ATASA 5 th , Wheels, & Wheel Bearings

Systems Repair Worksheet Please Read The Summary Chapter 44 Pages: 1297 ­ 1332 Tires, Wheels, and Bearings Danger of Old Tires!! 74 Points Before We Begin…

Keeping in mind the Career Cluster of Transportation , Distribution & Logistics

Ask yourself:

What careers might be present in this slide series?

What careers might interest me?

How do these careers relate to my other high school classes?

What career cluster is my 4­year plan preparing me for? ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings

1. Uneven or premature wear is a good indicator of ______& ______problems.

Steering & Suspension Ignition & Fuel Brake & Suspension ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings 2. Lightweight aluminum wheels reduce the amount of vehicle ______weight for better ride.

Imagine a car of 2000 lbs with wheels of 200 lbs . Each time this car would hit a bump it would almost be launched!!.....but if the wheels were 20 lbs the car would barely notice the bump. This means that everything that goes up and down (i.e. the wheel and most part of the suspension) should be kept as light as possible to provide a comfortable ride. Also in the figure can be noticed that the time which the wheel loses contact with the road increases with the weight of the wheel and suspension. This can be reduced by stiffening the springs of the suspension but then.....this will not do any good to a smooth ride. The weight which goes up and down when a car hits a bump is called the unsprung weight....the car body itself the sprung weight. So the lighter the unsprung weight the better the comfort and the road holding.

Unsprung Total Sprung ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings

3. Wheels have tapered holes to help the tapered lug nuts or studs ______the wheel over the hub. Note: Hub­centric wheels are most popular. Lug­centric wheels are not used as much.

Center Angle Offset ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings

Lug ­ Centric

Hub ­ Centric ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings

4. The rim has a ______area designed to allow for easy tire removal and installation.

There are two types of wheel construction. The semi­drop center has removable flanges and does not need the severe drop in the center of the rim. These wheels are used on heavy equipment.

Drop Center Wheel Well Deep Gouge ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings

5. Wheel ______is the vertical distance between the wheel’s centerline and its mounting face.

Offset should never be increased more than 1/2 inch (12mm).

Center Angle Offset ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings

Tire Sticks Out Farther Brake Rotor ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings 6. Offset is ______if the rim centerline is inboard of the mounting face & ______if the rim centerline is outboard of the mounting face. (negative offset is the tires stick out like toe­out)

Positive, Negative Tire Sticks Out Farther ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings 7. Wheel offset determines the front suspension ______as well as the ______radius.

Loading & Scrub Cornering & Runout Leveling & Setback ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings 8. A few vehicles have been fit with left­handed threads on the driver­side lug nuts. True or False ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings 9. Wheel size is determined by rim ______between flanges & ______across the beads.

Width & Diameter Length & Height Welds & Rivets ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings 10. Low tire pressure & the wrong size tire or wheel will adversely affect ABS. True or False ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings

11. Tires provide ______for both braking and driving torque in addition to cushioning ride. (extremely low profile tires give a harder ride due to less air)

Cushioning Traction Tactile Sense ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings

12. Pneumatic, ______tires are used on passenger vehicles. (Name a vehicle with solid tires)

Tubeless Tube­type Balloon

ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings 13. Tires are made of layers of material called ______. These layers determine strength, handling, ride, amount of road noise, traction wet & dry, resistance to fatigue, heat and bruising.

Plies Cords Straps ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings 14. The ______keeps the tire in contact with the rim. The ______contacts the road surface.

Bear & Thread Bead & Tread Rubber & Steel Belts ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings

15. ______are molded into tread ribs to open as the tire flexes, increasing wet pavement traction.

Sipes Pipes Wipes ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings

Tire Sipes ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings

Tire Sipes ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings

Here's how works:

Saf­Tee® siping cuts slits, called sipes, at 90° angles across the tread, providing thousands of gripping edges for better traction and stopping power. Wear­robbing heat and hydroplaning are also minimized. ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings

16. Tire ______are constructed of thinner material than the tread for greater flexibility.

Sidewalls Shoulders Beads ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings 17. ______ply tires have a crisscross ply design. ______bias ply tires outlast this old design.

Bias & Belted Radial & Steel Nylon & Rayon ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings

http://www.dasselaw.com/images/TF_FX.jp g&imgrefurl=http://www.dasselaw.com/tire_ failure.php&usg=__N2jp6f1­r62cXqM_0­ GGj5YN60w=&h=333&w=500&sz=6 ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings

Recapped tire failure ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings 18. ______ply tires have body cords that extend from bead to bead “radially” at 90 degrees to the circumference of the plies. They also have internal belts that run with the tread.

Radial Radio Radiation

http://images.google.com/url?q=http://www.michelinag.com/agx/en­US/about_us/history.jsp&usg=AFQjCNEvtQ4UHiNOYQxCOcXoIdZf4uVZqg ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings 19. Run­flat tires fall into 3 categories: 1) ______­______, 2) ______­______, and 3) auxiliary supported run­flat systems, like ’s PAX system.

Self­sealing, Self­supporting Self­energizing, Self­esteeming Self­seating, Self­employing ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings 20. Specialty ______patterns can cause a tire to be directional or non­ directional. (watch arrows)

Thread Instead Tread ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings

Symmetry generally conveys two primary meanings. The first is an imprecise sense of harmonious or aesthetically pleasing proportionality and balance on either side of an axis.

Symmetrical ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings

Asymmetrical ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings

Opti­noise technology reduces road noise by design of the tire pattern. Tall sidewall stiffener reduces the wallowing feeling often felt on corners by drivers of 4x4 vehicles, together with quicker steering response. Directional tread pattern resists and provides good water evacuation from the tread . ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings

Asymmetric pattern: Tread patterns which differ on either side of the tire ­ ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings

Directional pattern: Tread patterns characterized by lateral grooves on both sides of the tire which point in the same direction. ­

•Advantages of directional tread patterns are good driving force and braking performance. In particular directional patterns provide good water dispersal for greater stability on wet roads. •Directional tires must be mounted in the direction of the tread pattern. •Applications: Passenger car tire for high­speed use. ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings 21.______tire treads have the same pattern on both sides of the tire. (normal tires)

Symmetrical Asymmetrical Directional ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings 22. ______tires have a tread design that is different from one side to the other.

Symmetrical Asymmetrical Directional ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings

23. Most spare tires are now limited use tires with both mileage and ______restrictions of 50 mph. (full­size spares may also have TPMS)

Speed Inflation Time

Why limit the spare use to 50 mph & 50 miles? ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings 24. The first ______designation of a tire indicates it’s basic use. ___ for passenger, ____ for light truck, C for commercial, and T for temporary use, as in the .

Letter, P, LT Icon, P, LT Number, P, LT ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings 25. The number following the first letter is the section ______of the tire measured in millimeters.

Diameter Height Width ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings 26. Following the slash (/), the next number is the ______or tire profile. Profile is expressed as a percentage of cross­sectional height to cross­ sectional width.

Profile Aspect Ratio Diameter ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings 27. Ply construction is noted with an R for ______ply design, the letter B for belted­bias and the letter D for diagonal plies also known as bias ply tires.

Radials are more expensive than bias ply. Radials have a 20% larger footprint Radials 5 to 10% less. Radials have lower motion resistance, Radials last approximately 30% longer.

Rear Radial Remedial ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings 28. The number after the ply designation is the ______of the wheel expressed in inches.

Width Diameter Speed ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings 29. Following the size are the ______(numerical) and the ______ratings (letter).

Load Range, Speed Speed, Aspect Ratio Aspect Ratio, Offset ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings 30. The “born­on­date” is part of the DOT # that depicts the ______& the ______it was made.

Week, Year Day, Month Century, Decade

Why are so many of the dimensions referred to as “nominal”? Exact tire and wheel dimensions may vary slightly, and may depend on some extent on inflation pressure, loads, and other factors. "Nominal" dimensions correspond to general industry standards, and usually are close to actual dimensions. Tires Manufactured Since 2000 Since 2000, the week and year the tire was produced has been provided by the last four digits of the Tire Identification Number with the 2 digits being used to identify the week immediately preceding the 2 digits used to identify the year. Tires Manufactured Before 2000 The Tire Identification Number for tires produced prior to 2000 was based on the assumption that tires would not be in service for ten years. While they were required to provided the same information as today’s tires, the week and year the tire was produced was contained in the last three digits. The 2 digits used to identify the week a tire was manufactured immediately preceded a single digit used to identify the year. ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings 31. The UTQGS rates 3 things: 1) ______, 2) ______, 3) ______. ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings

What is "?"

Plus sizing is one of the easiest ways to achieve enhanced performance and change the appearance of your vehicle.

Converting to a "plus 1" size means increasing the wheel diameter by 1" and selecting an appropriate tire to fit.

Likewise, moving to a "plus 2" would result in a wheel with 2" larger diameter.

Note, however, that while the wheel diameter is increasing, the overall diameter of the tire remains fairly consistent (usually within +/­ .04 inches) preserving the speedometer reading and gear ratio.

When "plus sizing," the tire is wider (section width) and therefore has a larger footprint. In addition, the sidewall becomes shorter (aspect ratio) and more rigid.

Together, this gives better lateral stability and increased steering response. ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings

32. The maximum inflation number on a tire sidewall is not its recommended inflation! True or False

NOTE: The Tire Placard is VIN ­ Specific Do not exceed the maximum load or maximum inflation pressures shown on the tire sidewall.

Lower inflation pressures may be used, but only with lighter loads. More detail is provided in manufacturer’s load and inflation tables.

"Cold" means that the tire has been run less than one mile during the past 4 or more hours. On an extended trip in hot weather, heat can cause tire pressures to rise by as much as 15 to 20 percent. ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings 33. The tire ______found on the driver’s door jamb shows the correct cold tire inflation.

Sticker Placard Sizer ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings 28. ______tires show maximum wear on the outside edges of the tread. ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings 29. ______tires show maximum wear in the center of the tread. ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings 30. Tire ______at regular mileage intervals (6k) is done to equalize wear over time since front tires tend to wear on the outer edges due to cornering and rears tend to wear more centrally.

Balancing Siping Rotation ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings Special Note: Store bulk tires flat, out of direct sunlight, & kept away from electric motors that create ozone. ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings 31. ______are ½” wide bands that appear in the tread when tire tread depth is 2/32”.

Wear Tabs Wear Bars Bar Tabs ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings

Could you check brake pad thickness using this tool? ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings 32. Tire ______systems (TPMS) are required by law on all vehicles after 2008.

Pressure Measuring Pressure Monitoring Pressure Modulating ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings 33. TPMS, ______reading or indirect reading illuminate a warning lamp if a tire is 25% below the recommended . (That’s about 5­7 psi on a 30 psi tire)

Direct Computer Estimated ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings

Would this sensor function? Why or Why not? ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings 34. A ______is located in each tire. An antenna & receiver ring communicates with the TPMS control unit. A reset switch or relearn procedure must be followed after .

Sensor Computer Actuator ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings 35.Both wheels and tires should be checked for ______. Wheels have a tighter tolerance.

Ballast Imbalance Runout ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings 36. Runout may be ______, (also called eccentricity) which is at a right angle to the axis of rotation.

Radial Axial Lateral ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings

37. Runout may be ______, (also called axial) which is on the same axis as the centerline.

Radial Lateral External ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings

http://www.smccd.edu/accounts/broxholm/flash/axial%20runout%20on%20case.swf

Axial Runout Deviation parallel to the axis of rotation

http://www.smccd.edu/accounts/broxholm/flash/Radial%20runout%20on%20case.swf Deviation on a right angle to the axis of rotation

Radial Runout ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings

38. Never attempt to repair punctures in the tire’s ______or ______.

Shoulders or Sidewalls Tread or Bead Tread or Sipes ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings 39. ______tire repairs, that include both a plug & an internal patch are the most recommended.

Cold Hot Emergency ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings 40. The TPMS ______should be removed after the bead is broken away from the rim when in the process of dismounting a tire. Proper re­torquing of the TPMS sensor retaining nut is critical.

Sensors Actuators Valve Cores ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings 41. It is a good idea to install new valve ______when installing new tires on to rims.

Core Stem Keeper ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings 42. Both under­torquing and over­torquing of lug nuts can cause problems. True or False ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings 43. Static tire imbalance causes an up & down bouncing condition known as wheel ______. Static imbalance occurs when there is a heavy spot on either side of the tire's horizontal centerline. This prevents your tire from rolling smoothly, causing an up­and­down vibration.

Shimmy Tramp Imperfection ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings Static imbalance occurs when there is a heavy spot on either side of the tire's horizontal centerline. This prevents your tire from rolling smoothly, causing an up­and­down vibration. ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings 44. Dynamic tire imbalance causes a side­to­side shaking condition known as wheel ______.

Dynamic imbalance occurs when you have heavy spots to either side of your wheel's vertical centerline. This causes a side­to­side shimmy when you drive.

Shimmy Tramp Imperfection ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings Dynamic imbalance occurs when you have heavy spots to either side of your wheel's vertical centerline. This causes a side­to­side shimmy when you drive. ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings 45. “Road Force” balancers simulate a road test with a ______that applies a heavy force to the tire as it rotates. Tire deflection under pressure is also measured.

Rolling Load Hanging Weight Wheel Weight ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings 46. The purpose of all ______is to allow a shaft to rotate smoothly in a housing or to allow a housing to rotate smoothly around a shaft. (wheel bearings are not axle bearings)

Bearings Lubrication Torquing ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings 47. An uneven ______or grinding sound as the wheels rotate indicates a wheel bearing issue.

Growling Whining Barking ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings 48. Worn or damaged bearings or those that need adjustment will have too much ______.

End Play End Around End Preload ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings 49. Whenever bearings are removed & replaced, a new grease ______should be installed.

Fitting Seal Zirk ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings 50. Non­drive wheels often use two ______roller bearings facing each other. This provides good bi­directional axial load characteristics as well as radial load carrying capabilities.

Radial Load

Axial Load Axial Load

Straight Tapered Radial ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings 51. Whenever a bearing is replaced, the corresponding bearing ______should also be driven out using a hammer & large drift punch and a new one installed.

Race Rim Spindle ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings 52. Bearing retaining nuts can be held in place with ______pins or can be “staked nuts”.

Hood Cotter Safety ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings

53. Special NLGI rated, high temperature grease should be used to ______wheel bearings.

Retread Remanufacture Repack ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings 54. FWD & RWD ______bearings differ greatly in design & service from non­ drive wheel bearings.

Wheel Muffler Cam ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings ATASA 5 th Tires, Wheels, & Wheel Bearings

According to AAA, about 80 percent of the cars on the road are driving with one or more tires underinflated. Tires lose air through normal driving (especially after hitting pot holes or curbs), permeation and seasonal changes in temperature.

When tires are underinflated, the tread wears more quickly. According to Goodyear, this equates to 15 percent fewer miles you can drive on them for every 20 percent that they're underinflated. Underinflated tires also overheat more quickly than properly inflated tires, which causes more tire damage.

Because of the extra resistance an underinflated tire has when it rolls, your car's engine has to work harder. AAA statistics show that tires that are underinflated by as little as 2 psi reduce fuel efficiency by 10 percent. Over a year of driving, that can amount to several hundred dollars in extra gas purchases.