DOCSLIB.ORG

Energy the Mover of Output

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Energy the Mover of Output Energy The Mover of Output Jes´usFern´andez-Villaverde1 September 26, 2021 1University of Pennsylvania Energy • For most of history, the main barrier for humans' output has been energy production. • Even today. Fortune's Global 500 by revenue, 6 out of the top 10 companies are in the energy sector: 2. State Grid. 3. China National Petroleum. 4. Sinopec Group. 5. Royal Dutch Shell. 6. Exxon Mobile. 10. BP. • Similar at a national level (for instance, 4 out of top 10 Spanish firms). 1 Energy: conflicts and challenges • Furthermore, access to energy has been a key driver of conflicts. • Indirectly, as struggles to control land and food sources. • More recently, direct links: 1. Japan's decision to go to war in 1941. 2. 1953 coup d'´etatagainst Mohammad Mosaddegh in Iran. 3. Gulf wars. • Challenge of decarbonizing the economy and increasing energy consumption of much of the world population. 2 Energy units a. 1 newton (N): unit of force = mass ∗ acceleration (kg ∗ m ∗ s−2). Force required to accelerate 1 kg ∗ m ∗ s−2. Given g = 9:80665m=s2, 1 newton is the weight on an apple. b. 1 joule (J): unit of energy = force ∗ distance (kg ∗ m2 ∗ s−2). Work transferred to an object when a force of one newton acts on that object in 1 m (energy= force ∗ distance). 1 joule is 1 apple lift 1 meter. c. 1 watt (W): unit of power = work/time (kg ∗ m2 ∗ s−3). 1 joule per second. Thus, 1 watt is 1 apple lift 1 meter in 1 second. 3 Energy consumed (history) 150 120 90 60 Gigajoules 30 0 1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 4 Energy consumed (US) • Extraordinary amounts of energy consumed every second. • Average U.S. person uses 11 kW (11 ∗ 103 W). • This is equivalent to: 1. Running three clothes dryers or 2. Using 100 laptops or 3. Using 100 humans' full muscle effort or 4. Consuming 1 barrel of oil every 5 days. • U.S. uses 3.6 TW (3:6 ∗ 1012 W). • And we use 50% less energy per 1$ produced than in 1980. 5 Energy consumed (world) • World uses 18 TW. • This is the equivalent of 18 ∗ 1012 apples lift 1 meter in 1 second. • Or the equivalent of lifting the USS Gerald R. Ford (≈ 108 kg) 18,367 meters into the air in 1 second (ignoring air friction). • Or the equivalent of lifting an Imperial I-Class Star Destroyer (≈ 4:44 ∗ 109kg) 413 meters into the air in 1 second (ignoring air friction as well). 6 7 8 Three energy transitions • From biomass, wind, and water to coal. • From coal to oil and gas. • From oil and gas to? 9 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% Shares of primary energy consumption of primary energy Shares 0% 1875 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000 Petroleum Coal Natural Gas Biomass 10 10,000 1,000 100 10 1 0.1 Installed Capacity (GW, Log Scale) Log Installed Capacity (GW, 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 Years Since Inception Non−Hydro Renewables (2004−2018) Coal Power (1908−2000) Nuclear Capacity (1956−2000) Hydropower (1895−2018) Natural Gas (1903−2000) Wind Power (1984−2018) 11 1,000 100 10 1 Per thousand people Per 0.1 0.01 1900 1905 1910 1915 1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 Motor Vehicles (1900−1950) Non−Farm Horses and Mules (1900−1950) Electric Cars (2011−2018) Motor Vehicles (2011−2016) 12 10,000 1,000 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 Units per thousand persons (log scale) Units per thousand persons (log 0.0001 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 Years since inception Passenger Cars (1900−2005) Bicycles (1870−2007) E−bikes (1997−2010) Laundry Dryers (1920−2006) Refrigerators (1918−2009) Washing Machines (1920−2008) Cellphones (1978−2010) Motorbikes (1900−2008) Electric Cars (2005−2018) 13 15000 14000 13000 12000 11000 Million tonnes oil equivalent 10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Coal Hydroelectric Natural Gas Renewables Nuclear Energy Oil 14 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Africa Asia Pacific CIS Europe Middle East N. America S. & C. America Coal Hydroelectric Natural Gas Renewables Nuclear Energy Oil 15 Biomass • The sun provides earth all the energy that humans use in a year in ≈ 75 min. • Photosynthesis in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria transforms light energy into chemical energy. • The chemical energy becomes biomass (wood, animals, etc.). • Fossil fuels are transformed solar energy as well. • In fact, only nuclear and geothermal are sources of energy not (directly) linked with the sun. 16 Using the biomass (I) • Humans traditionally got their energy either from food or from fuel (wood, vegetable, animal, or rock oil, coal...). • Before internal combustion engine, fuel is used mainly for fire. • The ability of homo species to create and control fire appears for sure ≈ 250,000 BCE, probably ≈ 800,000 BCE in evidence from South Africa and Israel. • Ability to create and control fire is unique to home species, cultural and, as far as we can tell, universal to all anatomically modern humans. 17 18 Using the biomass (II) • The ability of homo species to create and control fire was also probably was crucial for evolution. • For example, cooking led to smaller jaws and gastrointestinal tracts. Perhaps (but disputed) to bigger brains. • More importantly, it led to better survival chances, better defenses, and to the ability to populate harsher environments. • Think about our ability to cook grains such as wheat and rice. • Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human by Richard Wrangham. 19 Using the biomass (III) • Deep changes in the landscape over millennia. • For example, eucalyptus trees forest in Australia. • It also probably led to the first forms of gender-related division of labor. 20 Using the biomass more intensely • Neolithic revolution (≈ 10,000 BCE): domestication of plants and animals. • Culmination of a relatively fast process of behavioral innovations. • Use land to produce much more biomass than before: 1. Hunter-gatherers require ≈ 26 km2 of land per person. 2. Farmers require ≈ 0:26 km2 of land per person. • Dramatic change in population size. ≈ 10,000 BCE only between 2-4 million humans. • Additional uses. Example: the spread of cavalry. • Changes in environment: germs, dogs, etc. 21 530 . . 22 Figure 13. Modern behaviors and their time depths in Africa. Sally McBrearty & Alison S. Brooks. with the European Middle Paleolithic. that the terms ESA, MSA, and LSA are too While MSA and Middle Paleolithic tech- vague, broad, and temporally imprecise to nologies share common features (Thackeray be particularly illuminating when attempt- & Kelley, 1988; Thackeray, 1989, 1992, ing detailed behavioral reconstructions 2000), the evidence reviewed in this paper (Kleindienst, 1967). serves to highlight their essential differences. The presence of stone working techniques It is particularly critical that the Middle to such as backing in the African MSA at 80 ka Upper Paleolithic transition in Europe not shows a level of technical competence not be confused with the origin of H. sapiens. achieved until tens of thousands of years The European Middle to Upper Paleolithic later ouside the continent. Microwear transition represents the local replacement studies are in their infancy in Africa, but of the Neanderthals by H. sapiens, while in from artefact design and ethnographic evi- Africa, H. sapiens is a product of in situ dence it seems clear that MSA artefacts were evolution. The African MSA–LSA tran- habitually hafted, and some of them were sition is a cultural and technological change used as projectiles, perhaps in some cases that occurred many tens of thousands of propelled by the bow. From the long-term years later. Furthermore, the Middle to stylistic conservatism of barbed bone tools in Upper Paleolithic transition in Europe is a Central Africa, and the slowness with which change from mode 3 to mode 4 technology, this particular technology (but not bone while in Africa, modes 3, 4, and 5 are all tools in general) spread beyond the great already present in the African MSA. In fact, lakes region, Yellen (1998) concludes that the diversity in stone tool industries suggests MSA exchange networks may have Turchin et al.: Mounted Warfare. Cliodynamics 7:2 (2016) Figure 1. Map showing the chronological spread of cavalry across Afro-Eurasia. 23 Acknowledgments We thank Victor Mair, Pita Kelekna, Robert Drews, Nicola di Cosmo, Andrey Korotayev, and Nikolay Kradin for sharing their expertise in helping us to construct this chronology. Daniel Hoyer provided valuable comments and editing of the manuscript. References Anthony, D. W. 2007. The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age- Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World. Princeton: Princeton University Press. doi: 10.1515/9781400831104. Anthony, D. W. and D. R. Brown. 2011. “The Secondary Products Revolution, Horse- Riding, and Mounted Warfare.” Journal of World Prehistory 24(2–3):131–160. Baumer, C. 2012. The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors. I. B. Tauris. doi: 10.1007/s10963-011-9051-9. Beckwith, C. I. 1987. The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Boesche, R. 2003. “Kautilya's Arthasastra on War and Diplomacy in Ancient India.” Journal of Military History 67(1):9–37.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Two Postwar Eras and the Conditions for Stability in Twentieth-Century Western Europe
    The Two Postwar Eras and the Conditions for Stability in Twentieth-Century Western Europe The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Maier, Charles S. 1981. The two postwar eras and the conditions for stability in twentieth-century Western Europe. American Historical Review 86(2): 327-352. Published Version doi:10.2307/1857441 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:4727674 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA AHR Forum The Two Postwar Eras and the Conditions for Stability in Twentleth-CenturyWestern Europe CHARLES S. MAIER BROADCASTING over the BBC in November 1945, A. J. P. Taylor assured his lis- teners, "Nobody in Europe believes in the American way of life-that is, in pri- vate enterprise; or rather those who believe in it are a defeated party and a party which seems to have no more future than the Jacobites in England after 1688. "I Taylor proved to be wrong, or at least premature, about the end of pri- vate enterprise. The question here is why, at least in Western Europe, there was less transformation than he envisaged. Posed in broader terms, how did Western Europe achieve political and social stability by the mid-twentieth century after two great, destructive wars and the intervening upheaval. Historians often treat stability as a passive coming to rest or a societal inertia that requires no explanation.
    [Show full text]
  • Mechanical Engineering Magazine
    BIG INCH PIPELINE LITTLE BIG INCH PIPELINE STORAGE TANKS PUMPING STATIONS PIPELINES Downloaded from http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/memagazineselect/article-pdf/138/07/40/6359862/me-2016-jul3.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 FOR WAR AND PEACE BY FRANK WICKS These 24-inch pipes were stacked and ready to be assembled into the Big Inch Pipeline, in this 1942 image from the U.S. Farm Security Administration. Photographer John Vachon took this photo in Pennsylvania. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | JULY 2016 | P.41 orld War II was largely about oil, Downloaded from http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/memagazineselect/article-pdf/138/07/40/6359862/me-2016-jul3.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 and fought with oil. The United States factories and work force, largely idled by the lingering Great Depression, would convert Wto the massive production of land vehicles, ships, and aircraft. These war machines were trans- ported to combat zones, but would be worthless without oil. Of the seven billion barrels of oil used by the Allies, 80 percent came from the United States, mostly from Texas and the Gulf Coast. Prior to the war, much of the crude oil and refi ned products had been transported by coastal tank- ers to the northeast and then shipped across the Atlantic. War started raging in Europe in 1939. The United States remained offi cially neutral until the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December They wouldn’t be the country’s fi rst pipelines, The tanker 1941. but they would be the largest. Building them Dixie Arrow was torpedoed off Cape When Hitler declared war on the United States would be the largest joint government and private Hatteras in March a few days later, he gave Germany free rein for industry project to that time.
    [Show full text]
  • Burn out the Endgame for Fossil Fuels
    DIETER HELM BURN OUT THE ENDGAME FOR FOSSIL FUELS ‘A must-read new book that presents a prescient and gripping analysis of the trends which are reshaping our world.’ —Edward Lucas, The Economist BURN OUT i ii BURN OUT THE ENDGAME FOR FOSSIL FUELS DIETER HELM YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS NEW HAVEN AND LONDON iii Copyright © 2017 Dieter Helm All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press) without written permission from the publishers. For information about this and other Yale University Press publications, please contact: U.S. Office: [email protected] yalebooks.com Europe Office: [email protected] yalebooks.co.uk Typeset in Minion Pro by IDSUK (DataConnection) Ltd Printed in Great Britain by TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Helm, Dieter, author. Title: Burn out : the endgame for fossil fuels / Dieter Helm. Description: New Haven : Yale University Press, [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016043323 | ISBN 9780300225624 (c1 : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Energy industries. | Energy development—Environmental aspects. | Energy consumption—Environmental aspects. | Renewable energy sources. | Fossil fuels—Environmental aspects. Classification: LCC HD9502.A2 H4549 2017 | DDC 333.8/2—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016043323 A catalogue record for this book is available
    [Show full text]
  • Recent Federal Regulation of the Petroleum Pipe Line As a Common Carrier Theodore L
    Cornell Law Review Volume 32 Article 2 Issue 3 March 1947 Recent Federal Regulation of the Petroleum Pipe Line as a Common Carrier Theodore L. Whitesel Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Theodore L. Whitesel, Recent Federal Regulation of the Petroleum Pipe Line as a Common Carrier , 32 Cornell L. Rev. 337 (1947) Available at: http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clr/vol32/iss3/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Scholarship@Cornell Law: A Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Cornell Law Review by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Cornell Law: A Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. RECENT FEDERAL REGULATION OF THE PETRO- LEUM PIPE LINE AS A COMMON CARRIER THEODORE L. WHITESEL Jurisdiction Under the Interstate Commerce Act Regulation of the interstate petroleum pipe line as a common carrier under the Interstate Commerce Act has had as its major purpose the achievement of competition among shippers in the petroleum industry It is the object of this survey to examine the recent attempts at regulation to see if this purpose has been achieved' and to set forth the legal and economic factors entering into the problem of regulation. The groups that favor petroleum pipe line regulation to maintain com- petition are the consumers of refined petroleum products, the independent refiners of crude oil, the independent jobbers of refined petroleum products, the independent service station dealers, the competitive carriers of petroleum, lt might well be the objective of a study to appraise the economic merits of com- petitive organization of the oil industry as compared to monopolistic organization under government control,-backgrounded against the national welfare and the national de- fense.
    [Show full text]
  • The Emergence of the French Oil Industry Between the Two Wars
    The Emergence of the French Oil Industry between the Two Wars Mohamed Sassi The late emergence of a French oil industry, precisely between the two wars, at first appears to be an economic miracle. It was born from a determination to set up an independent energy policy. France is a country deprived of natural resources and, on the eve of the First World War, its vital need for energy pushed it to give more importance to oil, which explains private initiatives such as the case of Desmarais Frères. In 1914, the French supply of oil was totally dependant on the Majors, particularly on the American company Standard Oil. Although from 1917 Shell was privileged, the problem of the oil industry was not yet resolved. In 1919, the French objective was to recover a part of the interests of the Turkish Petroleum Company (T.P.C.) in the Near East. France recovered the share of the Deutsche Bank and thus created the Compagnie Française des Pétroles (C.F.P.). Born in 1924, the company was to be associated with any preexisting French oil company in order to assure an indisputable majority of national capital. The second important step was the setting-up of the law of 1928 that took care of special export authorizations of the crude and refined oils. The final step was the creation of the refining company (C.F.R.). The state supported the development of the C.F.P. by some institutional arrangements and succeeded in integrating it upstream, by adding the capital of the largest distribution companies and by encouraging the development of their distribution activity.
    [Show full text]
  • Ropná Politika USA: Historie a Výzvy
    Ropná politika USA: historie a výzvy FILIP ČERNOCH – MARTIN JIRUŠEK HEDVIKA KOĎOUSKOVÁ JAN OSIČKA – TOMÁŠ VLČEK Aktualizované vydání Všechna práva vyhrazena. Žádná část této elektronické knihy nesmí být reprodukována nebo šířena v papírové, elektronické či jiné podobě bez předchozího písemného souhlasu vykonavatele majetkových práv k dílu, kterého je možno kontaktovat na adrese – Nakladatelství Masarykovy univerzity, Žerotínovo náměstí 9, 601 77 Brno. ROPNÁ POLITIKA USA: HISTORIE A VÝZVY Filip Černoch – Martin Jirušek Hedvika Koďousková – Jan Osička – Tomáš Vlček Masarykova univerzita Brno 2014 INVESTICE DO ROZVOJE VZDĚLÁVÁNÍ Vědecká redakce Masarykovy univerzity: prof. PhDr. Ladislav Rabušic, CSc. prof. RNDr. Zuzana Došlá, DSc. Ing. Radmila Droběnová, Ph.D. Mgr. Michaela Hanousková doc. PhDr. Jana Chamonikolasová, Ph.D. doc. JUDr. Josef Kotásek, Ph.D. Mgr. et Mgr. Oldřich Krpec, Ph.D. prof. PhDr. Petr Macek, CSc. PhDr. Alena Mizerová doc. Ing. Petr Pirožek, Ph.D. doc. RNDr. Lubomír Popelínský, Ph.D. Mgr. David Povolný Mgr. Kateřina Sedláčková, Ph.D. prof. MUDr. Anna Vašků, CSc. prof. PhDr. Marie Vítková, CSc. Mgr. Iva Zlatušková doc. Mgr. Martin Zvonař, Ph.D. Recenzoval: Mgr. et Mgr. Martin Hrabálek, Ph. D. © 2012, 2014 Filip Černoch, Martin Jirušek, Hedvika Koďousková, Jan Osička, Tomáš Vlček © 2012, 2014 Masarykova univerzita ISBN 978-80-210-6649-6 ISBN 978-80-210-6068-5 (1. vyd.) DOI: 10.5817/CZ.MUNI.M210-6649-2014 OBSAH 5 Obsah Seznam obrázků ..................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Interstate Pipelines a Plan for a New New York
    LARRY SHARPE FOR NEW YORK Interstate Pipelines A Plan for a New New York Prepared for: Larry Sharpe for NY Governor Prepared by: Russ Clark, Deputy Policy Director, Larry Sharpe for New York May 28, 2018 Proposal number: IF-0002 LARRY SHARPE FOR NEW YORK EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Objective To provide a path forward for natural gas and petroleum pipelines in New York. Goals 1) Reduce the cost of energy in New York. 2) Protect land values and encourage co-location of pipelines with other energy corridors. 3) Provide jobs and economic development while reducing the need to import energy from other states. 4) Prevent shortfalls in electric energy supply for both NYISO and NEISO. Background 1) Upon entering World War II, Nazi submarines sunk petroleum fuel and crude oil barges headed for Philadelphia and New York. According to historian Keith Miller, “They were highly effective and many Caribbean island beaches were seriously polluted with oil,”. In response, the United States government commissioned the construction of two pipelines from Texas to Pennsylvania and New York to support the war effort and provide export terminals to supply European allies with fuel. The pipelines were privatized and converted to natural gas service following the conclusion of the war (“Big Inch Pipelines of WWII”, American Oil and Gas Historical Society). Today, ​ ​ New York imports much of its natural gas supply from other states, including Pennsylvania, Texas and Louisiana, which is supplemented by additional imports from Canada via the Iroquois pipeline. ​ (Energy Information Agency, 2018) 2) Following several pricing and supply crises in the late 1970’s, Congress passed the Natural Gas Policy Act in 1978.
    [Show full text]
  • Pre-Job List
    Pre Jobs Total On Pre Approx. Pre Job Start Date Contractor Warehouse Location Steward Welder Foreman Welders Phone Gas Company Hours, Wages, & Per Diem Job Description & Welding Test Business Agent Job End 5x10 1X8 LMC Industrial LMC Industrial 14380 TBD W-1 J-1 H-3 10/29/21 Fort Plain, NY Donaldson, Rodney W Fegley, Eric M (315) 651-5944 W&J-43.18 H-23.30 12" meter station work located in Montgomery County, NY David Butterworth Contractors, Inc. Contractors, Inc. W- 150.50 J- 90.50 H- 64.50 5x10 John E. Green 14359 10/4/21 W-1 J-1 H-2 10/15/21 East China, MI Downer, Stephen M N/A N/A Dte Energy W&J-53.97 H-30.83 Meter Installation (Removal of 2-10" temporary spools and installation of 2- owner furnished meters) in East China, MI Charles Yates JR. Company W- 150.50 J- 90.50 H- 64.50 6x10 Minnesota 14361 10/4/21 W-4 J-1 or AN H-5 12/18/21 Kokomo, IN Turner, Robert S Seyler, Justin W (817) 908-8903 Nisource W&J-53.97 H-27.11 Installation of regulator station with various pipe diameters 8", 12", 16", 20", & 24" in Howard Co., Indiana Charles Yates Jr. Limited, Inc. W- 150.50 J- 90.50 H- 64.50 5x10 1x8 Minnesota 14360 10/4/21 W-2 J-AN H-2 10/23/21 Wapakoneta, OH Pattison, Joshua L Schwartz, Cory J (763) 592-9177 Dominion W&J-53.97 H-32.23 Relocation of approx.
    [Show full text]
  • Saudi Aramco: National Flagship with Global Responsibilities
    THE JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY RICE UNIVERSITY SAUDI ARAMCO: NATIONAL FLAGSHIP WITH GLOBAL RESPONSIBILITIES BY AMY MYERS JAFFE JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY JAREER ELASS JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY PREPARED IN CONJUNCTION WITH AN ENERGY STUDY SPONSORED BY THE JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY AND JAPAN PETROLEUM ENERGY CENTER RICE UNIVERSITY – MARCH 2007 THIS PAPER WAS WRITTEN BY A RESEARCHER (OR RESEARCHERS) WHO PARTICIPATED IN THE JOINT BAKER INSTITUTE/JAPAN PETROLEUM ENERGY CENTER POLICY REPORT, THE CHANGING ROLE OF NATIONAL OIL COMPANIES IN INTERNATIONAL ENERGY MARKETS. WHEREVER FEASIBLE, THIS PAPER HAS BEEN REVIEWED BY OUTSIDE EXPERTS BEFORE RELEASE. HOWEVER, THE RESEARCH AND THE VIEWS EXPRESSED WITHIN ARE THOSE OF THE INDIVIDUAL RESEARCHER(S) AND DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT THE VIEWS OF THE JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY NOR THOSE OF THE JAPAN PETROLEUM ENERGY CENTER. © 2007 BY THE JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY OF RICE UNIVERSITY THIS MATERIAL MAY BE QUOTED OR REPRODUCED WITHOUT PRIOR PERMISSION, PROVIDED APPROPRIATE CREDIT IS GIVEN TO THE AUTHOR AND THE JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY ABOUT THE POLICY REPORT THE CHANGING ROLE OF NATIONAL OIL COMPANIES IN INTERNATIONAL ENERGY MARKETS Of world proven oil reserves of 1,148 billion barrels, approximately 77% of these resources are under the control of national oil companies (NOCs) with no equity participation by foreign, international oil companies. The Western international oil companies now control less than 10% of the world’s oil and gas resource base.
    [Show full text]
  • Competition Over World's Oil Resources
    COMPETITION OVER WORLD’S OIL RESOURCES AND THE REPRODUCTION OF THE US HEGEMONY A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY MUZAFFER KÜÇÜK IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS SEPTEMBER 2011 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Meliha B. Altunışık Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Bağcı Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Prof. Dr. Mustafa Türkeş Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Mustafa Türkeş(METU, IR) Prof. Dr. İlhan Uzgel(AU, FPS/IR) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ebru Boyar (METU, IR) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name: Signature : iii ABSTRACT COMPETITION OVER WORLD’S ENERGY RESOURCES AND THE REPRODUCTION OF THE US HEGEMONY Küçük, Muzaffer MS., Department of International Relations Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Mustafa TÜRKEŞ September, 2011, 186 pages This thesis seeks to analyze the role and importance of establishing control over the world’s oil resources in reproduction of the global hegemonic position of the US.
    [Show full text]
  • ARAMACO and TAPLINE in INTERNATIONAL OIL By
    ARAMACO AND TAPLINE IN INTERNATIONAL OIL by John W. Shine Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (19535) signature of author Vartment of Economics d0,Engineexin-g , certified by_ Charles P. Kindleberger Thesis Supervisor it Room 14-0551 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02139 Ph: 617.253.2800 MITibraries Email: [email protected] Document Services http://libraries.mit.edu/docs DISCLAIMER OF QUALITY Due to the condition of the original material, there are unavoidable flaws in this reproduction. We have made every effort possible to provide you with the best copy available. If you are dissatisfied with this product and find it unusable, please contact Document Services as soon as possible. Thank you. 100 Saint Marys Street Boston 15, Massachusetts May 25, 1953 Professor Joseph S. Newell Secretary of the Faculty Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge 39, Massachusetts Dear Professor Newell: In accordance with the recuirements for graduation, I herewith submit a thesis entitled OAramco and Tapline in International Cil." Sincerely yours, John W. Shine TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction.................. II. Saudi Arabia........................... 4. III. Aramco and Tapline Development.............14. IV. General World Trade Pattern................35. V. Factors Affecting World Trade..............43. A. Ownership and Control of Oil Operations B. Base-Point Pricing System.............44. C. Oil Tankers...........................47. D. The Dollar
    [Show full text]
  • Oil & Gas Law of Iraq
    Introduction to the Laws of Kurdistan, Iraq Working Paper Series Oil & Gas Law of Iraq Iraq Legal Education Initiative (ILEI) American University of Iraq, Sulaimani Stanford Law School Kirkuk Main Road Crown Quadrangle Raparin 559 Nathan Abbott Way Sulaimani, Iraq Stanford, CA 94305-8610 www.auis.ed.iq www.law.stanford.edu TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 2 II. BACKGROUND AND HISTORY ................................................................................... 4 A. Beginnings ....................................................................................................................... 4 B. History from 1918 to 1945 ............................................................................................... 4 C. History from 1945 to 1980 ............................................................................................... 5 D. The 1980s and 1990s: War Years .................................................................................... 6 E. The Coalition Provisional Authority and the Interim Government of Iraq ...................... 7 III. IRAQ’S OIL AND GAS LEGAL FRAMEWORK ....................................................... 8 A. The Constitution and Impact of Federalism .................................................................... 9 B. The Meaning of Article 111 ........................................................................................... 10 C. The Draft Federal Oil
    [Show full text]