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Home , Majoron

Majorons as cold light dark

Julian Heeck

Neutrino Oscillation Workshop 2018

15.9.2018 Majoronic seesaw

● 3 singlets NR + new scalar

B−L breaking scale Heavy scalar Majoron (?) [Chikashige, Mohapatra, Peccei, ‘81; Schechter, Valle, ‘82]

● Break U(1)B−L spontaneously:

● Similar for inverse seesaw, extended seesaw,...

● Assume J is a pseudo-Goldstone: mJ ≠ 0.

NOW 2018 Julian Heeck (ULB) - Majorons 2 Tree-level couplings

●

Tiny coupling: over B-L breaking scale! ● Long lifetime → majoron dark matter! [Berezinsky, Valle ‘93; Lattanzi, Valle ‘07; Bazzocchi et al, ‘08; Queiroz, Sinha, ‘14]

● Signatures for MeV < mJ: J → νν, γγ, ff.

● For keV < mJ < MeV: J →γγ. Maybe warm DM.

NOW 2018 Julian Heeck (ULB) - Majorons 3 Dark matter abundance

● Freeze out via λ JJHH:

– mJ ~ mh/2,

– mJ > 400 GeV.

NOW 2018 Julian Heeck (ULB) - Majorons 4 Dark matter abundance

● Freeze out via λ JJHH:

– mJ ~ mh/2,

– mJ > 400 GeV. ● Freeze in: Stephen West

Lyman-α excludes mJ< 12 keV! Use different mechanism: [McDonald, ‘02; Hall, Jedamzik, March-Russell, JH, Teresi, 1706.09909, 1709.07283. West ‘10; Frigerio, Hambye, Masso, ‘11]

NOW 2018 Julian Heeck (ULB) - Majorons 5 Indirect detection

● General limit from DM → invisible: [Audren, Lesgourgues, Mangano, Serpico, Tram, ‘14] ● Can we observe the neutrino lines?

– mJ > 10 TeV: No. Dominant decay is J →ννh(h). ► no line! [Dudas, Mambrini, Olive, ‘15] – Also want to avoid electroweak Bremsstrahlung. [Kachelriess, Serpico, ‘07; Bell, Dent, Jacques, Weiler, ‘08; Queiroz, Yaguna, Weniger, ‘16]

– For MeV < mJ < 100 GeV: Yes!

(See also Carsten Rott’s talk!) NOW 2018 Julian Heeck (ULB) - Majorons 6

] ) 9 V 0 e 2 7 G ( 0

. f 1

0 e l 7 a 1 c , s y

l e g n C i - k a i a c e r r a b

G n o o l

! i t d i de xclu m m E a i l C

r , e H J w [ o L

NOW 2018 Julian Heeck (ULB) - Majorons 7 mJ (GeV) = 2 Eν

] ) 9 V 0 e 2 7 G ( 0

. f 1

0 e l 7 a 1 c , s y

l e g n C i - k a i a c e r r a b

G n o o l

! i t d i de xclu m m E a i l C

r , e + H J w

Threshold for ν p → n e . [

o e L

NOW 2018 Julian Heeck (ULB) - Majorons 8 mJ (GeV) = 2 Eν

] ) 9 V 0 e 2 7 G ( 0

. f 1

0 e l 7 a 1 c , s y

l e g n C i - k Reinterpreted Super-K data. a i a c e [Palomares-Ruiz, 0712.1937] r r a b

G n o o l

! i t d i de xclu m m E a i l C

r , e + H J w

Threshold for ν p → n e . [

o e L

NOW 2018 Julian Heeck (ULB) - Majorons 9 mJ (GeV) = 2 Eν

] ) 9 V 0 e 2 7 G ( 0

. f 1

0 e l 7 a 1 c , s y

l e g n C i - k a i a c e r r a b

G n o o l

! i t d i de xclu m m E a i l C

r , e H J w [ o L

NOW 2018 Julian Heeck (ULB) - Majorons 10 mJ (GeV) = 2 Eν Look for from light DM!

● ν lines detectable down to MeV. ● For free in searches for diffuse supernova neutrino background. ● Borexino = indirect DM detector! ● Darwin, Hyper-K, JUNO,… ν = indirect DM detectors. (See also Josef Pradler’s talk!)

● DM → ν easily dominant channel, no SU(2) argument as for multi-TeV DM. [El Aisati, Garcia-Cely, Hambye, Vanderheyden, 1706.06600]

NOW 2018 Julian Heeck (ULB) - Majorons 11 Loop induced J→γγ, qq, ℓℓ’

● Tree-level J couplings ∝ Mν while loop level ∝

● E.g. diagonal J-f-f couplings with

● One-to-one mapping: [Davidson, Ibarra, hep-ph/0104076] J→γγ, qq, ℓℓ’ are complementary to νν channel!

● One generation:

[Chikashige, Mohapatra, Peccei, ‘81; Pilaftsis ‘94]

NOW 2018 Julian Heeck (ULB) - Majorons 12 Indirect detection II

● DM → ττ, bb, tt, … give – continuous γ spectrum: Integral, Fermi-LAT. – anti- and : e,p,γ PAMELA, AMS-02.

● DM decay around z ~ 1000: – modification of CMB. [Slatyer, Wu, 1610.06933] – independent of DM profile.

● DM→ γγ gives lines.

NOW 2018 Julian Heeck (ULB) - Majorons 13 Indirect detection II [Slatyer, Wu, 1610.06933]

● DM → ττ, bb, tt, … give – continuous γ spectrum: Integral, Fermi-LAT. – anti-protons and positrons: e,p,γ PAMELA, AMS-02.

● DM decay around z ~ 1000: – modification of CMB. [Slatyer, Wu, 1610.06933] – independent of DM profile.

● DM→ γγ gives lines.

NOW 2018 Julian Heeck (ULB) - Majorons 14 Gamma line plot ] 9 0 2 7 0 . 1 0 7 1

, y l e C - a i c r a G

o l i m a C

, H J [

mJ (GeV) NOW 2018 Julianm HeeckJ (GeV) (ULB) - Majorons 15 Gamma line plot ] 9 0 2 7 0 . 1 0 7 1

, y l e C - a i c r

Strong CMB limits. a G [Slatyer, Wu, 1610.06933] o l i m a C

, H J [

mJ (GeV) NOW 2018 Julianm HeeckJ (GeV) (ULB) - Majorons 16 Gamma line plot ] 9 0 2 7 0 . 1 0 7 1

, y l e C - a i c r a G

o l “MeV gap”, γ limits will improve a i m

lot with e-ASTROGAM, AdEPT. a C

, H J [

mJ (GeV) NOW 2018 Julianm HeeckJ (GeV) (ULB) - Majorons 17 Is it possible to detect dark matter via neutrinos and not gamma-rays or anti-matter? Yes!

depends on depends on

Independent / Complementary!

NOW 2018 Julian Heeck (ULB) - Majorons 18 ) ! k

Going down to keV l a t

s ● Only signature of sub-MeV J: DM→ γγ. ’ n

[Bazzocchi, Lattanzi, Riemer-Sørensen, Valle, ‘08; Lattanzi, Riemer-Sørensen, e t

Tórtola, Valle, ‘13; Queiroz, Sinha, ‘14] s r e K ●

E.g. Eγ = 3.55 keV line. mJ = 7 keV? n r

[Bulbul et al.; Boyarski et al. ‘14, …, recent review: Abazajian ‘17] ö J

● o For mJ < O(10) keV: DM naively too warm, s l a

structure formation and Lyman-α constraints. [Merle, Schneider ‘15; Schneider ‘16] e [Viel et al ‘05, Baur et al ‘15 &’17, Yèche et al., ’17, Iršič et al ‘17] e S ( ● Depends on the production mechanism, not just the DM mass! Can be softened! [e.g. Merle, Totzauer, ’15; König, Merle, Totzauer, ’16]

NOW 2018 Julian Heeck (ULB) - Majorons 19 ● Free-streaming length λ depends on average DM momentum:

● Lyman-α limits:

– Thermal DM:

~ 3. [Shaposhnikov, Tkachev, ’06; – Thermal A →DM DM:

~ 2.5. Bezrukov, Gorbunov, ’14] – Freeze-out A →DM DM:

> 2.5. [Petraki, Kusenko, ’07; Merle, Totzauer, ’15] – Freeze-in A →DM DM:

~ 1. [Merle, Niro, Schmidt ’13; König, Merle, Totzauer, ’16]

NOW 2018 Julian Heeck (ULB) - Majorons 20 Cold keV majorons from decay

● Decay A→B DM of thermal A:

(with mDM << mA – mB)

● Phase space suppression gives cold light DM!

[JH, Teresi, 1706.09909]

● Can go to cold keV DM via mA ~ mB.

● Natural in inverse seesaw majorons: Ni→Nj J. [JH, Teresi, Boulebnane, Nguyen, 1709.07283]

NOW 2018 Julian Heeck (ULB) - Majorons 21 Summary

● Majoron couplings suppressed by U(1)L scale ⇨ Automatically long-lived DM candidate. ● Seesaw and leptogenesis for free.

● For MeV < mJ: J→νν in Borexino, Super-K,… ● Complementary to J→γγ, ℓℓ’, qq.

● Cold keV majorons from inverse seesaw: J→γγ.

Always look out for lines!

NOW 2018 Julian Heeck (ULB) - Majorons 22 Backup

NOW 2018 Julian Heeck (ULB) - Majorons 23 Inverse seesaw majoron

● One example: majoronic seesaw plus S ~ -1:

● :

● Couplings:

[JH, Teresi, Boulebnane, Nguyen, 1709.07283, see also Gonzalez-Garcia & Valle ‘89] NOW 2018 Julian Heeck (ULB) - Majorons 24 Inverse seesaw majoron II

● Relevant processes:

● Mass scales:

[JH, Teresi, Boulebnane, Nguyen, 1709.07283] NOW 2018 Julian Heeck (ULB) - Majorons 25 Majoron = DM

● Naturally light, long-lived DM candidate.

● Indirect detection possible:

– MeV < mJ: J → νν, γγ, ff.

– keV < mJ < MeV: J →γγ. Maybe warm DM. [JH, Daniele Teresi, 1706.09909, 1709.07283]

Majoron ≠ DM

● Increase couplings to produce J in lab.

● Measure seesaw parameters. [JH, work in progress]

NOW 2018 Julian Heeck (ULB) - Majorons 26 Pseudo-Goldstone

● Spontaneous global U(1) breaking gives mJ = 0. ● Non-zero mass from: – Breaking by gravity, e.g. wormholes,

[Alonso, Urbano, 1706.07415]

– Anomalies, e.g. if U(1)B-L = U(1)PQ. [Mohapatra, Senjanovic ‘83; Langacker, Peccei, Yanagida ‘86; SMASH ‘16]

– Explicit breaking, e.g.

Stay ignorant here, just put mJ. NOW 2018 Julian Heeck (ULB) - Majorons 27 Flavor of J → νk νk

Mass eigenstates → no oscillations!

Flavor ratios:

[JH, Camilo Garcia-Cely, 1701.07209]

NOW 2018 Julian Heeck (ULB) - Majorons 28 Parametrization of our ignorance

“Known”:

PMNS mixing matrix

● Leaves 9 unknown parameters in seesaw.

● Here: hermitian [Davidson, Ibarra, hep-ph/0104076]

● One-to-one:

● Useful: majoron loop couplings depend on

NOW 2018 Julian Heeck (ULB) - Majorons 29 Majoron couplings

● Tree level coupling only to neutrinos:

● One loop: Off-diagonal!

● Two loop:

[Heeck, Camilo Garcia-Cely, 1701.07209; see also Pilaftsis ‘94] NOW 2018 Julian Heeck (ULB) - Majorons 30 Two-loop couplings ] 9 0

● 2 Full calculation 7 0 . 1

highly non-trivial. 0 7 1

[JH, in progress] , y l e

● C J-Z mixing formally similar to triplet majoron: - a i c

[Bazzocchi, Lattanzi, Riemer-Sørensen, Valle, 0805.2372] r a G

o l

(two loop) (one loop) i m a C

● Gives the only DM signature for m < MeV. , J H J [ [Lattanzi, Riemer-Sørensen, Tórtola, Valle, ‘13; Queiroz, Sinha, ‘14]

NOW 2018 Julian Heeck (ULB) - Majorons 31 Properties

● Crucial observation: the two matrices are independent!

[Davidson, Ibarra, hep-ph/0104076]

● Jℓℓ’ coupling can be large and of arbitrary structure.

● Similar couplings arise for familons or flavor Z’. [Wilczek, ‘82; Reiss, ‘82; Grinstein, Preskill, Wise, 85; ...]

● not necessarily massless: pseudo-Goldstone.

● Experimental signature depends on decay channel:

NOW 2018 Julian Heeck (ULB) - Majorons 32 ℓ→ℓ’ J with J→ invisible

● Standard LFV in seesaw:

● Great signature, but requires light NR.

● With majoron: look for mono-energetic : [Pilaftsis, ‘94; Feng, Moroi, Murayama, Schnapka, ‘98; Hirsch, Vicente, Meyer, Porod, ‘09]

● If MR= diag(M):

NOW 2018 Julian Heeck (ULB) - Majorons 33 μ→e J with J→ invisible

● TWIST, ‘15: limits on different anisotropies.

● Chiral coupling μPLeJ suppresses sensitivity! [Heeck, Garcia-Cely, 1701.07209]

● Bremsstrahlung is competitive: μ→e J γ. [Goldman et al, ‘87]

● Approximate limit

NOW 2018 Julian Heeck (ULB) - Majorons 34 μ→e J with J→ invisible e! u3 M h ● TWIST, ‘15: limits on it w different anisotropies. ly nt ● Chiral coupling μP eJ a L fic suppresses sensitivity! ni ig [Heeck, Garcia-Cely, 1701.07209] s ed ● Bremsstrahlung is ov competitive: μ→ep rJ γ. [Goldman et al, ‘87] im e ● b Approximaten limit Ca

NOW 2018 Julian Heeck (ULB) - Majorons 35 μ→e X with X→ visible

● Take Xeγ5e me/Λee.

● Decay length determines signature.

● Displaced vertex gives new observable. [Heeck, Rodejohann, 1710.02062]

● at rest:

Sub-GeV X with ee coupling allowed?

NOW 2018 Julian Heeck (ULB) - Majorons 36 [Heeck, Rodejohann, 1710.02062] μ→e X with X→ ee

● Decay length typically below cm. => looks prompt.

● Below beam dump:

Λee > 30 TeV; mostly invisible, but some DV!

Possible in Mu3e!

NOW 2018 Julian Heeck (ULB) - Majorons 37 [Heeck, Rodejohann, 1710.02062] μ→e X with X→ γγ

● Decay length always below cm. ⇒ looks prompt.

● Below beam dump: supernova constraints!

● Prompt channel still interesting, maybe MEG(II) or Mu3e extension? [Recent limits: Dolan et al, 1709.00009]

Muons difficult, taus easier.

NOW 2018 Julian Heeck (ULB) - Majorons 38 τ → ℓ J with J→ invisible

● ARGUS, ‘95; 5e5 taus. ● Belle, ‘16 prelim.; 1e9 taus.

τ → μ J

O(20) times better than ARGUS! τ → e J

mJ (GeV)

● Also interesting for LFV Z’. [Foot, He, Lew, Volkas, ‘94; Heeck, 1602.03810; Altmannshofer et al, 1607.06832]

● Improvement with Belle-II.

NOW 2018 Julian Heeck (ULB) - Majorons 39 τ → ℓ J with J→ invisible

● ARGUS, ‘95; 5e5 taus. ● Belle, ‘16 prelim.; 1e9 taus.

τ → μ J

O(20) times better than ARGUS! τ → e J

mJ (GeV)

● Also interesting for LFV Z’. [Foot, He, Lew, Volkas, ‘94; Heeck, 1602.03810; Altmannshofer et al, 1607.06832]

● Improvement with Belle-II.

NOW 2018 Julian Heeck (ULB) - Majorons 40 [Heeck, Rodejohann, 1710.02062] τ→e X with X→ visible

● at rest, higher X boost.

● Arbitrary decay lengths possible.

● Similar for X → ee, μμ, μe.

● Worthwhile in LHCb

and Belle (II). [Recent limits: Dolan et al, 1709.00009]

Muons difficult, taus easier...

NOW 2018 Julian Heeck (ULB) - Majorons 41 Reconstruct seesaw?

●

● Jνν coupling to measure U(1)L scale f.

● Use Jff couplings to reconstruct

● Diagonal K entries from e.g. Jee, Jμμ, and Jγγ.

● Off-diagonal |Kαβ| from LFV: α→ βJ.

● Take from Phase of off-diagonal Kαβ? /ALP searches. NOW 2018 Julian Heeck (ULB) - Majorons 42