MANGROVE BIOLOGY & ECOLOGY

J.H. Primavera Chief Scientific Advisor Zoological Society of London La Paz, Iloilo City MANGROVE DISTRIBUTION

C/S America W/E S/SE Asia Africa

MANGROVE AREA Spalding et al, 2010 - 152,360 sq km (=15.2 million ha) - 123 countries, territories Giri et al, 2010 - 137,760 sq km (=13.8 million ha) - 118 countries, territories, <7% protected The 12 countries with the largest mangrove areas in the world (Spalding et al, 2010)

Mexico 7,701 km2 (5.0%) 31,894 km2 (20.9%)

Duke 1992 Brazil 13,000 km2 9,910 km2 (8.5%) (6.5%) MANGROVE LOCATIONS Fig. 2. Tidal zone (high, mid and low) and estuarine (up-, mid- and downstream) location of (Duke, 2006).

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

1) Temperature: air 20ºC water ≥24ºC 2) salt water

3) substrate - muddy, also sandy & peat

4) protection from wave action

5) shallow shores

6) ocean currents

7) tidal range

J.H. Primavera COPING MECHANISMS J.H. Primavera 1) high salinity – salt glands

2) water saturation, lack of oxygen - specialized roots - breathing structures (lenticels)

3) viviparous seeds

4) water conservation - thick epidermis - waxy cuticle - succulent MANGROVE DIVERSITY

(Ellison and Farnsworth, 2002)

(Alongi, 2002) Mangrove Species Richness (Polidoro et al 2010)

• 70-74 total mangrove species inc hybrids globally (Spalding et al, 2010) • 62 species: Western Hemisphere • 12 species: Atlantic East Pacific • 7/10 countries w/ highest mangrove diversity in SE Asia (Giri et al, 2010): Indonesia - 45 spp, Philippines - 42, - 40,Thailand - 35, Myanmar - 32, Singapore - 30 and Vietnam – 30

Indo-Malay Philippine Archipelago (Polidoro et al. 2010, FAO 2007) • 36-46 spp., most diverse region • 11 spp (16%) Critically Endangered, Endangered and Vulnerable • 7 spp Near Threatened • one of highest rates of mangrove loss: est. 30% reduction since 1980 MANGROVE SPECIES IN THE PHILIPPINES

Family Species FamilyCommon name Species 1. Acanthus ebracteatus Plumbaginaceae-- 20. Aegialitis annulata 2. A. ilicifolius Rhizophoraceae-- 21. Bruguiera cylindrica Avicenniaceae 3. alba Api-api 22. B. exaristata 4. A. officinalis Api-api 23. B. hainesii 5. A. marina Bungalon 24. B. gymnorrhiza 6. A. rumphiana Api-api 25. B. parviflora Bombacaceae 7. Camptostemon philippinensis Gapas gapas26. B. sexangula 8. C. schultzii -- 27. Ceriops decandra 28. C. tagal Combretaceae 9. Lumnitzera littorea Faban 29. Kandelia candel 10. L. racemosa -- c 30. apiculata 11. L. rosea -- 31. R. lamarckiic Euphorbiaceae 12. Excoecaria agallocha Alipata 32. R. mucronata Lythraceae 13. Pemphis acidula Bantigi 33. R. stylosa Meliaceae 14. Xylocarpus granatum Rubiaceae Tabigi 34. Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea 15. X. moluccensis SonneratiaceaeTabigi 35. Sonneratia alba 36. S. caseolaris Myrsinaceae 16. corniculatum Saging-saging c 37. S. gulngai 17. A. floridum Tinduktindukan c 38. S. lanceolata Myrtaceae 18. Osbornia octodonta -- 39. S. ovata Palmae 19. Nypa fruticans Nipa

Sources: Brown & Fischer, 1920; Arroyo, 1979; Fernando & Pancho, 1980; Tomlinson, 1986; Anon, 1996; Spalding et al., 1997; Yao, 1999; Norman Duke, AIMS, pers. comm.

J.H. Primavera Species Philippines Species Philippines Same as Diospyros 1. Acanthus ebracteatus 25. Diospyros littorea maritima?

2. Acanthus ilicifolius 26. Dolichandrone spathacea

3. Acanthus volubilis 27. Excoecaria agallocha

4. Acrostichum aureum 28. Heritiera littoralis . 5. Acrostichum speciosum 29. Kandelia obovata

6. Aegialitis annulata Not observed 30. Lumnitzera littorea

7. Aegiceras corniculatum 31. Lumnitzera racemosa

8. Aegiceras floridum 32. Lumnitzera x rosea 9. Avicennia alba 33. Nypa fruticans 10. Avicennia marina 34. Osbornia octodonta 11. Avicennia officinalis 35. Pemphis acidula 12. Avicennia rumphiana 36. Rhizophora apiculata 13. Brownlowia tersa 37. Rhizophora mucronata 14. Bruguiera cylindrica 38. Rhizophora stylosa 15. Bruguiera exaristata 39. Rhizophora x lamarckii 16. Bruguiera gymnorhiza 40. Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea 4 Not observed 17. Bruguiera hainesii 41. Sonneratia alba 18. Bruguiera parviflora 42. Sonneratia caseolaris 19. Bruguiera sexangula 43. Sonneratia ovata 20. Camptostemon philippinense 44. Sonneratia x gulngai 21. Camptostemon schultzii Not observed 45. Xylocarpus granatum 22. Ceriops decandra 46. Xylocarpus moluccensis 23. Ceriops tagal 46 listed – 4 not observed Mangrove Atlas 24. Cynometra iripa Not observed, only + 2 not listed = 44 TOTAL Cynometra ramiflora (Spalding et al, 2010) Mga Klase sang Katunggan/Bakhawan sa Panay 1. Aegiceras corniculatum saging-saging, tayok 2. Aegiceras floridum (maiwat) saging-saging 3. Avicennia alba (maiwat) bungalon, apiapi, miapi 4. Avicennia marina bungalon, apiapi, miapi 5. Avicennia officinalis bungalon, apiapi, miapi 6. Avicennia rumphiana bungalon, apiapi, miapi 7. Bruguiera cylindrica pototan 8. Bruguiera gymnorrhiza pototan 9. Bruguiera parviflora (maiwat) langarai, hangalai 10. Bruguiera sexangula pototan?, karakandang 11. Camptostemon philippinensis gapasgapas 12. Ceriops decandra barasbaras 13. Ceriops tagal tungog, tangal 14. Excoecaria agallocha alipata 15. Heritiera littoralis dungun 16. Lumnitzera littorea (maiwat) tabao 17. Lumnitzera racemosa tabao, culasi 18. Nypa fruticans nipa, sasa 19. Osbornia octodonta tawalis, bonotbonot 20. Pemphis acidula bantigi 21. Rhizophora apiculata bakhaw lalaki 22. Rhizophora mucronata bakhaw babae 23. Rhizophora stylosa bakhaw bato 24. Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea bolaling, (nilad) 25. Sonneratia alba pagatpat 26. Sonneratia caseolaris (maiwat) pedada 27. Sonneratia ovata (maiwat) pedada J.H. Primavera 28. Xylocarpus granatum tabigi 29. Xylocarpus mekongensis piag-ao Species of true mangroves in the Philippines and Aklan mangrove sites. Family Philippine Species Makato River B.Bato/Naisud, Ibajay Jawili, Tangalan

A. Avicenniaceae 1. Avicennia alba    2. A. officinalis    3. A. marina    4. A. rumphiana    B. Bombacaceae 5. Camptostemon philippinensis    C. Combretaceae 6. Lumnitzera littorea    7. L. racemosa    D. Euphorbiaceae 8. Excoecaria agallocha    E. Lythraceae 9. Pemphis acidula    F. Meliaceae 10. Xylocarpus granatum    11. X. mekongensis    G. Myrsinaceae 12. Aegiceras corniculatum    13. A. floridum    H. Myrtaceae 14. Osbornia octodonta    I. Palmae 15. Nypa fruticans    J. Plumbaginaceae 16. Aegialitis annulata    K. Rhizophoraceae 17. Bruguiera cylindrica    18. B. gymnorrhiza    19. B. parviflora    20. B. sexangula    21. Ceriops decandra    22. C. tagal    23. Kandelia candel    24. Rhizophora apiculata    25. R. lamarckii    26. R. mucronata    27. R. stylosa    L. Rubiaceae 28. Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea    M. Sonneratiaceae 29. Sonneratia alba    30. S. caseolaris    31. S. ovata    N. Sterculiaceae 32. Heritiera littoralis    ------TOTAL 32 22 27 25 MANGROVES PONDS 1918: 500,000 ha 1940: 61,000 ha 1994: 120,000 ha 1994: 232,000 ha MANGROVE: POND RATIO 0.5:1

JHPrimavera Avicennia

bungalon apiapi

Sonneratia

pagatpat

Rhizophora

bakhaw

J.H. Primavera

ROOTS HOW TO PLAN A FIELD TRIP • Make advance familiarization visit to the site. • Prepare an itinerary and hand-outs. • Schedule trip during day low tide. • Have a maximum ratio of 1 teacher: 5-10 students. • Wear appropriate attire (long sleeves/pants). • Bring sunblock, insect repellent, First Aid. • Take only pictures, kill only time, leave only footprints (exc. specimens). • Have wrap-up session onsite or in the lab.

A Mangrove-Tidal Calendar 2009

Compliments of The Pew Fellows Program in Marine Conservation

©2009 by J.H. Primavera & A.M. Torrechilla

Inventory of species in mangroves (Nagelkerken et al, 2008)

. sponges – 147 (Carribean)

. copepods – 32 (); 14 (Brazil)

. nematodes – 107 (Malaysia); 94 (Brazil)

. gastropod molluscs – 39 (Australia)

. shipworms – 11 (Malaysia)

. bivalves – 29 (Atlantic Colombia)

. herbivorous insects – 102 (Singapore)

. fish – at least 600 (Indo-West Pacific); 130 (Senegal)

. birds – 184 (Queensland, Australia); 125 (Guinea Bissau); 94 (Surinam) INTERCONNECTIVITY: MNG – SG - CR

Lewis et al (1995)

Thank You!