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Ropná Politika USA: Historie a Výzvy Ropná politika USA: historie a výzvy FILIP ČERNOCH – MARTIN JIRUŠEK HEDVIKA KOĎOUSKOVÁ JAN OSIČKA – TOMÁŠ VLČEK Aktualizované vydání Všechna práva vyhrazena. Žádná část této elektronické knihy nesmí být reprodukována nebo šířena v papírové, elektronické či jiné podobě bez předchozího písemného souhlasu vykonavatele majetkových práv k dílu, kterého je možno kontaktovat na adrese – Nakladatelství Masarykovy univerzity, Žerotínovo náměstí 9, 601 77 Brno. ROPNÁ POLITIKA USA: HISTORIE A VÝZVY Filip Černoch – Martin Jirušek Hedvika Koďousková – Jan Osička – Tomáš Vlček Masarykova univerzita Brno 2014 INVESTICE DO ROZVOJE VZDĚLÁVÁNÍ Vědecká redakce Masarykovy univerzity: prof. PhDr. Ladislav Rabušic, CSc. prof. RNDr. Zuzana Došlá, DSc. Ing. Radmila Droběnová, Ph.D. Mgr. Michaela Hanousková doc. PhDr. Jana Chamonikolasová, Ph.D. doc. JUDr. Josef Kotásek, Ph.D. Mgr. et Mgr. Oldřich Krpec, Ph.D. prof. PhDr. Petr Macek, CSc. PhDr. Alena Mizerová doc. Ing. Petr Pirožek, Ph.D. doc. RNDr. Lubomír Popelínský, Ph.D. Mgr. David Povolný Mgr. Kateřina Sedláčková, Ph.D. prof. MUDr. Anna Vašků, CSc. prof. PhDr. Marie Vítková, CSc. Mgr. Iva Zlatušková doc. Mgr. Martin Zvonař, Ph.D. Recenzoval: Mgr. et Mgr. Martin Hrabálek, Ph. D. © 2012, 2014 Filip Černoch, Martin Jirušek, Hedvika Koďousková, Jan Osička, Tomáš Vlček © 2012, 2014 Masarykova univerzita ISBN 978-80-210-6649-6 ISBN 978-80-210-6068-5 (1. vyd.) DOI: 10.5817/CZ.MUNI.M210-6649-2014 OBSAH 5 Obsah Seznam obrázků ................................................................................................................................................... 7 Seznam boxů ......................................................................................................................................................... 7 Seznam grafů ......................................................................................................................................................... 7 Seznam tabulek .................................................................................................................................................... 8 Abstract.................................................................................................................................................................... 9 Úvod ........................................................................................................................................................................11 1 Úsvit věku ropy ...................................................................................................................................................13 1.1 Počátky ropného průmyslu v USA ...............................................................................................................13 1.2 Rockefeller a Standard Oil ...............................................................................................................................17 1.3 Nová éra – konkurenti Standard Oil v Evropě a Asii...............................................................................21 1.4 Vzestup nových aktérů a výzev .....................................................................................................................22 1.5 Změny přinášející 20. století...........................................................................................................................24 1.6 První světová válka mění pravidla hry ........................................................................................................26 1.7 Poválečná éra – Spojené státy se začínají rozhlížet po světě .............................................................27 1.8 Shrnutí ....................................................................................................................................................................28 2 Ropa v zahraniční politice a problematika importů 1920–1970 .......................................................29 3 Historie a princip užití tzv. „ropné zbraně“ ................................................................................................40 3.1 Suezská krize ........................................................................................................................................................40 3.2 Šestidenní válka ..................................................................................................................................................41 3.3 První náznaky katastrofy .................................................................................................................................43 3.4 Krize 1973–1974 .................................................................................................................................................44 3.5 Efektivita použití „ropné zbraně“ ..................................................................................................................48 3.6 Cena za ekonomickou válku – embargo jako dvousečná zbraň .......................................................49 3.7 Shrnutí ....................................................................................................................................................................50 4 Frikce světového trhu s ropou .......................................................................................................................52 4.1 Persie znovu centrem světa ............................................................................................................................52 4.2 První válka v Perském zálivu a nové tisíciletí ............................................................................................56 4.3 Shrnutí ....................................................................................................................................................................58 5 Ropná politika Spojených států po konci studené války .....................................................................59 5.1 Spotřeba a využití ropy v USA v 90. letech 20. století ...........................................................................61 5.2 Shrnutí ....................................................................................................................................................................63 6 Hegemonní postavení USA, jeho kořeny a projevy ...............................................................................64 6.1 Hegemonní postavení USA – jeho rysy a nástroje .................................................................................65 6.2 Role ropy pro postavení USA v systému ....................................................................................................67 6.3 Specifi cký vztah USA a Saúdské Arábie......................................................................................................69 6.4 Írán – neúspěšná snaha o stabilizaci ...........................................................................................................70 6.5 První a druhá válka v Zálivu ............................................................................................................................71 7 Světoví spotřebitelé: postavení USA na globálním trhu s ropou ......................................................74 7.1 Spotřeba primárních zdrojů energie v USA ..............................................................................................74 7.2 Světový trh s ropou a jeho dopady na americkou energetickou bezpečnost .............................78 7.2.1 Růst světové poptávky .....................................................................................................................................79 7.2.2 Situace na straně produkce ............................................................................................................................83 7.3 Závislost USA na spotřebě ropy: opatření k omezení poptávky, navýšení dodávek, nebo revoluce v dopravě? ...............................................................................................................................84 7.4 Závěr .......................................................................................................................................................................89 6 ROPNÁ POLITIKA USA: HISTORIE A VÝZVY 8 Významní dodavatelé ropy do USA .............................................................................................................91 8.1 Kanada ...................................................................................................................................................................91 8.1.1 Historie ...................................................................................................................................................................91 8.1.2 Specifi cký vztah Spojených států a Kanady ..............................................................................................93 8.1.3 Nová situace na poli ropných zdrojů ...........................................................................................................94 8.2 Latinská Amerika ................................................................................................................................................97 8.2.1 Venezuela ..............................................................................................................................................................98 8.2.1.1 Historie a mezníky ropného průmyslu ve Venezuele ............................................................................98
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