Gender Dysphoria As Portrayed in David Ebershoff's the Danish Girl and Pepi Al Bayqunie's Calabai

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GENDER DYSPHORIA AS PORTRAYED IN DAVID EBERSHOFF’S THE DANISH GIRL AND PEPI AL BAYQUNIE’S CALABAI: PEREMPUAN DALAM TUBUH LELAKI

A THESIS

MUHAMMAD FACHRI

REG. NO: 130705104

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

MEDAN 2017

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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, MUHAMMAD FACHRI DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF

THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF

THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED

ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A

THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER

DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT

DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS.

THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF

ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

Signed :

Date : August 22nd, 2017

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NAME : MUHAMMAD FACHRI

TITLE OF THESIS : GENDER DYSPHORIA AS PORTRAYED IN

DAVID EBERSHOFF’S THE DANISH GIRL

AND PEPI AL BAYQUNIE’S CALABAI:

PEREMPUAN DALAM TUBUH LELAKI

QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA

DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR

REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES,

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT

USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW

OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

Signed :

Date : August 22nd, 2017

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Bismillahirrahmanirrahim,

First of all, I would like to thank Allah SWT, for His compassion and blessing that given to me to finish this thesis. Shalawat and Salam to the Prophet

Muhammad SAW, along with his family and his companions.

My special gratitude for Abah and Bunda, for everything you have done and sacrificed for me. You don’t know how much I love you guys. I wish someday I will be able to make you prouder and prouder.

I would like to express my biggest grattitude to my supervisor, Dr. Martha

Pardede, M.S and to my co-supervisor Dra. Diah Rahayu Pratama, M.Pd for their kindness, knowledge, patience, motivation and great advices for me to write and finish this thesis. Without them, I was nothing. They helped me a lot in every single steps I took in writing this thesis. They are great lecturers.

My gratitude also goes to the Head and the Secretary of English Department,

Dr. Deliana, M.Hum and Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D. and all the lecturers and the staff of English Department for the facilities and opportunities given to me during my study in this faculty.

I also want to thank my gang “The GMC”, Sri Karina Hutabarat (Our

Cicilalang), Anandya Kesuma (Dillay = Dila Alay), Clara Rebecca (The Beyonce cabang Langsa), Onyak Silaban (she called herself a flower, well I’m not sure what kind of flower she is), Fitrah Ayuni (The Invisible Woman, haha), and my special thanks goes to Natasha Putri Maga Rangkuti (My Crazy Twin) because she always

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helps me anytime I need her to make me a figure or to make my powerpoint presentation looks perfect. Last but not least is to Muhammad Ridha, our lovely neighbor and same aged brother. I just want you guys to know that i love you all like a siblings. I know that we have been through and shares a lot of things together, I hope this friendships will last forever. See you on top, Babes.

Not to forget, I also want to thank my highschool’s squad Andre Pratama,

Sabrina Putri Amanda, Yosefine Agatha, and Margareth Stevani for supporting and encouraging me starts from the very beginning. I love you guys, I know that a family doesn’t have to come from the same blood.

I want to thank my other gang, Meisara Defani Nasution, Nurfitri, and

Awanis who also always support me and force me to become a better and a braver person. I love you, sis.

Last but not least, I also want to thank Nadya Nasier and Mira Aprianti for accepting me in the middle of our friendship. We were just a stranger, but now we’re like best friends. We share the tired, the confused, the funny, and the happy moments together. Believe me, I would not forget about our friendships. You guys are two of the kindest person I have ever met.

Finally, may this thesis gives benefits for the readers and future researcher, may the grace, the bless and the love of Allah SWT always be with us forever, and may we always be in the protection of Allah SWT. Aamiin.

Medan, August 2017

Muhammad Fachri

Reg. No. 130705104 viii

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ABSTRACT

This thesis entitled Gender Dysphoria as Portrayed in David Ebershoff’s The Danish Girl and Pepi Al Bayqunie’s Calabai: Perempuan Dalam Tubuh Lelaki. This thesis contains a study of comparative literature which compare both novels that come from different countries, United States of America and Indonesia. Both of the novels have the same motifs. The aims of this thesis are (i) to find the characteristics or the symptoms of gender dysphoria which portrayed in each main characters of The Danish Girl and Calabai novels, (ii) to find the effects caused by gender dysphoria which portrayed in each main characters of The Danish Girl and Calabai novels, (iii) to find the action taken by each main characters of The Danish Girl and Calabai novels to change the society’s perceptions and to become who they truly are, and (iv) to find the similarities and the differences found in The Danish Girl and Calabai novels. The writer used sociology and psychology of literature as the concept of theory. The writer also used Hurlock’s self acceptance theory to help the writer in analyzing the problems. In completing the analysis, the writer use qualitative descriptive method. The writer collects the data from some sources included The Danish Girl and Calabai novels, journals, articles, movie adaptation, and book which related to the gender dysphoria.

Keywords: Gender Dysphoria, Transgender, The Danish Girl, Calabai, Comparative Literature.

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ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini berjudul Gambaran Disforia Gender dalam novel The Danish Girl karya David Ebershoff dan novel Calabai karya Pepi Al Bayqunie. Skripsi ini merupakan analisis sastra bandingan. Sastra bandingan adalah studi literatur yang menganalisis dua karya sastra atau lebih. Tujuan dari tesis ini adalah (i) untuk mengetahui karakteristik atau gejala disforia gender yang digambarkan pada masing-masing karakter utama dari kedua novel tersebut, (ii) untuk mengetahui efek yang ditimbulkan oleh disforia gender yang digambarkan pada masing-masing karakter utama dari kedua novel tersebut, (iii) untuk menemukan tindakan yang diambil oleh setiap karakter utama untuk merubah pandangan masyarakat dan menjadi diri mereka sebenarnya, dan (iv) menemukan persamaan dan perbedaan yang ditemukan pada kedua novel tersebut. Penulis menggunakan sosiologi dan psikologi sastra sebagai konsep teori. Penulis juga menggunakan teori penerimaan diri Hurlock untuk membantu penulis dalam menganalisis permasalahannya. Untuk melengkapi proses analisis, penulis menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif. Penulis mengumpulkan data dari beberapa sumber seperti novel The Danish Girl dan Calabai, beberapa jurnal, artikel, adaptasi film, serta buku-buku yang berhubungan dengan disforia gender.

Kata kunci: Disforia Gender, Transgender, The Danish Girl, Calabai, Sastra Bandingan

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ...... v

ACKNOWLEDGMENT ...... vii

ABSTRACT ...... ix

ABSTRAK ...... x

TABLE OF CONTENT ...... xi

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES ...... xiv

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study ...... 1

1.2 Problem of the study ...... 6

1.3 Objective of the study ...... 7

1.4 Scope of the study ...... 7

1.5 Significance of the study ...... 8

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Brief description of novel...... 9

2.2 Sociology of literature ...... …13

2.3 Psychology of literature ...... 15

2.3.1 Humanistic approach ...... 17

2.3.2 Hurlock’s self acceptance theory ...... 18

2.4 Mental disorder ...... 22

2.4.1 Gender dysphoria ...... 22

2.4.2 Diagnosis of gender dysphoria ...... 23

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2.4.3 The effects of gender dysphoria ...... 27

2.5 Comparative literature ...... 28

2.6 Related previous studies ...... 30

CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH

3.1 Research design ...... 32

3.2 Data source ...... 33

3.3 Data collecting procedure ...... 33

3.4 Data selecting procedure ...... 34

3.5 Data analyzing procedure ...... 34

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDING

4.1 Analysis ...... 36

4.1.1 The characteristics of gender dysphoria in The

Danish Girl and Calabai novels ...... 37

4.1.1.1 The characteristics of gender dysphoria in The

Danish Girl novel ...... 37

4.1.1.2 The characteristics of gender dysphoria in Calabai

novel ...... 45

4.1.2 The effects caused by gender dysphoria in The

Danish Girl and Calabai novels ...... 50

4.1.2.1 The effects of gender dysphoria in The

Danish Girl novel ...... 51

4.1.2.2 The effects of gender dysphoria in Calabai

novel ...... 59

4.1.3 The actions taken by each main characters to change

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the society perceptions and to become who they truly

are ...... 70

4.1.3.1The action taken by Einar in The Danish Girl

novel ...... 70

4.1.3.2 The action taken by Saidi in Calabai novel...... 75

4.1.4 The similarities and the differences of The Danish

Girl and Calabai novels ...... 79

4.1.4.1 The similarities of The Danish Girl and Calabai

novels ...... 79

4.1.4.2 The differences of The Danish Girl and Calabai

novels ...... 81

4.2 Findings ...... 82

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion ...... 96

5.2 Suggestion ...... 98

REFERENCE ...... 100

APPENDICES

i. Summary of The Danish Girl novel ii. About the author of The Danish Girl novel iii. Summary of Calabai novel iv. About the author of Calabai novel

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LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Tables

Table 1.1. The relationship of sex and gender ...... 2

Tabel 4.2.1. The characteristics of gender dysphoria in The Danish Girl and

Calabai novels ...... 84

Table 4.2.3 The actions taken by each main characters to change the society’s

perceptions and to become who they truly are ...... 90

Table 4.2.4.1The similarities and the differences of the elements of The Danish

Girl and Calabai novels ...... 91

Table 4.2.4.2 The similarities and the differences of the contents of The Danish

Girl and Calabai novels ...... 93

Figure

Figure 2.3.2. Hurlock’s conditions favorable to self acceptance ...... 19

Figure 4.2.2. The effects of gender dysphoria in The Danish Girl and Calabai

novels ...... 86

Figure 4.2.2.1The conditions of the gender dysphoria sufferers related to

Hurlock’s self acceptance theory ...... 89

Figure 4.2.4.3The comparison of the cultural aspects of The Danish Girl and

Calabai novels ...... 95

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Sex and Gender are two similar things with different definitions. The word of

“sex” refers to the biological and physiological differences between male and female, which is biologically determined at the moment the sperm fertilizes the egg. Sex precisely defined at the genetic level with “XX” being female, and “XY” being male.

The main difference between sexes are the reproductive body parts assigned to each, including their functions and corresponding hormones. At birth, besides the basic biological differences in the genitals and reproductive organs, there are not many differences between the male children and the female children. Society makes the differences between boy and girl through gender constructions, which called as

“Gender”.

Gender is a term that refers to social or cultural distinctions associated with being male or female. In other words, gender is socialized behaviors prescribed for society’s members based on their sexes. The individuals which were born into one sex or another, then it would be socialized according to specific gender expectations and roles. Biological males learn to take on masculine roles. They are socialized to think and act in masculine ways. Biological females learn to take on feminine roles.

They are socialized to think and behave in feminine ways.

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Sexual orientation is different from gender identity. Sexual orientation is a person’s physical, emotional, or romantic attraction to another person. While gender identity, is about one’s own sense of self.

Sex Gender

Male Masculine

Female Feminine

Table 1.1 the relationship of sex and gender

Gender differences can be seen with the characters of each gender. For example, the color ‘pink’ and ‘blue’ are gendered colors. The color ‘pink’ regarded as feminine, and the color ‘blue’ regarded as masculine. Furthermore, to be ‘strong’ and ’tough’ are masculine. Being ‘weak’ and ‘soft’ are associated with feminine characters. There more other examples of characteristics that are categorized as masculine and feminine.

As stated above about gender differences, it concluded that it is called as gender identity, where men should naturally think and act like a man, while women should naturally think and act like a woman. Gender identity is how the individuals feel about and express their gender and gender roles through clothing, behavior, and personal appearance. It is a feeling that every individual already had as early as age two or three. But not every person are satisfied with their sexual identity which given at birth. Some of them do not feel comfortable with their sexual identity. They feel that God had put a wrong soul in a wrong body. They prefer to act like the opposite gender of their sexual identity. For example, someone was born as a male, but he act

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femininely. He feels that he is a female which was trapped in form figure of a male, and he feels more comfortable to act like a girl. It is the same if it was a female who acts like her opposite gender. This kind of person is known as Transgender.

The definition of Transgender people are people who have a gender identity or gender expression that differs from their assigned sex. Transgender people have a way of expressing themselves, describing their gender, or gender identity that doesn’t always fit society’s rules which said that boys are boys and girls are girls. In order to express their chosen gender, transgender people may transition or change, from the gender they were given at birth. They may change their names, pronouns or style of dress. Some transgender people also choose a medical transition, with the help of medical specialist, who will prescribe hormones and/or surgery. The transgender people who do the medical transition from one sex to another are called Transsexual

(Trans woman/Trans man)

The recent transgender issue came from a trans woman named Caitlyn

Jenner, who was a former man named Bruce Jenner. The young Bruce Jenner was an

American Olympic running athlete. He was also joined as a talent in television and finally became a presenter. In the late 90’s he married Kris Jenner, a television reality show celebrity with fourth of her children with her former husband. Bruce was actually a very manly person. He was an athlete; he has a muscular body which portrayed a manly man. He also had married three times in his life. But then in 2015, he shocked the world by doing a medical transition and changed his name into

Caitlyn Jenner. He finally opened up about his decision to People Magazine, which he said that he had enough of trying to fool himself and others. Once he realized he was done taking a backseat in his own life, he knew it was time to be honest with

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himself. He suffered from feeling a lot of shame about this for a lot of years. He had enough of letting other people dictate how he was going to live. He seems happy that he can live his life the way he feels he’s intended to.

If we see this phenomenon according to the point of view of psychology, the transgender are the people who are experiencing gender dysphoria. Gender dysphoria

(used to be called “Gender Identity Disorder) is part of the mental disorder. It is the dysphoria or a distress a person experiences as a result of the sex and gender they were assigned at birth. Gender dysphoria is defined by strong, persistent feelings of identification with the opposite gender and discomforts with one’s own assigned sex those results in significant distress or impairment. People with gender dysphoria desire to live as members of the opposite sex and often dress and use mannerisms associated with the other gender. For instance, a person identified as a boy may feel and act like a girl. This incongruence causes significant distress, and this distress is not limited to be a desire to simply be of the other gender, but may include a desire to be of an alternative gender.

Based on that phenomenon, the writer wants to do an analysis of the transgender people which portrayed in literary work. Literature is the art of written works. Literature is used to describe anything from creative writing to more technical or scientific works. The types of literature are poetry, prose, and drama. In this analysis, the writer chooses a novel (part of prose) as the main data. Novel is a work of fiction. It is a story drawn out of the writer’s imagination. But not every novel is fiction or totally made by the writer’s imagination. Some novels also based from true story. In this analysis, the writer wants to do a comparative analysis between two novels. Comparative analysis is the study of literature across national and cultural

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boundaries, chronological periods and disciplines. Comparative literature study tries to compare two literary works which have the same issue or theme. Usually, the literary works come from different country, different language, and different time of release or writing. The writer chooses David Ebershoff’s novel The Danish Girl, and

Pepi Al-Bayqunie’s novel Calabai: Perempuan dalam tubuh Lelaki. The Danish Girl is an American novel which portrayed about the life of a man named Eignar

Wegener, which then transformed into a Trans woman with name Lili Elbe, one of the first people to undergo sex reassignment surgery. Meanwhile, Calabai is an

Indonesian novel which tells about the life of a young man from the land of Bugis named Saidi, who then was well known as Puang Matoa Saidi, a Holy Bissu (a genderless monk) in Bugis Tribe. The interesting part from both of the novels is the fact that it was based from true story. The reason of choosing The Danish Girl and

Calabai novel by using the focus of gender studies is because both of the novels give the same issue as the subject matter, the life of a person who doesn’t satisfied with the gender given at birth, a transgender. Both of the novels also describe the struggle of the transgender which portrayed in each main character of the novels, and how the people around them react of their difference sexuality and their gender identity.

In these novels, the writer wants to do an analysis about the life of transgender which portrayed in each main character in both novels. Character is the people who are appeared in narrative prose or novel and it is interpreted by the readers as a person who has moral quality and certain tendency such as being expressed in what they say and what they do. In analyzing the data, the writer uses the sociology of literature theory and psychology of literature theory. The writer use the sociology of literature theory because literature is the reflection of society,

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literature portrays the situation of the social life, the act of society and etc. In the psychology theory, the writer use Hurlock’s theory of acceptance. The writer chose this theory to see how much the sufferers of gender dysphoria which portrayed in both novels accept themselves.

In analyzing the data, the writer uses library research and qualitative method.

According to Moleong, qualitative research method is used as research procedures that resulted descriptive data containing of spoken and written words and people behavior which can be observed. In other word, qualitative research method is a research procedure that resulted descriptive data and relies on narrative description.

1.2. Problem of the Study

Based on the background of the problems outlined above, the issue of the problem associated with it can be defined as follows.

1. What are the characteristics of gender dysphoria portrayed in each main

character of The Danish Girl and Calabai novels?

2. What are the effects caused by gender dysphoria which experienced by the

main characters of The Danish Girl and Calabai novels?

3. What are the actions taken by the main characters of The Danish Girl and

Calabai novels to change the society’s perceptions about gender dysphoria

sufferers and to become who they truly are?

4. What are the similarities and the differences found in The Danish Girl and

Calabai novels?

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1.3. Objective of the Study

Based on the formulation of the problem above, the purpose of this study can be formulated as follows.

1. To find out the characteristics of gender dysphoria which portrayed in each

main characters of The Danish Girl and Calabai novels

2. To find out the effects caused by gender dysphoria which experienced by the

main characters of The Danish Girl and Calabai novels

3. To find out the actions taken by the main characters of The Danish Girl and

Calabai novels to change the society’s perceptions and to become who they

truly are

4. To find out the similarities and the differences in The Danish Girl and

Calabai novels

1.4. Scope of the Study

Based on the identification of problems above show that quite a lot of problems that arise, then the problems are limited on the characteristics and the symptoms of gender dysphoria which portrayed by the main characters, the effects caused by gender dysphoria which experienced by each main characters, the actions which taken by the main characters to change the society’s perceptions and to become who they truly are, and the similarities and the differences of the elements, the contents, and the cultural aspects of The Danish Girl and Calabai novels.

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1.5. Significance of the Study

This research is expected to make a benefit to the readers and to society social life.

1. To inform the readers about gender dysphoria which described in each main

character of The Danish Girl and Calabai novels

2. To educate the learners about gender dysphoria which described in each

main character of The Danish Girl and Calabai novels

3. To show the effects of gender dysphoria which portrayed and experienced by

each main characters of The Danish Girl and Calabai novels

4. To change the society perceptions about the social and sexual condition of

the people who experienced gender dysphoria

5. To aware about the existence of the people who have difference sexual

orientation

6. To describe the differences of the cultural aspects found in The Danish Girl

and Calabai novels

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Brief description of Novel

The word ‘novel’ comes from Italian, ‘Novella’, which means the new staff that small. Novel is a fictitious prose narrative of considerable length and complexity, portraying characters and usually presenting a sequential organization of actions and scenes. Wellek (1989) believes that a novel is the pictures of humanity that written by its author which he or she wants to send to his or her readers. A novel is picture of human habits, manners, attitudes, experiences, etc. Novel is a work of fiction which came up from the writer’s imagination. Fiction means story or something made up, but is not made up of actual events, happenings or people.

Sumardjo (1998: 29) says, “Novel ialah cerita yang terbentuk prosa dalam ukuran luas disini dapat berarti cerita dengan plot atau alur yang kompleks, karakter yang banyak, tema yang kompleks, suasana yang beragam, dan setting cerita yang beragam pula. Namun “ukuran luas” disini juga tidak dominan, mungkin yang luas hanya salah satu unsur fungsinya saja, misalnya temanya, sedangkan karakter, setting dan lain-lain hanya satu saja.”

Novel is a part of literature. Literature is any single body of written works. It is writing considered as an art form, or any single writing deemed to have artistic or intellectual value. The word literature comes from a Latin “litera” which means

“writing” or “forming letter”.

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Wellek and Warren in their book “Theory of Literature” (1984:3) say that literature is a creative work of arts. It is because literatures were born from different kind of author with different kind of personality and different kind the way of thinking.

Sumardjo and Saini (in Alfian 2014:2) say, “Sastra adalah ungkapan pribadi manusia yang berupa pengalaman, pemikiran, perasaan, ide, semangat keyakinan dalam suatu bentuk gambaran konkret yang membangkitkan pesona dengan alat bahasa.” Based on what Sumardjo and Saini have said, it is can be concluded that a literature is a work of art which constructed by human mind. It is the expression of the writer about his or her feelings, experiences, idea, and faith that described beautifully in words, whether it is in written or spoken forms.

Novel consists of some important intrinsic elements. These elements are character, setting, theme, plot, and point of view. According to Aminuddin by Alfian

(2014:34), character is the actor who develops the events in a fiction, so that those events can create a story. According to Sudjiman (in Alfian 2014:34), characters are the imaginative individuals who experienced the events and play an important role in the story.

In a novel, a character may define as a verbal representation of a human being. Through action, speech, description, and commentary, authors portray character that are worth caring about, rooting for, and even loving, although there are also characters you may laugh at, dislike, or even hate.

Characters may flat, minor character; or round and major. The main character in a story is generally known as protagonist. The character who opposes a

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protagonist is called the antagonist. Main character is the character which appears the most in a story and always has connections with other characters. The main characters are dominant in the story either do an action. Peripheral characters are the characters who have part as the supporting characters in a story. The peripheral characters are limited in the story and they are usually only related to the main characters.

Character is revealed by how a character responds to conflict. Abram (1981:

76) says that “Character is people who are appeared in narrative prose or novel and it is interpreted by the readers as a person who has moral quality and certain tendency such as being expressed in what they say and what they do”.

The second element is setting. In a literary work, setting is the time and place of the action. The setting includes all the details of a place and time, even the weather. The place may be a specific country, state, region, community, neighborhood, building, institution, or home. The settings of a story often help to create a particular mood or feeling.

The third element is theme. The theme of a literary work is its central message, concern, or purpose. A theme can usually be expressed as a generalization, or general statement, about people or life. the theme may be stated directly by the writer although it is more often presented indirectly. When the theme is stated indirectly, the reader must figure out the theme by looking carefully at what the work reveals about the people or about life.

The fourth element is plot. Plot is the literary element that describes the structure of a story. it shows arrangement of events and actions within a story. There

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are five components of plot, such as; exposition as the beginning of the story, rising action where the series of events, conflicts, and crises in the story that lead up to the climax. Climax as the turning point of the story, falling action is when the events occurring from the time of the climax to the end of the story, and the last is resolution as the conclusion of the story. Like what the writer has stated above that a plot also consist of conflict. Conflict is the dramatic struggle between two forces in a story. Conflict is a major literary element that creates tension and interest in a story by adding doubt as to the outcome. Without conflict, there is no plot. Every story has a conflict to tell to the readers, and it is all different. But there are some common types of conflicts which usually described in novels.

The first type of conflict is ‘the protagonist against another’. It is a conflict about the protagonist character against another character, which usually is an antagonist. For examples, it can be found in the relationship struggles between the protagonist and the antagonist stepfather in the novel This Boy’s Life. Other examples include Dorothy’s struggles with the Wicked Witch of the West in The

Wonderful Wizard of Oz.

The second type of conflict is ‘the protagonist against society’. In this type of conflict, It usually happens when the society do not like or agree for something that the protagonist do or has. For the example can be found in the novels which the writer wants to analyze in this paper, The Danish Girl and Calabai. Both novels tell about the struggle of the main characters which rejected by society because their sexual disorientation.

The third type of conflict is ‘the protagonist against nature’. In this type of conflict, it is about an external struggle positioning the protagonist against an animal

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or force of nature, such as a storm or tornado or snow. As the examples, it can be found in Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea, where the protagonist contends against a marlin. The other example is in Robinson Crusoe.

The last type of conflict is ‘the protagonist against self’. This is a conflict that is usually associated with an internal conflict. A character must overcome his owns nature or make a choice between two or more paths, good and evil, logic and emotion. For the examples can be found in the novel Fight Club by Chuck

Palahniuk” where the protagonist struggles against himself in what is revealed to be a case of dissociative identity disorder. Also found in Bridget Jones Diary where the protagonist deals with her own neuroses and self-doubts.

The last element is point of view. Point of view is the perspective from which a story is told. It is the relationship of the narrator to the story. First-person is told by a character who uses the first-person pronoun “I”. Third-person limited point of view is the point of view where the narrator uses third-person pronouns such as “he” and

“she” to refer to the characters.

2.2 Sociology of literature

Sociology is the study of social behavior and society. Sociology is the study of human social relationship and institutions. Sociology provides the tools to understand how and why our society functions, impact of social intuitions on individual lives, and the challenges of social interaction between individuals and society.

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Sociology of literature is derived from two kinds of knowledge that are related to each other; literature and sociology. Sociology teaches us how to understand about the social environment and social phenomenon in society. The object of the study of sociology is society. A society is part of social environment.

By using sociology, we can understand about society, its various institutions of human relationships and its manifestation of man’s social interaction and socialization. It can be concluded that sociology is a knowledge that concerned with social relationships and studies society, and human interaction.

According to Damono (2003:1), literature is a portrait of life, and the life itself is a social interactions. It is can be said that a novel is an effort to recreate a social life, the relationship between human and family, politics, economy, and etc.

The relation between sociology and literature can be seen in the text analysis of the literature to find the structure and social phenomenon.

Besides sociology, literature also discuss about the social condition in a society. Literature I considered as the social symptom. A literature was written in a certain time and related to rule, norm, and also culture at that time.

Wellek and Warren (1948:89) say that literature is a social constitution, using as its medium language, a social creation. It imitates life, and “life” is, in large measure, a social reality, even though the natural world and the inner or subjective world of the individual have also been objects of literary “imitation”. In practice, literature can obviously take the place of many things of travel or sojoum in foreign lands, of direct experience, vicious life. Much the most common approach to the relations of literature and society is the study of works of literature as social documents, as assumed pictures of social reality. Used as a social document,

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literature can be made to yield the outlines of social history (Wellek and Warren

1948:98-99)

Sociology of literature is a branch of literature study which discuss about the relation between literature and social condition through text of a novel. Obviously, the approach of sociology of literature is about the relation of literature and society.

According to Wellek and Warren (1948:91), “Literature is an expression of society, it means literature is mirrors or express life is even more ambiguous. A writer inevitably expresses his experience and total conception of life but it would be manifestly untrue to say that he expresses the whole of life or even the whole life of a given time, completely and exhaustively”.

In sociology of literature, there are three aspects which creates a relationship between the literature and sociology, there are :

a. the social context of the writer

b. the social context of the literary work, and the social condition which

portrayed in it

c. the social context of the reader

2.3 Psychology of literature

Psychology is the scientific study of how people behave, think, and feel.

Psychology is the study about human experience from the basic workings of the human brain to consciousness, memory, reasoning, and language to personality and mental health. The study of psychology is based on scientific research principles and

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studies involve a range of methods, including experiments, brain imaging, interviews, case studies and observation.

Literature and psychology are actually have a similarity. One is described and the other is discussed about human. The difference is, literature describes about the imaginary human which came from the imagination of the writer. Meanwhile in psychology, it discusses about the real human which created by God, and viewed in psychological way (attitude, character, disorder, etc).

According to Wellek and Warren (1948:75), the term psychology of literature has various meaning. It can be related to the psychological study of the writer as type and individual, the study of the creative process, the study of the psychological types and laws present within works of literature, or the effects of the literature itself upon the readers.

Based on what Wellek and Warren said, it can be concluded that psychology and literature are related to each other. The relation between literature and psychology usually describes in the characters which consist in the literature. It is because each characters have different personality which can be analyzed using psychology theories.

The study of psychology of literature explores the relationships between text and reader as well as relationships within the text, with particular emphasis on emotion/affect. One central thematic focus of the course, in addition to affect, will be trauma–an experience of maximal affect and long term disruption.

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2.3.1 Humanistic approach

Humanistic, humanism and humanist are terms in psychology relating to an approach which studies the whole person, and the uniqueness of each individual.

Humanism is a psychological perspective that emphasizes the study of the whole person. Humanistic psychologists look at human behavior not only through the eyes of the observer, but through the eyes of the person doing the behaving. As it developed, humanistic psychology focused on each individual's potential and stressed the importance of growth and self-actualization.

The fundamental belief of humanistic psychology is that people are innately good and that mental and social problems result from deviations from this natural tendency. Humanism also suggests that people possess personal agency and that they are motivated to use this free will to pursue things that will help them achieve their full potential as human beings. This need for fulfillment and personal growth is a key motivator of all behavior. People are continually looking for new ways to grow, to become better, to learn new things, and to experience psychological growth and self- actualization.

Humanistic psychologists try to see people’s lives as those people would see them. They tend to have an optimistic perspective on human nature. They focus on the ability of human beings to think consciously and rationally, to control their biological urges, and to achieve their full potential. In the humanistic view, people are responsible for their lives and actions and have the freedom and will to change their attitudes and behavior.

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2.3.2 Hurlock’s Self Acceptance Theory

Elizabeth Hurlock is one of the humanistic psychologist, who focused on the developmental psychology. Developmental psychology is one area of psychology that focuses on the development of life throughout the life span. One of Hurlock’s theory is about self acceptance.

Self acceptance is an individual’s satisfaction or happiness with oneself, and is thought to be necessary for good mental health. When we are self accepting, we are able to embrace all facets of ourselves. By accepting ourselves, we can recognize our weakness, limitations, and foibles. Self acceptance means that an individual understands who he truly is and where his strengths and weaknesses lie.

According to Hurlock (1974:434), Self acceptance is the degree to which an individual, having considered his potential characteristics, is able and willing to live with them. The self accepting person has a realistic appraisal of his own worth; assurance about standards and convictions of his own without being a slave to the opinions of others; and realistic assessment of limitations without irrational self- approach. Self accepting people recognize their assets and are free to draw upon them even if they are not all that could be desired. They also recognize their shortcomings without needlessly blaming themselves.

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Conditions favorable to self acceptance

Figure 2.3.2 Hurlock’s conditions favorable to self acceptance

Hurlock states in her book (1974:434) that many of the conditions that determine how much a person likes and accepts himself, are the opposite of those which lead to self-rejection. The following are the most important conditions which are favorable to self acceptance.

a. Self-understanding

Self-understanding is a perception of self marked by genuineness, not

pretense; realism, not illusions; truth, not falsehood; forthrightness, not

deviousness. It is not merely recognizing facts but realizing the significance

of facts. Whether a person will understand himself will depend not on his

opportunities for self-discovery. He must have an opportunity to try out his 19

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abilities without being overprotected by others and he must be permitted to

pit his skills and abilities against those of others to see where he stands in

relation to them. Self understanding and self acceptance go hand in hand. The

better a person understands himself, the better he can accept himself, and vice

versa. b. Realistic expectations

When a person’s expectations for achievement are realistic, chances are that

his performance will come up to his expectations. This will contribute to the

self-satisfaction that is essential to self acceptance. Expectations are more

likely to be realistic when the person formulates them himself rather than

allowing others to influence him unduly. c. Absence of environmental obstacles

Inability to reach goals that are realistic may come from environmental

obstacles over which the person has no control, such as discrimination based

on race, sex, or religion. When this happens, the person, knowing his

potentials, finds it difficult to be self acceptant. When the obstacles in his

path are removed and when parents, teachers, peers, or employers encourage

the person to achieve the success he is capable of, he can be satisfied with his

achievements, provided his expectations are realistic. d. Favorable social attitudes

Since the attitudes of members of the social group toward a person mold his

self-attitudes, the person who experiences favorable social attitudes can be

expected to be self-acceptant. The three major conditions that lead to

favorable social evaluations are, first, absence of prejudice against the person

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or the members of his family; second, possession of social skills the other

group members value, especially social insight, which enables the person to

put himself into the psychological shoes of another and understand how he

feels; and third, willingness to accept group mores in dress, appearance,

speech, and behavior. e. Absence of severe emotional stress

Absence of emotional stress makes it possible for the person to do his best

and to be outer-oriented instead of self-oriented. Absence of stress also

enables him to be relaxed instead of tense, happy instead of angry, resentful,

and frustrated. These conditions contribute to the favorable social evaluations

which form the basis for favorable self-evaluations and self acceptance. f. Stable self-concept

A stable self-concept is one in which the person sees himself in the same way

most of the time. Only if that self-concept is favorable will the person accept

himself. If it is unfavorable, it will naturally lead to self-rejection. And

unstable self-concept, in which the person sees himself favorably at some

times and unfavorably at others, fails to give the person a clear picture of

accepting himself today and rejecting himself tomorrow. If the person is to

develop the habit of self-acceptance, he must see himself in a favorable light

often enough to reinforce the favorable self-concept so that self-acceptance

will become habitual.

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2.4 Mental Disorder

Mental disorder is a behavioral or mental pattern that may cause suffering or a poor ability to function in life. Mental disorder is any disease or condition that influences the way a person thinks, feels, behaves, and/or relates to others and to his or her surroundings. Although the symptoms of mental illness can range from mild to severe and are different depending on the type of mental illness, a person with an untreated mental illness often is unable to cope with life's daily routines and demands.

Although the exact cause of most mental illnesses is not known, it is becoming clear through research that many of these conditions are caused by a combination of genetic, biological, psychological, and environmental factors.

2.4.1 Gender Dysphoria

Gender dysphoria (formerly known as gender identity disorder) is part of mental disorder. Gender dysphoria is a formal diagnosis given by mental health professionals to people who experience distress because of a significant incongruence between the gender with which they personally identify and the gender with which they were born.

Barlow and Durand (2005:342) say that gender identity disorder is present if a person’s physical gender is not consistent with the person’s sense of identity.

People with this disorder feel trapped in a body of the wrong sex.

Gender dysphoria or gender identity disorder involves a conflict between a person’s physical or assigned gender and the gender with which he/she/they identify.

Gender dysphoria occurs when the person believes himself or herself to be a woman

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(e.g for example), even though their physical body may be that of a man. People with gender dysphoria may be very uncomfortable with the gender they were assigned, sometimes described as being uncomfortable with their body or being uncomfortable with the expected roles of their assigned gender.

Furthermore, gender identity disorder can be distinguished from transvestic fetishism, where an individual which usually males, are sexually aroused by wearing articles of clothing associated with the opposite sex. In the case of gender identity disorder, the primary goal is not sexual but rather the desire to live one’s whole life openly in a manner consistent with that of the other gender.

Gender identity disorder must also be distinguished from intersexed individuals (hermaphrodites), who are actually born with ambiguous genitalia associated with documented hormonal or other physical abnormalities.

The last is, gender identity disorder must be distinguished from the homosexual arousal patterns of a male who sometimes behaves effeminately or a woman with homosexual arousal patterns and masculine mannerism. Such an individual does not feel like a woman trapped in a man’s body or have any desire to be a woman.

2.4.2 Diagnosis of Gender Dysphoria

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) provides for one overarching diagnosis of gender dysphoria with separate specific criteria for children and for adolescents and adults.

The characteristics of gender dysphoria usually divided into the adult and children In adolescents and adults gender dysphoria diagnosis involves a difference

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between one’s experienced/expressed gender and assigned gender, and significant distress or problems functioning. It last at least six months and is shown by at least two of the following:

a. A marked incongruence between one’s experienced/expressed gender and

primary and/or secondary sex characteristics.

This characteristic assumes the sufferers are having a discrepancy between

his or her physical sex (primary sex characteristics) with their attitude

(secondary sex characteristics).

b. A strong desire to be rid of one’s primary and/or secondary sex

characteristics.

This characteristic assumes that the sufferers want to get rid their natural sex

with their imaginary sex. For example, a man who suffered this characteristic,

he wants to get rid his natural sex into a female sex.

c. A strong desire for the primary and/or secondary sex characteristics of the

other gender

This characteristic assumes that the person who suffered gender dysphoria

has a strong desire for the primary and or the secondary sex characteristics of

the other gender. For the example, if the sufferer is a woman who feels that

she is a man inside, she will desire to have a penis rather than a vagina.

d. A strong desire to be of the other gender

This characteristic assumes that the person who suffered gender dysphoria

has a strong desire to become the other gender. For example, if the sufferer is

a man, he would have a desire to be his opposite gender.

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e. A strong desire to be treated as the other gender.

This characteristic assumes that the person who suffered genre dysphoria has

a strong desire to be treated as the other gender. For example, a man who

suffered gender dysphoria usually wants to be treated like a woman. f. A strong conviction that one has the typical feelings and reactions of the other

gender.

This characteristic assumes that the person who suffered gender dysphoria

has a strong conviction that he or she has a typical feelings and reactions of

the other gender. g. A strong desire to be of the other gender or an insistence that one is the other

gender

This characteristic assumes that the person who suffered gender dysphoria

has a strong desire to be of the other gender or a thought that he or she is the

other gender. h. A strong preference for wearing clothes typical of the opposite gender

In this characteristic, the sufferers have a preference to wear clothes which

don’t belong to their gender in common. For example, if the sufferer is a man,

he will prefer to wear the women’s clothes, etc. i. A strong preference for cross-gender roles in make-believe play or fantasy

play

This characteristic assumes that the person who suffered gender dysphoria

has a preference to play a cross-gender role in a fantasy play.

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j. A strong preference for the toys, games or activities stereotypically used or

engaged in by the other gender

In this characteristic, the sufferer will prefer to play games, toys, and

activities which are not usually belong to their gender in common. For

example, if the sufferer is a man, he will prefer to play the girl’s games like

playing dolls, cooking games, and etc. k. A strong preference for playmates of the other gender

This characteristic assumes that the person who suffered gender dysphoria

sometimes has a preference to play with the person or the group of people of

the other gender. l. A strong rejection of toys, games and activities typical of one’s assigned

gender

This characteristic assumes that the person who suffered gender dysphoria

sometimes has a strong rejection of toys, games, and activities typical of

one’s assigned gender. m. A strong dislike of one’s sexual anatomy

This characteristic assumes that the sufferer usually do not like their own

sexually anatomy which given in their birth. But this characteristic is very

rare found in the person who is experiencing gender dysphoria n. A strong desire for the physical sex characteristics that match one’s

experienced gender

This characteristic assumes that sometimes, the person who suffered gender

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dysphoria has a desire for the physical sex characteristics that match the other

gender.

2.4.3 The Effects of Gender Dysphoria

There are some implications which caused by gender dysphoria to the sufferers. These implications affect on the social and the personal aspects of the gender dysphoria sufferers.

a. Society bad stigma

Many individuals with gender dysphoria become socially isolated, whether

by their choice or through ostracism which can contribute to low self esteem

and may lead to school aversion or even dropping out. The gender dysphoria

sufferers sometimes have a bad society’s stereotype and stigma. The society

often judge the transgender or the gender dysphoria sufferers as a bad effect

for the life of ‘normal’ society because of their disorder. Gender dysphoria

also often cause a difficulties in relationships with friends and family.

b. Poor self concept/low self esteem

The gender dysphoria sufferers often have a low self esteem which lead them

to have a poor self concept. Low self esteem appears as the result of the

society’s stigmatized towards the sufferers. The person who suffered gender

dysphoria often feels very unhappy and lonely. The gender dysphoria

sufferers usually have an unstable self concept. They feel that there is a

mismatch between their physical appearance and their soul or their

personality. The sufferers usually don’t have a clear concept about their

gender.

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c. Self depression/anxiety

People with gender dysphoria have higher rates of mental health conditions.

Some estimates say that 71% of people with gender dysphoria will have some

other mental health diagnosis in their lifetime. That includes mood disorder,

anxiety disorder, schizophrenia, depression, substance abuse, eating disorder,

and suicide attempts. The depression appears as the result of low self esteem

and poor self concept. The person with gender dysphoria doesn’t know how

to control their desire to be of the other gender, which lead them to a self

depression because they can’t fulfill their desires.

d. Suicide attempt

Suicide rate and suicidal tendencies among the gender dysphoria sufferers or

the transgender people are considerably high compared to general population.

The suicide attempt rate among transgender persons ranges from 32% to 50%

across the countries. gender-based victimization, discrimination, bullying,

violence, being rejected by the family, friends, and community; harassment

by intimate partner, family members, police and public; discrimination and ill

treatment at health care system are the major risk factors that influence the

suicidal behavior among transgender people or the gender dysphoria

sufferers.

2.5 Comparative Literature

Comparative literature is the study of literature and other cultural expressions across linguistic and cultural boundaries. Comparative literature is a method in the study of literature in at least two ways. First, comparative literature means the

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knowledge of more than one national language and literature, and it means the knowledge and application of other disciplines in and for the study of literature.

Wellek and Warren (1948:38) say that the term comparative literature as

“troublesome”, noting that it has been used for the study of oral literature, the study of the literatures in two or more countries, and the study of a “general”, “universal”, or “world” literature.

Suwardi (2008:128) says “Sastra bandingan adalah sebuah studi teks across cultural. Studi ini merupakan upaya interdisipliner, yakni lebih banyak memperhatikan hubungan sastra menurut aspek waktu dan tempat. Dari aspek waktu, sastra bandingan dapat membandingkan dua atau lebih periode yang berbeda.

Sedangkan konteks tempat, akan mengikat sastra bandingan menurut wilayah geografis sastra”. According to Suwardi, it is can be concluded that comparative literature tries to compare literary works in two or ore different periods. It might be compared in the context of time and/or in different geographic areas.

Comparative study explores literature and other art forms beyond and across the boundaries of single nations, language and cultures, often in conjunction with the historical, political and social realities that lend life and variety to any art form. It represents a way of approaching creative works, rather than a specific body of knowledge about them. Comparative literature performs a role similar to that of the study of international relations, but works with languages and artistic traditions, so as to understand cultures from the inside. While most frequently practiced with works of different languages, comparative literature may also be performed on works of the same language if the works originate from different nations or cultures among which that language is spoken.

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2.6 Related Previous Studies

In doing the analysis, the writer founds some related previous studies which have the similar issues with the writer’s work. There are five related previous studies which help the writer to do the analysis.

a. Review Buku, ”Handbook of Sexual and Gender Identity Diorder” by Erika

Isnaini Maulida, Muhammad Alhada Fuadillah Habib, and etc

This journal is a group assignment of the university psychology’s students of

Universitas Airlangga. In this journal, they collect the ideas, understandings,

and the evaluation of literature research and the assessment of the

international experts in the field of sexual disorders. This journal helps the

writer in understanding the gender identity disorder and its diagnosis also the

characteristics based on the psychologist.

b. Gambaran Tipe-Tipe Konflik Intrapersonal Waria Ditinjau Dari Identitas

Gender by Stevanus Colonne and Rika Eliana

This journal gives the explanation about gender and gender identity disorder.

This journal also describes the conflict which faced by the transgender

people. This j

c. Unconditional Self-Acceptance and Psychological Health, by John M.

Chamberlain and David A. F. Haaga

This journal gives the explanation about self acceptance as the part of

psychological health. This journal helps the writer to understand more about

self acceptance and its relationship with psychological health.

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d. Gender Identity Disorder in Louisa May Alcott’s Little Women, by Nofa

Rochimah and Diana Budi Darma

This journal was written by an English literature student from Universitas

Negeri Surabaya. This journal helps the writer in understanding the theory

which used by the writer in analyzing the data. e. Gangguan Identitas Gender dalam novel Hitam Putih Dunia Angel karya

Angeline Julia by Heni Wulandari

This journal was written by an university student from Universitas Negeri

Yogyakarta. This journal helps the writer in understanding the theory which

used by the writer in analyzing the data.

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CHAPTER III

METHOD OF RESEARCH

The important part of a research in analyzing the data is a method of research.

By using method of research it will be easier for the writer in understanding the concerns expressed in a work that is going to be analyzed, to solve the problem and find a solution for the problem. In this study, the writer also uses method to analyze the object of the study, to understand all the data and finally transform it into a complete study

3.1 Research Design

The research design which used in this analysis is library research and the primary source of the analysis is the novel itself. This research is completed enough valuable sources such as relevant books and literary books. The library research will be supported by the internet exploration in order to make data of the analysis more available. This type of research also uses qualitative research method because all data are analyzed in the form of words and sentences. According to Moleong (2006:4),

“Qualitative method is used as research procedures that resulted descriptive data containing of spoken and written words and people behavior which can be observed”. In other word, qualitative method research is a research procedure that resulted descriptive data and relies on narrative description. With descriptive research, the writer will aim to carry out an exploration of the certain phenomena,

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which in this case is the gender dysphoria and other related issues to The Danish Girl and Calabai: Perempuan dalam tubuh Lelaki

3.2 Data Source

The data of this study is primarily from the novel The Danish Girl and

Calabai: Perempuan dalam tubuh Lelaki. Both novels consist of 270 and 383 pages.

The data in the novel can be in the form of words, phrases, or sentences. However, the writer only focuses on data that indicates the characteristic of gender dysphoria and how the characteristics of gender dysphoria expressed in the major characters.

Supporting the primary data, the writer also uses some related textbooks, articles, and film adaptation of the novel in reference to further guidance.

3.3 Data Collecting Procedure

In the step of data collecting procedure, the writer will need both primary and secondary data sources. First of all, the writer starts with getting the novel The

Danish Girl by David Ebershoff and Calabai: Perempuan dalam tubuh Lelaki by

Pepi Al-Bayqunie which are the primary data of this research and read it over and over until the writer understands the story well. The writer will also look into secondary data such as gathering data from books, articles, webs, and other supporting material that is relevant to the topic of the study.

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3.4 Data Selecting Procedure

In this procedure the writer starts to go through the data more thoroughly and takes down any notes for necessary explanations the collection of raw materials. This involves underlining and highlighting important data as well as quoting from the novel to provide concrete evidence. The data will be selected and organized in accordance with the problem of the study so finally the writer can carry out an analysis.

3.5 Data Analyzing Procedure

In this analysis of the study, the writer will arrange the data in accordance to the area of analysis. The writer will then:

1. Reading the novels

2. Underlining every sentences or the character’s dialogues which can be related

as the data

3. Collecting all the data

4. Classify the data accurately by relating it to the problems and aims of this

study within the novel

5. Investigate and analyze the phenomenon of gender dysphoria that relates to

the novel and social reality

6. Identify and interpret the data that suggests characteristics of gender

dysphoria which regurgitates by the major characters.

7. The writer then can make a conclusion from overall data analysis that have

been analyzed and interpreted.

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND FINDING

THE ANALYSIS OF GENDER DYSPHORIA AND ITS IMPACT AS

PORTRAYED IN DAVID EBERSHOFF’S THE DANISH GIRL AND PEPI AL

BAYQUNIE’S CALABAI: PEREMPUAN DALAM TUBUH LELAKI

In this chapter, there are four major points that the writer wants to analyze.

First is the characteristics of gender dysphoria as portrayed in each main characters in both novels, the second is the effects caused by gender dysphoria which experienced by each main characters in both novel, the third is the actions taken by each main characters to change the society’s perceptions and to become who they truly are, and the last is the analysis of the similarities and the differences which found in both novels.

In the first problem, the writer focuses on the characteristics or the symptoms of gender dysphoria which portrayed in each main characters in The Danish Girl and

Calabai novels. According to the book of The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of

Mental Disorders (DSM-5), there are fourteen characteristics or the symptoms of gender dyphoria. From those characteristics or symptoms, the writer picks some characteristics which have correlations with the data.

In the second problem, the writer focuses on the effects caused by gender dysphoria which experienced by each main characters in The Danish Girl and

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Calabai novels. The effects which affect the social and the personal conditions of the gender dysphoria sufferers.

In the third problem, the writer analyzes the actions which taken by each main characters of The Danish Girl and Calabai novels to change the society’s perceptions and to become who they truly are.

The last problem is the similarities and the differences which found in The

Danish Girl and Calabai novels. In this problem, the writer focuses on the similarities and the differences of the elements, the contents, and the cultural aspects of both novels.

4.1 Analysis

In the analysis, the writer wants to analyze the quotations which related to three problems. In the first problem, the writer will put the quotations which related with the characteristics or the symptoms of gender dysphoria which portrayed in The

Danish Girl and Calabai novels and explain every quotation. In the second problem, the writer put the quotations which related to the effects caused by gender dysphoria which portrayed in The Danish Girl and Calabai novels. In the third problem, the writer put the quotations which show the actions which taken by each main characters of The Danish Girl and Calabai novels to change the society’s perceptions and to become who they truly are. In the last problem, the writer will analyze the similarities and the differences of The Danish Girl and Calabai novels.

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4.1.1 The characteristics of gender dysphoria in The Danish Girl and Calabai novels

In this problem, the writer will analyze the characteristics or the symptoms of gender dysphoria which portrayed in The Danish Girl and Calabai novels.

According to The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM-V), there are fourteen characteristics or the diagnosis of gender dysphoria, but the person who is suffering gender dysphoria doesn’t have to experienced all of it, they can be diagnosed having gender dysphoria if they are experiencing at least two of the diagnosis.

4.1.1.1 The Characteristics of gender dysphoria in The Danish Girl novel

The Danish Girl is an American novel written by David Ebershoff. The story was inspired by the true life story of a married man named Einar Wegener, and his transformation into a beautiful lady named Lili Elbe, who then was known as a transgender pioneer in the history. Einar was born as a male, but there was a half- woman living inside him. He was married with his wife, Greta Wegener. Their marriage didn’t bring them any child. One day, his wife let her husband’s “half- woman” rise into a real life.

a. A strong preference for wearing clothes typical of the opposite gender

The first characteristic or symptom found in The Danish Girl novel is a strong preference for wearing clothes typical of the opposite gender. This characteristic explains the condition of the sufferers who like to wear clothes of his

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or her opposite gender. In The Danish Girl novel, Einar Wegener, the main character sometimes has a preference to wear women’s clothes. Here is the analysis.

One day when he returned from an hour of chat at the neighbor’s kitchen table, he found Einar, small at age seven, in the drawers, the amber beads twisted around his throat, a yellow deck-scarf on his head like long, beautiful hair.

(David Ebershoff, 2000:28)

The quotation above indicates the first characteristics of gender dysphoria which portrayed in Einar. It was the moment when little Einar was alone in his parent’s house. He sneaked into his grandmother’s room. In his grandmother’s room, he found some women’s things which attracted his attention. So, he decided to wear them. He wore the amber beads twisted around his neck, and he made a fake hair by using his grandmother’s scarf.

Lili was in a chiffon dress with a linen sailors’s collar and cuffs. The dress was making a soft noise as she walked, and she kept her mind on the swish-swish, nervously trying not to think of what lay ahead. Lili also wearing a velvet cap, bought only that morning at Fonnesbech’s, and she had sunk into it the pin of Greta’s yellow-diamond and onyx brooch shaped like a monarch butterfly.

(David Ebershoff, 2000:43)

The quotation above still indicates the first characteristics of gender dysphoria which portrayed in Einar. It was the first time Einar fully dressed up as female. He dressed up to attend a midnight ball with his wife. The name ‘Lili’ was given by his wife and her friend Anna when Einar was trying to wear stockings and women shoes. He did that to help his wife, Greta, who wanted to finish her painting

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of Anna, her model. But Anna couldn’t make it at that time, so Greta asked Einar as the model.

In the weeks before they left for Menton, Lili had begun to appear unannounced in the afternoons. Greta would leave the Widow House for an appointment. When she returned she’d find Lili at the window in a loose dress, the back buttons unfastened.

(David Ebershoff, 2000:63)

The quotation above still indicates the first characteristic of gender dysphoria which portrayed by Einar. That was the moment when Greta was coming home from an appointment, and she saw Einar, dressed in Lili, was waiting for her inside their house.

“What would you think if I were tell you to stop dressing as her?” Dr. Hexler leaned forward in his chair. “Do you think I should, Doctor? Do you think I’m hurting something by doing this?” (David Ebershoff, 2000:91)

The quotation above also indicates that Einar loved to wear women clothes. It was the moment when Einar visited a doctor for a check up, because he thought that there was something wrong with his body. But then the doctor said that he was healthy. Dr. Hexler thought that maybe it was because Einar liked to dress like a woman.

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b. A strong preference for cross-gender roles in make-believe play or

fantasy play

The second characteristic of gender dysphoria which portrayed in The Danish

Girl is a strong preference for cross-gender roles in make-believe play or fantasy play. The characteristic explains the condition of the sufferers who prefer to become or to act as their opposite gender in a fantasy play. In the following quotation, it is described about the little Einar and his childhood’s friend, Hans. They used to play the boy’s games. But there was a time when Einar and Hans played a husband and housewife’s play. Hans act as the husband, and Einar as the wife. The writer will describe after the following quotation.

Hans found Einar’s grandmother’s apron with the cottongrass strings hanging limply next to the stovepipe. He brought the nape of Einar’s neck, as if there were a panel of hair he needed to lift aside. “You never played this game?” Hans whispered, his voice hot and creamy on Einar’s ear, his fingers with their gnawed-down nails on Einar’s neck. Hans pulled the apron tighter until Einar had to lift his ribs with an astonished, grateful breath.

(David Ebershoff, 2000:32)

The quotation above indicates the second characteristic of gender dysphoria which experienced by Einar. It was the moment when Einar was still a young boy.

He and his friend, Hans decided to play a game. It was a ‘husband and wife’ game.

Hans pretended to be the husband, and Einar was the wife. The writer assumes from the Einar’s role of this game, he did the cross-gender role in a fantasy play.

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c. A strong desire to be of the other gender

The third characteristic of gender dysphoria found in The Danish Girl novel is a strong desire to be of the other gender. This characteristic describes the condition of the sufferers who have a desire to become the other gender. In the following quotations, the writer describes the conditions and the situations of the main character who has a desire to be of the other gender.

The first quotation which shows the third characteristic of gender dysphoria describes the situation when Einar and Greta were in France for holiday. There was a time Einar said to Greta “I was thinking of asking Lili to visit us,” he said. She’s never been to France.” (David Ebershoff, 2000:63)

The quotation above indicates the third characteristics of gender dysphoria which portrayed in Einar. It happened when Einar and his wife, Greta, decided to holiday in Menton, France. In that moment, Einar told Greta that he wanted Lili to come visited them in France, because she never been in France before. After that, he transformed himself to be Lili. From this point, the writer assumes that Einar has a strong desire to become a woman. It can be seen from this quote that he wanted to become a woman, even though they were in holiday.

The other quotation which show the third characteristic of gender dysphoria which portrayed in the main character of The Danish Girl, also happened when Einar and Greta was in France for holiday. Einar said to Greta, “Greta?” Einar said again. He was leaning against the rack of sample dresses. The Chinese screen was still lying against the sofa. “You won’t mind if Lili visits us here?” (David

Ebershoff, 2000:64)

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The quotation above still indicates the third characteristics of gender dysphoria which portrayed in Einar. From the quotation, the writer assumes that it was the second time Einar transformed himself into a form of Lili when he and his wife were still in a holiday in Menton.

“Einar began, “Sometimes I feel a need to go find Lili.” He’d come to think of it as a hunger. Not like a hungry stomach an hour before dinner; it was more like when you’ve missed several meals, when you’re hollow. When you’re concerned about where your next plate of food will come from, if it will ever come. It could make Einar dizzy. “Sometimes I lose my breath when I think about her,” Einar said. “Where do you go to find her?” Dr. Hexler asked. His thick glasses made his eyes look as huge as pickled eggs in a jar of oil.

“Inside me.” “And is she always there?” “Yes. Always.” (David Ebershoff, 2000:90-91)

The quotation above indicates the third characteristics of gender dysphoria which portrayed in Einar. It was the moment when Einar visited a doctor to check his health. The doctor said that he was perfectly healthy. The doctor assumed that maybe it was because of his habited to transforms his self as a woman. Einar explained that there was a girl named Lili living inside him. Einar continued that sometimes he needed to find Lili because he thought Lili was the part of his soul.

The other quotation which shows that the main character was experiencing the third characteristic of gender dysphoria was explained by the narrator, who spoke

Greta’s mind. “But how could she remain married to a man who sometimes wanted to live as a woman?” (David Ebershoff, 2000:97)

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The quotation above indicates the third characteristics of gender dysphoria which portrayed in Einar. The quote above was the opinion of Einar’s wife, Greta, which said that his husband, Einar, sometimes wanted to live as a woman.

The other quotation which shows the third characteristic of gender dysphoria which portrayed in the main character of The Danish Girl was when Dr. Hexler told to Greta that he couldn’t cure Einar. It was all about Einar’s delusion that he was a woman, “Not as much as I am about his delusion that he is a woman,” the doctor said. “Even an X-ray can’t cure that.” (David Ebershoff, 2000:99)

The quotation above indicates the third characteristics of gender dysphoria which portrayed in Einar. It was the moment after Einar visited Dr. Hexler. After that, Dr. Hexler met Einar’s wife, Greta to tell his opinion about Einar. Dr. Hexler said Einar became sick because of his delusion that he was a woman.

“He’ll be here within the hour,” Greta said. She was wearing a brown wool dress that clung to her in a pretty way. “Are you going to stay dressed as Lili?” she asked. “I thought I might.” “But I don’t think he should meet Lili right away. Not first. Not before Einar.” (David Ebershoff, 2000:123)

The quotation above still indicates the third characteristics of gender dysphoria which portrayed in Einar. It was the moment when Carlisle, Greta’s brother, wanted to visit them. At that time, Einar asked Gerda if he wanted to meet

Carlisle in the form of Lili. But Gerda didn’t allow him to do that. From that situation, the writer assumes that Einar had a strong will to become a woman, and he wanted other people to see his woman form.

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The other quotation which shows the third characteristic of gender dysphoria was when Greta met Professor Bolk. Greta said that Einar believed that he was a woman inside, “He’s convinced he’s a woman inside,” she said. “And to tell truth,” Greta said, “so am I.” (David Ebershoff, 2000:134)

The quotation above indicates the third characteristics of gender dysphoria which portrayed in Einar. It was the moment when Greta met Professor Bolk, the person who then would do the sex reassignment surgery towards Einar. From the quote, it is clear that Greta described the condition of his husband to Professor Bolk.

She mentioned that Einar was convinced that he was a woman inside. And Greta admitted that she felt the same.

“Do you think of Einar when you are Lili?” Dr. Mcbride asked

“Not at all.” “But you think of Lili when you are Einar? “Yes.” “What do you think about?” He removed the cap from his pen and placed the open instrument on a blank sheet of paper. “Most of the time I just think her thoughts,” he said. Einar explained that if he were eating an apple tart sprinkled with cinnamon he’d wonder if he should save a slice for Lili. If he were arguing with the butcher, who tended to press his thumb against the scale, Einar would wonder if Lili would argue. (David Ebershoff, 2000:144-145)

The quotation above indicates the third characteristics of gender dysphoria which portrayed in Einar. It was the moment when Einar visited Dr. McBride, an

American psychiatrist. He was introduced by Carlisle. When Dr. McBride met Einar, he asked a lot of questions. One of those question was how Einar felt about Lili when he was in a form of Einar, and how Lili felt about Einar when he was in a form of

Lili. Einar answered that, when he was in the form of Einar, he would think about 44

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Lili the most. What would Lili do when she was in Einar situation at that time. But, every time he was dressed in Lili, he never thought about Einar, not at all.

d. A strong desire to be treated as the other gender.

The fourth characteristic of gender dysphoria which portrayed in The Danish

Girl novel is a strong desire to be treated as the other gender. This characteristic explains about the condition of the sufferers which sometimes want to be treated as his or her opposite gender.

It sometimes bothered her that Einar never became jealous when a man on the street ran his eyes over her breasts; the only time he commented on it was when he was dressed as Lili, and then he’d say, “How lucky you are.

(David Ebershoff, 2000:95)

The quotation above indicates the fourth characteristics of gender dysphoria which portrayed in Einar. Greta told to Dr. Hexler that Einar never became jealous when a man on the street ran his eyes over her breast. But there was a moment when

Greta and Lili (the woman form of Einar) were walking in the street, and there was a man who ran his eyes over Greta’s breast. Lili commented to Greta and said “How lucky you are.” From that moment the writer assumes that Einar sometimes wanted to be treated like a woman.

4.1.1.2 The Characteristics of gender dysphoria in Calabai novel

Calabai is an Indonesian novel written by Pepi Al Bayqunie. The novel was also inspired by true story. The novel tells about the life of a young Bugis man named Saidi, who then was well known as one of the most respected bissu (a holy

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monk in Bugis), Puang Matoa Saidi. Bissu is a community of genderless holy monk.

A duty of a bissu is to sterilize the nature, that’s why they should be neutral. Bissu is not a man, nor a woman. The story starts when Saidi was seventeen years old. Saidi was described as man who has characteristics and attitudes like a woman. There are some characteristics and symptoms of Gender dysphoria which the writer had found in Saidi, the main character of Calabai novel.

a. A strong preference for wearing clothes typical of the opposite gender

The first characteristic of gender dysphoria which found in Calabai novel is a preference for wearing clothes typical of the opposite gender. In the novel, the narrator describes about Saidi, the main character of Calabai novel, who has preference to wear woman clothes, the clothes of his opposite gender. Here is the quotation which shows this characteristic in the main character.

The quotation which shows the main character’s preference for wearing clothes typical of the opposite gender was when the narrator describes the characteristics of the main character, Saidi. “Gerak-geriknya lembut, tindak- tanduknya gemulai. Ia suka berdandan, senang pula memakai rok.” (Pepi Al

Bayqunie, 2016:11)

The quotation above indicates the first characteristic and a symptom of gender dysphoria which portrayed in Saidi. The quotation above states that Saidi had a preference for wearing the women clothes, his opposite gender. He liked to wear skirts, and also to wear make up. The writer assumes that Saidi liked to do that

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because he thought that he was born as a woman and like a woman, so that he had a preference to wear woman’s clothes.

b. A strong preference for playmates of the other gender

The second characteristic of gender dysphoria which portrayed in the main character of Calabai novel is a preference for playmates of the other gender. This characteristic explains the condition where the sufferers have a preference to play or make friends with his or her opposite gender. The writer admits that not all person who prefer to play with his or her opposite gender is categorize as a person who is suffering gender dysphoria, but we can conclude with other characteristics which can be categorized as the diagnosis of gender dysphoria. Here is a little quotation which shows the second characteristic of gender dysphoria as portrayed in Saidi, the main character of Calabai novel.

The quotation which shows the condition of the main character who prefer to play or make friends with his opposite gender was explained by narrator. “Ia juga lebih suka berkumpul dengan teman-teman perempuan dibanding teman laki- lakinya”. (Pepi Al Bayqunie, 2016:11)

The quotation above indicates the second characteristic of gender dysphoria which the writer’s found in the main character. The quotation described that Saidi had a preference to play and hanging out with his girl friends. The writer assumes that Saidi felt more comfortable to play and hanging out with his girl friends, than his boy friends. The writer assumes that maybe Saidi didn’t have boy friends. Maybe those boys were not comfortable to play with Saidi, because he was a calabai.

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c. A strong rejection of toys, games and activities typical of one’s gender

The third characteristic of gender dysphoria which portrayed in the main character of Calabai novel is a rejection of toys, games, and activities typical of one’s gender. This characteristic explains the condition of the sufferers who reject all toys, games, and activities which usually do or play by his or her gender. The sufferers who are experiencing this characteristic prefer to play toys or games and do the activities which usually play or do by his or her opposite gender. Here are some quotations which show the third characteristic of gender dysphoria in Saidi, the main character of Calabai.

The quotation which shows the main character’s preference to play games, and activities typical of his opposite gender was also explained by the narrator.

”Selain gemar bermain rumah-rumahan dan masak-masakan...” (Pepi Al

Bayqunie, 2016:11)

The quotation above indicates the third characteristics of gender dysphoria which the writer’s found in the main character. It is clear to say that Saidi prefer to play the girls games, such as playing a cooking games and dollhouse.

Ia lebih memilih menumbuk tepung di kolong rumah ketimbang mengambil kayu di hutan. Ia juga lebih senang menjunjung daripada memikul barang bawaan, sebagaimana lazimnya anak lelaki. (Pepi Al Bayqunie, 2016:11)

The quotation above also indicates the third characteristics of gender dysphoria which the writer’s found in the main character. From the quotation, it is clearly said that Saidi prefer to do the female activities. For example, he liked to

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pound flour under his house (the woman’s activity), than to take woods in the forest

(man’s activities).

Sekarang lipstik ibunya itu sudah menari di bibirnya, dipulaskan dengan hati-hati hingga rata. Bibirnya sekarang merah menyala. Beberapa jenak ia tertegun menatap wajah di dalam cermin, merasakan denyar-denyar bahagia di dada, dan memejamkan mata menikmati kepuasan yang sungguh penuh. Sesekali ia mengatupkan bibir, merapikan jejak lipstik agar lebih merata, kemudian tersenyum lagi. Merasa belum cukup, dia meraih tempat bedak bulat berwarna cokelat muda. Setelah membuka tutup bedak murahan itu, ia menyentuhkan jemari lentiknya ke permukaan bedak, merasakan serbuk-serbuk bedak di jemarinya, lalu menepuk- nepukkannya ke wajah.

(Pepi Al Bayqunie, 2016:15-16)

The quotation above also indicates the third characteristics of gender dysphoria which the writer’s found in the main character. The last quote said that

Saidi loved to wear make up, the activity which do by women when they want to go out, they wear make up. He wears his mother’s lipstick and face powder, and it is clear to say that Saidi loved it. He enjoyed the moment when he put the lipstick and the face powder. He felt that he finally became who he truly was.

d. A strong desire to be of the other gender

The last characteristics or the symptoms of gender dysphoria which portrayed in the main character of Calabai novel is a strong desire to be of the other gender.

This characteristic describes that the sufferers of gender dysphoria have desire to be of the other gender. The sufferers of gender dysphoria who are experiencing this characteristic stated himself or herself as the opposite gender of his or her given birth

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sex. Here is the quotation which shows the last characteristic of gender dysphoria which portrayed in the main character of Calabai novel.

Hasrat Saidi menjadi perempuan sangat kuat. Ia tidak bisa berpura- pura menjadi tegap seperti laki-laki. Ototnya pun tidak bisa tumbuh berkembang sebagaimana lazimnya lelaki seusianya, meskipun setiap hari selalu diajak Ayah untuk ikut mencangkul di sawah. Ia malah merasakan sakit luar biasa acap kali pulang dari kebun. Otot- ototnya kaku. Cangkul tak mengintiminya. Kebun tak menggodanya. Dia asing di tempat seperti kebun, sawah, atau hutan.

(Pepi Al Bayqunie, 2016:22)

The quotation above indicates the fourth characteristic of gender dysphoria which portrayed in the main character of Calabai novel. The quotation described

Saidi’s desire to be a woman. He couldn’t pretend to be a man. Even though his father taught how to become a man, Saidi couldn’t deny his desire to be a woman.

4.1.2 The effects caused by gender dysphoria in The Danish Girl and Calabai novels

In the second problem, the writer is going to describe and analyze the effect caused by gender dysphoria towards the main character’s social and personal life.

After the analysis of the effects of gender dysphoria, the writer is going to relate each effects of gender dysphoria which experienced by each main characters of both novels to the conditions of Hurlock’s self acceptance theory. By using Hurlock’s self acceptance theory, the writer will know how much the gender dysphoria sufferers which portrayed in each main characters of both novels were experiencing self rejection.

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4.1.2.1 The effects of gender dysphoria in The Danish Girl novel

In The Danish Girl novel, the writer wants to find out the effects of gender dysphoria which experienced by Einar, the main character.

1. Society’s bad stigma

The first effect cause by gender dysphoria which portrayed in The Danish

Girl novel is society’s stigmatized. In the novel, it was described that Einar got stigmatized by the doctors who examined him. Einar decided to meet some doctors to figure out what was going on with him. He was curious that there was something wrong in him. He felt that there was a girl living inside him, a girl named Lili. All of the doctors he met suspected him as an insane man, and a psychiatrist diagnosed that

Einar was a homosexual. From that point, I assume that Einar got stigmatized by the doctor he consulted with.

The first example of society stigmatized towards the gender dysphoria sufferers which portrayed in The Danish Girl novel is suspected of insanity. It was the moment when Einar visited his first doctor, Dr. Hexler. After the consultation,

Dr. Hexler decided to examine Einar’s body with an X-ray to see if there was something wrong in him. But there wasn’t anything wrong in Einar’s body. He was a physically healthy man. After that, Einar started to tell to Dr. Hexler, that there was someone living inside him. He told that it was a girl, a girl named Lili. Einar also told that when Lili came into reality, he liked to dress up like a girl. From Einar’s story, Dr. Hexler assumed to Greta that probably Einar was insane.

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“Well, of course. I trust you agree with me, Mrs. Wegener. I trust you’d agree that if this doesn’t stop, we’ll have to take more drastic measures. That a man like your husband can’t live much of life. Of course Denmark is very open, but this isn’t about openness. It’s about sanity, wouldn’t you agree with me, Mrs. Wegener? Wouldn’t you agree that there’s something not quite sane about your husband’s desires? That you and I, as responsible citizens, cannot let your husband free to roam as Lili? Not even in Copenhagen. Not even on occasion. Not even under your supervision. I trust you’ll agree with me that we should do whatever it takes to get this demon out of him, because that is what it is, don’t you agree with me, Mrs. Wegener? A demon. Mrs. Wegener, don’t you agree?”

(David Ebershoff, 2000:99-100)

The quotation above indicates the moment after Einar visited his first doctor, Dr.

Hexler Vlademar. The doctor told Greta about Einar’s mental health issue. The doctor told Greta to stop Einar transformed into Lili. Dr. Hexler was asking about

Einar’s sanity to Greta. It was because Dr. Hexler never handled this case. Dr. Hexler also mentioned that maybe there was “a demon” lived inside of Einar. Dr. Hexler told Greta to help each other towards Einar’s mental health issue. But Greta didn’t agree about that, she didn’t think that his husband was insane. So she decided to stop met Dr. Hexler.

The other example of the society’s stigmatized towards the gender dysphoria sufferers which implied suspected of insanity portrayed in The Danish Girl novel happened when Einar visited his second doctor, Dr. Christophe Mai. In the second appointment, Einar was accompanied by Greta’s brother, Carlisle. After the little consultation with Einar, Dr. Mai told to Carlisle that maybe Einar was suffering schizophrenia, without telling to Einar first.

On their way home, Carlisle decided to tell Einar what Dr. Mai said about him.

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“The doctor wants to admit you to the hospital,” “For what?” “He suspects schizophrenia.” “But that’s impossible,” Einar said. He looked over to Carlisle, who kept his eyes on the traffic. In front of them was a truck, and each time it hit a rut, gravel would spill from its bed onto the spider’s hood. “How could I be schizophrenic?” Einar said again. (David Ebershoff, 2000:148)

The quotation above also indicates the society stigmatized towards the gender dysphoria sufferers which portrayed in The Danish Girl novel. Einar’s second doctor, implied that Einar was suffering schizophrenia, but Einar wasn’t sure about the diagnosis. Einar still thought that he was sane.

The other example of society’s stigmatized towards the gender dysphoria sufferers which implied suspected of insanity portrayed in The Danish Girl novel happened when Einar visited the third doctor, Dr. Buson, who also thought that Einar was insane. But he didn’t say that directly to Einar. He suggested Einar to do lobotomy, a brain surgery.

“Do you think it would work on someone like me?” “I’m sure of it,” Dr. Buson said. “It’s called a lobotomy.” “What is that?” Einar asked. “It’s a simple surgical procedure for cutting nerve pathways in the front part of the brain.” “Brain surgery?” “Yes, but it isn’t complicated. I don’t have to cut open the cranium. No, that’s the beauty of it. All I have to do is drill a few holes in your forehead, right about here…and here.” Dr. Buson touched Einar’s head, at his temples, and then at a spot just above his nose. “Once I’ve put the holes in your head then I can go in and sever some of the nerve fibers, those that control your personality.” (David Ebershoff, 2000:153)

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The quotation above indicates the moment when Einar was visiting his third doctor, Dr. Buson. In this time, Carlisle still accompanied Einar. During the consultation, Dr. Buson said that he understood with Einar’s problem. He also said that he had met another person with a similar issue. He said that he could help Einar to become what he wants. The solution was with the lobotomy surgery. Lobotomy is a brain surgery. It helps to calming down the patient. Einar was shocked while listening to Dr. Buson’s explanation. But he was still confused, so he hadn’t decided to did it or didn’t.

The other example of society’s stigmatized towards the gender dysphoria sufferers portrayed in The Danish Girl novel was when a doctor whom Einar consulted with stated to Greta that Einar could become a danger for society. A few days after Einar met Dr. Hexler, Dr. Hexler sent a letter to Greta which told Greta to stop encouraging Einar to become what he wanted. In his letter, Dr. Hexler continued that Einar could become danger for people.

After the visit to Dr. Hexler, a letter had arrived from him. Greta had opened the letter and read Hexler’s threat of reporting Einar dan Lili to the health authorities. “He could become danger to society.”

(David Ebershoff, 2000:117)

The quotation above indicates the moment a few days after Einar’s meeting with Dr. Hexler. There was a letter arrived from Dr. Hexler. In his letter, Dr. Hexler said to Greta that Einar could become danger to society because of his problem. But

Greta didn’t care too much about. She didn’t reply the letter, nor told that to Einar.

Greta thought that there must be another way to figure out what was dealing by

Einar.

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The last example of society’s stigmatized towards the gender dysphoria sufferers portrayed in The Danish Girl novel was when a psychiatrist diagnosed that

Einar was a homosexual because of his preference to wear women’s clothes and his statement that there was a girl living inside him.

“I’m afraid you are a homosexual,” Dr. McBride eventually said. He capped his pen with a little click. “I don’t think you understand.” “You’re not the first person this has happened to,” Dr. McBride said. “But I’m not a homosexual. That isn’t my problem. There’s another person living inside me,” Einar said, rising from his chair. “A girl named Lili.” His hand moved to Einar’s shoulder, nudged him to the door. “My only advice is that you restrain yourself. You’re going to have to always fight your desires. Ignore them, Mr. Wegener. If you don’t … well, then, you’ll always be alone.” (David Ebershoff, 2000:146)

The quotation above indicates the moment when Einar met a psychiatrist, Dr.

McBride. After the consultation with Einar, the doctor asked a lot of questions. Most of the questions were asking about Einar’s thought about men. Dr. McBride then diagnosed that Einar might be a homosexual. But Einar didn’t think that he was a homosexual. He stated that there was someone inside him, a girl named Lili.

Based on those quotations, the writer implies that the gender dysphoria sufferers often get a negative stigma or bad stereotype in their social life. In The

Danish Girl novel, the doctor who examined Einar suspected him as an insane person. The other doctor stigmatized Einar as a danger for society, and the last psychiatrist diagnosed Einar as a homosexual. The writer assumes that it was happened because at that time, there was no medical explanation about gender

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dysphoria which caused the doctors suspected Einar was insane because of his desire to be a woman. The writer relates the conditions by using Hurlock’s self acceptance theory. The writer assumes that Einar didn’t have a favorable social attitudes, which is the part of self accepting conditions according to Hurlock self acceptance theory.

2. Low self esteem/Poor self concept

The second effect caused by gender dysphoria portrayed in The Danish Girl novel is low self esteem/poor self concept. In the novel, it was described that Einar was having a self confusion towards himself. He was confused because sometimes he thought of Lili too much. It was like he wanted to be Lili all the time.

“I don’t really know what kind of help I’m looking for,” Einar was saying. “I don’t think I can keep living like this.” “Like I don’t know who I really am.” (David Ebershoff, 2000:148)

The quotation above indicates that Einar was confused about himself. He didn’t know the right thing to do to himself. He even didn’t understand who he truly was. From that point, the writer assumes that Einar had a low self esteem and a poor self concept. It can be seen that Einar wasn’t sure about his self, he wasn’t sure about his gender and his sexuality. Einar didn’t have a clear concept about what he was.

Those conditions can be related with the sense of low self esteem and poor self concept.

Based on the second effect caused by gender dysphoria which portrayed in

The Danish Girl novel, it described that Einar was confused with himself and his

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sexuality. From that point, the writer assumes that Einar was lack of self understanding, which is the part of the self accepting conditions according to

Hurlock’s self acceptance theory. In the novel, it also described that sometimes Einar liked to transform himself into a woman’s figure of himself, named Lili. From that point, the writer assumes that Einar was having an unstable self concept, which is also the part of self accepting conditions according to Hurlock’s self acceptance theory. Einar described that he didn’t have a stable self concept. Sometimes he thought that he was a man, but in the other day, he thought that he was a woman.

3. Self depression

The third effect caused by gender dysphoria portrayed in The Danish Girl is self depression/anxiety. In the novel, it was described that Einar was physically weak. Einar was so stressful with himself, he was depressed because he couldn’t find the answer about his strange desire to be a woman.

He couldn’t live much longer like this. Much of the muscle on his body had disappeared over the past six months; Dr. McBride had weighed him, and when the little black weights slid over to the left, Einar realized he didn’t weigh much more than when he was a boy. Einar had begun to notice a peculiar color in his skin: a gray-blue like the sky at dawn, as if his blood were somehow running at a slower pace. And a weakness of breath that caused his eyesight to quit whenever he ran more than a few paces, or whenever a sharp sudden noise, like the crack! Of a motorcar, surprised him. And the bleeding, which Einar both dreaded and welcomed. When he felt the first spurt of it in his lip or between his legs, he would become dizzy. No one would tell him this, but Einar knew it was because he was female inside. He’d read about it: the buried female organs of the hermaphrodite hemorrhaging irregularly, as if in protest.

(David Ebershoff, 2000:147-148)

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The quotation above indicates that Einar’s body became weak. It was because

Einar was too stressful and confused about himself and his desires. The quotation describes that Einar has lost his weight, and it can be seen in his skin color that he was unhealthy. The quotation implied that Einar was experiencing a self depression caused by his disorder. He kept thinking that there was something wrong with him, and there was a girl living inside him. All doctors he consulted with didn’t satisfy him. That condition brought him into a self depression.

Based on the third effect caused by gender dysphoria portrayed in The Danish

Girl novel, it described that Einar was having a self depression or emotional stress, which is the part of self accepting conditions according to Hurlock’s self acceptance theory. It can be seen that Einar became physically weak. It was because Einar was so depressed and confused about himself which cause emotional stress.

4. Suicide attempt

The last effect caused by gender dysphoria portrayed in The Danish Girl novel is suicide attempt. In the novel, it was described that Einar was so confused about himself, and he thought that there was no one who could help him. So he gave himself a year to figure out what was happening to him, if he couldn’t figure that out, he had planned a suicide.

It was May 1929, and he would give himself exactly one year. If in exactly one year Lili and Einar weren’t sorted out, he would come to the park and kill himself. It made him straighten his back. He could no longer bear the chaos in his life. Greta owned a silver-plated pistol from her California days. She’d grown up with it tucked in her stocking. He would return to the park with it and, under the black May nights, he would press it to his temple.” (David Ebershoff, 2000:110)

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The quotation above indicates that Einar had planned a suicide. He gave himself one year to find out about what was going on with himself. If he couldn’t figure it out, he would come to the place and shot himself. Based on the quotation above, the writer implied that the worst effect caused by gender dysphoria is a suicide attempt on the sufferers. It happens because the sufferers can’t stand anymore with the society’s treatments to them. They become self depressed and decided to kill themselves.

Based on the analysis of the last effect caused by gender dysphoria which portrayed in the main character of The Danish Girl novel, it was described that Einar was having an emotional stress, which is the part of self accepting conditions according to Hurlock’s self acceptance theory. Einar had a plan to kill himself, if he couldn’t figure out what was happening to himself. From that point, the writer assumes that Einar was having a severe emotional stress which caused by his disorder.

According to the explanations above and its relation with Hurlock’s self acceptance theory, the writer assumes that the main character of The Danish Girl novel was having the conditions which lead to self rejection.

4.1.2.2 The effect of gender dysphoria in Calabai novel

In Calabai novel, the writer wants to find out the effects of gender dysphoria which experienced by Saidi, the main character.

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1. Society’s bad stigma

The first effect caused by gender dysphoria portrayed in Calabai novel is society’s stigmatized. In the novel, it was described that Saidi became the object of bullying. Saidi often get bullied by his schoolmates and society surrounds him. They bullied Saidi because he was a calabai, or a sissy boy.

Ia tumbuh dalam dua dunia: tubuh lelaki, jiwa wanita. Laksana hidup di gerbang antara: antara lelaki dan perempuan. Calabai, begitu sapaan khas warga baginya. Sapaan yang menggelar orkestra sakit hati di dada ayahnya setiap kali kata itu disebut.

(Pepi Al Bayqunie, 2016:11)

The quotation above indicates one moment when Saidi was mocked by the society surrounds him. The villagers often called him ‘calabai’ which means a sissy boy because of his attitudes. His father was so mad and ashamed hearing the neighbors called his son ‘calabai’.

The other result of the society’s stigmatized towards the gender dysphoria sufferer portrayed in Calabai novel was when Saidi decided to quit school. It was because Saidi often get bullied by his classmates when he was still in school. His schoolmates often mocked him because he was a calabai, as described in the following quotation.

Disekolah, ia pasrah diteriaki bencong atau banci atau calabai. Menyakitkan. Ia dilecehkan sepanjang hari. Sekolah bukan tempat belajar baginya, melainkan kawah tempat darahnya dididihkan waktu. Sekolah justru tempat bagi batinnya untuk belajar menerima hinaan dan risakan.

(Pepi Al Bayqunie, 2016:24)

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The quotation above indicates that Saidi often get bullied by his schoolmates.

Sometimes Saidi thought that he didn’t belong to be in school, a calabai didn’t have a place in school. School was only for normal people. Bullying was also the reason why Saidi decided to stop schooling, because he couldn’t stand anymore with the bully.

The other result caused by the society’s stigmatized towards the gender dysphoria sufferers portrayed in Calabai novel was when the society near Saidi rejected him to live in their village. There was a moment when Saidi and his father went to the mosque for a Friday prayer, and the preacher was preaching about the punishment for a transgender people.

“Tuhan melaknat lelaki yang menyerupai perempuan dan perempuan yang menyerupai lelaki! Hadis riwayat Ahmad dari Ibnu Abbas.” Demikian tutur sang khatib membuka khotbah Jumat dengan suara lantang. Saidi kikuk, serasa duduk di atas bara. Ia merasa sedang dihakimi, duduk di tengah rumah Tuhan sebagai terdakwa. Dadanya sesak. Butir-butir keringat membasahi keningnya. Khatib di mimbar seakan sengaja menelanjangi harga dirinya. Apalagi ketika ia menoleh ke kanan-kiri dan melihat tatapan menghina dari orang-orang di sekitarnya. Baginya, agama adalah ruang pengap.

(Pepi Al Bayqunie, 2016:17-18)

The quotation above indicates the rejection of the society to Saidi. It was the moment when Saidi and his father were in the mosque for doing the Friday prayer.

When Saidi and his father had arrived in the mosque, they listened to the preacher.

The preacher was preaching about sins and torments for every man who acts like a woman and to every woman who act like a man. In this place, Saidi felt expelled, by the preach and by the sight of the people in the mosque.

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The other quotation which shows the rejection of society was when Saidi left his parents’ house. He lived with Nenek Sagena, a lonely old woman who helped him in the street and asked Saidi to stay with her. During he stayed with Nenek

Sagena, Saidi helped her with her small shop. And Nenek Sagena shop was really crowded of the customers when Saidi was there. Other shop owners were so jealous with that, and they thought that it was because Nenek Sagena used a black magic, and they suspected that Saidi was the person who had the black magic, moreover he was a calabai.

”Diam kau, Calabai,” gertak pemilik warung itu, ”tidak usah berkelit!” ”Calabai tidak boleh ada di kampung ini!” teriak seseorang dengan garang. ”Ya, calabai dilaknat Tuhan!” ”Calabai pembawa sial!” ”Usir calabai dari kampung kita!” (Pepi Al Bayqunie, 2016:67-70)

The quotation above indicates the rejection of the society of Maros village.

This happened when Saidi decided to left his family house. In the middle of nowhere, Saidi fainted and was helped by Nenek Sagena. Nenek Sagena brought

Saidi to Maros village, the place where she lived. Since that, Saidi lives in Nenek

Sagena’s house and helping her in her ‘kedai’ (shop). Nenek Sagena’s shop became very popular and had so many customers. It was because Saidi was very friendly and adroit in handling the customer’s orders. But then some harsh gossips appeared from the people who lived near with Nenek Sagena. They said that Nenek Sagena used

“black magic” to make her shop became crowded and full of customers. They also said that Saidi, was the one who had the “black magic”, moreover he was a

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“calabai”. These people decided to come to Nenek Sagena house to confront Nenek

Sagena and to drive Saidi out from their village.

”Kami baru bisa sabar jika para banci itu meninggalkan rumahmu, Daeng!” ”Ketahuilah, Daeng Mogga,” teriak lelaki bersurban itu dengan lantang, ”kami tidak ingin tanah Pangkep dihuni kaum Luth, manusia-manusia yang dilaknat Tuhan kami. Mereka harus bertobat, menanggalkan jubah calabai, dan kembali ke jalan yang benar!” ”Allahu Akbar!” (Pepi Al Bayqunie, 2016:101-103)

The quotation above indicates the rejection from a group of people, when the

Bissu was held a traditional ceremony in someone’s house and Saidi was there. This group of people told them to stop the ceremony, because they thought that the ceremony was against God, it was a deviate. Moreover it was held by the Bissu, who were basically calabai.

The last result or the example of the society’s stigmatized towards the gender dysphoria sufferers portrayed in Calabai novel was when Saidi’s father ashamed for his own son. Saidi’s father was really ashamed to have Saidi as his son. It was because Saidi was a man, but his act and his attitude was a reflection of a woman.

Tetapi bukan wajah, rambut, atau kulit Saidi yang membuat ayahnya kecewa, melainkan tabiat dan pembawaanya. Ia memang lahir sebagai lelaki, tetapi tumbuh seperti perempuan.

(Pepi Al Bayqunie, 2016:11)

The quotation above indicates that Saidi’s father was disappointed with Saidi, his only son. When Saidi was born, his father was very happy because finally he had a son after having two daughters. But his happiness changed into disappointment

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when he saw his only son’s attitude. He was disappointed because Saidi was a boy, but his attitude was like a girl.

In Bugis, having a calabai son was a disgrace for every family, especially for a father. That was what Saidi’s father felt for having Saidi.

Belakangan ia juga tahu, calabai adalah aib bagi ayahnya, sama seperti ayah-ayah lain di tanah Bugis. Itu pula penyebab kekesalan dan kemarahan ayahnya.

(Pepi Al Bayqunie, 2016:12)

The quotation above indicates that Saidi’s father often get mad and upset when someone’s calling Saidi ‘calabai’. It was because having a ‘calabai’ son was a disgrace for every family in Bugis land.

Because of Saidi’s girly attitude, his father decided to train him like a man. It can be seen in the following quotation

Ya, ayahnya tidak bisa menerima kenyataan. Lelaki paruh baya itu sangat malu memiliki anak calabai. Segala cara telah dilakukan ayahnya agar ia tumbuh sebagai lelaki sejati, lelaki yang utuh seperti lelaki lain di kampungnya. Dari sanalah bermula kebiasaan Baso mendidiknya dengan tangan besi, melakukan apa saja demi harga diri dan martabat keluarga. Bagaimanapun caranya, ia harus jadi laki laki. Tak lama kemudian, ia dilarang bergaul dengan anak-anak perempuan, dijauhkan dari semua pekerjaan dan permainan yang beraroma perempuan, kemudian setiap matahari terbit diajak ke kebun untuk melakukan rupa-rupa pekerjaan laki-laki: dari mencangkul hingga membajak, dari menyiangi rumput hingga memanen cabai. Tak ada lagi gelang karet dan alat masak- masakan. Bedak pun sudah berganti Lumpur.

(Pepi Al Bayqunie, 2016:12)

The quotation above indicates that Saidi’s father was very ashamed with

Saidi. Because of that, he decided to train Saidi to become a real man. He trained

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Saidi to do the men’s job. His father trained Saidi plowing, hoeing, and other men’s work. He forced Saidi to do that, to change his girly attitude. His father also prohibited Saidi to play the girls games and did the female activities.

The last quotation which shows the disgrace of a family was when Saidi and his father just came home after the Friday prayer. It can be seen in the following quotataion.

“Kamu mau jadi kafir?’ Saidi menggeleng. “Kamu mau dilaknat?” Saidi kembali menggeleng. “Kalau kamu tidak mau di cap kafir atau dilaknat Allah, Nak,” imbuh Ayah, ”buang jauh-jauh sifat calabai dalam dirimu. Camkan baik-baik, Islam itu melarang laki-laki berperilaku seperti perempuan. Mumpung kamu masih remaja, belajarlah jadi laki-laki tulen. Kalau sudah dewasa, jadi calabai betul kamu nanti. Pasti susah berubah!”. (Pepi Al Bayqunie, 2016:20)

The quotation above indicates the moment when Saidi and his father just got home from their Friday prayers. After that, his father told Saidi to sit with him and having a conversation. His father talked about what the preacher said in the mosque before. His father warned Saidi to change his attitude, or he will get the God’s anger.

Based on those quotations, the writer implied that the gender dysphoria sufferers often get a negative stigma or bad stereotype in their social life. In Calabai novel, Saidi became the object of bullying by his neighbors and the villagers. His neighbors often mocked him as a sissy boy, which made his father became ashamed.

Saidi also became the object of bullying by his schoolmates which made him decided to stop school. The other example of society’s stigmatized towards the gender

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dysphoria sufferers portrayed in Calabai novel is the rejection of society. The society near Saidi kept rejecting the existence of Saidi. They told him to leave their village, because they thought that a calabai was a curse for their village and gave bad effects.

All of these rejections towards Saidi caused an impact in his family condition.

Saidi’s father was so ashamed for having Saidi. His only son was a calabai. In every

Bugis family, having a calabai son was a disgrace for every father. The writer relates the conditions by using Hurlock’s self acceptance theory. The writer assumes that

Einar didn’t have a favorable social attitudes, which is the part of self accepting conditions according to Hurlock self acceptance theory.

2. Low self esteem/poor self concept

The second effect cause by gender dysohoria portrayed in Calabai novel is low self esteem/poor self concept in the gender dysphoria sufferers. In the novel, it was described that Saidi was experiencing a self denial. Self denial is a condition when someone is pretending to be the person he isn’t. It is clear that society often mocked Saidi, and his father get angry because of that. His father was also ashamed of Saidi’s attitude and personality. Because of that, his father decided to change

Saidi’s attitude by his own way. He trained Saidi to do the men’s job. Unfortunately those men’s activities couldn’t change Saidi. “Ia tidak tahu bagaimana cara menjadi lelaki. Bahkan, ia sendiri tidak tahu lelaki itu apa dan mengapa ia wajib menjadi lelaki.” (Pepi Al Bayqunie, 2016:22)

Even though, Saidi couldn’t avoid his father’s order, so he did what his father told to. But in his deepest heart, Saidi felt so tormented. It was like there was a

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chained that blocked him to do and to become what he wanted. “Kadang ia ingin terang-terangan, tanpa ketakutan dan keraguan, di depan semua orang memperlihatkan sisi perempuan dalam dirinya.” (Pepi Al Bayqunie, 2016:23)

The quotation above indicates the moment when Saidi was upset with his life.

He wanted to show his true self to the people. He wanted to be free and without any doubt to show his femininity. In the novel, it was described that Saidi had pretended to be someone he was not. He was lying to himself. It showed in the following quotation.

Setiap hari ia harus mengingkari nurani. Benaknya selalu dipenuhi pikiran bahwa ia telah membohongi diri sendiri. Keinginan memakai rok, keinginan bermain dengan teman perempuan, keinginan memasak di dapur, dan keinginan mengikuti kebiasaan ibunya dan kedua kakaknya harus dipasung oleh ambisi Ayah. Kelaki-lakian, atau berpura-pura menjadi laki-laki, yang selama ini ia tunjukkan kepada Ayah, justru menyiksa batinnya. Hari-hari berlalu bersama rentetan kedustaan. Ia berlumuran dosa. Ia tumbuh sebagai orang lain, bukan dirinya. Ia palsu! Itu sebabnya ia merasa menderita.

(Pepi Al Bayqunie, 2016:23)

The quotation above indicates that Saidi pretended to be someone he was not.

He did that just to avoid his father’s anger. But in his deepest heart, he was tormented. He was a liar for himself. Everyday, he tried to hide his desires to do what he wanted to do, his desire to play with his girl friends, his desire to help his mother in the kitchen, and many other women’s common activities. His desires were chained by his father’s ambition.

Based on the quotations above, the writer assumes that Saidi had a low self esteem and didn’t have a clear self concept. It can be seen when Saidi had to follow his father’s orders to do all kinds of men’s job, but in his deepest heart, Saidi didn’t

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want to do that, because he didn’t know how to do the men’s job and how to become a man. He pretended to make his father proud, to see his only son became a true man.

From that point, the writer assumes that Saidi didn’t confident to show his femininity which cause him to have a low self esteem. Saidi also pretended to be someone he was not, just to make his father proud. He had to pretend to act like a man, but his heart rejected that. From that point, the writer assumes that Saidi didn’t have a clear self concept. Because sometimes he pretended to be a man, and sometimes he couldn’t fight his desires to act like a woman.

Based on the second effect caused by gender dysphoria which portrayed in

Calabai novel, it described that Saidi had an unstable self concept, which is the part of self accepting conditions according to Hurlock’s self acceptance theory. It can be seen that Saidi denied his true self. He denied his true self to make his father happy.

Sometimes he wanted to show his true self to the people, but he was afraid that his father could become angry.

3. Self depression

The last effect caused by gender dysphoria portrayed in Calabai novel is self depressions of the gender dysphoria sufferer. The kind of self depression portrayed in

Saidi was when he protesting God. Saidi protested God for creating him this way, a woman’s soul in a man’s body. Saidi protested to God that made him as a man but he felt that he had a woman personality. “Kadang ia berpikir, mengapa Tuhan tidak menciptakan dirinya sebagai benar-benar laki-laki atau sekalian betul-betul sebagai perempuan”. (Pepi Al Bayqunie, 2016:23)

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From the quotation above, it portrays the conflict between man and God. It was the moment when Saidi was protesting God for his creation. He blamed God for making him like this. He wanted God to be sure, to put the right soul in the right body.

The other example of self depression which portrayed in Saidi was when he had a plan to leave his parent’s house. Saidi once planned to leave his parent’s house, because he couldn’t stand with his father’s order, and the society’s bully.

Pernah terlintas dalam benak Saidi untuk meninggalkan rumah, mencoba hidup dan mengadu peruntungan di tempat lain, jauh dari teguran, amukan, atau caci maki Ayah. Tetapi, pelukan Ibu selalu mengurungkan niat itu. Ia takut tidak menemukan pelukan Ibu jika ia meninggalkan rumah. Ia ngeri kehilangan pembela kalau ia kabur, menjauh dari tatapan Ayah yang ganas.

(Pepi Al Bayqunie, 2016:25)

The quotation above indicates that Saidi had planned to leave his parent’s house once. But he didn’t do that because he was afraid that he would lose his mother, his guardian angel every time his father got mad on him. But one day, he decided to leave the house, to find his life destiny.

Based on the third effect caused by gender dysphoria portrayed in Calabai novel, it was describe that Saidi was experiencing a self depression because of his disorder. The writer relates the main character’s condition to Hurlock’s self acceptance theory. Saidi’s self depression condition by protesting God can be related to have a lack of self understanding, which is the part of self rejecting conditions according to Hurlock’s self acceptance theory. It can be seen that Saidi was protesting God for his condition. He blamed God because he didn’t understand with

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his condition. He wished that God should make him as a true man, or a true woman.

Saidi self depression by planning an escape from his parent’s house can be related to have a severe emotional stress, which is also the part of self rejecting conditions according to Hurlock’s self acceptance theory. It can be seen that Saidi was so stress with his condition and his father’s ambition to create him as a true man. He couldn’t stand with his father’s treatments towards him, so he had a plan to leave his parent’s house. It was also because he always felt under pressure if he stayed.

According to the explanations above and its relation with Hurlock’s self acceptance theory, the writer assumed that the main character of Calabai novel was having the conditions which lead to self rejection.

4.1.3 The actions taken by each main characters of The Danish Girl and Calabai novels to change the society’s perceptions and to become who they truly are

In the third problem, the writer wants to find out the action which taken by each main characters of The Danish Girl and Calabai novel to change the society’s perceptions about the gender dysphoria sufferers and to become who they truly are.

Here are the analysis.

4.1.3.1 The action taken by Einar in The Danish Girl Novel

In The Danish Girl novel, the main character decided to do a sex reassignment surgery. Einar followed his heart to become the person who he wanted to be all the time, he wanted to a woman, a woman named Lili Elbe. The idea of

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changing Einar into a form of a woman was coming from Professor Bolk, who then did a surgery towards Einar.

Professor Bolk said, “I’d like to examine your husband.” “I don’t think your husband is insane,” the professor offered. “I’m sure other doctors will tell you your husband is insane. But that’s not what I think.” “I’ve met another man like him,” Professor Bolk said. “A tram conductor. A young man, handsome enough, pretty even, slender, pale of course, a bit light on his feet. Nervous man, but who could blame him for that, what with his situation? He came to see me, and the first thing I noticed—how could I not?—was that he had breasts bigger than many teenage girls. By the time he came to see me he’d started calling himself Sieglinde. It was peculiar. One day he arrived at the clinic begging to be admitted. The other doctors said we couldn’t admit a man to the Municipal Women’s Clinic. They refused to examine him. But I agreed to, and one afternoon—I’ll never forget it—I discovered he was both male and female. (David Ebershoff, 2000:135-136)

After met Dr. Hexler Vlademar who thought that Einar was insane, Greta met another doctor. His name was Professor Bolk. After Greta described Einar’s condition, Professor Bolk said that he could help Einar. He understood Einar’s condition. He had met someone who had the same condition as Einar, a man who felt that he was a woman.

Professor Bolk convinced Greta that he could help Einar, but Professor Bolk continued that Einar wouldn’t be Einar anymore after the surgery, he wouldn’t be

Greta’s husband anymore, he said. “I can help your husband,” Professor Bolk was saying. “But he won’t be your husband when I’m finished,” Professor Bolk continued. (David Ebershoff, 2000:155-156)

Greta told Einar about Professor Bolk. She convinced Einar that Professor

Bolk could help him. Einar agreed about the plan, and he went to the clinic. 71

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“Has your wife told you about my plans?” Professor Bolk asked. “Did she tell you how I want to proceed?” Einar nodded. “She told me you were going to turn me into Lili once and for all.” That wasn’t Greta had told him. She also said, “This is it, Einar. This is our only chance.” (David Ebershoff, 2000:190)

The quotation above showed that Einar agreed about the surgery, Greta had encouraged him. He came to the clinic to meet Professor Bolk. He was so happy knowing that he would become someone’s he wanted to be. He would transform into

Lili, mentally, physically, and sexually.

The first surgery was going well. Greta decided to visit Einar in the clinic.

Einar was so happy knowing that the first surgery was going well. Moreover, he was so excited that he was now a woman.

“Do you know what they’ve done to me?” Lili asked. Her face seemed fuller in the cheek and throat, so full that the blade of her Adam’s apple had disappeared into a little scarf of flesh. “Nothing more than we talked about.” “Am I now Lili? Have I become Lili Elbe?” You’ve always been Lili.” “Yes, but if I were to look down there, what would I see?” “Don’t think about it like that,” Greta said. “That’s not the only thing that makes you Lili.” “Was it successful, the operation?” “Frau Krebs said so,” “How do I look? Tell me, Greta—How do I look?” “Very pretty.” “Am I really a woman now?” (David Ebershoff, 2000:206)

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The quotation above indicates that Einar was so happy that Greta came to visit him. He told Greta about what he felt. She was really happy that she had officially become a woman, named Lili Elbe. And Greta was as happy as Lili.

After that, Greta met Professor Bolk to ask about the medical condition of

Lili. Professor Bolk said that Einar was born with undeveloped ovaries. Professor

Bolk’s statement assumed that Einar was partially a woman.

“I opened up her abdomen. I knew something was wrong. I’d been in enough abdominal cavities to know something was wrong.”

“It is true that Einar was indeed female. Or at least part female.” “In his abdomen,” Bolk continued, “tangled in with his intestine, I found something. I found a pair of ovaries. Undeveloped, of course. Small, of course. But they were there.” (David Ebershoff, 2000:209)

Time flies, and the second surgery was happening. Unfortunately, the second surgery didn’t go well. Einar or Lili was physically weak after the surgery.

It was late July before Lili was awake long enough during the day to remember anything. For nearly six weeks she had lolled in and out of consciousness, spitting up in her sleep, hemorrhaging between her legs and in her abdomen. Every morning and night Frau Krebs would replace the bandages taped over her pelvis, pulling away the old ones that looked like scraps of royal velvet, so red and bright they were. Lili was aware of Frau Krebs changing the dressing and the gauze, and the welcoming sting of the morphia needle, and on many days, the pressure of the rubber ether mask.

(David Ebershoff, 2000:263)

The quotation above indicates that the second surgery didn’t go well. Lili was so weak in the process of surgery and after the surgery. For nearly six weeks she had lolled in and out of consciousness.

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The pain was returning, and she was gripping the sash of the blanket, shredding it in fear. She concentrated on the bulb in the ceiling, biting her lip, but soon the pain had spread through her body, and she was screaming, begging, for a morphia caine.

(David Ebershoff, 2000:264)

The quotation above indicates the moment when Lili was in pain, but she couldn’t do anything. All she wanted was a morphia injection to redeem the pain.

Carlilse came to visit her and to take care for her. Carlisle asked professor about what happened. Professor Bolk explained that there was an infection, and Lili wasn’t in a good stamina. Professor Bolk told Lili to have an extra rest.

Unfortunately, Lili couldn’t survive with her pain. She died a few weeks after the second operation. She died in happiness, because she had fully become someone she truly wanted.

It didn’t matter who she once was, or who she’d become. She was Fraulein Lili Elbe. A Danish girl in Dresden. A young woman out in the afternoon with a pair of friends. A young woman whose dearest friend was off in California, leaving Lili, it suddenly felt, alone. she though of each of them—Henrik, Anna, Carlisle, Hans, Greta. Each, in his own way, partially responsible for the birth of Lili Elbe.

(David Ebershoff, 2000:269)

Even though the second surgery didn’t go well and Einar was dead, Einar

Wegener or Lili Elbe declared in the history as the first person who undergo the sex reassignment surgery.

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4.1.3.2 The action taken by Saidi in Calabai Novel

In Calabai novel, the main character, Saidi, decided to become a bissu, a holy monk in Bugis land. He had a dream which lead him to become a bissu. After having that strange dream, Saidi decided to leave his parent’s house and the village. He wanted to find his faith and his destiny.

One night, Saidi had a very strange dream. He met a group of people who dressed in white, Saidi could recognize them that all of them were calabai. After that, a person from the group come closer to Saidi and said that he had to find his destiny.

Then, Saidi woke up in a confusion, but in the other side he was curious and believed that he got a direction in his life.

Orang bersurban putih itu menyentuh pundaknya. ”Kau harus menjemput takdir yang ditetapkan bagimu,” bisiknya. Dia memejamkan mata, berusaha mencerna makna tiap demi tiap kata, dan tidak menemukan apa arti dan makna kalimat itu. Buru-buru dia membuka mata dan... Dan orang bersurban putih dengan rambut panjang ditiup angin itu sudah menghilang.

(Pepi Al Bayqunie, 2016:35-36)

In the next day, Saidi decided to ask his parents’ permission, for him to leave the house. His father let him go, but not with her mother. It was so hard for her mother to let go his only son. But in the end, she let Saidi go.

After he left his home, Saidi met Daeng Maddenring, the person who introduced Saidi to Bissu. Daeng Maddenring asked Saidi to come with him and stay in Segeri, the village of the bissu.

“Saya rasa kamu cocok tinggal di kampung saya, Segeri. ” Hati Saidi tiba-tiba berdesir. ”Di kampung saya,” tutur Daeng Maddenring, ”ada kelompok calabai yang amat dihormati warga. Mereka punya

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kemampuan khusus yang dibutuhkan masyarakat Segeri. Mereka biasa disebut bissu.” “Apa itu bissu, Puang?” “Bagi masyarakat Segeri, mereka adalah wakil Dewata di muka bumi.” ”Calabai juga?” ”Ya.” Saidi makin terpana. “Mereka dihormati?” Daeng Maddenring mengangguk. “Sangat dihormati sejak ratusan tahun silam.” (Pepi Al Bayqunie, 2016:74-75)

Start from that point, Saidi was very interested about Bissu, moreover when

Daeng Maddenring introduced Saidi to Puang Matoa Saena, the leader of the Bissu.

Puang Matoa Saena said that Saidi had a big chance to become a Bissu

Puang Matoa Saena tersenyum simpul. ”Kamu adalah adalah Calabai Tungkena Lino, Nak. Kalau saya lihat, kamu bisa cepat dari Bissu. Bahkan kamu bisa menjadi Bissu dewata.”

(Pepi Al Bayqunie, 2016:155)

Since that moment, Saidi had a strong will to become a Bissu. He through all the obstacles to become a Bissu, even the hardest part.

Tibalah 40 hari pengasingan itu. Hari pertama ia lewati dengan mudah. Lapar dan haus tak menjadi masalah. Bahkan hari ketiga pun biasa- biasa saja, tak terjadi peristiwa aneh yang mengganggu tapanya. Hingga pekan pertama berlalu, ia merasa proses semedinya berjalan lancar-lancar saja. Namun tidak begitu sewaktu memasuki hari kesepuluh. Saidi mengalami peristiwa yang aneh.

(Pepi Al Bayqunie, 2016:213)

Finally, Saidi passed the test to become a Bissu, and he got his first degree.

His name became Puang Malolo Saidi. Time flies, so many thing he had passed, he

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took part in some traditional ritual which held by the Bissu. His attitude was very good. He became a role model among the other Bissu. Saidi’s fame spread to his parents’ ears and their neighbors.

Ia merasa sangat lega dan bangga ketika anak tetangganya di Lappariaja berteriak dan memberi tahu bahwa Saidi masuk tivi. Suaminya, yang suka marah-marah atas nama Tuhan itu, segera berlari ke rumah tetangga. Ia juga segera menyusul. Dan ia menganga melihat Saidi sedang menari di tivi. Pakai keris. Ia terus menganga hingga Saidi dan teman-temannya menghilang. Setelah itu, ia menangis di rumah, memanggil- manggil nama Saidi. Ia bangga ketika tetangganya bercerita tentang perjuangan Saidi menyelamatkan seorang bocah di Surabaya. Ia terharu karena anaknya masih hidup dan terkenal karena sudah masuk tivi. Pada kesempatan lain ia bertemu tetangganya yang baru pulang dari Segeri. Tetangganya, dengan mata bercahaya, bercerita tentang kesaksian anaknya. Di Segeri, anaknya didaulat menjadi bissu dan di dapuk menjadi Puang Malolo.

(Pepi Al Bayqunie, 2016:313)

The quotation above indicates the moment after Saidi and some other Bissu were invited to come to Surabaya. They were invited to join the cultural festivals which held in Surabaya. They were invited because the committee of the festivals thought that Bissu has a qualification to take part in the cultural festival. They thought that Bissu was a traditional culture which consisted of uniqueness and exoticness. The festival was broadcasted on the television. Saidi’s parents and their neighbors were so proud for Saidi.

Even though he had become a very famous bissu, he didn’t forget about his past. He decided to come back to his hometown to meet his parents.

Ia sengaja berjalan kaki agar bisa menikmati suasana kampungnya. Orang orang kaget melihatnya. Setiap yang berpapasan pasti akan menyapanya dengan ramah. Perasaan ganjil merasuki dadanya. Dulu ia sering dihina sekarang semua orang mengenalnya dan ramah sekali kepadanya.

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”Puang Saidi pulang!” ”Puang Saidi pulang!” Begitu kata orang-orang. Dan ia tidak terlalu peduli. Yang ada di dalam benaknya sekarang hanyalah ibunya.” (Pepi Al Bayqunie, 2016:317)

The quotation above indicates the moment when Saidi was going back to his hometown. The people who lived near his family house were surprised with Saidi’s comeback. They were so kind to Saidi, because Saidi was famous and had become a bissu. It was such a different situation when Saidi was still live there, when Saidi get used to be mocked by those people.

Ketika malam tiba, ia sengaja meminta ayah dan ibunya tidak cepat-cepat tidur. ”Ada yang ingin saya sampaikan, Ayah...” ”Apa, Nak?” Suara ayahnya begitu lembut di telinga. ”Sudah tiba saatnya Ayah dan Ibu ke Mekah.” Ayah da Ibu bertatapan, seakan tak percaya pada pendengaran mereka, lalu menatap Saidi, seolah mencari ketegasan di sana. ”Apa kau bilang, Nak?” tanya Ibu. ”Saya sudah minta tolong kepada Pak Dullah untuk mengurus keberangkatan Ayah dan Ibu ke Mekah.” ”Ke tanah suci?” sergah Ayah, masih kaget dengan apa yang didengarnya. Puang Saidi tersenyum dan mengangguk. ”Umrah, Ayah...” ”Biayanya?” tanya Ibu. ”Ibu tidak usah khawatir, saya yang tanggung...” Tak ada lagi kata yang mengalir dari bibir ibunya. Ayahnya pun terdiam agak lama. Keduanya tak pernah menyangka akan ke Mekah. Saidi, anak merek yang calabai, yang mewujudkan semua kemustahilan ini. Saking bahagianya, mereka pun menangis.”. (Pepi Al Bayqunie, 2016:346)

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The quotation above indicates the moment when Saidi told his parents that he would bring them to the pilgrimage. Saidi’s parents were so shocked and happy to hear that. They were surprised because their “calabai” son ws going to bring them to the pilgrimage, and he would take care for the cost.

4.1.4 The similarities and the differences of The Danish Girl and Calabai novel

In this section, the writer wants to find out the similarities and the differences in The Danish Girl and Calabai novels. In a comparative literature analysis, there must be some similarities and differences which found in two or more novels, which usually comes from two or more different countries. In this thesis, the writer wants to compare The Danish Girl, an American novel, and Calabai, an Indonesian novel.

4.1.4.1 The similarities of The Danish Girl and Calabai novels

1. The Danish Girl and Calabai novels have a similar motif. Both of the novels

tell about a man who is suffering gender dysphoria. Both Einar from The

Danish Girl novel and Saidi from Calabai novel, are men who feel that their

soul trapped in a wrong body. They feel that they are a woman inside a man’s

body.

2. The Danish Girl and Calabai novels also have a similarity on theme. Both of

the novels describe the life journey of someone who is looking for their true

identity. It can be seen in The Danish Girl novel that Finally Einar decided to

do a sex reassignment surgery; because he thought that he was a woman.

Meanwhile in Calabai novel, it can be seen where Saidi decided to leave his

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parents’ house to follow his dream and intuition to find his destiny to become

a bissu, a genderless holy monk in Bugis land.

3. The Danish Girl and Calabai also have a similarity on the plot. Both of the

novels are using linear plot.

4. The Danish Girl and Calabai novels have similarity on the point of view.

Both of the novels use the third person omniscient point of view. It can be

seen that both of the novels tell the story from the point of view of the

narrator.

5. Both of The Danish Girl and Calabai novels were inspired and based on true

story. The Danish Girl tells a life of Einar Wegener, who then was well

known as Lili Elbe, the first person on the history who undergo a sex

reassignment surgery. Meanhwile in Calabai novel, it tells a life of Puang

Matoa Saidi, one of the holy monk n Bugis land. Calabai tells the life of

Puang Matoa Saidi started from his childhood until he became a respected

holy bissu.

6. Both of the main characters in The Danish Girl and Calabai novels were

experiencing a strong preference for wearing clothes typical of the opposite

gender as the characteristic of gender dysphoria

7. Both of the main characters in The Danish Girl and Calabai novels were

experiencing a strong desire to be of the other gender as the characteristic of

gender dysphoria

8. Both of the main characters in The Danish Girl and Calabai novels have a

father who didn’t like their feminine attitude. In The Danish Girl novel, it

was described that Einar father was mad when he looked Einar was playing a

husband and wife games with Einar’s childhood friend, Hans. Meanwhile in

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Calabai novels, it was describes that Saidi’s father was disappointed with

Saidi’s feminine attitude. Saidi’s father was also embarrassed when the

society called Saidi calabai, or a sissy boy.

9. Both of the main character in The Danish Girl and Calabai had a sexual

attraction with man. In The Danish Girl novel, Einar was in love with a man

named Henrik. Mean while in Calabai novel, Puang Saidi had a feeling with

his assistant, named Sutte.

4.1.4.2 The differences of The Danish Girl and Calabai novels

1. The main character of The Danish Girl, Einar, was a married man. He had a

wife, named Greta. Einar and his wife were painters. Meanwhile in Calabai

novel, the main character is Saidi. Saidi was a young villager in Bugis. He

was also the only of the respected man in his village.

2. The setting of The Danish Girl novel was set in Copenhagen, Denmark. It

was about in 1925. Meanwhile, Calabai novel was set in South Sulawesi,

Indonesia. it was about in 1970’s.

3. The main character in The Danish Girl was experiencing a strong preference

for cross-gender roles in make-believe play or fantasy play, meanwhile the

main character of Calabai was not.

4. The main character in The Danish Girl was experiencing a strong desire to be

treated as the other gender, meanwhile the main character of Calabai was not.

5. The main character in Calabai was experiencing a strong preference for

playmates of the other gender, meanwhile the main character of The Danish

Girl was not.

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6. The main character in Calabai was experiencing a strong rejection of toys,

games, and activities typical of one’s gender, meanwhile the main character

of The Danish Girl was not.

7. The main character of The Danish Girl didn’t get any difficulties in his

relationships with his wife and his close friends. They tried to help him and

support him to be what he wanted to be. Meanwhile in Calabai novel, the

main character had difficulties in his relationships with his family (especially

his father) and the society near them. The society near Saidi often mocked

him because he is a calabai. Because of that, his father was so embarrassed.

8. In the end of the story, the main character of The Danish Girl novel decided

to follow his intuition to become a real woman. He decided to do a sex

reassignment surgery. Mean while, in Calabai novel, the main character

decided to leave his village to find his true identity, which then will change

the society’s perceptions about him as a gender dysphoria sufferer. Saidi

finally became a respected holy monk.

4.2 Findings

Based on the analysis above, the writer found some findings which are the results of the problems. The writer found the characteristics or the symptoms of gender dysphoria which portrayed in both novels, the effects of gender dysphoria which portrayed in both novels, the actions taken by each main characters to change the society’s perceptions and be who they truly are, and the similarities and the differences found in both novels.

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4.2.1 The characteristics of gender dysphoria portrayed in The Danish Girl and

Calabai novels

Based on the analysis of the first problem, the writer found some characteristics of gender dysphoria which portrayed in each main characters of The

Danish Girl and Calabai novels.The main character of The Danish Girl novel was experiencing four characteristics or symptoms of gender dysphoria; a strong preference for wearing clothes typical of the opposite gender, a strong preference for cross-gender roles in make-believe play or fantasy play, a strong desire to be of the other gender, and a strong desire to be treated as the other gender.

Meanwhile, the main character of Calabai novel was also experiencing four characteristics or symptoms of gender dysphoria; a strong preference for wearing clothes typical of the opposite gender, a strong preference for playmates of the other gender, a strong rejection of toys, games, and activities typical of one’s gender, and a strong desire to be of the other gender. Here is the table which indicates the findings of the characteristics or symptoms of gender dysphoria which portrayed in The

Danish Girl and Calabai novels.

Characteristics of No The Danish Girl Calabai gender dysphoria A strong preference for   wearing clothes typical 1 of the opposite gender

A strong preference for  × cross-gender roles in 2 make-believe play or fantasy play

A strong desire to be of   3 the other gender

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A strong desire to be  × treated as the other 4 gender.

A strong preference for ×  playmates of the other 5 gender

A strong rejection of ×  toys, games and 6 activities typical of one’s gender

Table 4.2.1 the characteristics of gender dysphoria in The Danish Girl and Calabai novels

4.2.2 The effects caused by gender dysphoria portrayed in The Danish Girl and

Calabai novels

Based on the analysis of the second problem, the writer found some effects caused by gender dysphoria which portrayed in The Danish Girl and Calabai novels.

In The Danish Girl novel, the main character was experiencing four effects caused by gender dysphoria. The first effect found in The Danish Girl novel is society’s bad stigma. The main character of The Danish Girl got stigmatized by some doctors he consulted with. The doctors claimed that Einar was insane and could be dangerous for society, and a psychiatrist suspected him as a homosexual. The second effect caused by gender dysphoria which found in The Danish Girl novel is low self esteem/poor self concept. Einar was confused about himself. He thought that he might be a woman, because he felt that there was a girl living inside him. That condition led him to have a low self esteem and poor self concept. It was because he didn’t have clear concept about his sexuality and his gender. He felt that there was a girl living inside him, and sometimes he couldn’t deny his desire to wear women’s 84

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dress. But he didn’t agree when a psychiatrist diagnosed him as a homosexual, so he was confused about himself. The third effect caused by gender dyshoria which found in The Danish Girl novel is self depression. Einar was experiencing self depression, because he was overthinking about his desires. Moreover, every doctors and psychiatrist he consulted with, didn’t satisfy him with their diagnosis. It caused him experiencing a self depression. He lost his weight, and he became physically weak.

The last effect caused by gender dysphoria which found in The Danish Girl novel is suicide attempt. Einar was really stressed about his desire and he couldn’t find anyone who could help him. So, he promised himself a year to find out what was going on with him. If he couldn’t find the answer, he would kill himself.

Meanwhile in Calabai novel, the main character was experiencing three effects caused by gender dysphoria. The first effect is society’s bad stigma. Saidi was described as the object of bullying by the society, neighbors, and his school mates.

Saidi was also having a rejection of society because he was a calabai (sissy boy).

Saidi also became the disgrace of his family. In the novel, it was described that the main character became the disgrace of his family. His father was so ashamed and embarrassed of his feminine attitude. The second effect of gender dysphoria portrayed in Calabai novel is low self esteem/poor self concept. Saidi was experiencing self denial because he had to pretend to be someone he was not. He denied his true self just to make his father happy and proud of him, and also to stop the bully towards himself and his family. Those conditions caused him to have a low self esteem and poor self concept. The last effect caused by gender dysphoria found in Calabai novel is self depression. Saidi protested to God about his condition. He blamed God for making him as a man who has the attitudes of a woman. He did that

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because he was so depressed and didn’t know who to blame. The other example of self depression was when Saidi had a plan to leave his parent’s house. It was because he couldn’t stand anymore with his father’s treatments to him.

Figure 4.2.2 The effects of gender dysphoria in The Danish Girl and Calabai novels

Based on the analysis and the findings of the effects caused by gender dysphoria portrayed in The Danish Girl and Calabai novels, the writer each effects of gender dysphoria which portrayed in the main character to Hurlock’s self acceptance theory.

According to Hurlock, there are some conditions which are favorable to self acceptance. There are: self understanding, realistic expectations, absence of

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environmental obstacles, favorable social attitudes, absence of severe emotional stress, and stable self concept.

In the analysis, the writer found that both of the main characters in The

Danish Girl and Calabai novels were having low conditions of self acceptance. Both of the main characters were having unfavorable social attitudes, lack of self understanding, unstable self concept, and severe emotional stress.

In The Danish Girl novel, it was described that the main character was suspected as an insane person and could become dangerous for society by a doctor.

The main character was also suspected as homosexual. From that point, the writer assumes that the main character of The Danish Girl novel was having unfavorable social attitudes. In the other condition caused by the effect of gender dysphoria found

The Danish Girl novel, it was described that the main character confused about himself. He didn’t understand why he felt that there was a female version of him, living inside him. From that point, the writer assumes that the main character was lack of self understanding and unstable self concept. He wasn’t sure about his sexuality and his gender. The unstable concept can be seen when the main character sometimes appeared as a man, and sometimes he dressed up like a woman. The last condition which described in The Danish Girl novel, that the main character was having severe emotional stress. It can be seen from the main character’s confusion about himself. It also can be seen when the main character had a plan to suicide because he couldn’t stand to live anymore if he couldn’t find the answer of his confusion. From that point, the writer assumed that the main character was having severe emotional stress.

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Meanwhile, in the effect of gender dysphoria found in Calabai novel, it was described that the main character became the object of bullying. The main character also got rejected by the society. The other effect was the main character became a disgrace of his family. From that point, the writer assumed that the main character of

Calabai novel was also having unfavorable social attitudes. It can be seen in the society’s treatments towards the main character. In the other condition, it was

described that the main character of Calabai was confused with himself and questioning God for all the bad experiences he received because of his condition.

From that point, the writer assumes that the main character was lack of self understanding. The second personal impact of gender dysphoria which portrayed in the main character of Calabai is self denial. Saidi was confused about himself. He had to obey his father’s rules to do the men’s job. But in his deepest heart, Saidi didn’t want to do that. From that point, the writer assumed that the main character had an unstable self concept. He denied what he thought he was with his father’s ambition. The other effect caused by gender dysphoria portrayed in Calabai novel was planning as escape. Saidi once planned to leave his parents’ house because he couldn’t stand with his father’s orders anymore. From that condition the writer assumed that the main character was having a severe emotional stress. It can be seen from Saidi’s plan to leave the house because he often felt under pressure if he stayed.

According to the explanation about the effects caused by gender dysphoria which related to Hurlock’s self acceptance theory, the writer assumes that both of the main character of The Danish Girl and Calabai novel had low conditions of self acceptance which lead themselves to self rejection. The following figure described the explanation.

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Figure 4.2.2.1 the conditions of the gender dysphoria sufferers related to Hurlock’s self acceptance theory

4.2.3 The actions taken by each main character to change the society perceptions and to find their true identity

Based on the analysis, there are actions which taken by each main characters of The Danish Girl and Calabai novels to change the society’s perceptions and to find their true identity. In The Danish Girl novel, the main character decided to do a sex reassignment surgery. He got a support from his wife and his friends to do what made him happy. They encouraged him to be what he wanted. Even though, in the end of the story, Einar was dead because the surgery didn’t go well. Einar Wegener or Lili Elbe became the first person who undergoes the sex reassignment surgery.

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Meanwhile in Calabai novel, the main character decided to become a bissu, holy monkin South Sulawesi. He finally found his destiny to become a bissu. Bissu is a holy monk who is genderless. To become a bissu, someone should become a genderless person. It is because a duty of a bissu is to align the aspects of life, and should avoid the sexually and earthly lusts and desires. In the end of the story, Saidi became one of the most respected bissu in South Sulawesi, and he became the pride of his family. The following table indicates the solutions which taken by each main characters.

No The Danish Girl Calabai 1 Einar decided to do a sex Saidi decided to become a bissu (a reassignment surgery holy monk)

Table 4.2.3 the actions taken by each main characters to change the society’s perceptions and to become who they truly are

4.2.4 The similarities and the differences found in The Danish Girl and Calabai novels a. The similarities and the differences of the elements of novels

Based on the analysis of the similarities and the differences of The Danish

Girl and Calabai novel, the writer indicates that there are some similarities and differences of the elements of The Danish Girl and Calabai novels. The similarities found in the plot, main character, point of view, theme, and motif. Both of the novels have a linear plot. The main characters of The Danish Girl and Calabai novels are both man who suffered gender dysphoria. The point of view of The Danish Girl and

Calabai novels are the third person omniscient, which means the narrator knows

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everything in the story. Both of The Danish Girl and Calabai novels have the same theme. Both novels tell about the life of a transgender and searching for identity. The last similarity of The Danish Girl and Calabai novels are in the motifs. Both of the stories tell about a person who suffered gender dysphoria, a man who feels that he is a woman inside. Meanwhile, the differences found in the setting of both novels. The setting of The Danish Girl novel was in Copenhagen, Denmark and the setting of

Calabai novel was in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The following tabel indicates the similarities and the differences of the elements of The Danish Girl and Calabai novels.

No Elements The Danish Girl Calabai 1 Plot Linear Linear 2 Setting of place Copenhagen, Denmark South Sulawesi, Indonesia 3 Character Einar Wegener: a man, a painter, Saidi: a man, young a married man. villager. 4 Point of view Third person omniscient Third person omniscient 5 Theme The life of transgender people, The life of transgender searching for identity people, searching for identity 6 Motif A person who was experiencing A person who was gender dysphoria, a man who experiencing gender feels that he is a woman inside dysphoria, a man who feels that he is a woman inside

Table 4.2.4.1 the similarities and differences of the elements of The Danish Girl and Calabai novels

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b. The similarities and the differences of the contents of The Danish Girl and

Calabai novels

In the analysis, the writer found some similarities and differences of the content of the novels. The table above indicates the similarities and the differences of the content of The Danish Girl and Calabai novels.

No The similarities The differences 1 Both of The Danish Girl and The main character in The Danish Calabai novels were inspired and Girl was experiencing a strong based on true story. preference for cross-gender roles in make-believe play or fantasy play, meanwhile the main character of Calabai was not.

2 Both of the main characters in The The main character in The Danish Danish Girl and Calabai novels was Girl was experiencing a strong desire only experiencing one same to be treated as the other gender, characteristic of gender dysphoria: a meanwhile the main character of strong preference for wearing Calabai was not clothes typical of the opposite gender

3 Both of the main characters in The The main character in Calabai novel Danish Girl and Calabai novels was experiencing a strong preference have a father who didn’t like their for playmates of the other gender, feminine attitude. meanwhile the main character of The Danish Girl was not

4 Both of the main character in The The main character in Calabai novel Danish Girl and Calabai had a was experiencing a strong rejection sexual attraction with man of toys, games, and activities typical of one’s gender, meanwhile the main character of The Danish Girl was not

5 Both of the main characters of The The main character of The Danish Danish Girl and Calabai novels Girl didn’t get any difficulties in his were experiencing three same relationships with his wife and his effects caused by their gender close friends. Meanwhile in Calabai dysphoria. There are: society’s bad novel, the main character had a stigma, low self esteem/poor self difficulties in his relationships with concept, and self depression. his father and the society near them

6 In the end of the story, the main

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character of The Danish Girl novel decided to follow his intuition to become a real woman. Meanwhile, the main character of Calabai decided to become a bissu (a holy monk)

7 The main character of The Danish Girl was experiencing the worst effect caused by gender dysphoria, attempting a suicide. But the main character of Calabai was not.

Table 4.2.4.2 the similarities and differences of the contents of The Danish Girl and Calabai novels

c. The comparisons of the cultural aspects of The Danish Girl and Calabai novels

The Danish Girl and Calabai are two different novels, from two different writers, from two different countries, and of course with two different cultural backgrounds. The Danish Girl is an American novel, which consists of the western cultural background. The first factor shows the western culture portrayed in The

Danish Girl novel is the acceptance of family and friends towards the main character who suffered gender dysphoria. Einar’s wife and their friends supported him and encouraged him to become the person he wanted to be. They helped him to find a doctor who could change him into a woman. From that point, the writer assumes that the sense of acceptance to the person who suffered gender dysphoria in western culture is high. It can be seen in the novel, where Einar didn’t have any difficulties in his relationships with his wife and family. Moreover, they supported and embraced him to be whatever he wanted, as long as he was happy. The second factor shows the western culture in The Danish Girl novel is the action which taken by Einar to become who he truly was. In the novel, it was described that Einar decided to do sex

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reassignment surgery to change himself into a woman. From that point, the writer assumes Einar took that action for his self satisfaction. Einar didn’t care what would other people say and think about his transformation. The only thing that mattered was his satisfaction and his happiness. He wanted to remove all the confusions he had felt back then. From that explanation, the writer implies that in western culture, self satisfaction is one of the most important aspects of life. It doesn’t matter what other people think and say.

Meanwhile, Calabai is an Indonesian novel which consists a lot of traditional and eastern cultural aspects. The first factor shows the eastern culture found in

Calabai novel is the rejection of family and society towards the main character who suffered gender dysphoria. The society near Saidi rejected him and told him to move from their village. Saidi’s schoolmates often bullied him before he decided to drop out because he couldn’t stand anymore with the bully. Even, Saidi’s father was ashamed of Saidi. From that point, the writer assumes that in eastern culture, gender dysphoria sufferers or transgender was still a taboo phenomenon. The eastern culture especially the Indonesian people often bully and cornering the transgender people. It is because the Indonesian people think that the transgender people are different creature, some of them still alienated the transgender people, and they has stigmatized the transgender people as a sinful people. Because he or she has refused their nature sexuality which given by God. It can be seen in the moment where Saidi and his father went to the mosque for the Friday prayer, and the preacher was preaching about the sin and the punishments for the LGBT people. The other factor shows the influence of eastern culture in Calabai novel is the action which taken by

Saidi. Saidi decided to leave his parent’s house and started looking for his destiny to

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become a bissu. He decided to study more about religion and learn more about Bugis culture. He joined the monk’s community which consists of the transgender people or the men who feel that they are women. By taking this action, Saidi wanted to change the society’s perception of him, as a person who suffered gender dysphoria.

From this point, the writer assumes that in Calabai novel, Saidi took an action for everyone’s good. He wanted to change the society’s bad perceptions about gender dysphoria sufferers, that a transgender people could become a pride for his family and society. From the explanation of Saidi’s action, it can be seen the influence of eastern culture, where the aim of his action was to change the social stigma towards him. It wasn’t about self satisfaction or sense of freedom to be a transgender. His aim was to be accepted in the middle of his family and society. It wasn’t just about his good, it was also about his family name’s good.

Based from the explanation above, the writer concludes that the main differences of cultural aspects found in The Danish Girl and Calabai novel in the following figure.

Figure 4.2.4.3 the comparison of the cultural aspects of The Danish Girl and

Calabai novels

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion

After analyzing the data, the writer has made the conclusion which related to the results and findings in the chapter IV. In this chapter, the writer has made the conclusions based from the analysis and findings in chapter IV.

1. The characteristics of gender dysphoria found in The Danish Girl novel are:

 a strong preference for wearing clothes typical of the opposite gender

 a strong preference for cross-gender roles in make believe play or

fantasy play

 a strong desire to be of the other gender, and

 a strong desire to be treated as the other gender.

Meanwhile, the characteristics of gender dysphoria found in Calabai novel

are:

 a strong preference for wearing clothes typical of the opposite gender

 a strong preference for playmates of the other gender

 a strong rejection of toys, games, and activities typical of one’s

gender

 a strong preference to be of the other gender

2. The effects caused by gender dysphoria portrayed in The Danish Girl novel

are:

 Society’s bad stigma

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 Low self esteem/poor self concept

 Self depression, and

 Suicide attempt.

Meanwhile, the effects caused by gender dysphoria portrayed in Calabai

novel are:

 Society’s bad stigma

 Low self esteem/poor self concept, and

 Self depression

Based on the effects caused by gender dysphoria portrayed in The Danish

Girl and Calabai novels, Both of the main characters of The Danish Girl and

Calabai novel were having the conditions which lead to self rejection

according to Hurlock’s self acceptance theory:

 Unfavorable social attitudes

 Lack of self understanding

 Unstable self concept, and

 Having severe emotional stress.

3. The action taken by the main character of The Danish Girl novel to become

who he truly is was doing a sex reassignment surgery, to become a physically

true woman. Meanwhile, the action taken by the main character of Calabai

novel to change the society’s perceptions was decided to become a bissu. He

decided to become a bissu, a genderless holy monk in Bugis land.

4. The similarities found in The Danish Girl and Calabai novels are on the

theme and the motif.

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 The theme of both novels is about the life of a transgender people, and

searching for identity.

 The motif of both novels is about the person who suffered gender

dysphoria, a man who feels that he is a woman inside.

The differences which found in The Danish Girl and Calabai novels are in

the cultural aspects of both novels. The differences of the cultural aspects can

be seen in the social conditions and the aim of the action taking of both main

characters. In the social condition of The Danish Girl, the main character got

an acceptance from his family and friends. Meanwhile, the main character of

Calabai got a rejection from his family and society. In The Danish Girl, the

aim of the action taking by the main character was for the main character’s

satisfaction. Meanwhile, the aim of the action taking by the main character of

Calabai was to change the society perceptions.

5.2 Suggestion

Based on the conclusion above, the writer wants to give the suggestions for the readers and whoever is interested in learning the comparative study of literature.

For the readers, the writer suggests that people must be aware of the phenomena which exist among us. It can be social, psychological, and other phenomenon. By analyzing those phenomena using the comparative literature studies, we can see the similarities and the differences from both literary works. We can also analyze the cultural aspects which portrayed in each literary works. For example, in this thesis, the writer describes and analyzes about the life of the person who is suffering gender

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dysphoria which portrayed in both main character of The Danish Girl and Calabai novels.

In this thesis, the writer wants to educate and suggest people to not discriminate the sufferers of gender dysphoria, or a transgender people. The transgender people are exist among us. Transgender people are not dangerous and not a bad influence for society. The transgender people are the part of society. All we need to do is embrace them. Through this thesis also, the writer wants to show the example of the impact of gender dysphoria which experienced by each main characters, so that, we will be able to understand and feel their feelings, and imagine if we are in their position as the person who suffered gender dysphoria.

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REFERENCES

Books

Abrams, M. H. 1999. A Glossary of Literary Terms. United States: Earl McPeek

Al Bayqunie, Pepi. 2016. Calabai: Perempuan Dalam Tubuh Lelaki. Jakarta:

Gramedia Pustaka Utama

American Psychiatric Association. 2013.Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental

Disorders Fifth Edition. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association

Barlow, David H. and Durand, V Mark. 2005. Abnormal Psychology an Integrative

Approcah. USA: Thomson Learning Inc

Ebershoff, David. 2000. The Danish Girl. United States: Viking Press

Endraswara, Suwardi. 2008. Metodologi Penelitian Sastra: Epistemologi, Model,

Teori Dan Aplikasi. Yogyakarta: MedPress

Hurlock, Elizabeth. 1974. Personality Development. New York: McGraw Hill

Moleong, Lexy J. 2006. Metode Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya

Muchtar, Muhizar et.al. 2012. Pedoman Penulisan Skripsi. Medan: FIB USU

Rockhmansyah, Alfian. 2014. Studi dan Pengkajian Sastra. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu

Wellek Rene, Warren Austin. 1949. Theory of Literature. New York: Harcourt Brace

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Journals

Chamberlain, John M and Haaga, David A.F. 2001. Unconditional and

Psychological Health.America:Human Sciences Press, Inc

Colonne, Stevanus and Eliana, Rika. 2005. Gambaran Tipe-Tipe Konflik

Intrapersonal Waria Ditinjau Dari Identitas Gender. Medan: Universitas

Sumatera Utara

Maulida, Erika Isnaini. 2014. Review Buku Handbook of Sexual and Gender Identity

Disorder. Surabaya: Universitas Airlangga

Rochimah, Nofa and Budi Darma, Diana. 2013. Gender Identity Disorder In Louisa

May Alcott’s Little Women. Surabaya: Universitas Negeri Surabaya

Wulandari, Heni. 2016. Gangguan Identitas Gender Dalam Novel Hitam Putih

Dunia Angel Karya Angeline Julia. Yogyakarta:Universitas Negeri

Yogyakarta

Internet

Aldrich, Howard. 2017. What is Sociology?. Retrieved from

http://www.sociology.unc.edu/ (Mei 2017)

Brewton, Vince. 2016. Literary Theory. Retrieved from

http://www.iep.utm.edu//literaly/ (April 2017)

Cynthia, Rahel. 2013. Intrinsic Elements of Literary Work. Retrieved from

https://rahelcynthia.wordpress.com/ (Mei 2017)

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Harding, Mary. 2015. Gender Dysphoria Clinical Reference. Retrieved from

https://patient.info/ (Mei 2017)

Ludden, David. 2016. When Sex and Gender Don’t Match. Retrieved from

https://www.psychologytoday.com (Mei 2017)

Mandal, Anaya. 2017. Symptoms of Gender Dysphoria. Retrieved from

https://www.newe-medical.net/ (Mei 2017)

Nelson, Nicole. 2016. School of Psychology. Retrieved from

http://www.psy.uq.edu.au/ (Mei 2017)

Parekh, Ranna. 2016. What is Gender Dysphoria. Retrieved from

https://www.psychiatry.org/ (Mei 2017)

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APPENDICES

The Danish Girl novel synopsis

The Danish Girl is an American novel, written by David Ebershoff. The Danish Girl novel is a fictionalized account of the life of Lili Elbe, one of the first people to undergo sex reassignment surgery. The Danish Girl, as Ebershoff stated, does not try to tell a true story. He has not only imagined most of what he wrote about Elbe's inner life, but he has also fabricated all of the other characters in the book, most important among them Wegener's blue-blooded American-born wife, Greta Waud, who like Ebershoff comes from Pasadena, California. The real Gerda Wegener was Danish, but in the novel her name was changed to Greta to please the American audience.

The story takes place in Copenhagen, Denmark. Einar Wegener is happily married to his wife, Gerda Wegener. Einar was raised in a bog with his best friend Hans. Gerda was raised in California with her twin brother Carlisle. She eventually moved to Denmark, and first met Einar at the Royal Academy. They were unfortunately separated due to events of World War I. During their separation, Gerda marries another man named Teddy Cross and has a child. Unfortunately, the child dies at birth and Teddy dies of tubercolosis. Gerda moves back to Denmark and marries Einar. The couples are painters with Einar painting mostly landscapes and Gerda painting portraits of somewhat famous people. One day, Anna Fonsmark, a friend of Gerda, must cancel her scheduled painting session. Gerda however needs to have the painting finished as soon as possible, hence her requesting Einar to model as Anna. The session is cut short with Anna barging into their home. Anna then decides to name Einar, "Lili." Soon, the couple are invited to the annual Artists' Ball. Gerda convinces Einar to dress as Lili, but during the ball, Lili meets a man named Henrik Sandahl. Henrik and Lili start a short relationship (which Gerda discourages for she fears that Lili might be hurting Henrik by deceiving him). Lili and Henrik eventually go their separate ways. Lili then starts having many nosebleeds and stomachaches, which leads to Gerda making Lili visit a doctor named Dr. Hexler. Gerda's true intentions however are actually to see if there is a tumor developing in his pelvis for she believes that if a tumor were indeed there, it might be the cause of the nosebleeds, stomachaches, and psychological problems. Hexler performs an X-Ray on Einar and sees that there is no tumor; however, he tells Gerda to discourage Einar from ever going anywhere as Lili again. Gerda starts to paint Lili more often, and these paintings spark popularity for Gerda. Gerda then manages to have a temporary gallery of her Lili paintings in France. In France, Gerda meets Hans Axgil, Einar's childhood friend. Gerda, Hans, and Einar dressed as Lili share a dinner where Hans luckily fails to recognize Einar.

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Einar feels his problem regarding his identity however is only worsening. Carlisle admits he knows Einar is Lili and decides to help him find doctors to solve his problems. Gerda, meanwhile, meets Doctor Alfred Bolk. Bolk is interested in helping Einar become Lili completely. Einar then meets Doctor Bolk. Bolk tells Einar of the surgeries he plans to do, to which Einar agrees to. Bolk transfers to Dresden and Einar soon follows. Hans eventually admits to Gerda that he also knows about Einar being Lili. Hans is actually supportive and tells Gerda to meet Einar in Dresden. She complies. At the same time, Gerda starts to fall in love with Hans. The first operation removes Einar's testicles, making the first move to him becoming Lili. Gerda makes it to Dresden where Bolk reveals that Einar was supposed to be born as a woman as he had undeveloped ovaries in his body the whole time. Einar's ovaries are restored and he takes his last operation. It is successful and he fully becomes Lili. Lili and Gerda then return to Denmark. Lili and Henrik fall in love again while Gerda and Hans also start falling in love. Henrik then proposes to Lili and Hans asks Gerda to move with him to America. Bolk manages to contact Lili and tells her of a final operation; one that will give Lili a uterus to be able to become a mother. Lili tells Gerda of the operation, to which Gerda rejects going to Dresden with Lili with for it is "too dangerous." Carlisle instead brings Lili to Dresden. Lili and Gerda eventually part ways. Gerda moves to Pasadena. The surgery was a failure as it has been found that an infection has grown inside Lili. Whether Lili lives or dies is unclear. The novel was adapted into a feature film directed by Tom Hooper, and starring Eddie Redmayne as Lili Elbe, Alicia Vikander as Gerda Wegener, Matthias Schoenaerts as Hans Axgil, Ben Whishaw as Henrik, Sebastian Koch as Dr. Kurt Warnekros and Amber Heard as Ulla Paulson.

David Ebershoff, the author of The Danish Girl

David Ebershoff is an American writer, editor, and teacher. His debut novel, The Danish Girl, was adapted into anAcademy Award-winning film of the same name in 2015, while his third novel, The 19th Wife, was adapted into a television movie of the same name in 2010.

Ebershoff published his first novel, The Danish Girl, in 2000. It is inspired by the life of Lili Elbe, one of the first people to have gender reassignment surgery. The novel won the Rosenthal Foundation Award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters and the Lambda Literary Award for transgender fiction, and was also a finalist for the New York Public Library's Young Lions Award and an American Library Association Award. Additionally, it was a New York Times Notable Book of the Year and an international bestseller. In 2015, his novel was adapted into a film also called The Danish Girl, directed by Tom Hooper and starring Eddie Redmayne and Alicia Vikander. The film was nominated for four Academy Awards, three Golden Globes, two Screen Actors Guild Award, five Critics' Choice Awards,

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and five BAFTAs. Vikander won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, a SAG, and a Critics Choice Award for her role in the film. In 2017 the New York Times named The Danish Girl one of the 25 books that have shaped LGBTQ literature over the past 20 years. Ebershoff's collection of short stories, The Rose City, won the Ferro-Grumley Award for excellence in LGBT fiction, was a finalist for the Lambda Literary Award, and was named one of the best books of the year by the Los Angeles Times. Short story writers William Trevor and Alice Munro influenced Ebershoff's short fiction, and he has discussed learning to write stories by studying their work. The epigraph of The Rose City comes from Trevor: "Like all children, I led a double life." Ebershoff's second novel, Pasadena, was his first New York Times bestseller and was inspired by the history of his home town. His third novel, The 19th Wife, was aNew York Times and Sunday Times bestseller, selling almost a million copies around the world. The novel is about one of Brigham Young's plural wives, Ann Eliza Young, as well as polygamy in the United States in the 21st century. Publishers Weekly called it "an exquisite tour-de-force" and named it one of the best books of the year. Kirkus Reviews said that it was "reminiscent of Wallace Stegner's Angle of Repose in scope and ambition", while the Los Angeles Times praised it by saying that "it does that thing all good novels do: it entertains us." In 2009, British television talk show hosts Richard and Judy chose The 19th Wife for their on-air book club, making the book a #1 bestseller in the UK. In 2010, the book was made into a television movie of the same name starring Matt Czuchry, Patricia Wettig, andChyler Leigh. The novel was nominated for the Ferro-Grumley Award and the Utah Book Award. True West Magazine, citing Ebershoff's West Coast heritage and interests, named him the Best Western Fiction Writer in the United States. In 2017 The 19th Wife was #1 on Book Riot's list of 100 Must-Read American Historical novels. His books have been translated into twenty-five languages. In 2017 Variety announced he was developing a television series with Keshet Studios. Ebershoff worked at Random House for many years, starting as a summer intern and rising to Vice President and Executive Editor. He became known for helping literary fiction and nonfiction writers win major prizes and become bestsellers, including works by David Mitchell, Gary Shteyngart, Adam Johnson, former United States Poet Laureate Billy Collins, and Teju Cole. He edited three Pulitzer Prize winners, one National Book Award winner, an Oprah Book Club Selection, a winner of the PEN/Faulkner Award, four Booker Prize nominees, and four National Book Critics Circle Award finalists, and more than 25 New York Times bestsellers. In 2013, Ebershoff became the first editor to edit the winners of the Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction and for History in the same year (The Orphan Master's Son by Adam Johnson for fiction and Embers of War by Fredrik Logevall for history). In 2015, he edited the winner of the National Book Award in fiction, Fortune Smiles by Adam Johnson, and the winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography, The Pope and Mussolini by David Kertzer. He edited "America's War for the Greater Middle East" by Andrew Bacevich which was longlisted for the 2016 National Book Award. He edited "Behold the Dreamers" by Imbolo Imbue, winner of the 2017 PEN/Faulkner Award and the 2017 Oprah Book Club selection.

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Ebershoff has also edited writers such as Charles Bock, Jennifer duBois, Nobel Peace Prize-winner Shirin Ebadi, Academy Award-winning actress Diane Keaton, and Pulitzer Prize winners Sonia Nazario, Amy Ellis Nutt, Sebastian Smee, and Robert Massey. Ebershoff was Jane Jacobs's editor on her final two books and wasNorman Mailer's editor for the last five years of his life. Working with Truman Capote's estate, he oversaw the Capote publications for Random House, and was the editor of The Complete Stories of Truman Capote, Summer Crossing, and Portraits and Observations. He also edited the posthumous publications of W.G. Sebaldfor Random House. He was formerly the publishing director of Random House's classics imprint, the Modern Library.[3] Ebershoff retired from Random House in November 2015 to focus on his writing.

Calabai novel synopsis

Calabai is so novel written by Pepi Al-Bayqunie. Calabai is Bugis language that has the meaning of women in the body of men or in everyday language is called a transvestite, bencong or transvestite.

As the central figure in this novel is Saidi (or puang saidi). Saidi is the son born born expected by his father Baso able to carry and continue his family later, because both Saidi's older sister is female. But the presence became unexpected and even considered embarrassing the Baso family because in the development of his age Saidi grew up in wood or Calabai.

Various attempts by his father to make Saidi a man "intact". The family, the playing environment, the social environment, the educational environment, even to the religious environment where Saidi lives has never been in favor of his existence. His father who in fact the true family should make a sense of comfort in fact does not make him comfortable.

Unlike his mother, who tend to be able to accept this eldest son who was born by bringing its own uniqueness. Not wanting to scratch the wound deeper in the hearts of his parents, saidi chose to leave. The encounter with the white-skinned man in his dream had burned his passion for adventure into Segeri, the country of the Bissu. Bissu is a spiritual leader who has transcended the male and female nature within himself, taking on the task of guarding the balance of nature. There he discovered the heritage of the ancestors. And there he also finds his identity as Bissu.Pepi Al-Bayqunie is able and "dare" to raise the issue of minorities in the realm of literature.

A very sensitive issue that people will definitely "taste" on their side. But this is not the case in Calabai's work. The author is able to present a new perspective with how to look at Calabai. Calabai is always categorized as a community of subcultures who always berurusah with problem lust, always problematic when faced

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with the handsome man affair. But not so with Calabai, the writer is able to present the Calabai story with no spiced up with the sexuality affairs of this subculture community. In addition, through Calabai the author invites view perspective "judgment" from the point of view Calabai.

Because during this time when Calabai's discussion was only seen from the perspective of the social realm only, Calabai was a mockery, Calabai was a shame for the family, Calabai was a prophet of Lut who deserved to be removed from the face of the earth. This is what is interesting in the piece of paper written out nicely by Pepi Al-Bayqunie. The author frames from the point of view of Calabai, that the banter and rejection is uncomfortable, as Calabai he must swallow bitter-bitter likes or dislikes unfavorable conditions for self Calabai.Calabai is a true human, who want to live peacefully, comfortable , And appreciated. Calabai is a man who is actually set by God to exist and present in the midst of our lives. And it seems as Calabai does not need to sue God why he was born on earth with all the forms that according to social glasses is "a product of failure". All this has been the way of God, sometimes we as human beings trapped in the intervention of god, trying to deny that the presence of Calabai is the scenario of God.

The novel Calabai always presents two views that were initially a hassle, but in the end gave a vivid picture of how Calabai should behave. For example, in one body there are two characters physically male, inwardly and behavior is woman. The presence of mother and father saidi who are two opposing figures for refusing the presence of Calabai. The Viennese, who is a wealthy Calabai, lives in urban splendor and how his affairs are with the handsome man, while inversely with Saidi who lives in the Sageri of the Bissu country living in simplicity who must let go of the affairs of his sexual desire toward men. Not to mention, the presence of Bissu who humanely has a desire for greed, jealousy, likes or dislikes, want to have a lot of money can be reviewed well by the author. The author presents it very nicely, with full validity and ends the conclusion on something that ultimately makes us pensive and then get the learning.

The novel Calabai not only looks at social goggles, but also Islamic religious sunglasses that do not patronize. Even in the Islamic point of view delivered in some of the contents of his story, it impressed our offerings to think about how Islam actually looked at Calabai. Some excerpts are written through the eyes of Islam, it gives the kit enlightenment

Pepi Al Bayqunie, the writer of Calabai: Perempuan Dalam Tubuh Lelaki

Pepi Al-Bayqunie is a local cultural lover who is learning to write a self- taught novel. He was born under the name Saprillah on February 10, 1977 in Cappasolo, a small hamlet in Kecamatan Malangke, Luwu Utara, South Sulawesi.

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The name of Al-Bayqunie he took from the name of a hadith expert-who was enshrined as the name of the discussion group when he became a santri in MAN PK Ujung Pandang. Alumnus Tarbiyah IAIN Alauddin and Anthropology Hasanuddin University is very inspired with sesanti Pramoedya Ananta Toer: Writing is working for immortality!

His novel is Tahajud Sang Aktivis (2012), Kasidah Maribeth (2013), Trace (2015), Calabai: Perempuan Dalam Tubuh Lelaki (2016).

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