Chemistry of Boron
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An Introduction to Boron: History, Sources, Uses, and Chemistry William G
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by PubMed Central An Introduction to Boron: History, Sources, Uses, and Chemistry William G. Woods Office of Environmental Health and Safety, University of California, Riverside, California Following a brief overview of the terrestrial distribution of boron in rocks, soil, and water, the history of the discovery, early utilization, and geologic origin of borate minerals is summmarized. Modern uses of borate-mineral concentrates, borax, boric acid, and other refined products include glass, fiberglass, washing products, alloys and metals, fertilizers, wood treatments, insecticides, and microbiocides. The chemistry of boron is reviewed from the point of view of its possible health effects. It is concluded that boron probably is complexed with hydroxylated species in biologic systems, and that inhibition and stimulation of enzyme and coenzymes are pivotal in its mode of action. - Environ Health Perspect 102(Suppl 7): 5-11 (1994) Key words: boron, borax, colemanite, glass, boric acid, health effects, enzyme, review Introduction retardants, as micronutrients in fertilizers were an important source of boric acid in Boron is an ubiquitous element in rocks, and for many other purposes, as well. Europe from about 1820 to the 1950s. soil, and water. Most of the earth's soils The varied chemistry and importance Borax also was made from Italian boric have <10 ppm boron, with high concen- of boron is dominated by the ability of acid in England, France, and Germany. trations found in parts of the western borates to form trigonal as well as tetrahe- The borate industry in Turkey com- United States and in other sites stretching dral bonding patterns and to create com- menced in 1865 with mining of the calci- from the Mediterranean to Kazakhstan. -
Boron-Nitrogen Compounds
springer.com Chemistry : Inorganic Chemistry Niedenzu, Kurt, Dawson, J.W. Boron-Nitrogen Compounds Although the chemistry of boron is still relatively young, it is developing at a pace where even specific areas of research are difficult to compile into a monograph. Besides the boron hydrides, boron-nitrogen compounds are among the most fascinating derivatives of boron. Nitrogen compounds exist in a wide variety of molecular structures and display many interesting properties. The combination of nitrogen and boron, however, has some unusual features that are hard to match in any other combination of elements. This situation was first recognized by ALFRED STOCK and it seems proper to pay tribute to his outstanding work in the area of boron chemistry. One should realize that about forty years ago, STOCK and his coworkers had to develop completely new experimental techniq'\les and that no guidance for the interpreta• tion of their rather unusual data had been advanced by theoretical chemists. In this monograph an attempt has been made to explore the general characteristics of structure and the principles involved in the preparation and reactions of boron-nitroge~ compounds. It was a somewhat difficult task to select that information which appears to be of the most Springer interest to "inorganic and general chemistry" since the electronic relationship between a boron- nitrogen and a carbon-carbon grouping is reflected in the "organic" character of many of the Softcover reprint of the 1st reactions and compounds. original 1st ed. 1965, VIII, -
Aldrich FT-IR Collection Edition I Library
Aldrich FT-IR Collection Edition I Library Library Listing – 10,505 spectra This library is the original FT-IR spectral collection from Aldrich. It includes a wide variety of pure chemical compounds found in the Aldrich Handbook of Fine Chemicals. The Aldrich Collection of FT-IR Spectra Edition I library contains spectra of 10,505 pure compounds and is a subset of the Aldrich Collection of FT-IR Spectra Edition II library. All spectra were acquired by Sigma-Aldrich Co. and were processed by Thermo Fisher Scientific. Eight smaller Aldrich Material Specific Sub-Libraries are also available. Aldrich FT-IR Collection Edition I Index Compound Name Index Compound Name 3515 ((1R)-(ENDO,ANTI))-(+)-3- 928 (+)-LIMONENE OXIDE, 97%, BROMOCAMPHOR-8- SULFONIC MIXTURE OF CIS AND TRANS ACID, AMMONIUM SALT 209 (+)-LONGIFOLENE, 98+% 1708 ((1R)-ENDO)-(+)-3- 2283 (+)-MURAMIC ACID HYDRATE, BROMOCAMPHOR, 98% 98% 3516 ((1S)-(ENDO,ANTI))-(-)-3- 2966 (+)-N,N'- BROMOCAMPHOR-8- SULFONIC DIALLYLTARTARDIAMIDE, 99+% ACID, AMMONIUM SALT 2976 (+)-N-ACETYLMURAMIC ACID, 644 ((1S)-ENDO)-(-)-BORNEOL, 99% 97% 9587 (+)-11ALPHA-HYDROXY-17ALPHA- 965 (+)-NOE-LACTOL DIMER, 99+% METHYLTESTOSTERONE 5127 (+)-P-BROMOTETRAMISOLE 9590 (+)-11ALPHA- OXALATE, 99% HYDROXYPROGESTERONE, 95% 661 (+)-P-MENTH-1-EN-9-OL, 97%, 9588 (+)-17-METHYLTESTOSTERONE, MIXTURE OF ISOMERS 99% 730 (+)-PERSEITOL 8681 (+)-2'-DEOXYURIDINE, 99+% 7913 (+)-PILOCARPINE 7591 (+)-2,3-O-ISOPROPYLIDENE-2,3- HYDROCHLORIDE, 99% DIHYDROXY- 1,4- 5844 (+)-RUTIN HYDRATE, 95% BIS(DIPHENYLPHOSPHINO)BUT 9571 (+)-STIGMASTANOL -
The Lithium, Boron and Beryllium Content Of
Published in Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 72, issue 22, 5475-5504, 2008 1 which should be used for any reference to this work The Lithium, Boron and Beryllium content of serpentinized peridotites from ODP Leg 209 (Sites 1272A and 1274A): Implications for lithium and boron budgets of oceanic lithosphere Flurin Vils a,*, Laure Pelletier a, Angelika Kalt a, Othmar Mu¨ntener b, Thomas Ludwig c a Institut de Ge´ologie et d’Hydroge´ologie, Universite´ de Neuchaˆtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CP 158, CH-2009 Neuchaˆtel, Switzerland b Institut de Mine´ralogie et Ge´ochimie, Universite´ de Lausanne, Anthropole, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland c Mineralogisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universita¨t Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 236, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany Abstract Despite the key importance of altered oceanic mantle as a repository and carrier of light elements (B, Li, and Be) to depth, its inventory of these elements has hardly been explored and quantified. In order to constrain the systematics and budget of these elements we have studied samples of highly serpentinized (>50%) spinel harzburgite drilled at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Fifteen– Twenty Fracture zone, ODP Leg 209, Sites 1272A and 1274A). In-situ analysis by secondary ion mass spectrometry reveals that the B, Li and Be contents of mantle minerals (olivine, orthopyroxene, and clinopyroxene) remain unchanged during serpent- inization. B and Li abundances largely correspond to those of unaltered mantle minerals whereas Be is close to the detection limit. The Li contents of clinopyroxene are slightly higher (0.44–2.8 lggÀ1) compared to unaltered mantle clinopyroxene, and olivine and clinopyroxene show an inverse Li partitioning compared to literature data. -
Design and Synthesis of FRET-Based Boronic Acid Receptors to Detect Carbohydrate Clustering and Development of Diacylglycerol-Ba
University of Tennessee, Knoxville Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 12-2009 Design and Synthesis of FRET-Based Boronic Acid Receptors to Detect Carbohydrate Clustering and Development of Diacylglycerol-Based Lipid Probesto Investigate Lipid-Protein Binding Interactions Manpreet Kaur Cheema University of Tennessee - Knoxville Recommended Citation Cheema, Manpreet Kaur, "Design and Synthesis of FRET-Based Boronic Acid Receptors to Detect Carbohydrate Clustering and Development of Diacylglycerol-Based Lipid Probesto Investigate Lipid-Protein Binding Interactions. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2009. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/517 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Manpreet Kaur Cheema entitled "Design and Synthesis of FRET-Based Boronic Acid Receptors to Detect Carbohydrate Clustering and Development of Diacylglycerol-Based Lipid Probesto Investigate Lipid-Protein Binding Interactions." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, with a major in Chemistry. Michael Best, Major -
Curriculum Vitae Professor Dr. Martin Jansen
Curriculum Vitae Professor Dr. Martin Jansen Name: Martin Jansen Born: 5 November 1944 Main areas of research: preparative solid-state chemistry, crystal chemistry, materials research, structure-property relationship of solids Since 1998, he has been a member of the scientific council of the Max Planck Society and a director at the Max Planck Institute for solid-state research in StuttgartHe has developed a concept for plan- ning solid state syntheses, combining computational and experimental tools, that is pointing the way to rational and efficient discovery of new materials. Academic and Professional Career since 1998 Director at the Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart and Honorary Professor at the University of Stuttgart, Germany 1987 - 1998 Professor (C4) and Director of the Institute at the University of Bonn, Germany 1981 - 1987 Professor (C4), Chair B for Inorganic Chemistry of the University of Hannover, Germany 1978 Habilitation at the University of Gießen, Germany 1973 Promotion (Ph.D.) at the University of Gießen, Germany 1966 - 1970 Study of Chemistry at the University of Gießen, Germany Honours and Awarded Memberships (Selection) 2019 Otto-Hahn-Prize 2009 Centenary Prize, Royal Society of Chemistry, UK 2009 Georg Wittig - Victor Grignard Prize, Société Chimique de France 2008 Member of acatech (National Academy of Science and Engineering) Nationale Akademie der Wissenschaften Leopoldina www.leopoldina.org 1 2007 Karl Ziegler Award, Germany 2004 Honorary Doctorate of the Ludwig Maximilians-University of -
United States Patent (19) 11 3,929,495 Broemer Et Al
United States Patent (19) 11 3,929,495 Broemer et al. (45) Dec. 30, 1975 54) OPTICAL BORATE GLASS OF HIGH 3,149,984 9/1964 Faulstich........................... 106/47 R CHEMICAL RESISTANCE AND PROCESS 3,307,929 3/1967 Trap.................................. 106/47 R 3,480,453 it 1/1969 Reid et al.......................... 106/47 R OF MAKING SAME 3,486,915 12/1969 Broemer et al................... 106/47 R (75) Inventors: Heinz Broemer, Hermannstein; 3,510,325 5/1970 Broemer et al................... 106/47 R Norbert Meinert, Wetzlar, both of FOREIGN PATENTS OR APPLICATIONS Germany 863,352 3/1961 United Kingdom............... 106/47 Q 73 Assignee: Ernst Leitz G.m.b.H., Wetzlar, 4,424,420 10/1969 Japan................................ 106/47 Q Germany Filed: May 15, 1973 Primary Examiner-Winston A. Douglas 22) Assistant Examiner-Mark Bell 21 Appl. No.: 360,418 Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Erich M. H. Radde 30 Foreign Application Priority Data 57 ABSTRACT May 15, 1972 Germany............................ 2223564 An optical borate glass of high chemical resistance, with negative anomalous partial dispersion, refraction 52) U.S. Cl. ............................. 106/47 Q; 106/47 R index n between 1,65 and 1,79, and Abbe number ve 51 Int. CI..... C03C 3/14: CO3C 3/00; C03C 3/30 between 40 and 30 is composed of boron trioxide, 58) Field of Search......................... 106/47 O, 47 R lead oxide, and aluminum oxide. It may additionally contain lithium, sodium, and/or potassium oxides, zinc (56) References Cited oxide, zirconium dioxide, tantalum pentoxide, and, if UNITED STATES PATENTS desired, antimony trioxide and/or bismuthum trioxide. -
The Strongest Acid Christopher A
Chemistry in New Zealand October 2011 The Strongest Acid Christopher A. Reed Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA Article (e-mail: [email protected]) About the Author Chris Reed was born a kiwi to English parents in Auckland in 1947. He attended Dilworth School from 1956 to 1964 where his interest in chemistry was un- doubtedly stimulated by being entrusted with a key to the high school chemical stockroom. Nighttime experiments with white phosphorus led to the Headmaster administering six of the best. He obtained his BSc (1967), MSc (1st Class Hons., 1968) and PhD (1971) from The University of Auckland, doing thesis research on iridium organotransition metal chemistry with Professor Warren R. Roper FRS. This was followed by two years of postdoctoral study at Stanford Univer- sity with Professor James P. Collman working on picket fence porphyrin models for haemoglobin. In 1973 he joined the faculty of the University of Southern California, becoming Professor in 1979. After 25 years at USC, he moved to his present position of Distinguished Professor of Chemistry at UC-Riverside to build the Centre for s and p Block Chemistry. His present research interests focus on weakly coordinating anions, weakly coordinated ligands, acids, si- lylium ion chemistry, cationic catalysis and reactive cations across the periodic table. His earlier work included extensive studies in metalloporphyrin chemistry, models for dioxygen-binding copper proteins, spin-spin coupling phenomena including paramagnetic metal to ligand radical coupling, a Magnetochemi- cal alternative to the Spectrochemical Series, fullerene redox chemistry, fullerene-porphyrin supramolecular chemistry and metal-organic framework solids (MOFs). -
04. Si Monsters
IV The Chemistry of Bug-Eyed Silicon Monsters 1. The Rise and Fall of an Analogy Carbon and silicon were not always regarded as isova- lent analogs of one another. The great Swedish chem- ist, Jöns Jakob Berzelius (figure 1), who was the first to isolate silicon as a simple substance in 1823, thought that it most resembled boron (1, 2). This assignment was based on the fact that both elements formed acidic, nonvolatile oxides which could act as glass formers, and on a similarity in the appearance of the simple substances themselves, both of which had been pre- pared only as highly-impure, amorphous, nonmetallic powders. This analogy was further reinforced by errors in the determination of their atomic weights, which assigned the analogous formulas, BO3 and SiO3, to their respective oxides, in sharp contrast to the formu- las, CO and CO2, assigned to the oxides of carbon. With the gradual correction of atomic weights and the equally gradual substitution of “stoichiometric type” or valence, in place of acidity and electronegativity, as the preferred basis for chemical classification, silicon was reassigned as an analog of carbon. In 1857, the German chemist, Friedrich Wöhler (figure 2), discovered silicon tetrahydride (SiH4), the stoichiometric and structural analog of methane (CH4), and the logical starting point for speculations on an Figure 2. Friedrich Wöhler (1800-1882). alternative organic chemistry based on silicon rather than carbon (3). Ironically, however, Wöhler did not consider this possibility until 1863 and then only as a result of a faulty interpretation of his experimental data. Having obtained, via the hydrolysis of magne- sium silicide, a series of apparent compounds of sili- con, hydrogen and oxygen, he found it very difficult to assign them exact formulas. -
Arizona Department of Mines and Mineral Resources
Arizona Department of Mines and Mineral Resources 1502 West Washington, Phoenix, AZ 85007 Phone (602) 255-3795 1-800-446-4259 in Arizona FAX (602) 255-3777 www.admmr.state.az.us Titanium Circular 9, August 1982 by Michael N Greeley, Mining Engineer Titanium is a lightweight metal that is virtually as strong as steel. As our technologies and industries have become increasingly sophisticated, demand for this relatively scarce, but highly desirable metal has increased rapidly. This information circular is written to acquaint the prospector and miner with titanium and its uses. A resume of typical geologic environments and production possibilities in Arizona is given. Uses phisticated needs will vie for a greater share of the The largest market for titanium is in the manufacture world's supply of this unique metal. of pigments. Because of its high refractive index, titanium dioxide pigment imparts whiteness, opacity, Geology and Mineralogy and brightness to paints, varnishes, and lacquers. The most important titanium minerals are anatase Titanium pigment is also used greatly in paper coat (Ti0 ), ilmenite (FeTi0 ), perovskite (CaTi03), ru- 2 3 ings and as paper fillers. Many plastic products such tile (Ti0 ), sphene (CaTiSiOS), and leucoxene. Leu as polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, and polystyrene 2 coxene, a mineraloid, is an alteration product of il incorporate titanium pigment because of its resis menite, from which a portion of the iron has been tance to degradation by ultraviolet light and its leached. Currently the minerals of commercial inter chemical inertness. est are ilmenite, leucoxene, and rutile. Production historically has come from three types of deposits: Titanium dioxide pigment and other titanium com Beach and stream placers, massive deposits of titani pounds are used in many miscellaneous applications, ferous iron ore, and igneous complexes in which ru including rubber tires, floor and wall coverings, tile occurs in association with anorthosite and simi glass fibers, ceramic capacitors, carbide cutting lar, mafic crystalline rocks. -
United States Patent (19) (11) 4,154,806 Szabó Et Al
United States Patent (19) (11) 4,154,806 Szabó et al. 45) May 15, 1979 54 PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF (56) References Cited NITROUS OXDE U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS 75) Inventors: Zoltán Szabó; Jenö Trompler; 1,098,305 5/1914 Torley et al. ........................ 423/400 Erzsébet Hollós, née Rakosinyi, all of 2,111,277 3/1938 Castner et al. ....................... 423/400 Budapest, Hungary 2,425,582 8/1947 Vingee ................................. 423/400 3,411,883 11/1968 Smit ................................. 423/400X 73) Assignee: Eötvös Lóránd Tudományegyetem, FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS Budapest, Hungary 276069 5/1913 Fed. Rep. of Germany ........... 423/400 (21) Appl. No.: 865,119 Primary Examiner-G. O. Peters 57 ABSTRACT (22 Filed: Dec. 28, 1977 Ammonium nitrate is mixed, in a weight ratio of higher than 1:5, with a melt containing ammonium hydrogen 30 Foreign Application Priority Data sulfate and ammonium sulfate respectively present in Dec. 30, 1976 HU) Hungary ............................. TO 1047 the melt in a ratio of at least 4:1. The resultant mixture is subjected to thermal decomposition at 200-240 de 51) Int. C.’.............................................. C01B 21/22 grees C to produce nitrous oxide. 52) U.S. C. .................................................... 423/400 58) Field of Search ......................................... 423/400 10 Claims, No Drawings 4,154,806 2 temperature, i.e. over 250 C., the nitrous oxide formed PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF NITROUS decomposes to higher nitrogen oxides and nitrogen. A OXDE further disadvantage of the increased temperature con sists in that ammonium nitrate sublimates and thus The invention concerns a process for the production causes material loss and operational problems. -
1 Structure, Properties, and Preparation of Boronic Acid Derivatives Overview of Their Reactions and Applications Dennis G
j1 1 Structure, Properties, and Preparation of Boronic Acid Derivatives Overview of Their Reactions and Applications Dennis G. Hall 1.1 Introduction and Historical Background Structurally, boronic acids are trivalent boron-containing organic compounds that possess one carbon-based substituent (i.e., a CÀB bond) and two hydroxyl groups to fill the remaining valences on the boron atom (Figure 1.1). With only six valence electrons and a consequent deficiency of two electrons, the sp2-hybridized boron atom possesses a vacant p-orbital. This low-energy orbital is orthogonal to the three substituents, which are oriented in a trigonal planar geometry. Unlike carbox- ylic acids, their carbon analogues, boronic acids, are not found in nature. These abiotic compounds are derived synthetically from primary sources of boron such as boric acid, which is made by the acidification of borax with carbon dioxide. Borate esters, one of the key precursors of boronic acid derivatives, are made by simple dehydration of boric acid with alcohols. The first preparation and isolation of a boronic acid was reported by Frankland in 1860 [1]. By treating diethylzinc with triethylborate, the highly air-sensitive triethylborane was obtained, and its slow oxidation in ambient air eventually provided ethylboronic acid. Boronic acids are the products of a twofold oxidation of boranes. Their stability to atmospheric oxidation is considerably superior to that of borinic acids, which result from the first oxidation of boranes. The product of a third oxidation of boranes, boric acid, is a very stable and relatively benign compound to humans (Section 1.2.2.3). Their unique properties and reactivity as mild organic Lewis acids, coupled with their stability and ease of handling, are what make boronic acids a particularly attractive class of synthetic intermediates.