A Practical Treatise on Healthy Skin
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A PRACTICAL TREATISE OK HEALTHY SKIN: WITH RULES FOR THE MEDICAL AND DOMESTIC TREATMENT]; OF CUTANEOUS DISEASES. BY ERASMUS WILSON, E.R.S. *•* CONSULTING SUROEON TO THE ST. PANCRAS INFIRMARY, AND LECTURER ON ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY IK MIDDLESEX HOSPITAL; AUTHOR OF “THE ANATOMIST’S VADE MECUM,” ETC. Ellustrateti toftt Sfv Steel ISngrabfttfls. WITH NOTES BY T. S. LAMBERT, M. D. PROF. OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY IN PITTSFIELD INSTITUTE, BERK. COUNTY, MASS.; AUTHOR OP POPULAR TREATISE ON BATHING, ETC. NEW-YORK: PRINTED BY LEAVITT, TROW & COMPANY, 33 ANN-STREET. 1847. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1847,by T. S. LAMBERT, In the Clerk’s Office of the District Court for the Southern District of New-York PREFACE. If any work deserves to be universally read, it is the following Treatise. If I am at all capable of judging, there is not in the English language a single work which is so valuable as this. The subjects treated upon are of the greatest moment; and they are discussed with such eloquence and truthfulness, that the attention of the most hasty reader will be arrested, and he will see a beauty and an attractive usefulness in physiology which no other book could impress upon his mind. No excuse will be necessary for making an effort to bring the book within the means of every class. A book condensed in form will many times be read, from its more commodious look. In such a form, also, it can be easily carried in the valise or pocket even, and read on the way. Nor is there any doubt that a book at a low price sells more extensively than when higher in price. That any notes should be added to a work of such excellence, does not merit apology, in reality. Can it be expected that any work will be perfect ? Whether the notes were needed or not, will be seen by reading them. I hope they will render the treatise more useful. To see'this book widely scattered through the land,I doubt not will give pleasure to the phy- sician. The name of Erasmus Wilson is a sufficient guarantee that he will be interested and instructed by what has been written. But he will be surprised upon reading the book, to witness how much talent the author has exhibited in adapting his language to the popular reader, without any obscurity on one hand, or awkwardness of expression on the other. He will be ready to bestow an encomium upon the very polite manner with which he has endeavored to convince the reader that something 4 PREFACE. more than pretension is necessary to cope wilh disease successfully; and he will be glad to see that an advance step has been made toward en- lightening the public upon those topics, a true knowledge of which tends to free from disease, overthrow quackery, and give to merit its deserved reward. THE EDITOR. A PRACTICAL TREATISE HEALTHY SKIN. CHAPTER I. divisions of the one great investing mem* brane of the body, is occasionally seen in ON THE SCARF-SKIN. domestic life, and is therefore alluded to in this place. It is dependent, obviously, In the following pages, I propose to on the analogy of structure subsisting make my reader acquainted with the between the two parts of the same mem- structure and uses of the skin, in the hope brane. To illustrate the transition of of awaking his attention to the necessity these membranes into each other, I may and manner of training it to the purposes refer to the eyelids, on the thin margin of health. I trust, moreover, by laying of which the skin becomes mucous mem- down correct and simple laws, to enable brane; the former covering the outside him to comprehend the principles upon of the lid, the latter the inside of the lid which a sound and effective domestic and front of the eyeball. The red sur- treatment of its diseases may be con- face of the lips is an illustration of a mu- ducted. cous membrane which has become dry 1. The skin is the soft and pliant mem- by exposure to the atmosphere, its junc- brane, which invests the whole of the ex- tion with the skin taking place at the ab- ternal surface of the body, following all rupt line where the red joins the lighter its prominences and curves. The inte- tinted covering of the face. The en- rior of the body, like the exterior, is cov- trance-tube of the ear is a cul-de-sac of ered by a skin, which, from the consiantly about an inch in length, and lined by moistened state of its surface, is denom- mucous membrane. This circumstance inated mucous membrane. At the various explains the discharges of matter from orifices of the body, the exterior skin is the ear which not unfrequently take place continuous with the internal skin, or mu- in children; for it is the ordinary charac- cous membrane, and in these situations, ter of mucous membrane, when in a state from the similarity of their structure, it ofinflammation, to send forth a discharge, is difficult to distinguish between them. but not so the external skin. The difficulty is increased by the cir- 2. An important medical law is found- cumstance, that when a portion of skin is ed on the continuity and similarity of made to occupy an internal position, it structure of the investing and lining assumes the humid character ofmucous membrane of the body. This law re- membrane; and when a portion of the solves itself into three expressions,— latter becomes external, it loses its mois- namely, that disease affecting a part ofa ture by evaporation, and then takes on membrane is liable to spread to the the ordinary appearance of skin. This whole; secondly, that disease of the mu- reciprocal of thetwo cous membrane may to the skin metamorphosis great spread , investing membranes, or rather, the two and vice versd; and thirdly, that dis- 6 ON THE STRUCTURE AND ease of a part of a mucous membrane an independent organism endowed with may become translated to a distant part life, and possessing within itself the pow- of the skin, and vice versd. As illustra- ers of growth and subdivision (plate 1, tions of a popular kind of these three po- fig. 8, a). As soon as they are fairly sitions, I may adduce, in evidence of the formed, the little granules collect to- first, the spreading nature of St. Antho- gether. by a kind of vital affinity, into ny’s fire, or erysipelas; of the second, the little masses ( b c), and the latter seem to itching of the nose and lips in children, acquire, by their concentration, an in- from irritation in the alimentary canal crease in the attributes of life; they im- caused by the presence of worms; or the bibe the fluid residuum of the transparent eruption around the lips which follows part of the blood, which continues to.be slight attacks of cold or feverishness. poured out through the cutaneous ves- The third position explains the coinci- sels for their nourishment, they increase dence of dyspepsia and other .internal in bulk in consequence of such imbibition disorders with cutaneous rashes and and its attendant assimilation, and they eruptions. become separated from neighbouring 3. It must have been observed by masses by the development around them every one, that the skin is composed of of a thin and transparent investing mem- two layers; for these we see separated brane ; they are, in fact, converted into from each other by the action of a com- cells (c). If' we examine the under sur- mon blister.* One of these layers, face of the scarf-skin when freshly sepa- namely, that which is raised by the fluid rated from the sensitive skin, the differ- of a blister, is the scarf-skin, or epider- ent kinds of particles here described, mis (plate 1), while that which retains namely, the elementary granules, the its connexion with the substance of the little aggregated masses, and the newly- body is the sensitive skin, or dermis (plate constructed cells, may all be seen forming 2). These layers perform very different a beautiful mosaic, the cells being the offices in the animal economy, and.are largest and taking the principal place, widely different from each other in struc- and the simple and composite granules ture. The scarf-skin is horny and in- occupying the intervening spaces. sensible, and is a sheath of protection to But the mosaic layer is no sooner com- the highly sensitive skin situated beneath plete, than the operations fora new layer it. The latter feels; but the former dulls of the same kind are already in progress, the impression which occasions feeling, and are gradually raising it from its bed and in some situations Is so dense and and pushing it upwards to the surface. thick as to exclude ordinary impressions The cells, at the same time, are increas- entirely. Of this we see an example at ing rapidly in size ( efg), extending their the ends of the fingers, where the hard borders so as to overlap each other on and dense nail is the scarf-skin modified all sides, and quickly attaining the di- for the purpose referred to. It is the mensions of the perfect cell—namely, the pier- an inch diameter scarf-skin which needlewoman f-{; 0 of in (/i). Now, ces in the operation of sewing on the fin- this rapid and remarkable growth is ef- ger ; it is the scarf-skin which the cutler fected by a series of changes within the shaves in order to test the sharpness of cell analogous to those by which the cell his blade.