La Représentation Politique Des Femmes En Écosse : Dévolution Et Parlement Écossais, 1979-2009 Elisabeth Mège-Revil

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La Représentation Politique Des Femmes En Écosse : Dévolution Et Parlement Écossais, 1979-2009 Elisabeth Mège-Revil La représentation politique des femmes en Écosse : dévolution et Parlement écossais, 1979-2009 Elisabeth Mège-Revil To cite this version: Elisabeth Mège-Revil. La représentation politique des femmes en Écosse : dévolution et Parlement écossais, 1979-2009. Science politique. Université Charles de Gaulle - Lille III, 2015. Français. NNT : 2015LIL30015. tel-01202831 HAL Id: tel-01202831 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01202831 Submitted on 21 Sep 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Université Lille 3 École Doctorale Science de l’Homme et de la Société Université Lille Nord de France Département des Études anglophones Laboratoire : CECILLE La représentation politique des femmes en Écosse : Dévolution et Parlement écossais : 1979-2009 Par Elisabeth MÈGE-REVIL Thèse de doctorat en Langues, Littérature et Civilisation Anglophones Spécialité : civilisation britannique Dirigée par Richard Davis Soutenue et présentée le 22 juin 2015 Devant un jury composé de : Christian Auer, Professeur des Universités, Université de Strasbourg Edwige Camp, Professeure des Universités, Université de Valenciennes Richard Davis, Professeur des Universités, Université de Lille 3, directeur Gilles Leydier, Professeur des Universités, Université de Toulon, pré-rapporteur Siân Reynolds, Professeure émérite, Université de Stirling, Écosse, pré-rapporteuse Table des matières Remerciements ................................................................................................................. 3 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 5 Première partie (1979-1997): de la marginalité à l’institutionnalisation ................ 17 Chapitre 1 – Les renouveaux nationaliste et féministe: ............................................ 19 1 – Deux mouvements encore marginaux prennent de l’ampleur .......................... 20 2 – Un terrain d’action commun s’ouvre aux deux mouvements : le chemin vers la dévolution ............................................................................................................... 42 Chapitre 2 – Vers une représentation politique hommes-femmes plus équilibrée . 66 1 – De la défense de la place des femmes dans la société à l’idée qu’elles doivent être présentes dans le domaine politique ................................................................ 66 2 – De la nécessité des mesures : la campagne pour le 50/50 face aux mesures plus modérées ............................................................................................................... 108 Chapitre 3 – Les obstacles à la mise en œuvre institutionnelle de la parité .......... 127 1 – Les contraintes politiques : ............................................................................. 127 2 – Les contraintes légales : .................................................................................. 142 Chapitre 4 – Le Scotland Act (1998) – le modèle adopté ........................................ 154 1 – Le fonctionnement du parlement .................................................................... 156 2 – La problématique de la représentation des femmes marginalisée .................. 173 Deuxième partie (1998-2009): du modèle à la réalité .............................................. 183 Chapitre 5 – Le « seuil critique » atteint .................................................................. 185 1 – Les sélections et les élections ......................................................................... 188 2 – Qui sont les élu–e–s? ...................................................................................... 227 Chapitre 6 – Un parlement féminisé ? ...................................................................... 249 1 - Peut-on parler de gouvernance féminine? ....................................................... 250 2 – La vie politique : changée en profondeur ? .................................................... 271 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 294 Annexes ....................................................................................................................... 300 1 Annexe 1 - Listes des femmes élues à la Chambre des communes pour des circonscirptions écossaises depuis 1979 .................................................................... 300 Annexe 2 - Résultats des élections au Parlement écossais (1999-2003-2007) ........ 301 Annexe 3 - Détails des calculs des Indices d’Homogénéité de Genres ................... 303 Annexe 4 - Transcriptions des entretiens ................................................................. 306 Bibliographie ............................................................................................................... 441 1 - Sources primaires .................................................................................................. 441 2 - Études ..................................................................................................................... 456 3 - Dans les médias ...................................................................................................... 466 Index des acteurs-trices politiques ............................................................................ 472 2 Remerciements Je remercie vivement mes deux directeurs de thèse successifs : M. Keith Dixon qui m’a guidée à Lyon vers ce projet de recherche et pendant la première moitié de mon travail de thèse, puis M. Richard Davis avec qui j’ai pu le faire aboutir à Lille. Je remercie aussi Esther Breitenbach et Catriona Burness pour leur aide bibliographique, leurs contacts et surtout leur gentillesse au cours de mes différents voyages en Écosse. J’ai une pensée pour mes ami-e-s qui m’ont soutenue pendant ces longues années, qui ont écouté mes doutes et mes craintes, notamment Marion, ma compagne de route, et Karen qui m’a reçue si souvent à Glasgow, pour le travail et pour la détente. En quelques chiffres, cette thèse représente pour moi : six ans de travail, deux universités et un transfert, deux académies et trois postes très différents, trois déménagements, deux grossesses et naissances, une disparition, neuf voyages en Écosse (pour la recherche et pour le plaisir), mais surtout une seule et unique famille, que je tiens à remercier pour son soutien indéfectible et indispensable, sous toutes ses formes. Je remercie plus particulièrement mon mari, pour son aide (au quotidien et dans ma réflexion) et pour son soutien de manière générale. Merci à lui pour son aide à la relecture et pour les calculs et tableaux du chapitre 5. Lui aussi me pousse et m’aide à donner le meilleur de moi-même en toutes circonstances ! Enfin, je tiens à mentionner mes enfants, pour qui je souhaite être le meilleur exemple possible. Je remercie ma fille ainée qui m’a accompagnée lors de tous les voyages liés à ma recherche, in utero d’abord, puis qui a découvert la collectivité à la crèche du Parlement écossais, et surtout qui a eu la patience d’attendre que j’aie fini de travailler pour m’occuper d’elle. Enfin, j’ai une pensée pour mon second enfant, que j’ai attendu pendant ma rédaction et à qui je donne naissance en même temps qu’à ma thèse. 3 Liste des acronymes utilisés dans le texte AMS – Additional Member System : système de liste de membre additionel AWS – All-Women Shortlist : liste de candidates préselectionnées CSG – Consultative Steering Group : comité consultatif d’orientation CSP – Campaign for the Scottish Parliament : campagne pour un parlement écossais EC – Executive Committee : comité de direction EOC – Equal Opportunity Committee : commission à l’égalité des chances FPTP – First Past the Post : scrutin uninominal à un tour et à majorité simple MP – Member of Parliament : député-e britannique MSP – Member of the Scottish Parliament : député-e écossais-e OMOV – One Member One Vote : une voix par membre PR – Proportional Representation : représentation proportionnelle SCC – Scottish Constitutional Convention : convention constitutionnelle écossaise SCUP : Senior Citizens Unity Party : parti écossais des personnes âgées SDP – Social Democratic Party : parti social démocrate SEC – Scottish Executive Committee : comité de direction écossais SNP – Scottish National Party : parti nationaliste écossais SPA : Scottish People’s Alliance : parti écossais de l’alliance du peuple SSP – Scottish Socialist Party : parti socialiste écossais STUC – Scottish Trade Union Congress : confédération des syndicats écossais STV – Single Transferable Vote : scrutin à vote unique transférable WAC – Women’s Action Committee : comité d’action des femmes 4 Introduction Introduction L'année 2009 marqua le trentième anniversaire de l'accession au pouvoir de la première femme Premier ministre du Royaume-Uni, Margaret Thatcher, et en même temps le début d'une période dont la politique fut marquée par son idéologie, celle du parti conservateur sous sa direction. 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