••••• 5 6 Surface exploratiqn constraints 6 Launch vehicle·payfoa~ charged to science 11 Scientific mission support 12
EllA activities and prelim~n~:t:;Y time .lin7s. • • , • . • 12 Brief summary and evaluation of mission••••• 38 Additional work required 40 References 41
. ILLUSTRATIONS [Plates in pocket]
Plate 1. Preli~in~ry small-scale geologic ~ap of the \ Marius Hills regio~ 2. Preliminary large-scale geologic map of part of the Marius Hills region 3. Explanation for geologic maps of the Marius Hills reg1on Figure 1. Linear pyroclastic cone, San Francisco 1 volci:mic:·:!=:lel,d,~'·Ari'Zqna.· ••• ··:· ...... 7 ,- ' . ; ' ' " l " '' ' ' .t ; ' '~;- 2. Multiple 'iiyrbclastic··cone, San Francisco ;::· .. 'J;;~~~canic field, A~iz~na ... "';' '.· : •••• 8 3. S~t'f.''~,h:~¥ld''volcario·; 'San 'Francisco ;vo.lcanic. fie.l. d,r';;.,f.:ii~<:i ..~~- ... ; ; .· . ,,,;; .. ~ ..• .. • I! =·.! • . -:-· • v.;-; • 9
iii Page Summary of EVA's--Lunar exploration plan for Marius Hills re.,gion of the Mc:>on • 13 - I ' !>- ' ,· 2. Sample density of materials from geologic
units obtained- by the propQ!'l.ed.··,: LRV\ ,.··;: fipd LFU tr~yerses in the ~ari~s .Hills
r~gion . ;~ . . ·,.. • . 39 . ... ;
J'
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r,···, ."·~
,t' •. -.J
- ,.. 'J l •
iv PRELIMINARY LUNAR EXPLORATION PLAN OF .·'JlHE·.~MARIUS HILLS REGION· OF THE MOON
.. , . ·>':'. By· ...... , . ,,··; .,, ,, ,. ·r;
T. N. V. Karlstrom,. J: F. McCauley and '(;J A. Swann
' ,i '~' '. INTRODUCTiON .. This repcrr;t presents a prelimiri~ry LJ:nar Exploration ''Plan (LEP) for ·the Mar ius Hills region of· the MoO'n; The Mat ius· Hills region is one of the six sites considered by the GLEP site selec tion group as a candidate for manned exploration uslng mobility systems allowing a radius of operation of at least 5 km. The 3- day mission considered for the Marius Hills region is based on the use of one lunar roving vehicle (LRV) and two lunar flying units (LFU 's) and allows for four extravehicular activities (EVA's) of 3 hours each.
Effective planning for geologic field inves~gations on a lunar mission requires detailed consideration '6f 1) the best available information on the geology of the site to be explored and on relevant regional geology, and 2) operational and perform ance cha,racteristics of launch vehiCles, mobility systems, instru ment systems, and communication systems. Factors such as stay time, payload, and range are especially imRort:ant. Inasmuch as our knowledge of lunar geology and our concepts of lunar surface operational support systems are still evolving, clearly lunar exploration plans must be continually refined and updated. Operational concepts and assumptions in this report are the best estimates currently available from the Manned Spacecraft Center. The geologic data used in pre.paring the preliminary mission plan are based ori geologic maps made specifically for. this purpose by the U.S. Geological Survey. Continued g~ologic mapping of the area at increasing'iy larger. scales,· ap.d refinements in operational concepts, will undoubtedly necessitate changes in the present plan. Nonetheles~, this plan illustrates in broad and an LRV during a 3-day ~ariri.e'd lri:isiion. · · ' ... :. !! '·. ,. . ! _-, .· . :.-- .. The traverses are designed to enable 'sa'ili~ling of features wgJ:li1;1 the landing area that are inf~rred to 'be of .vo1- ·' r••• • ,-.-, •·· ' ' ' :; ', cariic orig~n and controlled by 'a major· Ttnear rupture. in the c , ': . :-;.. - \.J_. :~ -./· -. :;~; !< ;.:·. ' • ,.~ ; __ - :-.! ~- .. lunar crust. T~_e geophysics experiments· will provide:. data hearing 0 0 0 '' • ..-;, T •, : 0 ° 0 ' • -~ l' o 0 directly on tlle geology of the r~g~i'6f1':itnd wer'e integrated wi.t:hin •• ~ .:' ~ -. ~ • > ' the fram,~work 9f · the ·~e-o'logic · tt~verse · recqU:frements., •:J.::The use ·of ;;.:, • . ',_;,_ :\· -: .·' . . • ,.,__,· ; "'!---. - i''· ·_ ' - active setstl!iC ~harge"s art'a geophC:ib:e ar·r~ys ·along B:nes::.i7 'knt·long ~ :, '" ~ ·-~ 'j {;_.! -: • : ·.'", ..- , • -· • ' • perpendicular and parallel to the ·Sx:is'tJf the inferred reg~ortal -=~: structure should,. ali>ng ·'witJi. largely automa:tid trufgnetic .and ·gra,v- ~ - ~-~~ rr..~.:-.<~ -- ·:r; . _r '' •·-'··--. -·- . ity surveys, pr.ovide significant infcir!llatidn on ·stibsuvface st:ruc:.. tures to depths of 1 to { ~. ·It ~iiouhi ·be possibJ:~ to ·relate this geophy~ icai data t~' the· s~:rfa'te ·iEio lbgy arid~·· in·'·a broad . :' '~ ·.. - ,·_' ~, . sense, t_o the solid~ body geophys{cai data' ·6b'tained··::from the . l· . ALSEP i~str.U,ments deploy~~f·i~ th:i:.s ancl·other·mtssions~ . 2 ( p 1. 2) was: .prepared .~:l;:~()m 1t,l;e;. -11~gl1...;~~?.(),ltp~iqn coverage of the < .,,.....,_- ~-~··· ,_, __ -.,,_ -·--,_ • --~·---1, ·:. . ·::~~.?: -· ::, ~~-~ '"-_;, - :fi ~£ •• - :-f• ·- ,_. nortbwel';lt corner of this frame ar;td, j,_s ro~ghly centered ori a geo-' logically ~aried 4re~ cqn~j,~~l:)ed .'t';_~;~":~~~i~~~~~~~~ti+~ ''?~}~(,en.~ tire volcanic comple~. . · - ~ - ). The Mar·itis HJllf! vql, 3 part of. the area; .:(m:e of'.which is UI).u~_ual bec9-use it exhibits a .-':;j •:·-;. ,. -. rim. At t:liis :junc:ture, ·ho:wever:, neither can be effectiv'ely , f ) • ! e • (.,. ·.- studied withouFcomtyromising th~ ty.ain theme o/: .the mi~~:fofi 'pro..: posed-~i. ~., ·lunar"volcanism•. E~'r~hermore, other missi~ns w:(it'·: probably b~ dev·ot:ed,>,to the ··:rille proi?Jem (~~g. , m.ts.sio~ t~,-ll~~ley '" Rille area). Pla'te 3 'describes t}:le 1,1nit~ mapp~d ~~d p~la~es,.fheti{··· '"' < 'A '·j.'J ' ·'' in relat'ive stra~igrapnlrc seqw~nce. j?relimip.9-ry topographic pro- -...... I ' ) ,. ~, files ·6'£ setec:fed features in ,th,e· r:egio!!- .of :>trongest~st~_reoscopi' .. + ' • • • •• ;· - •• -~ ...,. ~·"' ·' • ~ - • were 'measur!id parallel' .to frame~ets b,y Gary .. Na~t;B; of thg U.S~ .... Geological Sui'Vey• Unfortunat~ly, t\l~se ._profiles·, li~ ·o~~~{d~ ,,, .. - •• '' • •' ' ~-: I ' 0 ,·~,' ', ;t,: )( ,~ _f~q::,_: ',• ~-~, the reg'ion . of 'primary . geologic .• int~res .t:; lw~eyer' . they are use- . ·• ful for estimating"mrudmum height~ an¢l average slopes across ., •• -~ ...., t featU:'res-:that 'are simil'ar .to those with~n th,.e Appllo target ,zone. ' . ' .~.. - .-. ' The low '·domes are 'generally 50-1,00 meters higq~ The, stee~ _domes rise as much as 200-250 meters above the sur:roundiU.~ pl~_ins·, ~nd • ; "-1'-' ., l . ' the highesr:·pun:C.ttired cones may 'b~. abo1.1t 30,0 !tlet~rs above ~~e plains. A slbpe''analysis -of th~ p;ro;il~s ()Ve~ a slope length of -c ' < '' '• "• • •: • • 30 meter·s'· indicaees 'an atithmetic mean of so with no correct- . . . -- ~-. ... " . . . : .-) ; ·ion lbr 'inc hided' rilles· and larg~,crat:~rs. "T.h~ pr,ef~I'.red·'.stirface e:iploi"~tion site ·.lies wi-thin_,the_ area covered by the i:25 ~000-scale g~ologic map (pl. 2). A v~riety ,_. •.t . : ·.··-· j('• • ' of punctu~ed '·~ones, ·rtj~ aoihes, ''§teep domes, and small b~1P.9¥~- do~e~ (~ot ,sho~ on th~',·smalt.:.'scale inap), which are ~.9P:~i?~r~d representative. ~1:' th~· voTbmic~ complex as- ·a :who1e,.-·!ir~ .. s;howp,. em. • ' . .':;J~ plate 2. Bedrock exposures and scattered. block fields :are nu- merous throughout the are·a.. :Two possib].,e l_anding points are shown at .A and B.~ .. Only, th,E;! northernmost has bee:n studied in • r .A· , , . . . "., . terms of ~xp.l()ration potential. ~· ...... : - ' . . ' '" The-majo;r;.gegl'?~~c,· f~atwr.~s t~at are .wfthi~ 5 Iwt (m~'i:irinim· operating'· rac;lig¢ ~ ill.,;:'th;i!? 'IJl:i,_ssigJl. p_lan) ~f the 'propos~'(( l~ifain~ ·, . -.L.,.... ·'~·l..:'· !·~·-..·' >··::;-=-··-..-J"f_.;"!.'l::.( :__ ·.··~>-~:· -·:: -·~_::~·-~.:·<·~' -:-.-; sites at.'e;: ~) g~nt~y roJ... l,;ing .c,.r~~ered plains similar in texture' . : -~ .. , ; .. - ~ :.s.:;,;< '""\." • ~- . l :. : ~~---; ·- : ·. ~ t .... <: ' ' ~· ' j; to the ;mar,i~_,b_u~;,eo+~va,J:;~d at -t}J.euorthe:tn edge of the complex······ ~. • J • • ' ... _, • f 4 ·-·. ;-:".-... along an irregular scarp about 100 meters h:Lgl).,· 2:)f.•Jlll,Ill~;r.c;>).lS J.ow domes 50-H)b 'me teres highki tl:tan the 'Surrounding .pl;:,~;i.H!? , witl;l con- . ~ ' ' :·. •' '! ' . ·.--·.1 <--- .• • • t;--- vex-up:w~~d ~lop~~' 3'f s teep..:s ided domes cwith -;a··· rQU.gl} .anq int'r.i- ca t~ s~f:!~~~c~ -~e:id::u~e; c.\ g~iierilly petch(fd up·on:·,low :;c;lomes , . 4) s te~p ly ·~::·:...~ ~ ·; .. ~;;-~ -; ,:"-~ :·- ·,. .~ .· . : ...... / --~~- .. ~ . - ~~ ·-:-- ' ' convex upward or btilbous·'domes tl:ia't:'are: smoeth ~nd' generally :~: !:'· :·~_:"~ :~,;4 --..·. , . .. r· , . - ··. . . . . , ···" . ;.·.:. . ·.· _, . equidimensionai :Gl"plan, 5) steep-'Ef.ided. cones:"tWi.th.ol).e or more .,~.- ., --. ·-! • ..... • . . .. -# ••.•·. •• ·~ 0 linear B)' narrow· steep-si"ded ,,--;<,•'"!: s~it. '. . dept~~sions, ~{dge,s•. . • e],~ewhere_,_. ·,'. ·f ,,, ~·. '·· . ! ', :, -· ; ;··,. • • . superposed on the broader, lower ridge·s rof compl~~ ~R.r~..• ~)'pical - - i-' :.! .: ' \. i -:.: .. _- ;li' ..•. Of the maria, 7). the .USUal arra:y· Of -probable··i.n!p~<;:t:,:T:f;:~f:al;~J,.:!;'.¢~., i,.l:l- : -~#' .' -· ' •• ..- '-~ • - • ' . - ,, ----...... ; • • eluding sma1i ·bright.:.lialo craters,, a:morphc::>~og;H; r~lfg~·~r;E:r.om 1 sharp-~i.mmea" c~a~~rs to sha:llow .rimless· depress ioP.:s ~-. ~~g-·.· clus_t~~s . of small ~r~t'~r~-·~liich are probable f~=tr,flung .p¢~pn~a:ri.~~'' a-11.d. ·. 8) ~- multii~de of' block f:i.elds aild::hedrock e){p(lf?ur~~ ,~ic~~~~!i .,i.n 1 numb .. ~;~ ~~1~ ,by tho's e arouhd ·and in . ~ .f . \,' :· SCIENTIFIC O:BJECTLVES '\. The scientific oh)ectfve~~ ,;c)f 'ii··s\{tfac'e missi'ori·Tin this area are ·;SC?: g~ t:he~ geologic, pe trographit! ;· g~opfi.ys f'Eal; 'and.".geochemica 1 ... ·'·'" '~>'· ·.-, · .:.~.~~: ··· · : ·' . ·i} 'n ~--;· . -: ~. ,..... dat,~,.~~~,~- be~r on the odiin; 'hlst6ht: ;~iil.d~~g'~!·of thef,Marius Hills. IJ,.:t:~~ .• ~ te~'p;·i~p~~~ ~ F.~Ac~~r~J_, c~~e~ ·,:' ~il~- nariow' ridg'es' ~~·e- '~om-'. pose,2,' p,~ diff~rent types bf 'volcB:n:i.c' thck -'that: is more :sil.icic ',.;:;'-,~ ,-;<". ;: f.:7_:{ ·,. . -'-' . ·, . than the rocks 0~ the marl.a,'~~gui~'t'ic: 'iii£:6~r~nf'ia,tfbrtimO.Rt have occurred on the Moon, attesting to a long and complicated volcanic histc)ry for even this small planetar/-body. Geophysical d{lta in context with the geology, petrology, and geochemist~y, may con tribu~~e ',to.--estab;lish :the character. of local uppe~'!:',~~l!S.~~l fr{lHt;~:r;,~... _ ~· • ' f ' ' ; ' • contr5¥''a$it ·i() te~t the c.onvection hypoth~si~:~'• .·_ 1&:: imp~o-pta;Jiit ~bY."'; produ~~-(~~i~}~~r.lhe d"isc,o,very of concent~at-~orts' of_ ;nb,~ --~~~~;~~~~~~:~-~~, '· ;,: vola:f" "·":ii'i'''''""'•'';i~is_ thaV.~~:i:.e initially. rel;eas·ed bet;featlh-,,the~·';~:rl.:.·,.ci.: :- -- sulab. fe~ufre~e¥(~1· ...... -.:_._;; . ~ ~ i .•. !"'· ' '.·:.· I'' I Surface Exploration Constraints j ;, 1. Vehicles available for manned scientific sorties: a) Lun~r Roving Vehicle (LRV) b)· I.u11,ar Flying Unit (L.FU) ,,,_,.: _: ('r'i}' ~:-,; '1 ~J: '; ··~. i_·:·r:)- ~'-.,.. '- :-' ,t l ~ i --:~ 2. Travers_e limit!il-tions: ':.~ :-~~':)<:·-{-:~': ;.:- -~ .-~: ~- ,:~:. '~ -~ -~_...-:;: n,.; -. :·.:,1,:•>:, . ,,·,· ·· . ... : .. -~ . a) .~gximum ope:i:a,t:iii.g rad;us from Exterit1ed Lunar 'Module . ·•. -.!?; ..~ '• .~ .. -,,~-!~-;;-~ ~;\".· ''J• -~- ··._.:',;-~ ';_~;~· . . . £:~1-.' -.... ' ',~,-·· ,• _:, ,· . .(~ with LRV and LFU is 5 ·km 4 _. ~-~- ·:{_ ~.;) ·-<-~: __ ~ •! I • .•-L· •. ·.,,- Figure 1. --Linear pyroc-lastic cone typi~ai of m~ny of the\loica.n ic vents i!l t:l;l.e San Ft'atJ.C is co field, nor thea's t of Flagstaff; : ·~.' • : •• "1 - - ~--;- ·-: ~ .:,.. - ~ - .,· -1 Ariz. Length 1. 6 km, width 0. 95 km, height' iso meters~· This cone compa!~e.s closely. in fo:r:!ll- to the feature ~~~pi'ed at F:..·ii-2 ,., ' -, . ·.. ' . ~' : .. :.~. £ - .•,. (large-scale map). '!: ; .: . ;.; - : <~ . ;::}.L L~t..>: .- :... ~;·.":·,.. Figure 2. --Multiple pyroclastic cone with well-developed internal septum, San Francisco field, northeast of Flagstaff, Ariz. ,.kpg~_};ll.5 .. ~. w.~!l1:.\11!,~.1tm, height 240 meters .. This structure ~' .,~~ ' . ., '-' • ' ~ •·.• i ! r '"'::j:·.· :• ~ I . -';• :'~ . : ' ' . ' l';'• .~ ; ...... _, ;'• i' ~ ')· f';: :_\ o· :: • : ''; < • ~· ••• ~ :' • 1;". ·~f' ~13. aimilar i.n .. f~rm and S~~l~ to.J,!J.~., mll.l~~ple f-One in. the SOuth- • . . •' •. · -, '" .? • . :~as.t cp"~per .21 .. tpe )~rge'-sca.;~e. map . . "' : . - :.· ~'.. . . .',. li . . . ~ ,; .• 8 '. .;· ·i ·. 'lc -y~ -(,' ~: . Figure 3. --small ~1lie1f~vbi~ano (Iib.Jiird M.~'~'~) ifi' m'idale b'll't:k-:- 't ~ _.. t . :''t;~·· • . :: .-.·:.~ .-,_~~·-·-- ·-~ ~ •. ··,· .• _:~ ,~~t .·• .. ,:,-•·n --~~ ground,' San Francisco field, no:r'thwest of Fl~gstaff, Ariz·~ :'~ ~\ Roughly circular in form, diametki>s· 'km,- inax'i~uin>H\Hrgh''t- 'iso .f:; :~ meters. This structu,re, compos'ed of intermediate andesite T -~ flows, is a possible analog of the steep domes. "'i ' { ' ~- ;!~ .:1.'- --l' ~ 1 9 d) LRV is capable of 4 trav~rse_s. e) ·LFU hds· sufli.cient fuel for at least 2 _t;r~~Ve!;~~~ (f.nd . -. LFU fuliy £heled and on standby basis for rep.Ct,l~. opera- ~,-. tions) Mobility unit'~'~peeds: 3. _,··· a) LRV - no~mally about 5 km per hr, whi.gh. m~y inGlu~e very quick stops for observation and sampl;l?-g.,_witho1,1t, di,f3\-: mounting. Up to 10 km per,hJ;: in especial~y favorable terrain b) LFU - s"tifficiently fast that traver.se tim~ :.is )iegligible 4. Extravehicui~r Activity (EVA) times: a) Total 'EV'A. time is 24 man-hours; ·limited. to 4 EVA's of. 3 hours·each b) Both astronauts must be ·outside during each EVA 5~;-.f: Mobil_ity un:i.t science paylo?-d ~excluding o~{ ~str~nai:.it): -;;';~ -- a) LRV 400 lb round trip b) LFU - 180 to 240 lb round tri~, depending on ·eata:r 'cU•s• tance of the two-stop traverses 6.. Assumptions:· ·a) Navigation equipment on LRV and ~ommunication and tele~ me try ~quipment on the LRV and LFu are rtot ·a. part. of the science payload on mobility units b) Payload capability of LRV can be "stretchedi' on firs't · travet~?e to approximately 450 lb for firs.t 66'0 ;cieters· to .t allow carrying ALSEP and oth,er equ~pmen·t to AtSEP deploy- . - ... ' . . · .. :· ment ai;'ea c) Operational procedures and equipm~p.~ des{~ wiii b~ sfibh ' ·~' ; that: 1:5 minutes is sufficiently long at the end of tli{ LRV traverses for unloading s~ples and ·prep:~ring 'the · . '·' ... ~ '· '· : . : " . ·;i vehicle for the following EV~ ·i'.. .··'i l d) It iS.i assumed, for the purpos~s of this report~ that lighting and sun angle are not limiting fa~bb~~ _.. 10 Launch Vehicle Payloads Charged- to Scien~e ·' . ;, ! ' ~ ~- Saturn V ( 1,000 lb. cl:fpi:i:bili1ty) · - · . ·. '· ;Pay;lp_g,~L(l,J>) . ";---.--· .: ,...- .... ~ .- 1. Stay time ~£t·cihsion i?o-sqq·;: 2. Two LFU's (one for traverses, on~ for rescue) 360 3. Two LFU Navigation units 50 ' f . : .. q--· . 4. Geolog;ih t~61~ · for:'·LFu 15 5. Conting~n~y Portable· Life Supp·or·t ; System (PLSS) 120 6. 'Nb comniunicat2ions relays lQ-.20 7. Lunar Surveying System .(LSS}-;-:-:~.or L:FU 70 .~- ' 8. Sample return ·contairters.(2) 40 ,~•' L ~ Titan III C (2,89Q +b capability) 1. LRV (including navigation equipment)·· 600 2. LSS .(fo+ ~RV) ':70' ' . . l! .,_: . (\ !. :,; ~--' 3. Geologic tools (including extra sample bags and drive tubes). ! . '. 30 4. ALSE~ (~q~nteg on LRV) 300·'' •' . ~ 5. Two a~ge:ppho,ne. s,eis!llic arr~ys 20 6. One 8-geophone seismic array '10 7. Titan-mounted drill . . 50 .'• .. ··---- (:...,. < -{ ".~----.~ ' .. )' ''! 8. He~t-f~,c;?w,p;t;:",obe:s 10 . ,, i·_: <··: 9. ~p ~qs ~~E?;S ( 13 LRV, 3 LFu) •80 10. · Ma~~t~~~~~r'·(mo~~t~ci bri l.Iiv~ · ·· . :~~~l,Pdi1lg_l>oom) '25 : ....: .: : -:h-: '" .'·. :·'·\ ,. ,{.!~1.:· --,~:;~ 't:·.~·-.: ·:·- 11. M_ftgnetoD).eter (for LFU) · 10 '• . . . ;~:; ·.: --~ ·- ,; :: ~;- -·- :... 12. Two gravimeters 20 13. o~~~l~~Ji~~/eq~i~~~nt · £(,~ LRVc. ·100 14. X-~~~, di·g;~c~om~s~r - a~·,·,· :' _,,~·, . - ' ! • • -~- ,; .- '( : ·-· <. spectroijleter '' '-3,§~: ·"- . <---:~~-:f'' ~)~:i_-.,1, ~~--:-: 15 •. Samp le-prepa:J;ation equipment ~0 16. Worktable for analytical equipment 10 1;390 lb ,. .. ,,_r~·- ' . '' ' •{I -.·.~ ~ -- .... •' . ' ' ~· . Scientific'M.ission Support . . It is assunied in·.cfhis mission plan.that ~:-s_ciep,tific data facility is 1 .0.pgt_~t;i.!:lg d:uring the misqi();n 1:1t. Mission ;Control Center, . : '- .: : ;0· -- . ~ . ':_:.~:.. ~ .... •. -~ <-... 1 • Houston. ·Telemetei:~d.'data from the:-x';;.ray/d{fftac.torneter - aK . . '. . {":.'"· '· • - . :.- ..;: : . ; c ; . .: . Cl' spectrqmeter~ -magnetO:nieter, :an;c:L g:i:'f!:Y;iiD.~.t.e.:~ .?t~- analyzed in near- • • • • • ·::- '. '~-- ' • ~ • f real time. 'scientists· and,:techU:id.atts monitor the :a.sti"o"' Te~s.;· ~ • •of ' : • ? .,. • • • ' 1 nauts . descriptions ~-d the teleyi~;iorC;i:ti-tS:gks from the lunar ' • ~ • < l ·-J 1 ; • • _; { survey~ng systems,Y encode the rilap dafa:;,~ap.d-·co,mpile, correlate, ~ • '. " :.! • } ,.;••. t •; ,,•t "r'O_" .• and SYpthesize the stratigraphic, petrographic~: structural, and analytical datl:l.•. ·?,t=.rtJnent results from the analy~ed and compiled data are then·pr~~t~~~:\he astronaut{~~bil-teqtiest; along with con sulta~iC?l1 ~~,otl:l.er ·g~6~~ogi~al or g'eoph~~ic~Lp-~oblems. Many . . • '-~ . • • - ., l routine duties, such: as telling.. t}l'e 'astr:Ohk~~s which sample num- bers pe_r:t~.i~ to a giyen map unit so that they can ,select a spec ific $am1He .for 'petrological ·anaiysis ,:. wilt. ~Tso be performed at ' ~ . • ~-; ~ ·,. --~ ! . , . t ·;, ' • • ) .] the s'cientific data.' center·. The Active Seismic Expe:dmerit explosives wili be 4e,tonated from 'this' facility after the miss ion. EVA ACTIVITIES AND PRELIMINARY'. -. J: ·:;.; TIME. LINES ,The EvA activities of th~ propos'ed ptelimina.ry l~n?-r~ e~piora- tion pl~,are s~f'ized in tab~e; +~ The pioposed triiv~rses; 1/careful consideration indicate~ the.ri.eed for a Lqnar ·sur..:. veying Syste~ (LSS) on both the LRV and i-Fu: The payl'O.ad capa• bili'ties of the launch ·vehicles and those of the· LRV and LFt.f· are : .>,;• suff,icient for, ,tq~~: ~wo · s;ys tems. , ·.·--c.·_· '";F · ·, .' The J:..SS would 'enable detailed study o_f an area (ot:": s'tad.bn,) · ·,·,t:o ~'oia''"c'Otiau~:t(¥q·Y.:raif:lidly-;~d · th!'!r~:FQr;E!, 's,h,(;)~ld_ b~ 11sed iifil1e:' c;tet. ta1.~ed exploration pl~nn~d for. ,l;,l}e ,·~,·-~t~Eions. On the ot}:'te_r han4, the time available:.. for g~o!9J~?.;c Ei~Ri'q}zation at f~·~ LRV .. stations is limited, and us~,,g~·an .. l,.~S.~o\i'!:d ens.ure the:re.tufu of at least a moderate amountcof d:e.taii~cCiilforrrlation.·:· · ; ;,_t·,i • :c .· The present S-hand :s:r~~t~~:>PF6~Al?Jy · -~~~'td n9t ·a~tio~~~-~.te ·the sitmzl~~eous :use. of ~wo Lss·• §•. J-Igwev:¢,r:,.: boj:h L.$S 's~. cb\1ld·'·beF~f . -~ ' . fec'tively used by '1titile ,-s~l{i:ifiP,~p~:,~,' ~h.e,f:c_~s·~jbn,a:tit'·t/r~g ~h;z~·tru~ci .. -' ,, use,s lii.~ J,.~S wh~n the other.asttona~·t '{s:Jd'flving 'fiie··'i.R.v-ir·'Thi·s : ·- J "sharing11 of the 8-'baild.'system'cou-ia ·he' d)c)rdinilted.by means .of voice communication. · .. Table 1. -.:..Summary of EVA a.ct:iVities-..;Lutiar expl,oration plan for Mar ius· Hill$ _region of· the Moon .. DAY I DAY II DAY III JNA. .. IV_ (3. hr) ·'''·•·" .. ~ . - ~ .:~ ..., ,-•,\ . . :J..s't a~iit:rcii:iaut:; · , · "1st ./il!?t:?;9t:L~uq i . ,4_~tiyJ~y ar.c;>uri.d ·"'· ,, 1 · · · EfM~·.:..pi:~fi~tii't:i6n. ·· ·:· "'1i~~ :;:i~r~.,,, and·,:seiecofion of - LANDING - ana:: -~ [email protected]?l,i_i;ng; -~am~ ,, .sa,mpl~~"''ior' re~·. ,·· .pl~ _Jln~:Lysis. 'dib:~ tc/·earth. ""' nirf'i'f"hifle''~nd ·em.:.. ·-;- .·. p.la.C:e•-,.:,p~Qp.es fo; . )_ '. he,a~~l~o~ · exper:i- · tileiiL·' e;·J:.. ·. ·, · ·. ~ S. I' ·, • l' '. ) - ia ~~troil~ut: · · -~-:~~8 ~~~~~;~~~a~ · ··/· 6:3 :kril11RV tl!;:t- .· Verse;; ,1. h~ .20 .,. ;; v~~He. J, hr 10 _ . [Il;i:q Artying t~e., m:ln: driving· 't::Gne: i~'il:t'4b' i:ilih sta_; ' . 1 ht EVA III (3' hr)" "· : 'To ta].. pp.t:~n~i.B.:l. , sample return: .is t a~t~b11..aut: ·" ·~ LFU ~45 lb ·:10. L·km.,LFlJ tra~ .··-··\ ' '·' '' ·,,,, LRV 735 _,_.,.,lb v.erse: two stops, :s~ie~ce payloacf Total potential ':E:LM'sso·lb '·· 180 lb. S~ple fa return capability ··so lb: ·-.·-~. ! . ;. ~ deploy ~·'!.">'!~<>i·\i continue . verse,,,9J 2.; 1!~.~,1 ~~0- mi~ dr,iy,~ng,{t:i~E.!' 1~ r . hr 20. ·m;tn,"·~~q}i~::· ...:s'' f. l,e re t.l;l_F,ti.:~-t&p'&bili;ty ' . - .--- ' ,\ to ret~~,the optimaT amohri.t of geologic and geophysical . :_· ·. ' .. : . ~: ' ., data, are shown on plate 2. More detailed descrip,tions of FNA ' and traverse activities with estimated time lines- ':fc;>l:"i6w •. , · The ciriving times given are crude estkat~~ to Ehe iikar~~t .-.· 5 minutes using an average velocity of 5· km per hr and cortsider ing gross variations in surface roughness that wo-~fd a:':f:f~bt g~ourtd' speed. Mor·e precise estitna.tes would require 1) .t:l:i~· ·prepaf'afioh of detailed surface roughness maps, and 2) better" :fi'sur~s o~ · · operational characteristics of the LRV in c'r~s~in~' 1i'ffer'en.t ·f:yp'~s. of lunar terrain. Research on these lunar tr~f,fid;,B:Bility'·-'probii:!m5 . - , r: , ~,. ~- . \. . . ~, is presently underway by the u.S. Geological Surve.y (Ulrich, 1968) ~~- DAY I FNA I Drivihg Station.. ->''Elapsgq~ .• time :~~!lle , .· ti~~~ As tr.onau t 1 (a) Inspect ELM, deploy equip ment, unload and test LFU. 1 hr' (b) Conduct LFU-I traverse. Total distance 9.2 km, two stops, 240 lb p~y- 1oad. Station 1--on rim of punctured cone ~ (pc): geomorphic form of this and other punctured cones in the site suggests cinder cones composed of •. - ·• "<' - '-.· · .,-.. ·· 'iri1f:tc ·(f>o"~s":l.l>ly~li~siiHc) · , ·· rocks. Distance 2. 3 km. min 7,:;=? := '~ . 1. hr, 45 Iri:Ln (a) Detailed geologic observa ,, ,, t'ions, picture taking, and £ <• •• j ~ • ' ' ' '; 1"j .~. :. sampling of rim' materials, p~;:Ri?ular,~tte'Il,tion. di- , i:"ec'ted to the bedrock or 14 Driy~Jlg_ S:tation Ell:lpsed < time•• ·' '·-· • 'tiift~ ~,- '-:itfme·' · '~ . .-.. -- . -~ ·; . b·locky. tn.at~rial13 ~nd to ·.' t.' \ :. interior structures of the . ,::.;.~-~~~..~·~··., ,.;·:. << ~ cone ...~a01ple .suite .~ho.i{{d. . ~ 1. • . . ~. ,:; ·. ·-~ :' ' -.._ . :" ' • ... . - .• be collected .so that it 'o_•:·:; :·-·1.q :"·.-'·._, ~":':_ _.-t;-· --~.:i~·\·j~ . :·.-· •• <, "•- ' .. can b~e. JlJ:I~~' insof;;~.r as .. ~ l X'- - .-·.• 1.:: '!. , .. ·. ; --~ possible, as a ~ype- " -. ' ~ ; . ·.. _,_ . exa,mP.!e :z::e,Pl:'E;S..~lj.ta t:i..ve of ~~;.•< -.. ' l ' .. ~< ;_~ }, :(.} ·. ·' ; l·.-: ., -~ COil,I?S of thiS? t;.ype-. -Sam- :·--::: •-:"' ~. ·.. ' ·-... ' :,:· :- L I. . ~-. :;. , : . '; ~:' pl.~ s~oul,d be large ' . ~ •' . ~ . :· . " . enough for a portion to be analyzed at the ELM; sa\nple""sJ should pe• ":J:"ela,;~d i. '. to th~fr local···,g~blogic. ·' env~ronment through des ·, j cription, the LSS tracker, ,;. . .. "' and 'imaging systems. If cone is volcanic, atypical fragments (possible xeno liths from depth) should be sought. (b) ,Deploy communications repeater. ; ;- (c) Deploy ASE explosives. Station 2--on contact'between ·._,. plateau plains (pp) and narrow ridge unit (nr), ...... !;i;!ld nekr ::, l~rge plateau plains crater th~t may have ejected blocky bed .. •' ~ ' rock miitel:'ial that under :,] ' lies the plains surface. : i '· ' ~-' Distance 2.55 km. ; ···filW;"'·_; 1, ~9 .m,in 15 t :. . Dri:Y~ng · . ~J;:,~:tiq:J). EJ~P.S._~g ~.ime :t~~~ time (a) Detailed geologic observa tions, photograph narrow ridge structure (nr) (the form of which suggests a viscous siliceous extrus- ion from a fissure vent) and the contact zone be- ·' t~een t}l7 IJ.arrow ficige (nr) and plateau plains (pp). / Samples, especially from the ridge structure, should be taken bearing in mind the requirements. discussed for sampling at (:.. j, station 1. (.b) Deploy 3-geophone ABE array. Return to LEM--distance 4.35 km- unload samples and refuel ;. ,. ; LFU. 30 min 3 hr 'As tronai.tt 2 (a) Retrieve unloaded LRV and deploy ALSEP approxi- mately 600 meters frqm >ELM,:. .•·.: taking representative sam- · · ':. "; ~ ·, p les and photographs at .. - . -~ .. -~ - instrument sites, 1 hr (b) Conduct LRV-I ·tiraverse; 3.1 .): '·.); km long, 40 min driving, 1 hr and 20 min statiori ·:; > . time. ·;.. ·. :'.;';" 16 Driving Station Elapsed time time tim~a deO"ib'gic observations,: -pictu~e taking~ and s~pling of cr~ ters, surface materials, and s true tures , to provide a re r ··~ presentative sample_ of the plateau .Plains unit for com parison with mare samples ob tained on previous missions. Station 1~-relatively smooth area of plains; distance 0.3 km. 5_ min 26 ihiil -- 1- hr1 ·-- ,_, 25 min (a) Observe and sample small craters, surface materials, textures, shallow strati '' graphy, and surface altera- tion features. Attempt to , establish origin of cra- ters by studying and documenting morphology, structure, stratigraphy, ·and lithologic character istics. (b) Deploy ASE explosives. Station 2--on rim of large crater surrounded by-blocky ejecta; probably _either a modi-· •7'· fied impact .crater or a ,,_ volcanic caldera. Distance 1. 2 km. .. ,< 15 min 20 ~in 2 ' hr (a) Sample r~m materials, _. observe and _photograph / ,. .. ;;·:_:.; .• . ~ :~ ;, interior structures of crater. Look for evi- dence of stratigraphic '. ~. :· . '. : Driving Station El~psed . ,time . , --.- . t.iim~ .. · : 2 :, t ~~e units (either exposures in walls or v,q:riations in ; ·,, blocky mat~rial). If ··' ;:: : .... .1 layering ~~.ists, co:lJe,ct representq,J;ive samples • '·;» : ~:'· •''.,! ·, ..... - from expo~.ed layers and from different blocks.-t.,.. ... : "· Relate sa~p~es to local ·., .. '' geologic environment through dg$cription, image,ry ~... . devices, and LSS tracking. < ~ • t;. ' .~ (b) Deploy ASE explosives •. Station 3--in smooth~ plains area ' ; with fine"structures~,tl;l~t;, ~-. ':- ~ . ' repre~;e,nt may a young ':. surficial· deposit. i ' Distance 0.8 km. 10 min 20 min .. '·;' (a) Observe and sample sur face materials and struc tures; atb~mpt to estab lish relations o.f ··mat:e:.. ' ,·' rials to fine sti:'ucttires~·:.· · (b) Deploy AS-~ explosives. -· ELM-~unload tRV and plug into ELM for battery recharge. Distance 0. 8 km. 10 1ilin 20 min 3 hr ; .·-:.. ~ ,. . ~' : - . PayloB:tl!:~~r LRV,.!::~#:~aver~·~ ;:t ;,~ Weight ( ib) 1. ALsEP ( 300 '2. Lunar Surveying Sys tern 10 -~"-·.:·-· ...... \ ..J:. .: ." ~! :-.'~ i! ' ' ·. Weight ( lb) ·:;' 3. c~'ollogic too'i~ (pick;'... scoop, hand iens, tongs, sample bags, drive tubes, carrier) 20 4. ·Gravimeter (automatic recording)·· '10 ' ;, 5. Magnetometer (automatic rec·orciing) · 25> ,, \ 6. Seismic charges (3) '· · · :10- 4'40'. -~- Sample r.aturn capability after deploy.:· ment of ALSEP and ASE equipment 27:5 Payload for LFU-I traverse: 1. Lunar Surveying System (iSS)''· 70' 2. Geologic tools (pick, scoop; tongs, sample bags, hand lens, • '.~. ' ' > map, carrier, drive tubes) '\ ]:,5: ;., 3. Lo~g seismic array (3 geophb'nes)' .·. iO:••·• 4. Gravimeter · , _, . ·.:·!::to "• 5. Magnetometer ,.., .. ·•'10' :· ,' 6. · ~-~elsmic 'cffar8'es ( 1) ,., ., .··.s .,, :; .. -:: 7. Navigation equipment 25 8. Communications relay 150 ~ . ; .. ·" . . . Sample return capability after dei>,lp;y-! .· ::. ,_ '. ·,';·-·· ment of ASE equipment and communications. ·' .. : •' .• ~;· .. / ~ ..' ' ,' .:· repeater .,_ ,i,. v· 95. ' i- :;st~~ . ' 1 ; "K'.) • ·: ,'1 ;_; ':} ' ' . -~- '\'' DAY. II EVA II Driving Station Elapsed _tim~ .! <' : ,'; a.ttm~r ··'f:o.S~ ·::t:-.f¢~:'e0~1i 'rdL Astronaut 1 t to -,•.. '1, Conduct LRV-U traverse; 6.8 km • ~ - .. , .• <-. --~ ·Driving Station Elapsed time long, Chr 20 min ·driving time -time time, 1 hr 40 min station time. Station 1--contact between plateau plains (pp) and low dome (ld) units. Two large craters on either side of contact should provide sam ples of bedrock if the map ., units are. obscured by thick mantling deposits. ' l . ~ Distance 1. 4 km. 15 min 20-mln 35 inin (a) Geologic observations, pic ture taking, samp~ing of surface materials of both units. Collect as many different litholqgic types ·.,,. as possible from each unit. If contact is :j.p,ca~ly exposed, note whether it is structural, '··:: intrusive, or depositional . : ~ in character, and describe the structure and apparent ,.f' relat-ive ages of the juxta posed bedrock. '·.-, -., ,_ (b) Deploy ASE ,explosives. ''.\' Station 2--contact between punctured .-.. ! '.' cone (pc), low dome ( ld)., and steep dome (sd) mate riaJ.. s. --,y.:· . ,, Dis·tance 1. 3 km 20 min 1 ~r, .., ~··. · 10 · irlin I '! ·. ~ . I ·-~;zo. ,.. i ~.-.:···:-·-...-;.-., .• 4..(~:...·~=. ~-·:· ..... _}•'<"··-----~.-.-:·--·· ...... ·.. -,$'>-' Driving Station "'; . , Elapsed time ' time time ,:·.- .... .:.:.,?4~~~~~: - :,,;.. ".k·~-~~1:-.~~;._k- (a) Geologic observations, pic ture taking, and sampling of ':--· materials from the three •'):!·- ·- ~. c ·' . units. Note mineralogic ..;.- similarities or differences in samples; compare with those taken previously. Particularly note contact and apparent age relations as su~gested by morphologic relatiops. .;J:s.t}:le low dome (ld) unit younger than the punctured cone (pc) unit? (b) Deploy ASE explosives. Station 3~-contact between low dome (ld) and steep dome (sd) ·i· '::=-\ units. Distance 1. 1 km. 15 min 20 min 1 hr, '--45'·mii:l (a) Geologic observations, picture, taking, and sam- pling of material in con tact zone. Collect talus material derived from ..... ':; ;- . ~ . upper slopes. Cqm.pare ·. f mineralogy with that of steep dome material sam ·•....-,' pled at station 2. (b) Deploy 3-geophon~ ASE array. '.•:.?· ... •· ·:·; __ On e~tended tr.aver~ e ;· ·d~p loy .. ~E: e~plosi:;f~ 'iristeda~~: ... '' ._, -~ . Station 4--on triple conta~t point between low dome (ld), Driving Station Elapsed "-·:, time time time st~ep dome (sd), and bulbous dome (bd) mate rials. Distance 0.4 km.. 5 min 20, ~in . 2. J-1~.~1 · in min (a) Geologic observations, picture taking, and sam pling, particularly of the bulbous dome (bd) materials and of contact relations. (b) Deploy ASE explosives. ~ ... ~· At ELM--unload LRV and plug - ,. .,. into ELM to re~harge batteries. Distance 2.65 km 30 min •: w· min 3 hr Alternative traverse: If at ': l station 2 it is decided \.-: that EVA time will permit an extended traverse, the traverse will proce~d to the following stations: Station 2A--near large crater on steep dome (sd) unit. (a) Geologic obserVations, picture taking, and sam pling of materials on the top of a steep dome struc i-' ture. Blocky ejecta from crater should provide in fori{lation on the character of bedrock beneath tqe sur face. Carefully note small ·'Driving ·,:;; Station Elapsed time time time structures and collect samples for comparison with steep dome unit to be studied on li~t tra- verse. (b) Deploy ASE explosives. Station 2B--at base of steep .scarp on contact between low dome (ld) and steep dome (sd) units. Character of scarp suggests bedrock locally exposed or near surface. (a) Geologic obser\Tat.ions, picture .taking, and, sam- ~., . . . . :-r~·: : :-.·.. , pling of materials in con- tact zone. Particularly note structure and st~ati graphy that may be exposed in scarp. Collect samples of talus material derived from higher parts of the scarp. By comparison with previous samples, and re ference to geologic map, attempt to det~r~ine which layers talus samples came from. (b) Deploy 3-geophone ASE array '.1'· !'; .. ·d ~ere, rather th~n at station 3. Deploy an ASE explosive ''t: at station .3. Driving Station El~psed time time time Astronaut 2 Conduct foot traverse and experiment about ELM. (a) Detailed geologic observa tions, picture taking, and sampling of different crater· types and materials of the ';_.;·. plateau~plains (pp) unit -~.- ', within a few tens of meters around ELM. (b) Organi~e samp.le~ :from pre vious traverses. Prepare at least one ·.samp·f~~that appears most repr~senta tive of punctur~d cone (pc), and at least one sample that appears most repre- ;',•' sentative of ridge struc ture (nr); analyze samples on X-ray diffractometer aK spectrometer. Compari- a son of these samples, which are possible end members of magmatic differentiation sequence, may aid in later field selection of samples .::,.· on remaining traverses. (c) Set up and start drill for '' h~at-flow p;r::o'be's~~ (d) If time permits, select most represent,ative sam ple (possibly from blocky 24 _Driving Station Elapsed time time time '·,:. -, material near cra:t.er rim, - ...... , . - . . ..; ~. -- . LRV-1, station 2) of re latively large crater in ·-. ,,· ;_\ plateau plains (pp) unit, : ,-·- prepare, and analyze on ' ;._ ·.f{_-· X-ray diffractom~ter-aK a spectrometer for compari- son with first two s~m ples. (e) 1ns~all heat-fJqw,.probes __ .; •'· in drill hole. 2.. hr 3 hr . ~ .: .. Wei,ght (lb) . ,. ____.,. ·•.<;"{•'.'"''''-r"·'· Paylo~~ for LRV-11 traverse: 1. Lunar Surveying System {LSS) 70 2. Geologic tools (pick, scoop, ' hand lens, tongs, sample bags, drive tubes, carrier) 20 _':, -, '1;- 3. Gravimeter (automatic re cording) 10 4. Magnetometer (automatic recording) 5. Long seismic array (3 geo phones) 19-. '. - 6. Seismic charges (S--in eluding 2 ~xtra for ex tended traverse) - ~~?.- r 7. Contingency PLSS ~ ·120' 28p ·,,·_,. Sample return capability after . ;:, ' deployment o~ ASE equipment . ~,._r: . . .145 . ·"· l,r_:{, ,' ,_-, 25 ·nr·iV'ing Station Elapsed ·time time time DAY II EVA III Astronaut 1 Conduct LFU-II traverse; 10.1 km, 2 stops, =180 lb payload Station 1--on crest of punctured cone, in area of bedrock (spatter lava?) or bouldery material. Dis tance 5 kin. 3.0. tnin . 30 .mj,n (a) Geologic .observations, pic (. \ ture taking, and s~mpling of rim material with parti cular attention to layered structures and structurally controlled features. Com pare any observable strati graphy and lithologies to those observed on'punctured cone west of ELM (LFU-I tra verse, station 1); sample ~· ' specifically with this com parison in mind. Document as completely as practical with imagery systems any stratigraphy and structures for comparison with possi ble terrestrial analogs. (b) Deploy ASE explosives. Station 2--on crest of elongate punc tured compound cone (pc) with blocky material. Distance 1. 2 km. (a) Geologic observations, 26 . , '~~;i;v,:,ing Station Elapsed ·-' !- ·..:!.'•. t •. • :.Itime time time picture taking, and sam pling of rim material with particular ·attention to surface structures that may explain the elongate form and origin. Note blocky-appearing material just west of st:a:d:on; if lighting·is no problem, carefully scan opposite rim for bedrock exposures; compare with previo~sly observed punctured cones. (b) Deploy communications re peater. (c) Deploy ASE explosive. .··;•. Return to ELM-~distance 3.9 km. . 2 .hr 3hr (a) Refuel LFU (b) Continue organization of samples; prepare and an alyze at least one repre sentative sample from each of the two cones for comparison with the an alyzed previous day's st:~.mples of cone (pc) mate rial and other material. If a sample can be select ed that appears representa tive of the steep dome (sd) bedrot:k materl.1i'l< frOm the LRV-II trave·rse, prepare -:'.:".::. 27 Driving Station .Elapied time time time and analyze for compari son·with punctured-cone 1 ·• ·'i and, especially, narrow- ... ,;..:.' .... ,, ·. ~ ~ Conduct LRV-III traverse; 5.6 .i: km long, 1 pr 15 min driving ' ~ time, 1 hr 45 min station time. : : ~ ' 1--near rim of plateau plains crater. Distance 0.8 km. 10 min 15 min 25 min (a) Detailed geologic obser vation, picturetaking, and sampling of crater with particular atten tion to determining its age and origin and re lation. to nearby struc tural features and mate- . rials. Compare with larger crater observed on LRV-I traverse; -Study and collect any material that appears representa tive of bedrock for com parison with that from larger crater, to aid in determin~ng origin of both craters. Deploy ASE explosive. 2-.,-on contact between plateau plains (pp) and steep dome (sd) materials. Driving Station Elapsed '· t'ime · .i;t-ime time This is the first sta tion where plateau plains material may be observed . ,''· ·, in contact with steep dome materials; subdued but relatively large crater just east of sta tion may have ejecta blocks representative of both steep· dome and pla teau plains bedrock mate-. rial. Distance 0. 5 km. 5 min 15 min (a) Detailed geologic obser vation, picture taking, and sampling of contact ;~ . zone to work out age and !~tit: contact relations. . .•. :;-..1~~~;: ~{/~~~t,~t ion 3--on contact between steep dome (sd) and punctured ''• dom.e (pd) materials. j· Distance 0. 3 km. 5 min 15 min ·_l hr, 5 min (a) Geologic observations, pictu~e taking, and sam- pling of the two units .with special attention to contact and age relations and lithologies and tex tures •of the two ~nits. Make brief colll.parison be tw~en this punctured cone and those studied on LFU traverses. 29 ~· ·' .~.. Driving Station Elapsed time time time Astronaut 2 remains at this stat ion, or withip. the 1. 5-km walkback radius, until astro naut 1 returns to the ELM from ·.-:'-> .• his flying; travers'~~ · Station 4--small rille in the mar- ginal ~one of the plateau plains (pp) unit. Dis tance 1. 2 km. 15 min'" . z(J''min· ; 'i!'·~~!,' .'! •'. "l • •: • 40>.til~tl' - (a) Geologic observations, ·,' iii picture taking, and sam '.~ ,1 • f } ; pling of rille materials, :_ '·..... · -_· -=~_r; . paying particular atten tion to structural fea ·- .' ~ i ... tures and stratig~~phy ip . .· ~ th~. flogr and walls of 'the rille. (Rille s truc I ture may be largely, if not ,_ completely, obscured by - . .. ~...... mantling material-~astro naut mils·t watth. dosely for any hin~t''of~;~xposed rille structures:) (b) Deploy 8-geQphones array ,:;-:t . ..) .• across rille axis. (c) Deploy ASE explo·sive. (d) Drivi~g between stations 4, 5, 6, astronatit should be especially al~:tt for at:ypic<;!.l materid'r' tQ.at may . be xenoliths if cone is -·; ...... ) _,, vQl,fanic. -:-.::,· 30 . Driving Station Elapsed "~ " ''''c t:, ,(:;t,• 'f tim~ time time !:. --·-· Stl:!.tion 5--on shoulder between two pierced cones. The flank of one cone apparently overlaps that of the other. Distance 0. 5 km. 10 min 10 mip, 2 hr (a) Geologic observations, pic : ~ :. ture taking,. and sampling along the contact ~one to .• ~ ' c; .!-' .. determine lithologic dif~ ; ~r.tl X >'': .~ c;f\, .!,':~ ' fer~Ilc~s and age relations _I and foi comparison with previously sampled cones. • i Station 6--on contact between pla t~au plains (pp) and steep ... ·,:,I. '".l dome ($d) units. ,, Dis ta!lce 0 • 5 kin. 10 min i hr, ~ Payload for LRV-III tr~verse: w~ iglJ. t. 3. Gravimeter (automatic re ': .· cording) 4. Magne_totl!.eter (automatic re.~qrd ing) 5. Short seismic array (8 geo phones) 10 31 - ·J ' Weight (lb) 6. Seismic charges (3) 15 7. Contingency PLSS 12d' '!NO _.-; Sample return capability after deployment of ASE equipment 155 Payload for LFU-II traverse: ,·, 1. Lunar Surveying System (LSS) r70 2. Geologic tools (pick, scoop, '•; tongs, sample bags, hand : ~· : lens, map, carrier, drive f-'' tubes) 15 3. Gravimeter 10 4. Magnetometer rlO 5. Seismic charges (2) 10 6. Navigation equipment 25 il 7. Comm.unications repeater ' '~::;.5 '' ·- ·- 1,45 '\ Sample return capability after deployment of ASE explosives and ,< communications repeater so Driving .,s~ta~ion! 'i:~Elap.sed, time time ' time .- ,_.-,~ .... ,._,__ .. ,. .. - ...... :,_,,: ;;1·.<.:.;_,~- . ~ ·..:.· ~. ~ ~ -·::. DAY III EVA IV Astronaut 1 Sample preparation, analytics, and last sampling observations near ELM. (a) The analytics consist of final sample sorting and 32 ·· Driving Station ·Elapsed '' time time time selection for return to . .r Earth. Communications .~ith '' astronaut 2 on LRV traverse '"';' should determine how milth allowance should be made for .~ ,,. samples that are to bef' i·e .. ·. turned to Earth from this last traverse. .:: .. (b) May conduct short flying sorties with the fueled safety LFU or the other LFU and remaining fuel. ·Final field obseFvations and sam pling of what have been determined to be the .·most• .. ,:',. critical plateau plains features within 1.5 km of ELM; one important feature may be the bright-rayed crater 1.5 km north of the ELM. These sorties can commence only after astro naut 2 on the LRV traverse returns·:.td·within l.S:lon '" of the ELM: Astronaut 2 Conduct LRV-IV traverse; 6.3 km long, 1 hr 10 min driving time, '(.J 1 hr 50 min station time. ·Station 1--contact b~twe'en plateau plains (pp) ·an:d low dom:e (ld) units. ' ~' ' ' .. ~. ,., Distance 1. 9 km. 20 min 15 min 35 min 33 Dr.iving.- S tatio:h Elaps'ed_ ------·time:- time tii:ne (a) Geologic observations, pic ture taking, and sampling, particularly comparing re lations of surface mateiials and contacts with those pre I !I! viously examined- at pp-ld contact zopes. (b) Deploy .ASir- ~*'plosives. Station 2--contact between plateau plains (pp) and low dome (ld) units near a large plateau plains crater. Distance 0.8 km. 10 min 20 min 1 hr, 5 min (a) Geologic observations, pic tur~ taking, and sampling ( of units along contact zone. Concentrate on collecting ejecta blocks from nearby plateau plains crater and talus material of slopes of low dome unit. (b) Deploy ASE explosives. (c) While traveling from sta tion 2 to 3 and 4, espe- -- -cia:lly·on ~a:lternate··-route through stations 2a, 2b, 2c, astronaut be alert for bedrock exposures or blocks representative of bedrock materials; topography and . i te~tures __f!uggest that. }Jed rock atid. b-locks may both 34 :Or'iit'ing· Station Elapsed .. time~- time time be present along this :r:oute. -.~ ·' Station 3--triple contact point between low dome (ld), ·~ -- -- bulbous dome (bd), and ste~p dome (sd) materials. Distance 0. 9 km. ·10 min 25 min 1 hrtj'':': 4Ph1in (a) Geologic observations, pic ture taking, and sampling ! ,I of units along contact zone. Devote special at tention to materials and structures.representative of the bulbous dome and compare with surrounding materials and materials of the punctured cones and narrow .ridge. If time and topography per mit, and if no bedrock exposures are present at station 3, astronaut should attempt brief stop '·-.···' .., .. -.. at "bedrock" approximately .:.,.-- ... ·2oo lnet.ef1_"_so'iit:il;es·t:,-of-- ····--· .... station. ':'· Station 4-:triple contac~ point be- tween plateau plains (pp), low dome (ld), and bulbous dome· (bd) r;nateria].s. Dis tance 0. 9 kin. 10 min · •'20 ·ml.n 2':hi"/ .l,Q' 111-!-B .\: 35 Driving Station Elapsed time tinie .'~ (a) Geologic observations, pic ture taking, and sampling of units along contact zone. If materials repre sentative of bulbous dome (bd) units have not been adequately sampled yet, astronaut should attempt a brief s.top where relat ively large crater inter sects bulbo~s dome approxi mately 150 meters nort4east of station. Return to ELM, unload samples . and ,assist astronaut 1 in load ing s'amples in ELM and prepar ing for takeoff. Distance 1. 8 km.. 20 min 30 min 3 hr traverse: If at station 2 it is decided that a longer traverse is possi ble, proce~d to the fol lowing stat ions , s topp:i.ng · . ,,- at ·one or more if new information can be ob tain_ed from the s to~s. 2a--triple co~tact point betwee? plateau plains :-- ( pp) , low dome ( ld) , and bulbous dome (bd) mate rials. Geologic observations, 36 D,l{iving s'tat;ion Elapsed ·:;t·ifue time time picture taking, and sam pling of units al'ong the -~ cbntac t zones. steep dome ( sd) unit and near what appear ,j to be bedrock exposures. . i -~ Geologic observations, pic~ ture ·taking, and sampling with special attention to 2ollecting bedrock or blocky material and noting possible internal struc tures and stratigraphy, and relation of "bedrock" to I overlying mantling mate 1 ·I rials. 2c~-triple contact point be tween steep dome (sd) and low dome (ld) units. '•(a) Geologic observations and ,, " sampling same as at s ta- ,~·; :~· ~t l :·: Weight ( lb) 70 .. __ r.\.·•.. •. ..·.: .•.".o.:l._ ..._._: •. .. f o :::· :, <•m · MagnetOPleter (automatic • ; • M ~ •• 0 0 reading) 25 ··.' .; ~,., .. ··• Weight',.(lb) '. ; . ~- . 5. Short seis~tilic array . '\ (8 g~ophones) 10 6. Seismic charge's {2). lb 7. Contingency PLSS 120 ·i65 _;' Sample return capability 160 'I BRIEF SUMMAR~ AND EVALUATION OF MISSION 1. Within the framework ofthe assumed operational contraints, the Lunar Exploration Plan meets minimum scientific objectives in providing for fairly comprehensive sampling of the ma]or ' . stratigraphic units in the Marius Hill~ (table 2) and the ac- quisit,ion of several types of supporting geophysical data. The ,·combined geologic and geophysical 'data should enable a:de.tail¢d reconstruction of the geologic history of the ~~ea. ~lj:(.s -in ·.turn will enable .evaluation of cur:rent hypothese.s regarding the . . . origin and ·development of the M~rius Hills. 2. ·The Lunar Flying Units and the.Lunar.Roving Vehicle are suf . ..-~ ;• . ficiently versatile that traverses planned for areas of varied ' topography and geology wiU be highly flexible. The LFU provides _ ... rapid access to p.oints of particular sci~~tif:ic im~ortance that are difficult or im;~~sible ~o''';r~~ch,.by'',ih~~~·lo~e/;· wh~~l~d' ve- . '.·, .._ .•• I I V> ' • • ' " ·, .: ' ; ; '.' : .":,j, ·-~ .. ,.') ; ': ·, 'i • hicle. On the ot_her hand, t~e LR,V permits more. comprehens;ive · · t·· • .....!~- ;': '.·:":-~---:·:· .-\ •• .'·_,-··r',l~~~~ -;::-::: ~----~<--· .·-:·;, -.-··:.· .. 1'. coverage for ground observation and, ,sampling, is more versatile ' ,~·- ;:~---~· ··;-~ ~.;': :::,n;r~d~~::_-._:;-)· ...·,;:~t.~-~j·i·.: __ ·. _;:'·.·~_-_.. .. - in that minor alterat~qns of the planned traverses' can be readily 6 ..- ... ~"""'':.;.,·., ...... ----..· - ~-:..,., .·! ·;.:'.·~- • ..,..-. ·--·-· ,..:~:,_~,):,\~:'~~... .;- ....~,:~_.,..1.: ...... ~-;.~;~~-;,;_..;_..-:_;,:_~:'.;,_ ~-·4~·~ :-;·,f·~ ,~..:...;.~~)-~'-;···,._.:.f~"f';~-~~;t.·~.~-~~.o:~~--·~·.. :~ ~;tj.~,_·;.,; ~ ... -'·· d ,_,· ·.:-: ~ ··~-.,;--,L. ~..,_;;c.----~ made as the traver~e g~vel.ops, and is capable of carrying 'a.' · · · · · · · · · · · ' ,';<:·~~-.~ .. :L.-::~·~.-! ~· ,-_ -·~.·i, -. ; .. ;,;! ···I j-:··-,'.:,",;f -~·,'. ·.''.~:~-; i. ::-';.'!J· ', \;_,~' ;,'- }"· ·. larger payload. To provic1e adequate areal coverage by the LRV · _, . : .. : ~. ;' .jr.J ;· · .. ,; ~;~ . ,'.•. { ,. :_' ·. :. - -~~- ~;: ·.'' . ,·\:;_::, ' . :: •. ' ':' ;_. ... -"'~\.~' ··; ~ ,; .... during a 3-day mission, stop-·t·;i.me at carefully select.ed sampl1ng ';(~ r. ~ ~~~ ·: ; -~--~···-~'1·;_,J·. -~:~.'-:~\ 'J.~;i>.j.q~'·i : ':~: .,. _i."::: ;//··'; ~-, ..;·· .;~.>i points must be held tp a m~m,.mum, emphas~z1ng the ever-present requirement that_ t,~e ~?.~al l.unar;xpl~~-~;~~~:o~~st~: be ~~ au~~·~,, ~~' ,. ; . a,nd ·~f:eicient· as possible. ')·~.J-~/:; __ ;~ ---~· -..---; ·1 ~ i- _:- -... :: ' ' ~ ·,...... •' ...... ·'' ·~ -~' ~ ·:'' : ~ : 38 Tabl~ 2. --Sample densit;:y of !ll~.t~J.T;~?:J:s:4ro!ll geologic unit~ obtail1,ed . by, the proposed LRV. and LFU travers.es. in the,Marius H_:i).l.~_ r~g,i,qn ; _, ~ . .,.. Number of ~-tations where the fonowing geo-logic units will be sampled-- '. :1 Traverses pc sd --ld: .. ,.. bd pp nr . . LFU-I 1 1 1 LFU-II 2 ''-"L""''• .-.·:. Total LFU 3 i 1 ' :_;~1 LRV-I 3 LRV-II 2 . 1 ' 1 . LRV-II·I .,:3 -!4 LRV-IV __ ,:1- _4_,, 2, .. 3 Total LRV 4 3.. : --11· . .. J: ' .. Total LRV . ~---: • " . • • « . ' • \ ,' . ';-· + LFU 7 8 3 1 c_, . • 3. As part of this_ total explor~tion- system, th~· Lunar Su~vey':i.ng- ' •,'' ~~ :-~ , '.J • }· ,··. } System, X-ray diffractome_ter- -Q'K sp~ctrQ_meter,·grS,vimeter, a.hd. •', Q' ,.:; . ' . magnetometer furnish da,ta that can be used both-~for guiding the · ;;<"t··J·': :-~::.:·::;;~.'~":>.j/:.·'.1-~~ £.."1 ;:.t:.n; 7-.:, L. :· _·>' \:·r-f\• .. _r. :__ .: -: -:t course of the_ mission and for providing information that is criti- _-~ ~---'i;•o-:,·:-:----· _.. _;~-;:-1 __ -:- :.:2?l;.·-:i ...... , <: ~-r~:;i::J_. ?~ ;_~:.-·:_ ;, t-\?;-:"'= ;- -f~~ ·. . cal to the final ge9l()gic ,ii1t_etpre;at'iop,s of ·the ·area.-. -"-'-·---. The lunar Su~~~·~~g :Sy~·~-~mi'~~~~~d'~:~' fli~-~~~~~s for ·~apidty ·- ·· · ··J:=·;·;.::.' ··t· .· ·--~ ,,·_.::.: r';·.~ ... - -t{· .. -_: •. locating observatiOD;,G!and }~a!llple points ap,q placing observations l .... _ -, ';>J ''<,~·,:"": -·t··! ! _;·.,'"'·--""_!_:; --~~-::~-- 1>.>.~-~ ... :·:·_~- . ~~-~_,.-- .. ~~,.;,~J. ("':'; in the proper geol~gtc con~ext,,a~d it supplies television images ;.. ..:!....;..;..J..,'J_~~---- :.~u~_;,!:;:.~t,~j~ ·;~~ ~-" _·:_:~'~r-7,.·. ,·.:: "-'--.,.:; :-"--''--;t·_·~- .. ~.:-.':---;:,~ ::_ ·.:;__ • __ ~tid tracking data r~quired f_or p:tqp~r monitoring of mission pro- il;-,·,.· -_,---~·;', .. -·[.~·-( ··:-- -~_-f!··· -·_. __.;:5·;'~.1: .· ·:.~;·_~ ·. l.f'. (-:· __, ... , . ·}·; ;· ,· 'gress in Mission Con~rol. , , ··._· i~. :}- ~:.;,.· ,·~~·-- f~, ..... _ .:~--_·; if<},l '1':-::-\'-,.:.~,.,j_-.....~- --~ _\ -·~/.d.r . : ·-·1·· _:~rd.)l• .i r··.-.... -: ·:~ The X-ray diffractometer-O'K spectrometer furnished m1nera - --. ~ _ · : · · -- ~--i :;--: ~ ~ .. .. n · .i _., .'·! .l ~-~ L ogic and chemical information to the lJ_stronauts that will'c;li:tect s~lection of,samples in the field and final selection of samples 39 j~~~[J~i;;;f~::.:;~. ::: ., .. ,., ~/.Jo'r;,;:;;:f;1?-turn to Earth, and it will provipe im,portant i:n.Jo:qttat~cm, ' ~:_i~~-·.<";',7?~~-:;,~.-·. . ·. . f . -. ' - _, • • ' •• ' ~ ·~;·:·'g~}'~a~ples that cannot be ret~:n~d b:7cau~.e of the sp.mpl~,..return :~~{'fr:~~~[;t~i~estriction (presently 80 11?). f,..s ;iLI._qstrated 'by J:he rp.iss~OI).:. Jt~:~;k-.J~flbed here, many more samplef3 ~an, be cpllected· in t~e· field •,·JJ~-j:~?~1~~q.:~-~~:::~: " · ·- . . . I . . .', ''('a':fid ':returned to the ElM than ·can be returned for study .on E;g.rth . ..~~ ·· ~~- t ~-~r-~:~~:t · --· - · · · ~~ , . ;;;:;;.:·~i,'J1JJ.e gravimeter and magnetometer :wi,ll enaple dete.ctiol1:Pf , . .; If>· r~~r.~·:;;~.~-~:.: ~'" .. ,.,:~.s·.ph;.suj:-f.ace geophysical anomalies, tber~by alerting the .a~tronfi~.tR '~::.·i~/,jp~~,~~ble expressions of th~se an~!Jl~l~~~ at. the surfac~ ,an~ .-1~;;.,:·,;~--::'::r:~_-: .. ·- : .. - a:i(i'i:rlg' them in their on-the-spot. int:~rp:t;e ta ti(;>llS. . A! tll.O~~h. .the -<>~ ~:-::-/(~-~1-'~(.;{,f; - • • ;-~C·t]::y~;·se~sm~c experiment ·could be accompl:(,she? ~1,1ring m!3-nneq · .. ;.~~~-1-t~r-~~tion, present thinking suggests that detonation of th~ ex- _., _., t~·-: .:;:· _. -.:--~;~"'·?.:\~':.. ; " ' ~ i:. 1 ,,,:,p:~:j;fs'zi,y~~~ from Earth after comJ?letion of the s~;r;face misfl~On may lf~tr~~~:a:~: ::::::: t~ t £:u~:a::;:r::::o::~:· o:i::. a::~::; ~:ng :.}~~i<~~~*·~t to the Moon. ' i4!i·'.:_,~c:~9tpgic objectives within the Marius ,Hills region reR_.u:i,re a . . ;'~·~~~f~~~~sive areal sampling of sur~-~ce fe~tures .~I1d depo§its a~d ' . "'l~ -::_ :-''::'t->.:;-.~,_;:~ . . . ' " ·.. , . · .Q:J:·;:,t;li-J.i2¢d subsurface information. A~thot,Igb the present I!li~s ion ;~-~~~:{~~-~:\rides sufficient areal coveragt=. t.o .. satisj:y· many .~ajar . :~::~::--::··:.~-:-;·.~;~;~~,;.:;~~~- . - •'. . ; '. - . . - .. ::f:i'C:ietit.'if:ic objectives, numerous critical features cannot pe. '-;_-:{_f~~~-.\t'.~l:~/''> . • ~--·~ J•- . • "·.' r:· ... _.t¢il,\;:fi~ii;.' t· '·,;_: '{::-";7:--.,.:.·· .,,.,,:::'-· ·C• . ::: ·Bet~ti'se of the time limitations imposed on this ,effort, much 1 adiiti'p,§f~study in basic and applied lunar geology. w~'ll b·~ . • 40 before a manned landing ''can··be made 'ifi th:~··it:re/:i:.' This 1) A thorough tlieore f:ica 1 '8 tudy of tKe' prob l~tir of differentiation- st:-aftin'g from--'- ~he now- ju-s 1tifi~'d the maria consist''of primitive ba~~lt:s, 2) A:d 5f~1}{:n f:::u:::a~h:: :::e b:~:::::t::t;!y a::l::: ::r:b:::~:~ thi~ " ' tn~:1;~~r-~i~s Hills ( 9f particular importance. are the differentiated ti..• o~~:> ~\.t _":.,•:· ..0:. ~ 1h • _ . , ,_- ·:·· ... - t'f~6~~t~ domes and cones in the Ha~aiian Is land~), 4) fleld · ·.- :if~;:;;;zh/.'Y"i~i. . . . r.. • .. . .._ p _. s·,:~ifiJ.i'.~.~~i:C?n of the proposed surface traverses in tne· S. P:- quad.:: r· .. ¢ of properly desigrted maps 'is• indispensible fo':t a surface exploration Iiiis's"ibri. Maps of differe~t~ · scientific ''and' opitfatibhkl pt:;t-:.. be prepared for pre.;.miss:i.C>ri ptannihg. 6f· tt~v~t~~s·,-'for· ;., .. us'~; ·:. \ Fo , 19 65, ~ltfll The ::~~~:.~ol~~i~~:om~l~x~~:o '" .,.,. ,> >A;~J~$geol. Studies Ann. Prog. Rept., July 1, 1964-July 1, ; . ~- · .,_ j ~~/i~:-,;J_f;?J/ .. .~ ; ':/ J r ~ . · t~'J?:~,:/r.pt. 4-: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, p. 1~5-122. ; '· ~/::~~:.;;.~{Jf~'t:0 ' ~ ,'' -. ,- ·. .- \' ·- ·. _ ___,__1,.96Xi~i Geologic map of the Hevelius region of'-Fhe 'Moon:,' ''u.s. - ; ~ 'l ~§tr~t{{:;survey Misc. Geol. · tnv. M~p;~·'])49i~ · ., ·' ',.. · ·· ··" '; · ,,_ . • I \ ', \ ' .. ' _, ;;~ 41