NIT-U-71 00].
92II CGNGREss SENATE 1st Session
ARCHlVE COPY Sea Grant Deposito PAPERS ON NATIONAL LAND USE POLICY ISSUES
PREPAREIIFOR THE
COMMITTEE ON INTERIOR AND INSULAR AFFAIRS HENRY M, JACKSON, Chairman UNITED STATES SENATE
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION BOSTON UNIVERSITY
U.S. GOVERNMENTPRINTING OFFICE 57-242 WAEHINGTOiv i I97I. kt,
COiIMITTEE ON INTERIOR AND INSULAR AFFAIRS HENRY hf. JACKSON,Wsahlzstoz, Cha>rrsas CI IVTON P. ANDERSON,New Mexico GORDON ALLOTT, Colorado ALAN BIBLE, Nevada L EN B. J 0R DAN, Idaho F RANK CIIURCH, I dsho PAUI, J FA VVIV, Arkrona FRANK E. MOSS,Utah CLIFFORD P. HANSEN, '6'zominS Q,DENTIN N. BURDICK, North Dakota MARK O, HATFIFLD, Orezos GEORGE MCGOVERN,South Dakota TED STEVENS,Alaska LEE MFTCALF, Montasa HFVRV BFLI,MON, Ol lohoms hlIKE GRAVEL, Alaska Jzssv T. Vzzzsza, SlagJJireckor Wa.r,u.atJ. Vakr NZsa,Ctdej Chancel DAkrkztDszrzuz, Fr%rata@a!Skag Merober Ctt*ar,zaCoos, Aftsarttkk Cosrreet IX! Sea Grant Depository
CONTENTS
P«>r<> Letter of transrnitt,al 1 Letl;er of introduction 5 Part I. Public i»volve!ncnti» new communitydevelop»!ent 7 In troduc !.ion 0 rerview A. ':V<'.XK!.I,IOTf 9<'.9!v!INOL HY! The. need fOr effective, State invOlvet in ihC «rbani- Satian prnCC99 haS nCVCr bee» rnOrC CritiCal. Cnnstitu- tionally, the States are thc ulti<»atv.holders of rhc 1>olic<. power, Politically, State govern»!cuts are at l.asi. one step rc«!oved from the interjuri..diction<cient,eI VA!iof !rew co!n!»unities, very little positive by either the p»blic or the priva!c ectnrs!o hr>cw cn!nmrrnity concept ie more political and legal in r«ld hv capable. nf srrc- cessfnlly!. 107 Introduction A. Tl>ecrisis in shorelinerevreation; A r p<>rtor! Ia !d<«e»> oagP- rncr>t i» the coastal zone «<' 107 <>KNN MAssArt< rsgrTe INATri- vate marke!. With respect tO puhliC r«rCa!iO»;<11!t of !his Ii!ni!vd ur>ique commodity is «»dcr pricontrol, percent is rcsiricted military ar a «nd only 5 tn 7 0f the shor line is publicly ow:red. Thu~ la<>dalong the coastlir>< has 1>ccorr>o-rscarc< nf nrrr v;<1><>!biv nat«ral Pv!-ources~ ~ ~ It, ha~ hvvn«>vi»creasingl< nr in rVCPnt > Varz that the priV!!; r>in!s in nur purr»»t sncivtal vai ss >Ts N«TIT TK 0F TE<'> NI!i s< nf thrs< avail«hie l«nds ii!ust compete with ali nthrefereiiee in the Inarkrt. placeor i!>directlythrough tlu; politicall!rocess. This paper foe»amupon the priciiig policy i!I t.hcestablishrncnt and inan»gemrnt of parks»nd rcote relativr, to pricing. Page I'ar, III. Ecological prob}erneof co«st«i land n: < lgl I » i rod uol i on 0> orvie>v ~~A. I,and-us< estuariiic iuteractio!Ls BRADFORDBUTMAV, IHAssATIITEoi< TKCBNo< t!p rc nt of thc land ar<;>and siipport '88prrreru of the pop»latinn,fn»r-f!fths nf ii, in»rhai.ii!,iil,<> I,! percent.of l>e cst!iarine zonr. * * ~ IVith su 'h dense popiilatio», <'st»nriiie regions havr naiiy u. <'-coiiiiict.. * ~ * Tl«. < stiiary is sn ex>rr .nri<",ibh rcsourr<, and land»ses >vhicti inodify the estuarine oiivirou<»eiitsh<>uld be strictly czaiiiiiie<1 and rO»trolled.. B. Thc ecologi al importance nf a sal>.marsh B. w, Tilt re, htA«SAeHTsETTs INRT«O!.o A salt. »>«ivh is an intrgr«l l>art of thr estiiarinr. system which it hnrd<.rs, v s s [It] is nf vital importance to inan arui this can be readily s<'enwhe» cnninu rcially iinpnrtant org: !ginuings in th» marsh. + * + Thc salt Inarsh serves ri>ai> i» other wave braidt, »orm«ll> deposited hrre, bccoines;ivailablefor di positi<»!in ch«nii ls,harbor., «nd Other ii;<1>le«re;is. C. The effect of sedi»>cut«tio» on pri>nary l>rod»etio i i» th wct lands 1<7 JOE Y AC!»Vii ' I VSTIT!'i « >N 1> alter thvrtl«nds by a wirle variety of actioii.. ~ s s I'speci«llh dclrojrcts on siibmchere thr rHectsnf »ch operationsare pain- fiilly nh>vious,That «i!eh ol>cr>!lionscontiniie. >o be so co<»moni. trstiniony lo the p»l>li ."sig»orance I« t,o thc valur. of tliesc wetl«nds. o pl I!. Home c »>aidT and its derivatives! and radionuclides lplnrttee onIntegri enr 1~amlnsibleyoung l>eopleto makemeatu»gfiil contributioris in iml>ortsnt public dccisiot>s. I a>nc >rieerncvcrthe limited o1>portunit.icsfor such involve- tnetit. It frequently happensthat after tliey liave irivc aiid <'.ne.-gyin the acquisitionof skills and knowlerlge,and pursuedtheir advancedacademic work they are ol>ligcdto apply their tale»is in < so>ericresearcli and analyses which ges, %hercis no lack of ableyoit»g people with go<>dideas to call upon. In i»y view,it is w> stef«Ito allow ma>rymaii-years of the bestin- iell< iual efforts of irairied grad t>ttcst« bo focusedoti exerinertia. AVe riiusi, fitid tlie mea»s ta better i>iilise this vahiable and scarce i <'>0 1 c '
I>i the aci ivities a!ysi',and innovative thoiight, k>y persons ir>tined in a widevariety of disriplines and >inshacklcdby i>istitiiiional attitudes atid coiivctt- iio>ial sce.The <:ommittoe's 1>rofessiorialstafl' car>,of course,give oiily lii»iteeant to a p:irticultr>'stiies limitaiio>is' ar< share lby >ill congressional comit>it>o«t>i d ui thc Stot legislatures. Rci a prelii»inaryex- 1>«ri>netttivhicli was intr»c wo>k of several advanced stude»is on thc it>fo>n>ation-g«tltet'lllg»»d res ', >tch lieedsof the coll>- i»ittee,it> a parti<«lsr siibjcci, area, Itr I!< i embdent roffof the corn>»i ,iee> o die<;i»s a prop Iseds< miriat. Tl>isdis< tission lead to a»agrecmrnt, that studcrii srepresenting a wi le vitri>tercet to tlie comtnittee.Tl>e sturdcrnicrequirc- ri>entoof tlic ii>stit«tc,would also l>r<>vide it>eani»gfiil a»>tion. During the <:ourscof th '.studies, it wasagreed thtrt opportuniticswo«ld be providedfor disciissionsamong ilie parti ipatiiig st>>dentsand profes- sors,tlic < or»mittrestaN and, if possibl<',committee mernhers. ! On K'r rcmbcr 16, 1969,I wrotr to Fr, lire pr»wide,program for land usc plariiihig. Althh there w:ts irrsrDKc EMITTER16, 1969 Prof. CARROI L L WILSONr 8&an <'cftoolof Manegemesd, MassachusettsIrrrrttlnte of 7'ecIwing summer,w «snatiorral land-«I e, policies.
' The te:t on>nitte<' hasa sfr<»!iinterest in !!a!i<»!>1 poli iesf<>r thc i resou>ccs, a»d, !f !ur.-the ', u;e of our li!ncf r 'so'!rccuudcrlies all resourced .velrutpliave>'!». very s >'>n>>s x<1!nple if a fail«rriu <8rcti e la»d-useplanning at >he F 1,it< t d lo< al. level iu conncctihr. < on!>!>itl.c!viH 1!<; consid",r ing altr>'na- tive.to improvlil-usL decisions arr.currc!!tfv being>I!>Ld<.. SVe!vi11 1>articularly b < u! ith dm asures1!i :I> be takrn to insurethat F la«ning, to r!« > !ragrotc<.tthe I'rderali>! vestment i» 1»!bli<: an<1 rrsour«. fro»! degrad»tio!> cause by l !u>s!undInc»t that tl!ere drcisions. wouhl be a>! axe< lie >top port«nit j for a group of s:udcntswith appropriate faculty parti< ipation to xplificant .ontributions, The !'esults of thrir studies mightbe of value to the corn!nittee andto others >vho will be partici- p»t:ngin I edcra1d cision ou 1andusmight contribute to these decisionsAnnotated are:bibliographic ' !f t7!r.recent lit< raturc on land-use policyor planning orportions ofs!>cl! Eit !raturc,f> u'ticularly with the alternativeideas an recommindations srt forth, Comn>entariesonthe b! os<1 probh u> of laru1-usc planning fra~vn fron>the vir>vf! »intsof various disv, f!offtical scien ; engineering,., architcc turi, r esour<.edrvr lop ment, and so<;iExaminationsology. of existing !!l and >tate plans which in- vo'Iv<.substantial lau l andrelated resour<: usc to spion>ented to sec what >najorare~s ol'land-use are»ot novi.re 1!yoxisting plans. !urveysof typicalexisting 8tate an llocal land-usc pla>>ning !!ly other kinds of sl utieswl!irh might E!e suggested ,>c nnlingtothe i>!tcrests andba< kgr iu idsoftl>e etude>! tswho wo»ld b ..f iuvy<»! >1!vith tl!e scn!iuar, I will bc pli.ased tnoffer «1'ateva»gcsuitable meetings forcons«its>i<>n to assist in ir>!tatiouof the»t of~t >dy th» results.st uliesprov<; to be useful,ir, i pos.iblethat the l!ape»sor sutable summari crl!c!ratedi» co»unittul he<>i>!«r<:cords to pr'ovi!dir!gs,it is possiblethat t1>ey!night, b<. presented at cg w itl! ,o!n>r!i! tee>ncn!bers. I a} >rcciat<;having tl>is opportunity to».ssist in your Ports,Please kr p meadvised of theprogress of y<»>rvvork. EVitl> best regards, !incerely yours, Hz!.-av KI. JA.cx.sov,CAe>'r»>nn.
LETTER OF II>fTRGDVCTION TheWMIT na,tional land-use policy project was created in thespring of lc70 as a vehicleto involvestudents an facultyat MIT and neighboringnniversiti<,s includiiig Bosto» University, Tufts Uiii- versi>,y,a>i<1 Woods Hole OceanographicInstitution in !! A broadinterdis]inary stiidy that,wouln many fic!note their interaction, and trv to in>egratetheir cxpertis<.ai theio!>[>s incliide<1. biologists, eco!ogis!., !>hy~icists, civil <,ngineer~, mecliai>icalengi>ieers, <'I>!ctr>cal eng>1>eery, i>ia>'iagement a>idents, political scientists,ani] Ia>i<~<'>'s.This inieraction was]>articularly valuab]e since ii, seemsio us thai i»teri,wi!I i» ih< f»ture!>lay a. greater rol< ii> th< form«latio» and so!u- tions of o»r Vation's,i»dec<] the wor1d's,incr< asingly co>np!ex prob!:n>s.There is a strongneed for usas a Natioiito robleiiis.W< ive]coin<.i!ie Nati'siniern resrogr:><» anil tirehopeful of its cnntrib>itioustowaid dcveIoping th>s capabi!ity. ! An 0!>1>iityio becoirie it>vit with me>n!>eraar>itnicethe developinenl;of n>itious]Ia»so I>olieiit;<1 crite!i<>ess in th»t thei~enate Interior 'oinmitteid introd»ced pre!ii»inary 1cal Land Us<. Po!icy Act, of !970<>n Ja»«a.ryZ9 1970 soi.ha t,oiir project. hrsc>ise nf>>rgency, We>il. o fi<] iiit< r«sti>ig iaci»te>'»r tion that v<.en the st»<]ent-fatt«'' an I,'tafl is iv>>»esse<]t!irou I>Ho i i'I visiis of ill 'OB>>»Itt«'' st»IIii>i tw<> sepaiate »is, thro«gh Washington visits by the stiiitst»i, arulthroiigh very freq»e» t ti. Iephoiie arid >»>i on both of theabove <'oiii>ts > I>e !ir'oj<'ci was «ri ezcel]ent !ear»i>>g< ipivolv«!. W< !iope >1»ii the 1>rojer>, wilt serve.>s >< >no><1<'d for !>ublicatio» >vit1>iii soiiic of t]ie I>apersi!iat werc'v>'it t e tiikenth<. liberty of freely e<.>,~ of Iaiid «se management proble ns, Thepapers by Alr. D<»nis W. 13i olitaiiied through theco irtesy of the >IITPress that will I>iiblisht!ie pi>pers in f»11 as art o!' the book "Projepearit! the fi<1!ol 1971. njecr,RECAP X<.wFng]and Coiistal Area P]ann!»g! i<>vo]ved ii» .=-! it! tcrlcdarticles app<.:iring«iithin. The fiic»lty membersinclude: From XIIT, Profc aors J. Clsrkeson, J. Devanncy III, Al. Driscoll, W. ''if at thews, Ii, 14odwin, J. Schaake, W. Seifert ri in<.li!des ci i o»< c>'»ing th '>il!pro- I!>i >te! !Ie of Stiliegovrr >rni» lii »-isti»~ >»»and >ci~ulati»g the dev<.loE»ncnt.riy, !»;»iy of tIiemost fre- qli >ltlv not>ad a>1 I>!< E!st u>'p<'!!t oi Is !i<1 is<'. ]!! ' the' isc 1- v !IEl»nccs !t i>i!crlieiv1. Tlu, prsi>Ii»ir!i> inc i lr <.' a»be ricadilytranslated i»ti irs a»rE sc! ri :<- in a>iU!ba» setting. Many iilsE>l;m»i!>E. pr hlc»is c< nt<'1' al' E!isun>!v !l I E!Iul'E!!l>I .' ~~>',, Iisve in<'lu Ecdin H>is sc< tion. o>ily E!art of thep!>E!ers vv>'itt<'i> by ou' >>utltors.As I hcovervie!v st!>tet» >t i» cs,tlic o>igiui Ipl Ill>!i Iof inter st to stu Ieilts of the»ew rornmunity concept,
ETV 7h ii«''d for Rcctiv<'Stat<. i>>volv<»!~ i>tin ' I>e»rE»i»izati»>aE!rcir'ess E!asnever been n>orc critical. "o»s>i>iltiiliy, t3ie States ar<" i.he uli imate hoidersol' the p ilice I!'»!n 'nts ar: at 1 ltst, !nc stap rPmov ldfn! nt lieint< >'j»risdiotionicETs<>iimpede areaividc E!lan>!i»g fcirmetrrthc dcvchipmc>lt c~furE!a»izi»g Ia»ve>tisv r»>n<',nts. >icedtsur hale»t;ind ivl!at iyl!it!'iirtnccnlilofit r c rE>c>ril>inpowend t<»U E»irc. Ia>id a!ii< i<.81>s <>iild TI>cy»iii horiz psof itirCI>ai<', Ol'I r keby eliiiiiC>itdO»>;ii>1 !1«n- c.1»dfr!r !p » space,iran I!o>talion«»!iilitwI!uiE!<»cs rivatlii«>iiiy a» I »~ir pc»vers I!< .!ibjr ct I> the >1~!E!rnn I i>i < » d d<> CIc1 >Tag > i>ress in «E>i E>i.'I:< E!i>l!li E!as ; !i spc 'iaEil»< r'e<'.tIa»d »S '. ill I deV<'Irip»><'ntC !il>rVE!> ailr<' I tE>at futlil'<,' I '- v >lop»unt iv< >ldmeet St>>1 I- >f questi !l>s «re fiu!d<>nxc»t:>Iio th ' forlilillutlLITt' >il'E>an g>'0'6 ih E>lveivith ' tlis if iv<'al'<' T< '.st»bli.Ei a c< 1'dlilat<'d,ovcf'!III »!it>!»»ll »I'bi< g>'u sir>< egy the»e>v s>rategy h t>isefor <'%ectivelan<] »tili>»>ti<>n«n»ectingthe pressi >g nc«ls of ti><>s<:prese»tly trappcyiug < i>ics.After inveighingtl>e ccono>nic,social, politi<;al,;»>d Iil>ysical.t«I>nologira] <.onsi<:.eratio»se>nbn<]ied in this al>p><»ut> to urh«n clcvclo]»nent, wc arc p>'cparcd to»dvocate this approad> i»stead any o>h<>'s that have bcc» s»ggrste<].'I'vro det<>i]ce pot<»',>»Irole of State govcr»>nents in plan»i>>g an<] devi I«pi»«>n w < o»>u>u>>iti<'~ as part, of »nified State la»d usc p];rts]»>ve be< n «:»t>l>letr', G>ud<'.]»les,fo>' Stale l>lvo]v<'ntit> tl>c Develop- >»cut of V<»> .,'on>»x»»iLies in Massa<:husr>,'s; T<»v>vl>hI'olicy," was ivritten by i%~]r.Laence I'', Sussk>»<],a >'<'.cent rad»at.c of thc BLITT Depart»>cut of Ur]>an Studies a«ungis pape>and dcveiopme»t is roncer»ed ofdavit]>new the co>nrn»nities. role of Statecsin< gov'<>mentM<>s. <>'x'o! se]ec>i»g sites 'or ne>v con>n>unity ]orv<.'o>ul»<vLI>cente>'s in me,ropo]i>anurban regions,Thc slv<»un>unity Dcvelopn>ns, and a Proposal" w.»s car>i«.1 out by 1>f>',R, Stephe» B>ow»i»g. %]r. Br<>wning is» lawye>'anti a recentg>'»<]»ate of the I!epart>nen~t of itv a»dBe~ona] Pla«»i«g at Harvard L'»iversity. Hi. p«pcr er«»»i»es tl>c signifi«n> legal and politica! issues>vhich unu>y ol' >1>eI»ese!» obstacles to puI>licdcve]op>ncnt n>n«!>iti«lditinn,I>e oA'ers a proJ!<>de<1u>ode] stat»tc 'ef<»'.«<>Iat«<««ci]e»«>»y of;,]>csc issues into a nnv political stru<.l!»e for > bn<»t of ncw unities at tl>e State govcrnn>en> l<,vcl. There is sl!>nvce»tbe two studies, but the political strategies ree»dc<] by the tv;o autl>ors differ >»arkeesetwo papersshould serve as a» into the,political, econo.nic,]egal, and sonsof new < omn>unitydevelopment. Th]shythat appc»r; as the end of b,1>at»-,THE DEVELOPMENT OF li Ew COMMnNTTIEs IN MAHSAOHUsETTs'.TowARD .4.STATE URBAN C, nowT1I PoL cY By I awrencekilliot t Srisskind, >>f.l.T.! Fditor's Note; This is au exc<.rptof vlr. S>usskind'spaper; from whi> h we i<>eludethe, introductioi<, Ch<>I>tcr>I, III and IV. This paper is coricerne corn>nunitirs in Massachu- s<.ttr rrban growth, specificallyState involvement iri the planning and development uf new <;omrnunitiesmust be undcr- tak> d interg<>ver»mental fr aniewoi'k.Stat<> policies an l plans cxl>ressediri thc fiiof resources,the rg powers, the I<;vel<>prnentof transportarioso> liiikagcs and tire sum t >t,al of iill ac >lls taken by various !t.r break" n<.w c<>nirri>i«ity evelof>rrrent iri the C<>rnm<>nwealthnf .' lassac1>rlsct ts. A. I>resentno State policv exists whi<.h g ir>tc-ratswhich plav a role in dirr<>tingurt» r>growth in rh< Cornmon- wcajth: il! the developersrvorri :il ab<>uttheir abr'Iity 4 >contr<>l, program, arid proflt frorri urbari devejot>ment; ! the rtsof ui banizing areas concerned about State iritervciition in I >ciil decisions rclaiive to community and cnvir<>nrr>ei>taldevelopment, and ! the ivid r regionalinterests concernedabout, the qfdcv<;lrent. CIrapter I »6'ers a defiriition nf iiew nities andi establishes tlute he»retie>ri rationale for the development uf ncw cornmunitics i» iiietropolitari urbari areas as part <>I':i State»rban gr<»ter II measures the potential f<>rth<; development >f new conr- munities of approximately 50,000 perso»seach thro«gh<> itAfassa- <,husetts,and indicates those areasv hich are ripe t'or suc}>develop- men.. Chapter III examinesthree alterniitive»ew comnrunity devel- opm.nt stra,tcgiesindicating the politic»1and firiancial feasibility as Ivell as the.public benelitsof eachstrategy. Chapter IV conchntrolsystems for guiding urban growth, with an <>utlitiefor an inter'<>vernmentalp]annirrg- implsmentatiOnframewOrk fcr new COrniriunttydevelOpment and S, seriesof questionswhich need to be coiisideredby State officials and the I>ublic at large pri<>rto the in>pie»>rr>tatiorrof a, !tate pr'ogranr for riew coinmunity d vcloprnerrt. < i>! 10
INTRODUCTION
THE EtOLE OLr STATE GOVERN'MENT LN Gvtf!LN ; U>L>!Av GROLLND DEVELOPMENT KI!cE!uf us p Lysfof' Llu i!L fkici !'r>tat! i» ;i!I>t ilJIC!!aLLCL'll~ ut' nrbaii leV 'lO]!L!le!LttlL!lt '.LLLTtie ',!! BLar tl!i!!aL' ' is tbruuglLOLLLthe UL!it< l Stat<'s Coiiii»li< tii Evil>n!i.' tii ! cf>" srn! i xtrtmcly in!g>ort>int li<>lili<,:il f!!td i.over»!»t>- lcll! . 'I'lier i ls llo sin !l ' >vtiy of 'i li»< !<-'ra! of tei'hr>olocr!<'ILlr»l!l<1». tilt>1l! s l <>i»Cities LL»<1tO'Bl!s till t< f!d 1 > p>»lift r>L«. Wi»1 ff«e»l> Io tii issue. raised by I!n<.h < kcfl:infl iif!«ii!tr1»!i<»1: A; oiir poi>iiia!iiin >e ieciaiotia «ii>oi!hlic rnvnnne heco>ne inrr< aaingiv lrx The Irovr>T >ke these drcisinns and tt>e 11inft!!nares nn privnre rt pt>CeWith tlii. <.>iezi!<, Aa a r<,a !lt, We «re f!ceil with Ir Litio rontiCs ion, l!light in O ir e .iilr;il Citic-., unequal hardcria of 5 <<»sion, d !t>lid!< ion of publicf >cilitiu', n!!daii iI>effi iic»Luso of pui>lic Iuid ori'ate r ve5'! Ici' 'l uf guvcl'11»LCL!t. 11i i'1'c II'<' 1!niJ >I'Lilllt a .'Ilulls lO b<' 1itk li if LV ari t i Ci»!frO»tthea i. a I 3 hl! ci . fillli . Stuti it<>L lily ln >!firli'<'s.'il!g tlic l>ruble:ns if urba!LLzatfo!I;tu a.«at i.xtcL! 3 i lie alJ>hty uf 1<><>Il govc!.»- B> '»ts tfi ' il!<' iv>th LLI'b«»cr!'or<'tl! an l <1<'3<'li!i'inic»1 LLgLLCsSt > alh><>LL r "<>«r<>laILLLd deeiSiO»L!!akii>o t>u Jo!!<1 1 IV .IS if goi irl;n!enncy they sp<>i tcXL<'Llt Lletcl'fili>!ed by a. >vie}ncfit of stat co»stiti!tio!ii!l, . I;ii;itory. Lnltd a>i l I li<' lli lcpc Clc!!c ,' ILff01' le loci>lit es liy s»cli i>rovisiofla as lioliii r«1<, Ii!e State ~~ov >>!Incr>thtill con'Iro,s f!» l <'lif»its lo 't!l gov '1LLL gr<>LVth t!<>lint 1!i«1 hei !Lfur!i»ilal«i1 at tlie reft ;rf.l 1 v<;l, i!la!tning fn!ent » <>lif!uifily th r S!!Onsibility Of State g<>vr»nlenl . Il i! LLL!fortLLL as!ll ii, WlLul haa'. >IOtestSte!!tp<>1>Cy XV>th reo to t,ho fna!LLLgclncntof the o!L>»ry'sl>RLn!e»t at th ' c>tat ', reoiol!LL1> >Ll! elil1.;Tel,,' ILLCreasingly therearC iiistaiices Lvh re1'Cderff prOp>LL»S are ill COL!dict arith each Other', Federiil age>L i s inVolzed i tl!r prcl>ILLL!><1fiir t!a»sport>!tio!! 1!',af!s,wv>Lt< r r sour ie dLe!!t t>r ograrns, aii l < ofn>I>L!iiitxfiicility i»!p>overncnt ]!I Ofrr!!ind> l!la 1!s t i re le%elO1! induct>'ltil ILT'et!s>Lll l let!O!li! te I iVC'IS I e Oft<» 1'Ou!!dtO l>Cno". %'fust of th< l>la!ls «IL l i 1 ll>3 '»3po!Ir I':o>nh' l!evelopii!rii<, I'JCC!, p, . ' Normari>Irrkr iau. "Oiir ei <1icai S>aev> Iopnieti<: TI> AriapOiirna! ir< the .Kmerioahineti XX. Augur«.!954, p, 5. > !iuar!!o, l, ee»anend io Ii c!ud»otova>oii fol' a >nit!i! >>vJ l u i i> nic! h> I n idc»ii>ail'r auor>iv of >la >rate,1<< ~>neet 'rune!Lit>ni>e Loni anll ll'' >i>scfil .liu!aiiia !ii MiiiO >Ii II<. !CC ' I~v3<> 3:Ii!rv "io proviviiriil to rnrouragrind >, ef!>tie ecoiio>nic frow<3 a id ilevelop>nri>rof onr I'< ti 1 lark vrlol » cri of in n commun!ticea»d upo>i ir»ici cli! rlevrIoi>iiii i i. ' Iii lvcs& lorci i v 1!w vcrof !eewJina< ! nii> educed a ba! In o u!.r<. "! ! o ">>rovlda!encad uil>iiii Ii in la<>aria iuid 3 iow !iol t!ia I. <>j edstater." 11
E>rOgramSare neCOSSaryand EeSirable.H<»V >V<;r,tO date, theee pialtS E>av<:not been synchronizedi nor have thcv bec:II >!nalyz<. Etc> insiire t,liat they are consistentwith eachclaspirati<>ns. Thus, becauseIIuiiiy agciicie ' >iud.departfnciits at thc I"cdora1 level are purs>Iing separai l>rogidms tvithoilt a < qiiate co<». dint! tion, State govorninents are iii a cyanl foi its oivn l>r<>ivith itS OiVnn ;C ls;tjeet i i <1». Altl>oughseveral proposals hav< bc ii niadeto irn1!osea s E>>!i greater degree Of Organization on F Cli ra1 program» ad>!1agencies in- Vulied ili jilarinif>g fOi urbail gri!ii tii ai!d Ck .V qc>1!nlI' those Tncasures is far fnim assur«1 in lh near futur .' Et' a»atittli policy is not a l<>E!te!lt s«%clef!fly iv<11stf1> 'tiu io exert ont>'ol over and bring or<1rr t«<>nRi< !iiin privnf< itltegcsts; <>rif one of thc. Several uatio»;! k iirb»>i grotv>11 1!oliseelIs adopte l, itr!te gcial r<>lot<> play since >n<.t of the r i nt E!rot!os>>isrivilw ln Stale inv !lveine!it. Tn luiy case, it see> ! tl»it. State gov ln>n !its ttiEE c<>inurto brfu Tn<>stof the responsiE>ility for g>iiclirlg encl dil'VCrnmentra1>Ossess seri ral 1i!i< aE <1i> ilifiiv theta to play a l!artiei>Early l tE>efilial>< ial i several front» sifn»ltaf>eously. Stat h 1!av< ha<1e> pericnceTvith Iitr'- I'iillgn>g [!I'Og»'inls l!lgk!ivays, 1' ' '1'<'llllol!, xtlite ' >' 's !ursus evtlo]!nl<'ll I > au l welf>t>eprograms, to name a fifica<>I, impa< I: «n the ci<'veloptnentof iirban ar as.a ' fo>xaove<,"the Stati; <>c<:upiesa unique vantage point, h!oaf dc vc1<>1!»>ent ivith!n Stat boi>11 kal'1 's as part Of an ifIterrekateCESyetern, Vet CE<>str ut urbfan problems indivi lualky ar>antto tvE>itl>ff'<7gg1h<'. ,<1State t'll ttssistanee for urban renewal, lilai>nine' and art lnlr- poses,suggestv n»!Tentshave b e» unabl«>r ur>willingto play a >Tiajorr<>h i» gi>i- Triitnt.' ]t ivou1lisht<»iiggest that all Slat . gov! rn- ilicnts lire presently oquil!p<> toE d al iiith tile complexities of the urki«g>d ;velopmcnt, E!rocess.Hinc>>t,«ui' Faa>icy i» la <»ix»nC>rowi» c'».!, la70. r T>e impart»f talc agencies4! 1Ltaaxsehuvettvonur>an> <» 1regia»d 'lcvey !acauth<:.'!t!gu, FOr rr» i»!t!' 'lint> m,d><a xs,g voinntax. ' au» vvn>eCreapart>eipatOcirm>» pm varuxnrmuv< saut»a d. Si»!X t» aWr!!d .!st>a!f local government haa hev»t ofinorssana r»nrr«<> eraon on the part of . !at! goverr>»»»<apurn!>trad to 4>prlr c a!oual saver»aahnt'y < o»!mix>i»»u» 1!ti»!govern»lai>7-242 7 I 2 12 Inancv ii>stitiitioiial st>ver,equ:>1 to those atc yov<.n>mer>Is >po>tfintto seekways >n tvhi<'.h Llic !<;ai!ial >vhich SLI><.erov< riirne»ts already possessca» b<;>ea!iz<.OPTIOVs 1OR STATK INTO>,YEMEN'I' rN TH>0 UR>>AV r!KVKr OPMKNT PRC!CESs i[>t]>yr«on»ncn reg.e.t<>i<»I ii> tlie,fie!d »crit." r>< r Iil hca !iiigrs'. 1 'I'h<'. St >Lcsha! gover»r»< >its with reine la! sei'vie<;sat«! assistancewhen <.S,!le<1 upon I!ni<>»>s iii the < xe>' >.-I!'vities of 1rner>ts Irn!t ;r>dentlyc auotlicr caiuict resgr<.<.I«c»L, or iii thosei<>staiices whuro !>rivate developers seein intci>t; on ! akir>gactions A%hi< h are I>ot in the "!»Ib!ic inti.rc 't," 4. 'I ho Sr.r>tesh<>uld Itssurne ai> itcI.ivo ri»gar>d in>- !!Iei»Brit it>of !n netv urban gr !wthand gpr <>1' public iii- vestmof riew iustru- I 1'IP>staiices it may be n>.ostappropriate ft of permissive powers to lv!irect assistance of a, techni .alor financialnature m>tybe warcar>ted.In sorueiristanccs, strii>gentState regulation or controlci!iled tvitl> the cxp;>»sionof Stateassista>ice pr<>grams in such areas as !iousingr ii>dustria] levclop- inent,,tra»sportatio», recreatioi> or opens!!ace !!reservarividely.In one . ensethe optioiis available to State governmentcar> be vie>vedon a co»!inuuui cxteiid.ng 1'romrelatively indi>'ectto n>arkei!!ydirect actiori, In an<>thersense, the rangeof Stateactions < t>ribe arrayeds available to Stategovernment ir> its dealingswiLh >»unici!!it!ities ai>d private developers are described below 1. TheState may enableexisting cities >tnd towns to plan,s!>end. money raisefunds, acquire!arrd, and t n»structprkecertain thaI,lo.alities have tlie basicpowers tvith which I «moveiute igeiitly totvardsol»f ist
ccs, localities have thesepowers, a!though authority to p]ari a. specific ' seothe advisory Co reporta, tees, >iier0 for a S>so see <>overnor's Con- fcronc,">'<00-M, iar>nding thospecial reports ofthe 'orurni068, published1 Ooverno<'s conference. chicago, ui. s Three9-30. 13 fun tion»>ay riot allvaysbe iiiclucalities to collaborate,joif> together thr<>ughe<>operative arrangerne>its, <>rconsolidate to provideservires that; are difficult for any one town tf> handle indepenii<1transfrr encompass offunrtions making fir<>mprovision cityforto special voluntarydistrictInufiicipal orvice rriergers, versa, the establishmeiitof metropissionsor tniillipurpose furiltion<>ldistricts; the rreation of rnctrop<>lit>atplanning agen<.ies, f'egior>al1>lannirig agenries, or inetropolitan «>1>lirilsof g<>vernlneiit. Th<;Stal,c's ailn is usually to foster the en1argelnentor eon>u>lif1<>< al govern<»entso that muiiicipalifies br«'>Diemore capable of cofltrolli>tgrfietropolit»ft arid regit 3, The S>latei>iay provin f IilfiH t heir developmeft t res]>nr! sibilit ies. An arrangarne i >t governirfei>tvlureby a Statetollelp plillniingprepare agCncyco>nl>re~hensive provides physical btaff serviceplans f,oor asprcia,l lola>tningstudies is <>nlyone of the inany ways in ivhirh s11chtechnical liid can 1>eutilized. Tile State usualIy i eneetmini- mliln standardsof performanceas a c<>nceto lo<>'alitiesin the f<>rli of ln>tt>s,grants-in-aid, or tax concessions,in ordc.rto broaden thc fiscal basetlie loc:llities >naydratv upo« iii their e8<>rtsto combat urbanproblems. I!'inancial assistance tiskes various forms. Nenetropolitan ol>er-space planning programs by auth<>rizing fulids ivhi<..1>.localities can use to purchase.the fee or an internal in the fee or> land. It> nlost casvernrnentperformance is a qui quo for Sttitefinancial aid. Grants-in->ud,therefore, provide Sta,!,egovernment with substantial bargaining posv<;r. 5 Th<' State may regulate or a't»ifi1oral activitii s tl>al. have areawide implications. The State >nay Jiu>s'edirectly' to r<;solvedisputes among local units of ternmrnt in a irietropotitan are<» especially dial>utes that ca»iu!t bc resolved at thnutualagreement, or are of such niolilent as to impedethe effec- t>Fir anexplanation ofthis sf>»stion relative to >dsmachuaom frora James Powers, prh!eipslresettrch ass>stat>e> O'Sullivan, Director of theLegislelive Research »urea», un "nevolu- tn>nof Powers:Fescurf-Rxeout>ng Const>tattoos> Hot, » F >ran explanation ofthis situation relative to Massachusettslsw, scereport relsuve to regional govern- mentol theMassachusetts Logislative Research co»»ca, tati 26,>470. snd reporl relative to voIuatary munl ipslxnrrger procedures oftits Afts>atlv< >l, 1970. t' a>rs hae respons>bility forthe administrstimi of statewide plan»i»g ald p.o>pants.Loca! plat»tirig groups co>>sborate with couunuuttyepie»»htg prognuns. 'fhrough lsl5 thesecooperative planning pm>octa lug> an aggregate.pro!ect cost0! about$6 <>dillon ofwhich I lieFederal Govert>met<< wsasupplying about two-<.birds, t' On redopt»eneetg far v hichCOS forFederal Capital gm»ts isIoedby the f'ederalcon! mgranted Iroin state taxes was Sfumilaon wable !>lategrat<<>»f 50 per«i< to hmited class. 14 tive p;rforrnanva of government,!tlfirn< ti<>!zi»g iil 1he ar >a."Another forln i!f direS!tate action invlu ] s thv <.st>tb1i~tr!rrerrtof rigorous stat«ti>ry stan far Is f«liicipal«!rporationa ~ nothinth<'. geographiettl boilndaries of !n<.tro~! >kita«areas,ar!d io provide f!«.ther for the administr>!tiveri vini appriipriat State unit." This form <.f Stats aetiorl is baslit,es io tak«A'ective mvas«resin th ili tif 111!I t. v . 6. 'I'he State rn>ty expand th< 9<:n}!eof iis acti< ities >ii!dsubsume, marly of thv re porrsibikiti :s tra litio»alla beko«gi«g io io«a] gov«!<:haseof < aspleaOf thia fnrm <>f iir !«;it!itaieility <>fI<><:ali!ies to avt q!ri<'kl,- gl!in the; f>tcsof rapi f grou i !>'-' 7, Tll«Stat ' ri!ay !tsalf ozcrcrs : h> .!il f«!>et!o!!s--rt !rnght tt>Isi! tn dO S<>if 1<><:ttjrSSOurees are mad qiiate < r if ocr! rtiii fur!<;ti<>naCltnnfor«>nciitl aid. F<>rvxa!«t>le, tk!s State migk>t,a 't as >t«1<1g<> I< t!e«ds mi several fact!>rs. Onv Ea1>ste~t>crier!ce iri dealing witlr «rban dev<.joi!nre»t prnblits,for I>t!vl tradltr<>nt!ItvI< ft Iii>'«iyn <>f<.«unties ar>is been welk est>ibli~I!<,errl!>t!! asser!, n«>r < iri < i < o«irol over k!ighway devell>, So!ii<1 Staies have lo»g- Stanust k omvt, Si,at» control over local t!oliftarr ter!ceof cities arid i.t>wnsI««st, be t>tire» i!!to !Icr i!rrt in tb<' for»I«lation o ar!y pubh< policy in tt it has delegate l t<>lolrn desigr!ad to red«ow r anI!ositior!.«A nriiqueexample of this in >rai Aiis of «>nc;ft s%!>wliivh r>rovldei for theconstructiori of lowor rnodcrate income housiug tn citte and ivhich local rei rtctto>nha>nprr rurhconstruct!o» Should a localsoning hoard of op!>vale ile» v aiwi;n>t to au>ideui>eallecd low or moderate l»oon>eh< us!i>g a»veomn»» iity hi i>imirnumqmu>tlt!es vetch!!shed 1>y1he gi I >era>co>ir >sing > <>pei>leet>urn!!i. I'Or a CO>npletrSunin>ary Cfihe >rig»!etiOnaSee Ck!nr tnnira Of ircni- munityaf'ah>< >ie »i»rand»in, en>rim:».y of 27 ,Bepte>»her !oao. » Hre!Ma!sschnsrttv Genera! Law, ch, 12!A,dre!ing with thv e'er»hrshmrir of >nun!c!pal devr!»pmmit rv>rporatrcce. i>Ses a>i ect esto«!teh!nga State!a>>d dave!opn>ent agency a»hi»><' afro!ratc tie gener»!n>i>rr in «k!!>ai>il 11>20, ' See pad»dinglegialatiOn re!aO>edrir>!are»ient hOueing a>id tcn»nun!t> dCvelcprneiit rorpcratloi>irthi r in ch.11i of tins thesis!, Attother key 4<:tor in determi»llig Ii!<' appr'01!rlat '.<.'ore;sur 'sof urban grolvth and dPYP101!inf'ntbl'oilgllt. «hograt»iiig cail be I»0IP PA<' 'tivelytritPgr'steel> itn l FP / il the url»i i prnelttpro< ess. !pecifically, criteria for StCHAI TFR 1 Xzvr CohrMUNITIKsAs PARToF A STATEURBAN GR JKTHPoIIOY
INTROlit>CTIOV The objectivesof this chapterar<,-. t! to offer defi»itionsof the vari>»s types of newc !rnmunltinsabi»it the feasibilityand desira- bility of developingnew comniunities as i!art of a,Slate iirban growth pohcy. Exactlywhat are new communities? Planners and devc]opcrs JH'er di8erentdefinitions. Most seetn to agreetliat a "complete"rommiinity isirr plied,b»t, some projects, not i»tended to be cnmpl<,te communities, hav<'!als >been dubbed new communitiiis.To c4rify niattrrs, tlie :>>ttt,.onalAssociath>n of HomeBgr!ixe tlire. categories !f ilevelopment,:clihsrers, pl>tuned i»iits, an<1new « >mnIerty,is i!lassifiedas a cry!ape s<>me institurioiiiil uses, tire ter!r»d plaiilieil uuit developments.The simple d ;fir!iti>!nthen fmmunity iisilabh!balttf!ce of o»e tt»otl!er.' Thi re arc a varin.' This is usiiallya, s il!'s g! »r li ;k, !ill lit tenlpt I 0 capitalix<' o» rtr! Ill«l'i:iisl»gl1 piipill!LI' tt'1'»1 ir! older t >help si..llliousilig in a mentwhich s<>metimes is a plan» 'dresi l<'ntialr<>mrn»nity that is, a prne»twhi<.l! in<1 <11!s 1'or fo ><1and i>tliir ever>i. merity resi lentialsiib- ilivisioritvhirtt ir!clurhs no provisirnnr!iniry facili t,ies. 7'Jtd>g >lated"new tnwn" or "nrw r>'ty" No areairr M assachuset,ls is s»%rip!rtlyisn«enters for t!n isolaterland q!»t<.in<]el> nilrntn< iv toit n or ci.;y to be possiblr. ' i'riir VOi'en."NeW TOWneOf the r>»n,D, '. Net noelAiet>rii>tiOO OfHO>iii 'B>«!des r mirl 1 mand l>eve!nip«rotDepartment!, 1!>67, m>men, page 4. Ai>even mori>»p> rili>' ileniiitioii is 1»iivideilby the Advisoryre«oui»sion mi interaovernii«i«>1 clat>ms:Neiv oi«rmonities are la f>e- iivnled velopiiie«tsronsti uc odunder single or nuii!oii management,fo!lowfns a fairly precrrc,iiiclusive phu!ai«l includingditto>vnt typo» o hoi>si«g,conuuercial si«1 cultural rscllltleit ai«3 ament teis«flic!i ro»erv»thi re»iden'lndnttry OrSre S «eaiiblctO iiiduott V. oiri r o her type»o employmentopporii>nities snd niay eveiirunllyncii>evi,i eoriiiil!rohie u>insure i> se!t-suticionry, With rev.exroptioiut new oommuniiiesunder develoinnrnr. today are withlri con>n>urn>g diets«ceof exfsttofin>inavis, "A riinand < ,'o«struotir>Sa Vc» «>n>m«nity." ln NewTowiuu proceed f«<ou»«redby the Delea arestate plaii- ning »>neil!, J>tlv1, IS>S>,pr>. id S4. I i ! 18
<"hre!fr eu!nfnur» for a.variety of industries «I«»3oK< es, so that a lligh proportio» of >vagcearners livi»g in the t<>!<»woulport»»ity t<>ll<>rk thele, I» addition, this type cf new community in«l»lninelcialfaciliti< s; housing of various types anil prices; some l!e Ilort«ttio»syslcm, This lefinitionimplies that the populatiollsire of a rclativcly self- s»%,t! !fa»!lff<ewcumin<»»ty, also, would Inclul>of.port»nitietown. It, io<>,woul»si»gvarie type anil i» price,'some cultural fa1'i Ine With !i mOre diVf tl!« facililics of th«relatively, «lf-sufficie new t >wn, but lies atro»« ties h >pcf»lly i»cludi»g rapid transit! with a» <> isting <'ity. It d<]>endson thc existing city for governmental functions and acryrn »topportunitils needed by il! i !!!ahit«n>ts. 7'hez>lanned Pxpaas>'r>n of an exr'stingtold>n, or gro!ry of towns, Exl>aisi<»l « ro»I!dsnlall cities, towns, <>ra group of tolv»s ca» be l>la!1»cs for a »I» .1! larg I th«n! th > Ori I>< i!loll!lnnlunitis -sofnc suhulha» areas ' >'ul 1> reco»structcdI «Lssatellite cwal and tl>e res»lting eco:1 >»! I : Il» l social cosl s, 77ce"neto totf>nbin town,," thro!bart redeeelopme»t. Harvey Pe!lofl' app»i«cntlywas the first to «lrticulateethe conuilding '»elv own» it> t<>w»" !»tiler the» urban rc»ewal projects wllich have »a»all, produced<»lly o»e or a fe<rice<1h<>»si»g, fREC SKT PROPOsALS OALI INQ Fon THE DEVELoPMENT oF NEW COMICUNITIKS IN THE NEW ENGLhED hREA carol!osalsfor the development of nelv coin!»unities in Massachusetts and the rest of tho New England area,have cotne from several sources,' ~The ".SewSouthwest" lu Wash!r!e Of pr!Vale pbmn«nembere of the generaloourt, State agencies, prlva>tify, develop, r mod<1di monslr;itious of »r»iiii- ti<. in Xcw Fngland. These demonstrations >iik! >n«t iioiising nio the selected areas and will enipl>a.dge >hniunities within the fabri» of existing mclropolich I<'ou»datiot>it was reported that. A new community a e e in a suburi>un ar< a of Spri>nikar cases could be r>iade for the Bridg< por>, New Haven and Worcrstrr arras, and perh>>ps, onc wo other..' Sevrf'al legislative resolves have recently been intri>- hers of the gf neral court calling for an i>ivrstigation by a special f - fiiissi<>n relative to the establishment of Iiew coiiiriiunities i>i I»fassi>- rh>isetts.' 'J'hus, tber< is a signif»cant a»tonl,ialrole new communities f:ould l!lay i» l»eeti!ig so>ne <>fthe cu!T<.it neefls as Well aS antiCipatif>g many of the future needs of th< Commons ral th. In the past several E ropos>ELSto develop new coni- >nilnilirs in Massachi>sctts have briin intninull, »iodern toivns in s a means of providing a,uperior urha>i infraslriictiire, facilitier, and gerndingael.il<- mentS too Sn>all, too dilapidated, toO di r>cient in servic< ~ tO provid<, s. ha. < ff and development, There are nev' resort co>n>n>n>iti<.s,with snc:, .pri>igiug up with the boo>n in N w Kng!and's gieatest export inciii- ry-- recr<.ation and tourism. There are large-scaie >irlpi>i deve!opn>e»t p>ojec>s, serving mi-incoinefainilies< under construction in the suhur'lian citic: and tow>is >i> some of the more rapidly growing metropolitan areas of the region. There are detaili.d p>oposals to create new E>ed land i>Ethe hsrhors of sn>ni part for i>rhan poverty neighbor- hood 'efidei>ts, There is au elaborate d. owii econon>ic hase, fashioiied to give urban !>overly f>eighbo>'k>oodresidenl an op!>or,uuity for better jobs and a superior environment in a, ncw city to i>e k»iil< on the outer fringes of ai> expanding >net>opolitan area.' The suburban cities and towns of Xcw Knglanpolitan iircss m>nunitleeaddreSS sOme Cf the prOblcE»izatio»co»!i»ues'?
NEsi<»!will occur, but rather how, where, and when. it tvill occur.' Alth<>ugh s«»i< i Neo EnglandRegional Commission, Reeus C ! Ju!y >Ql<>,p,sz. < A!essnderOonz, et al. n¹w England'sUrhiu< Development: Emerging Patterns snd >aucz.' o>. IX, "Penuufaud Economic Bii guu:>- datsun!Jauuar y 1>O>,p, Zg. > Bill>uum>sf, spy>»g session, !!>fo oi the Massaohuset>aGenera! Court. i Gauz.op, el<.,p. 2. i ih rnspo>ueal of NewEhg>sud'e States sre n>ready i>i volved iu somestage oi' pin>ming pro>nnton, and dove>npmculcu>'a iuterregioinag>am olines o >f el>emotivepa«erne of urbangrowth emphas>uscommun>ties wit h nhigh deg>aeof selfwufI!eieurv, and ao>mnmodetenpn pre five n!le>ve>aud-ens, luoiuding two wh>ohlend>hennaty development. Vermont is aeiiveiyengaged iu p!soningfor uewru>a>u>mmies resort.commun>ii >inhc Dcpartm of Anish>«touahx of !'lsuphig npd I'rug>amCoordination, has the questionof >ii is, oi i co!io>nically spe<:islized ncwcominiiniLies might be built in oullyingrd certain argii..r>ei>tshave been road« in suppoi'Iof it few sue overwhe]ming orientation of i>ewcommunities has beenarid pro]!al!]ywi]l coiitinueto bc tow>!rdn!ctropolitan locati<>ris TvlIere t]>c Inajo> po]!ulati«>k gai»s arid t]if' ]!rlII!slyeconofri>c growth are takingl!ltlce. Hex>colninunlt><'s st;ir>art. of the ometro- l!o]ittn r<;tropo]itar!soci<]cliltural striicturc,its econoiiiy,its Lrat>s]>ort>ttio>!.sys cm, its o]!ensptic<' Bikd ]an<1 developn>ei!I patt< n>s, and Ihe full rrrea nuinbcr of iinportaiit, c<>1>omi<;consider>itioiis that netd Io be considerediii selectingsites for ne ho]!<1 it wi]1 be po!sib]<', to identify growth ]!k!i>its i!! c<»>u»ui!ilies ai«l:,iilrriiblic funwtli in ordg abj!u se]f-sustainingn>onieutu>n for l'u.t,l!redevi lop>rien];. 4 ~row]i>poir>t may bf <]cfin<.<]nsthi »uc]<.iisof sustsi>ic<]grow th frliarsof min]. are l>'unsruitte<]to otlur ]!]1klly the if>irT>ediatesiirr'oii>!;iybe thfit irn]!il]sesok>]<]liave <.or >nor< <-'C<'el<.'tIV>t>PS I]Tat. ]!RVe ShO!! n S>giiSOf S<>st>!»!<'.dgrOWt ]! OV<'r!i ]!e!io l of tim<, that couldbf. rcinfi!rect]ter, ai><] t]uit. rni h! c!t t]i in thernfir< ']tate, or foi'ii mki of it.' '- A ]eading l"I'ri>< h i,y]>r>lh'e«ioial 'growtl>-pol<"kis "a s<'tof e~]!fknr ingi!ifliistrirs locatedin !»!»rbannrciI a<>d in< ]iu]iiig f«rth<'I' <]cv< lopiru;nt of ecru><>>r!i<:«ctivit 1 l.]>D!ugl>OutitS ZO>>Cof i!ts, it is n<'cDust be saIisli«], T]is sc<]1'ls a ni><'l<'1la, Accori ling l i a st -!flrzkt H<~>, t]k<'.se potential growth poi>kts shoii]<] satisfy iiiig to t! soikrcrs of stnbi]ity', ! source'. Gf rci>tfo>'ccincut;anil 8! pkt]»oug]t.u I! r!O!t r co!to!i!y ul' th<' "c!sc!a<]are:< aud tu thr I! t!'t!Color Curntrtun l tv. K!r!t!toy>ne>!t,should E!ufree u 1'l!ronou aced . ea..ut>al fliictu; t!uu . l.xau!ldts uf it!dustricaor iaetit age rat< lf devclo]!<tin. vicinity. s Ran rt Olaile!One,"NmV TOWne ROle in Vrnan GrOWthI," fr !n! R!nrnn!ni T>aueinr,XX.111 lynnrto inaa!,pp. 2'!-hx, renr!nn 6 in "I r>>sni!i! Tewel >seklnehsnr> hiurrsy >rsnekneaht.,p hhr. Ol'-'P>i!nn" Preli>enI< anr>snd Pra!fram Ans>yea <;OOrdinatlenhof RconornOI!er for Mawsahueette'>!%l,p. h>. lo!rr>nv!!>e,"Pron!ence nf Re!sie!nrte' r: Kr>in!iunfh Un>verekt! I'rwei. >' 5, p. 11. «hf!raiAm>st! Ali nex,"Be!riorrsl Grmvth pointv in KeanomiaI!eve>nprnr nl," EconomicDevelopment Hor>etiVn, S ter !!e . 21 ~! hj'reinforce!»er>r. Tn jgrow hpoint thecorn- >»»nityor areashould possess additioi>al sources of sirength.Hulierior mcnris of conimiinication,a major highway p«ssii>gthrough the area, «n ii>tersectioi>of i>it rstst ' highway!,and toll road;, f>nancialinstituational and cul- >ural attractions,a good public schoolsysten<, freight, tcrmir>als, available land forindustrial parks, and many other factors provide reinforceirierit to the growth poi>t. Tiretradiiional locational cori. idcrations, such as avaib>E>ilityof raw»ra- >.erjals,»earn<>. s io markets,access tn skilhd labor,snd «ggb!rn sg.s d ahigher than averagepotential for gr < nf!fjir<'eeBhr< Therelb.-- .1>ould be sonicpote»rial in ihe area for a major breakrhro >ghinti iri the voliiiue of total opportiiniticsrniist occurif sshii> in the area>nay be the crucialvariable herc, Each growth poi!it n»ist be -stingpnsi ionnf rhc cor>i>»unity ai!dto attainmaxirbilityand imniedi itr poesibiiiriesfor expansion,i. rather important.Progr<, s at thc grosth poi>itmay inspireconf>dence within lie regin» and»i<>tivatcsiirrounding areas to hii!lic;i,i1initia'ceto>is>biolead '.rsin business,lii'ofea io>>i>i, >»nuriity circles seer iste hc rnr!lement >tie<>of programs of devclopmeiit. I i theory,a r<.gion»1cconornic gro«lp»rpnsr. Tt -lio ild crriitc thc i»fr»arr»et»refor on«olid:iti»g