Bipolar Disorder of the Main Character As Seen in the ‘’Touched with Fire’’ Movie by Paul Dalio

BIPOLAR DISORDER OF THE MAIN CHARACTER AS SEEN IN THE ‘’TOUCHED WITH FIRE’’ MOVIE BY PAUL DALIO

THESIS

Submitted to the Board of Examination In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement For Literary Degree at English Literature Department

ANDI SETIAWAN NIM: AI.160770

ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SULTAN THAHA SAIFUDDIN JAMBI 2020

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Nim: AI.160770

MOTTO

Orang-orang kafir itu membuat tipu daya, dan Allah membalas tipu daya mereka itu. dan Allah Sebaik-baik pembalas tipu daya.

”Mereka berencana, Allah-pun berencana, dan Allah adalah sebaik-baiknya pembuat rencana”

“It‟s not about how hard you hit. It‟s about how hard you can get hit and keep moving forward”

Bukan tentang seberapa kuat kau memukul tapi tentang seberapa kuat kau dapat menahan pukulan dan tetap terus maju.

-Rocky Balboa-

DEDICATION

First of all I would say Alhamdulillahi rabil ‘alamin, my highest gratitude to Allah SWT for blessing, love, opportunity, health, and mercy to complete this thesis. In arranging this thesis, a lot of people have provided motivation, advice, and support for the researcher First, my deepest dedication goes to my beloved parents: My beloved Father, Harun Suhar for the phone call every day in order to remind me to keep going and never give up, for the affection and attention that has been given so far. My beloved Mother, Sumiyati for all your attention, and love. Even though we're separated, but I know you will always pray for my success

And My beloved sister, Aprilia Aulia Harun and my beloved brother Al-Abizar and also My best friends Imron Rosyadi, Aliya, Merli Santri, and Fauziah syahrani thank you for the support and help that you guys have provided so far. I am so lucky to have friends and family who are always be there whether in happy or difficult situation

Then to Dr. Alfian, M.Ed and Firdiansyah, M.Hum as my supervisors,thank you for the opportunity, time, and knowledge that has been given during the completion of my thesis.

Next, my little family English Literature 2016 A and B. Thank you guys for the advice, love, help, support, ideas and great experiences that we have made together, I am very grateful to God for being given the opportunity to meet extraordinary people like you all. You are great people, talented and competitive, thank you for making me part of this small family. Finally, for all those who have helped me in completing this thesis, I would like to say

THANK YOU SO MUCH!

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly, the writer would like to say Alhamdullilahirabil’alamin, all the praise to Allah SWT the lord of all creatures, for His Blessing from the starting point of my study until now the end of my study. After that, Shalawat and salam be upon to our Prophet Muhammad SAW, hopefully we will get His syafa’at later at The Last Day. Secondly, I would like to express her deepest gratitude to people who helped the writer in accomplishing this thesis. I would like to thank my supervisors Dr. Alfian, M.Ed., Firdiansyah, M. Hum who have helped, adjusted, supported and suggested me in writing this thesis. I also would like to say thanks for all classmates English Literature 2016 who have given additional suggestion and support to finish this thesis.

To accomplish this thesis, the writer had been given one great deal to many people. So, the writer would like to say thanks for their contribution, they are:

1. Prof. Dr. Suaidi, MA., Ph. D as a Rector of State Islamic University of

Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi.

2. Dr. Halimah Dja‟far. S. Ag., M. Fil. I. as the dean of Adab and Humanities

Faculty.

3. Dr. Ali Muzakir, M. Ag as the first Vice Dean of Academic. Dr. Alfian,

S.Pd, M.Ed as the second Vice Dean of Finances, and Dr. Roudhoh,

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S.Ag.SS M.Pd.I as the third Vice Dean of University Student of Adab and

Humanities Faculty.

4. The Head of English Literature Department Dian Mukhlisa, MA.

5. The Secretary of English Literature Department Chandri Febri Santi M.Pd

6. All the Lecturers and staffs of Adab and Humanities Faculty, then

contribution and assistant during studying in UIN of Sulthan Thaha

Saifuddin Jambi.

7. The Head and officers of the library of UIN and public library of Jambi

province.

8. The last but not least, to my beloved parents, brothers and sister who gave

fully supporting to the writer.

This thesis is still far away from perfection. I need some critics and suggestions, so that I can be better in the future. Finally, the writer hopes this thesis will give positive contributions for readers, especially for the students of

English Literature Department of Adab and Humanities Faculty.

Jambi, Januari 7th 2021 The writer

Andi Setiawan Nim: AI.160770

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ABSTRACT

Andi Setiawa ,2020 :Bipolar Disorder of the Main Character as seen in the Touched with Fire movie Supervisor I : Dr. Alfian, M.Ed Supervisor II : Firdiansyah, M. Hum

This thesis analized about Bipolar Disorder of Marco and Carla in Touched with Fire Movie by Paul Dalio. The purpose of this research are (1) To find out the types of Bipolar Disorder experienced by Marco and Carla in the Touched with Fire film (2) To find out the causes of Bipolar Disorder that happened in the f Touched with fire film. This thesis research uses psychological approach by Endraswara about Bipolar Disorder, and the theory of types of Bipolar Disorder by Boulvard Wilson, the cause of Bipolar Disorder by Michael Wilson Passer and Smith Ronald. The method used in analyzing the problem in this thesis is a qualitative descriptive method. The result of this study are that Marco and Carla experienced some degree of mania and also some symptoms of depression, and also mixed episode. The cause of Bipolar Disorder in the film are psychological factors and environmental factors. Marco and Carla experience periods of unusually intense emotion, changes in sleep patterns and activity levels and characteristic behavior often without recognizing their likely harmful or undesirable effects.

Keywords : Bipolar Disorder, Touched with Fire.

ABSTRAK

…… Andi Setiawan ,2020 :Bipolar Disorder of the Main Character as seen in the Touched with Fire movie Supervisor I : Dr. Alfian, M.Ed Supervisor II : Firdiansyah, M. Hum

Skripsi ini membahas tentang Bipolar Disorder dari Marco dan Carla didalam film Touched with Fire karya Paul Dalio. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah (1) untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis Bipolar Disorder yang dialami oleh Marco dan Carla dalam film Touched with fire (2) untuk mengetahui penyebab Bipolar Disorder yang terjadi pada film Touched with fire. Penelitian skripsi ini menggunakan pendekatan psikologis Endraswara tentang Bipolar Disorder, dan teori jenis-jenis Bipolar Disorder oleh Boulvard Wilson, penyebab Bipolar Disorder oleh Michael Wilson Passer and Smith Ronald. Metode yang digunakan dalam menganalsisi masalah dalam skripsi ini adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah Marco dan Carla mengalami beberapa derajat mania serta beberapa gejala depresi, serta episode campuran. Penyebab Bipolar dalam film tersebut adalah factor psikologis dan factor lingkungan. Marco dan Carla mengalami emosi yang luar biasa intens, perubahan pola tidur dan tingkat aktivitas, serta perilaku karakteristik sering kali tanpa mengenali kemungkinan efek berbahaya atau tidak diinginkannya.

Kata Kunci : Gangguaan Bipolar, Film Touched with Fire.

TABLE OF CONTENT

NOTA DINAS ...... i APPROVAL ...... ii LETTER OF RATIFICATION ...... iii ORIGINAL THESIS STATEMENT ...... iv MOTTO ...... v DEDICATION ...... vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... vii ABSTRACT ...... ix ABSTRAK ...... x TABLE OF CONTENT ...... xii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Problem...... 1

B. Formulation of the Problem ...... 3

C. Limitation of the Problem ...... 3

D. Purpose of the Research ...... 3

E. Significance of the Research ...... 4

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Psychological Approach ...... 5

B. Bipolar Disorder ...... 6

C. Symptoms and Phases of Bipolar Disorder ...... 10

D. Subtypes of Bipolar Disorder ...... 10

E. The Cause of Bipolar Disorder...... 12

F. Character …………………………………………………………...14

G. Review of Related Literature ………………………………………14

CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH

A. Design of Research...... 18

B. Source of Data ...... 19

C. Technique of Data Collection ...... 20

D. Technique of Data Analysis ...... 21

CHAPTER IV FINDING AND ANLYSIS

A. Finding…………………………………………………………………...23

B. Analysis…………………………………………………………………..23

a. Types of Bipolar Disorder…………………………...…………..23

b. The Causes of Bipolar Disorder……………………..………….39

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

A. Conclusions………………………………...... …....….... 44

B. Suggestions………………………………………...... 45

REFERENCES

APPENDIXES

CURRICULUM VITE

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Research Literature is a work that has a certain meaning and beauty in writing, where in literature we can find creative ideas by reading a number of works and from reading that we can understand that the relationship between the soul with literary works in an effort to provide comfort to self-activity that reflects a situation in everyday life. Literature referred to as the entirety of written expression, with the restriction that not every written document can be categorized as literature in the more exact sense of the word. The definitions, therefore, usually include additional adjectives such as “aesthetic” or “artistic” to distinguish literary works from texts of everyday use such as telephone books, newspapers, legal documents and scholarly writings1. Literature can be divided into written literature or oral literature. In this case literature has little to do with writing, but can be with a language that is used as a vehicle to express experience or thought. Whereas if reviewed psycho graphically, the type of literature has several forms such as films, novels, short stories (written / oral), poetry, and so on2. Film or movie is one kind of literary works used language to communicate to the audience. Film is the transformation of written text into audio visual from. Transformation (change) of literary text into this movie called extranisation. Extranisation is the realization of the literary work into film. This transfer will result in a change. Because of that transformation, now the people can see the literary work in film form.3

1 Klarer, Mario. 1999. An Introduction to Literary Studies. London and New York: Routledge. P.10 2 Klarer, Mario. 1999. An Introduction to Literary Studies. London and New York: Routledge. P.11 3 Klarer, Mario. 1999. An Introduction to Literary Studies. London and New York: Routledge. P.20 1

Likewise, film is an art of audio-visual storytelling, film is a medium of communication rich with social implications, created within different social, historical, and cultural contexts4 Through the film, someone can see the story in the past and the future. They can understand the entire world; natural disaster, culture, biography of famous people, animal‟s life, and also technology. It is including fiction and nonfiction story. Fiction is the story that built by imagination (the story does not happen in real life) while nonfiction is the true story and happen in real life. The strength of film is about the audio-visual where the filmmaker tells the story to the audience directly by showing some actions, interactions, and communication on it. Some filmmakers make film based on the real story such as the history of heroes, documenters and social issues. Some others make the film based on their imagination and creation such as the fantasy story, science fiction and superhero. Nowadays the society is very interested in fiction story. Besides gorgeous characters also the way of plot is running. The information or events those are not real but rather imaginary. There are lots of fiction story that are still coming up and being made. As film Touched with Fire. The fiction film that shows some beyond actions that is hard to be believed. But the story does not only tell about that, it also tells about how the character life in pressure condition. The pressure makes the character become flight, uncontrolled and kill themselves. In this research, the writer chooses the ‘’Touched with Fire’’ Movie because the writer found that Touched with fire movie get three awards in two years. First, Woodstock Film Festival in 2015. Second, IndieFEST Film Awards in 2016. And The last, SAMHSA Voice Awards in 20165.

4 Victoria University of Wellington.2011. Career View: Film (a Journal pdf). Wellington: Career Development and Employment. P.1 5http://www.google.com/search?q=touched+with+fire+sinopsis&aqs=chrome.1.69i57j35i 39j0l2.4599j1j7&client=ms-android-oppo&sourceid=chrome-mobile&ie=UTF-8 2

Furthermore, there are bipolar disorder issues in the film Touched with Fire by Paul Dalio which makes the film is interested to be analyzed deeply. The swing of mood of Marco and Carla are considered as mood disorder or in modern term called manic depression or bipolar disorder. However, the patient of bipolar get difficult to diagnose its disorder because it looks like normal but actually not normal. Even, an irritable and excited person can be diagnosed as the first symptoms to bipolar disorder. Those reasons are enough to say that manic depression or bipolar disorder is interesting and also unique matter to be analyzed. In this research, the writer takes the title “Bipolar Disorder of the main character as seen in the ‘’Touched with Fire’’ Movie by Paul Dalio”. B. Formulation of the Problem Based on the background of the problem, the formulations of problem in this research are: 1. What types of bipolar disorder are experienced by Marco and Carla in the film Touched with Fire? 2. What are the causes of bipolar disorder that happened in the film Touched with Fire? C. Limitation of the Problem To make this research focus, the writer limited the analysis only on the bipolar disorder of Marco and Carla as the main character in film Touched with Fire which was released in 2016 in 2016 in United States America by Paul Dalio. D. Purpose of the Research The purposes of this research are: 1. To find out the types of bipolar disorder experienced by Marco and Carla in the film Touched with Fire. 2. To find out the causes of bipolar disorder that happened in the film Touched with Fire.

E. Significant of the Research This study is entitled Bipolar Disorder potrayed by Marco and Carla in movie: Bipolar. In succeeding in this study, the writer hopes that this study can be useful and give advantages to the readers, there are two benefits consideration for conducting the research. The current study is expected to give theoretical and practical benefits for the study. Theoretically, the aim of this thesis is to give much knowledge about literature, especially about literature and movie, richer that before. It is expected that this study can grow the interest of the reader in understanding movie. The research also expects that this study can give the reader a few knowledges about Bipolar Disorder and the causes of bipolar disorder which found in a movie. Practically, this study can be used by the reader as inspiration and reference in making further study about types and the causes of bipolar disorder. This study also can be an afterthought and an inspiration for parents to always protect and pay attention for their children without making childhood trauma for their children. Paying attention and always protecting is indispensable to help the child grow better.

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Psychological Approach In literature, literary work is considered as mirror of author‟s psychology. Because of that reason, the research of psychology of literature is important. Psychology of literature is study of literature by looking at the work as activity of psychology6. The authors will use creation, feeling, and work in working. It is similar to the reader, in giving response to the work it cannot be separated from their own psychology. Furthermore, literary psychological research is not simple as another research because it is related to unconsciousness psychology that needs more carefulness. Again, literary psychology should be built by three approaches at once. First, textual approach, study about character psychological aspect in literary work. Second, receptive-pragmatic approach which sees the work by psychology of its reader aspect as the judge of literary work. Third, expressive approach, study about the writer psychological side when writers the creativity work process through its literary work7. It is likely to take a conclusion that the basic view of this research will be the first one that is the textual approach because the current research analyzed the character in the film. In the psychology study, one of theory is psychoanalysis which concern in which the mind expresses feelings. Those feelings range from anxiety and fear to hostility and sexual desire, and they can originate in a range of sources, from traumas of personal history to the instinct of the body. Psychoanalysis is also concerned with the dynamics of interpersonal relations and with the way the self is formed through interactions with its familial and socio cultural environment. Depending on the school of psychoanalysis one

6 Endrasawara, Metodologi Penelitian Sastra (Epistemology, model, teori dan aplikasi). Jakarta:CPAS.2011.p.96 7 Endrasawara, Metodologi Penelitian Sastra (Epistemology, model, teori dan aplikasi). Jakarta:CPAS.2011.p.97 5

heeds, the study of the mind operations in literature should be concerned either with the unconscious and the instinct or with family, personal history, and the social world that shapes the self8. B. Bipolar Disorder The prefix „‟bi‟‟ which means two, refers to the extreme moods of bipolar disorder. The ending „‟polar‟‟ refers to the opposite states, or poles, that characterize the illness. A person with bipolar disorder suffers from the lows or sadness of depression. The person also experiences mania, which is characterized by extreme enthusiasm and excitement, as well as disorganized thinking and behavior.9 Depression has been around since the beginning of human history. It is painful and destructive, and it affects people of all ages, nationalities, religions, and races. United states president Abraham Lincoln was so troubled by depression in the mid-nineteenth century that he described himself as „‟the most miserable man living.‟‟ There are various types of depression. One of the most complex types is bipolar disorder (BD), also known as manic-depressive illness. Bipolar disorder is a condition that causes a person‟s mood to swing back and forth between two opposite emotional states: depression and mania. In depression, a person has sad or low mood and is typically inactive and with-drawn. A person in a manic state, on the other hand, has an abnormally elevated mood and is often mentally and physically hyperactive.10 These vastly different emotional states are sometimes experienced in isolated phases, or as complex combinations of both depression and mania. The rate and degree to which a person experiences these dramatic emotional changes can vary greatly from person to person.

8 Ryan, Michael, Literary theory A practical introduction. (USA: Blackwell Publisher Inc, 1999), p.35 9 Basia Leonardo, and Joann Jovinelly, Understanding Brain Diseases and Disorders, (The Rosen Publishing Group, 2012), p.7 10 Basia Leonardo, and Joann Jovinelly, Understanding Brain Diseases and Disorders, (The Rosen Publishing Group, 2012), p.4 6

C. Symptoms and Phases of Bipolar Disorder In 1980, the name of bipolar disorder was adopted to replace the older

term manic depression, which was tightly associated with psychosis should

not be required for a diagnosis. In this modern conceptualization, bipolar

disorder is a cyclical mood disorder involving periods of more or less full

recovery.11

When a person is difficult to understand the mood changes and hard to

make decision, in certain day feels high or feels over excited and sometimes

low or feels very sad, it is called manic depression. The term of manic

depression is also well-known as bipolar disorder. It is commonly term to

describe a serious mental illness of the people. The spreading of the illness

not only covers adult people but also children and adolescence.

Bipolar disorder involves extreme swings of mood from mania (a

from of euphoria) to deep depression. It has no simple cause. There is strong

evidence that it is associated with internal chemical changes to various natural

transmitters of mood to the brain, but the precise way in which this happens is

not yet known. The disorder can be trigged by the stressed and strains of

everyday life, or a traumatic event or, in rare cases, physical trauma such as a

head injury12.

There are four episodes of bipolar disorder, they are:

11 National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (NCCMH). Bipolar Disorder: Management of Bipolar Disorder in Adults, Children and Adolescents in Primary and Secondary care. The Royal College of Psychiatrits and the British Psychological Society (London:2016) p. 70 12 Syrett, Melinda. The Secret life of manic depression: everything you need to know about bipolar disorder. (British:BBC Learning & Interactive), p.8 7

1. Mania Mania is the world that describes the activated phase of bipolar disorder. When it is less severe, it is called hypomania. The symptoms of mania may take a variety of forms. People on the „‟high‟‟ side of bipolar disorder may feel on top of things, productive, sociable, and self- confident. The mood becomes more elevated of irritable, behavior more unpredictable, and judgment more impaired as mania develops. People often make reckless decisions during periods of mania and put stress on their relationships, more often than not, the person is unaware often negative consequences of these extreme actions. Moreover, spending sprees, alcohol, and drug abuse, hyper sexuality are common. These periods of perceived self-importance and uncritical self-confidence can advance into a state of psychosis, with delusions and loss of contact with reality. People with bipolar disorder rarely seek treatment during a manic episode, because they may not recognize that anything is wrong. There are some symptoms of mania: a. Feeling unusually „‟high‟‟ and optimistic or extremely irritable b. Impaired judgement and impulsiveness c. Acting recklessly without thinking about the consequences d. Delusions and hallucinations (in severe cases) e. Racing thoughts; Jumping quickly from one idea to the next f. Highly distractible. Unable to concentrate g. Unrealistic, grandiose beliefs about one‟s abilities of powers h. Sleeping very little, but feeling extremely energetic i. Talking so rapidly that others can‟t keep up 2. Hypomania The term hypomania refers to a clearly altered mood state with mild to severe symptoms of mania that may for e few days or may persists for many months. The difference between mania and hypomania is not so much the severity or duration of symptoms, but the impact the symptoms have on the person‟s social or occupational function. While for some

people the hypomania is a pleasant state a good humor and high productivity, for most people even hypomania can be problematic. Many people have described the high „‟high‟‟ of hypomania as feeling better that at any other time in their lives, but the feelings are exaggerated. They cannot understand why anyone would call their experience abnormal of part of disorder. 3. Depression Depression is the opposite of mania. The patient‟s mood may be dejected his outlook hopeless. Depression is more just the sad mood that most people might experience when they have a bad day. Major depression is a medical disorder that lasts at least two weeks and produces a combination of physical and emotional symptoms that makes it very difficult to function in live. At the heart of clinical depression is a loss of pleasure in activities that used to be fun or exciting. Also, people often have feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and pessimism. These symptoms are accompanied by a wide variety of physical symptoms, such as difficulties sleeping, poor concentration and memory, low energy, and change in appetite13. There are some sign and symptoms of depression: a. Feeling hopeless, sad or empty b. Irritability c. Physical and mental sluggishness d. Feelings or worthless of guilt e. Thought of death or suicide f. Appetite or weight changes g. Sleep problems h. Concentration and memory problems i. Fatigue or loss of energy

13 Boulevard, Wilson. The National Alliance on Mental Health Understanding Bipolar Disorder and Recovery, (British:2008), p.5 9

4. Mixed Episode Mixed episode is a condition in which both mania and depression occur. A few of individuals may experience only mania episodes, but most people who manic episodes also experience periods of depression. In some cases, a person alternates cyclically between manic and depressive episodes and often exhibits a period of normal behavior in between. This condition is listed in DSM-III as a bipolar disorder; the individual goes from one pole of the affect continuum to the other14 . Moreover, in a full-blown mixed episode, criteria are met for a depressive episode and manic episode nearly every day for the least 1 week. However, a mixture of manic and depressed symptoms may occur without reaching full diagnostic criteria. For example, a patient may have racing thought, agitation, over activity and flight of ideas, but feel worthless, guilty and suicidal15. The symptoms of bipolar disorder as follows: a. Depression combination with agitation b. Insomnia c. Anxiety d. Irritability e. Distractibility f. Racing though g. The combination of high energy and low mood make high risk of suicide D. Subtypes of Bipolar Disorder There are some variations in bipolar types from individual to individual, they are:

14 Atkinson, Rita L et al, Introduction to Psychology Eight Edition, (New York:1983) 15 National Collaborating Centre for Mental, Bipolar Disorder: Management of Bipolar Disorder in Adults, Children and Adolescents in Primary and Secondary care,( The Royal College of Psychiatrists and the British Psychological Society:2006 ), p.75 10

1. Bipolar I Disorder Bipolar I disorder refers to condition in which the person may experience some episode of mania and also some degree of depression. Most people who have bipolar I will have episodes of both mania and depression. In other words, although most people who have bipolar I will have episodes of both mania depression, a few people will have episodes of mania alone. Moreover mania is the primary episodes in this type16. 2. Bipolar II Disorder Bipolar II Disorder is the condition that the person may experience hypomania and at least one episodes of depression. Bipolar II disorder involves hypomania and the occurrence of significant depression. In this criterion, the people have had one episode of depression even though never full manic episode. In addition, it can be said that in this type depression becomes main episode17. 3. Cyclothymia Cyclothymia refers to a more chronic unstable mood state. This diagnosis is given when, over the course of one year for children and adolescents, or two years for an adult, a person experience mood that are abnormally high or low for the least half of the days. During this time of unstable mood, there will be hypomania, but no full manic depressive episodes. Moreover, hypomania becomes primary episode here.18 4. Bipolar NOS Bipolar NOS („‟not otherwise specified‟‟) refers to a condition in which the people experienced the alternating periods of mood that cannot be diagnosed whether depression or hypomania as the main episode. People have experienced periods of elevated mood, but do not meet criteria for any of the other three defined subtypes of bipolar disorder. For

16 Boulevard, Wilson. The National Alliance on Mental Health Understanding Bipolar Disorder and Recovery, (British:2008) p.7 17 ,Ibid, p.7 18 Boulevard, Wilson. The National Alliance on Mental Health Understanding Bipolar Disorder and Recovery, (British:2008) p.8 11

example, a person can have some symptoms of hypomania followed by an episode of depression. Because the symptoms of hypomania never lasted that long, the person would not qualify for a diagnosis of bipolar II, since he or she did not have a full-blown hypomanic episode, but he or she would qualify for a diagnosis of bipolar NOS19. E. The Causes of Bipolar Disorder The causes of bipolar disorder are not currently known, but it appears to be one of the most heritable of all mental disorder. It is not known if specific environmental events interact with the genetic predisposition to cause bipolar disorder20. There are some factors can cause bipolar disorder, biological factors, psychological factors, and environmental factors. 1. Biological Factors Biological factors refer to genetic factors. It is inherited from parents whether father or mother. Not only from parents, it can be also from other member of family. To bipolar disorder, genetic is also studied as the main causal factor to both men and women, in which depression alternates with less frequent periods of mania, has been studied primarily at the biological level because it appears to have a stronger genetic basis than does unipolar depression21. Among both men and women, the lifetime risk of developing a bipolar disorder is just below one percent. Yet about fifty percent of patient with bipolar disorder have a parent, grandparent or child with the disorder. The concordance rate for bipolar disorder is five times higher in identical twins than in fraternal twins, suggesting a genetic link. Manic disorder may stem for an overproduction or the same neurotransmitters that are underactive and depression. This might explain the symptom picture that is quite the opposite of that seen in depression22.

19 ,Ibid, p.8 20 Benjamin, Lahey. Psychology an introduction, Ninth Edition. (New York:2007) p.559 21 Michael Willson Passer and Smith Ronald . Psyc hology the science of mental and behavior third edition. (New York:2007) p.549 22 Michael, Willson Passer and Smith Ronald . Psychology the science of mental and behavior third edition. (New York:2007) p.550 12

2. Psychological Factors Besides biological factors, there seem also psychological factors that increase vulnerability and can trigger the disorder. a. Personality-Based Vulnerability Psychoanalyst traumatic losses of rejections create vulnerability for later depression by triggering a grieving and rage process that becomes part of the individual‟s personality. Subsequent losses and rejection reactive the original loss and cause a reaction not only to the current event but also to the unresolved loss from the past. The rate of depression among women who had lost their mother before age 11 and who had also experienced a severe recent loss was almost 3 times higher than that among women who had experienced a similar recent loss but had not lost their mothers before age 1123. b. Cognitive Processes Depressed people victimize themselves through their own beliefs that they are defective, worthless and inadequate. They also believe that whatever happens to them is bad and that negative things will continue happening because of their personal defects24. 3. Environmental Factor Behavioral theorists believe that to begin feeling better, depressed people must break this vicious cycle by initially forcing themselves to engage in behaviors that are likely to produce some degree of pleasure. Eventually, positive reinforcement produced by this process of behavioral activation will begin to counteract the depressive affect, undermine the sense of hopelessness that characterizes depression, and increase feelings of personal control over the environment.25

23 .Ibid, p.550 24 Michael, Willson Passer and Smith Ronald . Psychology the science of mental and behavior third edition. (New York:2007) p.551 25 Michael, Willson Passer and Smith Ronald . Psychology the science of mental and behavior third edition. (New York:2007) p.552 13

4. Sociocultural Factors

Cultural factors also can affect the ways in which depression is manifested. Feelings of guilt and personal inadequacy seem to predominant in North American and western European countries, whereas somatic symptoms of fatigue, loss of appetite, and sleep difficulties are more often reported in Latin, Chinese, and African cultures.

F.Character

Suwardi Endraswara said that: ‘’story characters are people presented in a narrative work, or drama that the reader is interpreted as having certain moral qualities and beliefs as expressed in speech and what is done in action’’26. While the characterized is a describing character of the figures contained in a work of fiction. In other words, character, disposition or characterized to suggest the same thing, how to portray the character of leader27. Characterized of the five figures can be analyzed the method, the direct method(telling), indirect method(showing), the method view point (point of view), the study of method of stream of consciousness (stream of consciousness), and method of the study style (figurative language)28.

G. Review of Related Literature

In this thesis, there are many researchers who also conduct a research about bipolar disorder but in different perspective. The writer does the research about of Bipolar disorder of the main character as seen in the touched with fire movie by Paul Dalio, but there are researchers that have been found by the writer who have discussed about bipolar disorder film they are:

26 Burhan Nurgiyantoro. 1995: Teori Pengkajian Fiksi. Gajah Mada University Press. P.165 27 Albertine Manderop. 2005: metode karakterisasi telaah fiksi. Yayasan Obor Indonesia. P.2 28 28 Albertine Manderop. 2005: metode karakterisasi telaah fiksi. Yayasan Obor Indonesia. P.3 14

Firstly, entitled ‘’ Bipolar Disorder in Josh Trank’s Film Chronicle’’ Thesis, English Literature Department Adab and Humanities Faculty State Islamic University Alauddin of Makassar by Yulianna in 2014.29 The objective of this research are to find out the episode, type, and the cause of bipolar disorder that happened in the film „‟Chronicle‟‟ by Josh Trank. The method of this research was descriptive qualitative method. According to Sami in Endraswara descriptive qualitative method is the method in research that is described in words form picture if necessary, not the numeral. In this research, the writer used psychological approach to analyze phases of bipolar disorder, the type of bipolar disorder and the cause of bipolar disorder that experienced by Andrew on Cronicle film. To attain the goal of the objectives research, the data collected from the film scene and script „‟Chronicle‟‟ by using note taking as instrument of data research. The writer used Basia Leonardo and Joann Jovinellly theory to analyze the types of bipola disorder and also the cause of bipolar disorder. As the result, the writer found 20 data which consists of 12 data of mania, 2 data of depression, 3 data of mixed episode, and 3 data of the cause of bipolar disorder. From the analysis, the writer got conclusion that the episodes in which Andrew experienced are mania, depression and mixed episode. The type of bipolar disorder is Bipolar I Disorder. The cause of bipolar disorder are psychological and environmental factors. Second entitled ‘’An analysis of Bipolar Disorder as Potrayed in Matthew Quick’s the Silver Linings Playbook’’ Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara that is analyzed by Maria Hana Sari in 2018.30 The writer uses a novel as the object, there is the Silver Lining Playbook from America. The writer analyzes about how bipolar disorder as potrayed in the Silver Linings playbook. In this thesis, the writer uses American Psychiatric Association‟s theory to analyze the novel. The method that used in writing this

29 Yulianna, ‘’Bipolar Disorder in Josh Trank’s film Cronicle’’ English and Language Department Faculty of Humanities and Culture State Islamic University of Makassar. 2014 30 Maria Hana Sari, ‘’An Analysis of Bipolar Disorder as potrayed in Mattew Quick’s the Silver Linings Playbook’’ Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara. 2018 15

thesis is descriptive qualitative method. The analysis and findings that can be found in the novel are about how bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder can occur because of losing of a loved one. Bipolar disorder consists of mania and depression which each have episodes. Mania has manic or hipomanic episodes. Depression has major depressive episodes. There are two types of bipolar disorders found in this novel analysis. Bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder. Bipolar I disorder is characterized by one or more manic, usually accompanied by major depressive episodes. Bipolar II disorder is characterized by one or more major depressive episodes accompanied by at least one hypomanic episode. Third entitled, „‟The Main Character’s struggle to Achieve Self- Actualization Potrayed in Rochelle weber’s Rock Crazy’’ Thesis, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya by Wahyu Kusumajanti in 2015.31 This thesis attempts to analyze Rochelle Weber‟s novel entitled Rock Crazy. This novel tells about the struggle of Katya McGowan to be a good mother despite of her mental illness. She has bipolar disorder. This thesis focuses on the Katie‟s process of self- actualization as the main character. Moreever, this thesis is aimed to represent Katie‟s characterization in the Rock Crazy. It also to describe Katie‟s process to be a self-actualization person. Since it is a literary study of the novel. The source collected are mainly from in the novel itself. The study is only limited on Katie‟s life to achieve her self-actualization. The idea of self-actualization will be elaborated using Maslow‟s hierarchy of needs, from the lowers needs to the highest needs. The data is provided in the story which appears with the main character who has different appearance since successfully reach her needs.

From some research above, it can be concluded that writer deal with Bipolar Disorder. Actually this research has the same topic, but has different

31 Yasinta Rahmawati, ‘’ ‟The Main Character’s struggle to Achieve Self-Actualization Potrayed in Rochelle weber’s Rock Crazy’’ Faculty of Letters and Humanities, State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya. 2015 16

literary work. The difference of this research is the object and theory to answer the problem formulation. Some of the studies about examine different objects and use several theories from other expert, for example American Psychiatric Association‟s theory, Basia Leonardo and Joann Jovinellly theory and others. Whereas in this study the writer will uses the theory of Boulevard Wilson in the Touched with Fire movie as the object. The writer will use this related research to find out the Bipolar Disorder experienced by Marco and Carla in the film Touched with Fire by Paul Dalio.

CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH

A. Design of Research In writing the thesis, the writer uses descriptive qualitative method and descriptive research that is suitable with the aim of the research. Qualitative research may be in descriptive form. The data are collected in the form of words as a descriptive explanation than a number. The result of the research contained quotation from the data to illustrate and substantive the presentation. Descriptive research is a research which aims to describe a phenomenon accurately based on the characteristic of research32. In the thesis, the writer will use qualitative research, where the data will be analyzed through interpretation, not statisticanalysis. Nyoman Kutha Ratna stated that: ‘’Metode kualitatif memberikan perhatian terhadap data alamiah, data dalam hubungannya dengan konteks keberadaannya. Cara-cara inilah yang mendorong metode kualitatif dianggap sebagai nulti metode sebab penelitian pada gilirannya melibatkan sejumlah besar gejala social yang relevan. Dalam penelitian karya sastra, misalnya, akan libatkan pengarang, lingkungan social dimana pengarang berada, termasuk unsur-unsur kebudayaan’’.33 Based on the quotation above, the qualitative research can be used in the research due to the qualitative method did nit only involves the intrinsic aspect in literary work. But, it can be related with extrinsic aspect in the literary itself. So, that is why, the qualitative method also can be said as multi method. Because, the relating of the intrinsic aspect and extrinsic aspect in the literary itself. According to Nawawi: ‘’metode deskriptif dapat diartikan sebagai prosedur pemecahan masalah yang diselidiki dengan menggambarkan atau melukiskan keadaan subjek atau objek penelitan (novel,drama,cerita pendek,puisi) pada saat sekarang berdasarkan fakta-fakta yang tampak atau sebagaimana adanya.’’34 According to Merriam in her book also stated that ‘’Qualitative research is planning a research project can be compared to planning for

32 John W. Creswell, Qualitative Inquirt and Research Design, (United States of America:California:1997), p.15 33 Nyoman Kutha Ratna, Teori, Metode dan Teknik Penelitian Sastra, p.47 34 Siswantoro. Metode Penelitian Sastra, (Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar,2010), p.56 18

variation trip’’.35 So, qualitative research is analyzing about descriptive data and is it a process to do a research such as writer or spoken at the person who is observed in the research, where qualitative method also analyzing about the data from outside which the data still not right. Qualitative research method is the method that relies on research through libraries that rely on data that is almost entirely from the library. In the theory, qualitative research in research procedures which produce descriptive data as spoken words of the person or behavior being researched. Moh Nazir stated that: ‘’Metode deskrotif bertujuan untuk membuat deskripsi, gambaran atau lukisan secara sistematis, facktual dan akurat mengenai fakta-fakta, sifat-sifat serta hubungan antar fenomena yang diselidiki’’.36 It makes the research become easier to get the right data. It means that qualitative method is analyzing about descriptive data which use documentation in the research. By using the qualitative method, the writer felt easier to analyze the film. Based on those statements, it can be concluded that qualitative research is analyzing about descriptive data that is collected is in the form of the situation of the natural object. Where descriptive data such as writer or spoken, by using qualitative research the writer has the answer about the question in analyzing the problem in Touched With Fire film by Paul Dalio. B. Sources of Data Sources of data in this thesis is the movie entitled Touched with Fire by Paul Dalio. The movie Touched with Fire is published in 2016 by Paul Dalio. The movie consists of 106 minutes. In the process of collecting data, the writer divides the data into primary data. The data is taken from script, words, phrase, sentences, action, dialogue between characters or some quotations that related to Bipolar Disorder in Touched with Fire movie.

35 Sharan B. Merriam, (1998) Rualitative Research and Case Study Applications in Education,, p.3 36 Moh, Nazir, (2011) Metode Penelitian, p.54 19

C. Technique of Data Collection The writer collected the data for this research in various ways. Data collecting is defined as the procedure of collecting, measuring and analysing accurate insight for research using standard validated techniques. Document analysis is a form of qualitative research in which documents are interpreted by the research to give voice and meaning around an assessment topic (Bowen, 2009). Analyzing documents incorporates coding content into themes similar to how focus group or interview transcripts are analyzed (Bowen,2009). A rubric can also be used to grade or score document. This part explains the steps that taken in this research which how the researcher gain data is by watching the movie and taking important notes, which helps the researcher in analyzing the movie. In an effort to get the data and fact, in the research the writer uses qualitative research, the technique in qualitative research. The writer uses documentation and Sugiyono stated that. ‘’Dokument merupakan catatan peristiwa yang sudah berlalu dan dokumen ialah setiap bahan tertulis, film, atau pun dari record yang dipersiapkan karena adanya permintaan seorang penyidik’’.37 It means that qualitative research, the writer ,makes use of some file that have correlation or support the problem of the research, due to the fact the research is descriptive that is why the writer describes and analyzes the facts that have been discovered in Touched with Fire movie to answer to the troubles that have been formulated in the formulation of the problem. The writer has some steps in collecting the data, in order to make this research more specific. They are:

37 Sugiyono, Metode Penelitian Kuantitif Kualitatif dan R & D, ( Bandung:Alfabeta:2009), p.9 20

1. Watching the Movie To find the data, the writer watches the movie rapidly and comprehensively for some sense, dialogues that exist in Touched with Fire movie. 2. Reading the script of Touched with Fire movie After watching the movie, the writer read the script of Touched with Fire movie to find the as many as possible that related to the problems. 3. Marking on the script Marking on the words or sentences and all the important statement and information, as well as after wards, making a note. After reading the source carefully, the writer marks any important statement to make the writer easier in the analyzing the problems. 4. Identifying and Classifying the data After finding all the data completely, the writer processes the data to analyze them. The writer identified the data and made assumptions about the influences of bipolar disorder in Touched with Fire movie. The writer classified the picture and dialogues from Touched with Fire movie which correlated with the research problems.38 D. Technique of Data Analysis After collecting the data the writer analyze the data. In qualitative research, technique analysis data were used to answer the formulation of the problem in analysis data. The writer uses a technique of data analysis. The writer uses descriptive analysis technique for the data analysis, in order to make the research more specific. In this research, writer used technique descriptive analysis to describe of the data, descriptive analysis will help the writer to summarize the data in meaningful way. According to Nawawi: ‘’metode deskriptif dapat diartikan sebagai prosedur pemecahan maasalah yang diselidiki dengan

38 Prastowo, Andi. Metode Penelitian Kualitatif dalam Perspektif Rancangan Penelitian.(Yogyakarta: Ar-ruzz Media, 2011), p.208 21

menggambarkan dan melukiskan keadaan subjek atau objek penelitian (novel, drama, cerita pendek, puisi) pada saat sekarang berdasarkan fakta-fakta yang tampak atau sebagaimana adanya.’’39 In the research, the writer uses technique constant analysis because the research is descriptive. It was way the writer describes, analyzes the data that has been found in the script Touched with Fire film to find the answer the formulation of the problems that have been formulated. According to Miles and Huberman there are 3 steps in analysis of the data which are „‟data reduction, data display, verification‟‟: 1. Data Reduction Miles and Huberman describe this technique as the first of three elements of qualitative data analysis. Data reduction refers to the process of selecting, focusing, simplifying, abstracting, transforming the data that appear in written up field notes or transcriptions. The writer chooses the important data only form all of the data. The writer identified data which has correlation with psychology in the main character. 2. Data Display According to Miles and Huberman, data display is an organized, compressed assembly of information that permits conclusion drawing. A display can be as extended piece of text or diagram, chart, or matrix that provides a new way of arranging and thinking about more textually embedded data. The writer will make the narrative display by retrieving data from the picture, action, and conversation which has correlation with problem of research. 3. Verification Conclusion drawing involves stepping back to consider what the analyzed data mean and to access their implications for the questions at hand. Verification, integrally linked to conclusion drawing, entails revisiting the data as many times as necessary to cross check or verify this emergent conclusion. The writer analyzes, describes and explain the data

39 Siswantoro. (2010). Metode Penelitian Sastra. (Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar). P.54 22

about the type and the cause of bipolar disorder in Touched with Fire movie. After whole of the data have been analyzed, described and explained, the writer made the conclusion based on theory and approach above.40

40 Miles, M.B., and Huberman, A.M. Qualitative Data Analysis, (Newbury Park CA:Sage,1984), 23

CHAPTER IV

FINDING AND ANALYSIS

In this chapter, the writer analyzed the data taken from Touched with Fire movie by Paul Dalio. The writer was categorized by using Wilson‟s theory such as Bipolar Disorder. A. Finding Based on the analysis, the writer found that the main character named Marco and Carla experienced bipolar disorder. The types of bipolar disorder that experienced by Marco and Carla are mania, depression, and mixed episode. The cause of bipolar disorder that experienced by Marco and Carla are psychological factor and environmental factor because when they are always together they made each other manic and they became even more manic. B. Analysis 1 Types of Bipolar Disorder by Marco and Carla in Touched with Fire Movie by Paul Dalio The writer found that there are three types of Bipolar Disorder potrayed by Marco and Carla Touched with Fire movie by Paul Dalio, namely mania,depression, and mixed episode in analysis of the three types of bipolar disorder can be presented below: a. Mania Mania is one episode in bipolar disorder, when it less severe called hypomania. The symptoms of mania may take a variety of forms. People on the „‟high‟‟ side of bipolar disorder may feel on top of things, productive, sociable, and self-confident. The mood becomes more elevated of irritable, behavior more unpredictable, and judgment more impaired as mania develops.41 There are a lot of symptoms of mania disorder shows in this movie as describe bellow:

41 Boulevard, Wilson. The National Alliance on Mental Health Understanding Bipolar Disorder and Recovery, ( British:2008), p.5 24

1) Feeling unusually ‘’high’’ and optimistic or extremely irritable One of the symptoms of mania disorder is feeling unusually high and optimistic or extremely irritable as indicated in the picture and dialog bellow:

Picture 142 Dr. Lyon : do a lot people read these messages? Marco : everyone Dr. Lyon : well, how do you know? Marco : because of my online fan base Dr. Lyon : would you mind showing that to me? Marco : you see that? 106 million people Dr. Lyon : No, see, that number is the number of people in the entire network. Actually, only 199 people have seen your page. Based on the picture and conversation 1 that Dr. lyon asked about an article and how many read it. Marco answered that everyone had read it that came from the fans base he owned. Marco showed that his article had read 106 million people in the world but he was wrong. The figure was the total number of people in the world network. Actually, there are only 199 had seen the page. 2) Impaired judgment and impulsiveness

42 Duration: 00:18:5300:19:36 25

Two of the symptoms of mania disorder is impaired judgement and impulsiveness as indicated in the picture and dialog bellow:

Picture 243 George : how are you gonna eat? Marco : No, no, I don‟t need to pay for food anymore. I realize that I can get free milk at Starbucks, I can get free ketchup at McDonald‟s. George : ketchup? Marco : yeah, the body can survive on ketchup alone just for a long time. At least until the apocalypse. Based on the picture and conversation in picture 2 George asked how he would eat because he had left his job on purpose. Marco didn‟t need to buy some food and needed no more food but Marco said he could get free food at Starbucks and Mcdonald‟s. he survives long enough to eat ketchup till the end of the world. 3) Acting recklessly without thinking about the consequences Three of the symptoms of mania disorder is acting without thinking about the consequences as indicated in the picture and dialog bellow:

43 Duration: 00:04:4300:05:01 26

Picture 344 Marco : oh, shit. Carla : what are we gonna do? Marco : I am gonna drive in the river. Carla : what? Marco : we will have nature‟s support. Based on the picture and conversation in picture 3 Marco and Carla are driving a car at full speed halfway through the street they cross the police and they are being chased. Carla had no idea what to do but Marco pointed the car toward the river, assuming it didn‟t help him his own nature, and then he could have killed them. 4) Delusions and hallucinations Four of the symptoms of mania disorder is delusions and halllucinations as indicated in the picture and dialog bellow:

Picture 445 George : so, your super told me that shut your power off. Marco : yeah, yeah, yeah George : why didn‟t you pay the bill?

44 Duration 01:15:2901:15:54 45 Duration 00:04:1200:04:36 27

Marco : oh, because I am through with that. I don‟t need to do that anymore. I am going off the map. George : what does that mean? Marco : it means that I am through with the whole system. George : what whole system? Marco : the whole manmade system. Based on the picture and conversation in picture 4 that Marco didn‟t pay the electric made building superintendent turn off the electric in his room. His father called why he didn‟t pay the bill. Marco feels that he doesn‟t need it all. He is going to be lost from the surface of the earth away from all concerned with his fellowman. It is one the hallucinations that humans cannot live alone because humans are the social creatures that need each other.

Picture 5 Carla : where are you from? Yeah, I know you‟re from the moon, but what about your parents? Marco : my father is from here, my mother is from where I am from. She used to wake me in the middle of the night and take me out to look at the stars imagine jumping from star to star.

Based on the picture and conversation in picture 5 Carla asked Marco where he came from. Marco‟s father was from earth and his mother came from the moon just like he came from. Marco‟s mother woke him every night in the middle of the night wondering where they lived. It‟s one from of delusion and hallucination that they come from the earth

Picture 646 Marco : I climbed to the top of a building I looked up to the moon asking it to take me home and all of a sudden. I felt this light shining on my face and I thought my god it‟s working I get to go home and… Carla : know what? You know, maybe you are right. I mean, maybe we are aliens. Marco : you too. Based on the picture and conversation in picture 6 in the middle of night after Marco ran from his father. Marco climbed a building and made a circle with paint. He looked up asking to the moon to take him back there. Marco felt something shining down on his face. He was thinking that it was from the moon and could take him home. Carla heard the story thinking they were both aliens and not human.

46 Duration 00:36:4100:38:10 29

b. Depression Depression is the opposite of mania. The patient‟s mood may be dejected his outlook hopeless. Depression is more just the sad mood that most people might experience when they have a bad day. Major depression is a medical disorder that lasts at least two weeks and produces a combination of physical and emotional symptoms that makes it very difficult to function in live. At the heart of clinical depression is a loss of pleasure in activities that used to be fun or exciting. Also, people often have feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and pessimism.47 The writer found some scene that shows depression, such as: 1) Feeling hopeless, sad or empty One of the symptoms of depression disorder is feeling hopeless, sad or empty as indicated in the picture and dialog bellow:

Picture 748 Carla : I am not the same. Sara : you are the same. Carla : would you just please, just stop lying to me!

47 Boulevard, Wilson. The National Alliance on Mental Health Understanding Bipolar Disorder and Recovery, (British:2008), p.5 48 Duration 00:09:3100:09:52 30

Sara : okay, Carla, you are acting really hyper right now, are you sleeping okay? What‟s going on? Carla : I am just trying to figure out who am I, you know because I don‟t feel like myself anymore. Even, when I go off the medication, I don‟t feel like myself. Based on the picture and conversation in picture 7 Carla goes to her mother‟s house at night. Carla asked how she was a kid Carla remembered nothing about it. Her mother explained that she was just like any other child but Carla felt that was lying because her mother knew at the time. Her mother explained to her that many people in her life know her. Carla was confused about what happened at the time because after she got home from the hospital something caused her to be bipolar. Her mother made Carla feel sad and depressed because she had searched for her own identity but nothing worked. Carla feels sad and depressed because she feels herself even she takes medicine yet she doesn‟t feel herself. 2) Irritability Two of the symptoms of depression disorder is irritability as indicated in the picture and dialog bellow:

Picture 849 George : he is an expert on your illness, he will know…

49 Duration 00:12:5200:13:08 31

Marco : I don‟t have an illness, come on, why are you bringing Dr.lyon into this? George : there‟s nothing wrong with, let‟s just… Marco : wait! That… what is… George : he is an expert on your medication. Marco : no, he is not a fucking expert! He is a goddamned Nazi! He doesn‟t fucking know what he is talking about, okay. George : okay. Marco : listen, I don‟t have an illness. Based on the picture and conversation in picture 8 George asked Marco to see Dr.lyon but Marco felt bad about it. His father explained that Dr.lyon was an expert in her hospital. Marco thinks she doesn‟t have the disease. Marco is angry at George for bringing Dr.lyon into his life. Marco feels that Dr.lyon is not a doctor. She doesn‟t know what he is talking about. Marco also claims she doesn‟t have a disease and doesn‟t need a checkup.

Picture 950 Marco : would someone from your planet do that? Carla : that‟s not fair. Marco : would they? Fuck you! Don‟t you go near her. No! Carla : Marco! Marco.

50 Duration 00:44:0200:44:32 32

Marco : fuck you. Carla : No, Marco! No! Marco :get them off! No, You motherfucker. Based on the picture and conversation in picture 9 the report from officers says Marco and Carla wake up at 03.00 in the morning and they don‟t sleep at all. The thing that Dr.lyon decided to move them to a different ward so they wouldn‟t get any worse. at thye time after Dr.lyon decided that Marco and Carla are mad. They tossed and destroyed Dr.lyon‟s office. The medics team separated them and put them in different wards. 3) Physical and mental sluggishness Three of the symptoms of depression disorder is physical and mental sluggishness as indicated in the picture and dialog bellow:

Picture 1051 Marco : I don‟t feel the emotion that I should feel to her. Eddy : well, you won‟t have the passion you had when you were manic. You are going to have to learn to live within a normal range of the emotions. Marco : this is not a normal range. I don‟t feel anything.

51 Duration 00:57:5000:58:24 33

Eddy : you have lived in emotional extremes for so long, you have no way of knowing what normal feel like and it‟s going to take you sometime to learn. Based on the picture and conversation in picture 10 bipolar disease causes Marco to lack a passion for the opposite sex of his friend. Marco advise that Marco must learn to live like any other normal human with a very long range of time and causes his mental and soul to something become weak. 4) Feelings or worthless of guilt Four of the symptoms of depression disorder is feelings or worthless of guilt as indicated in the picture and dialog bellow:

Picture 1152 Carla : I hate it when you look at me like that. Sara : like what? How am I looking at you? Carla : like I am crazy Sara : I am not looking at you like you‟re crazy, honey. Carla : you‟re looking at me like you don‟t even recognize me. Sara : no, honey. I love you. Based on the picture and conversation in picture 11 Carla hated seeing her mother as she didn‟t know who she was and

52 Duration 00:10:2200:10:41 34

because she thought she saw herself like everybody else but it was all just a confused thought or guilt and it was just wortless. 5) Thought of death or suicide Five of the symptoms of depression disorder is thought of death or suicide as indicated in the picture and dialog bellow:

Picture 1253 Carla : meet me on the other side… Marco : yeah…

Picture 1354

53 Duration 00:50:3600:50:50 54 Duration 00:51:5000:51:54 35

Picture 1455 Based on the picture and conversation in picture 12 Marco and Carla who were separated for several days. They made feel even more depressed that they were lying in his room and the decline of Marco appetite suggested that they meet on the other side of the point in nature and then they wanted to kill each other but could be helped. c. Mixed Episode Mixed episode is a condition in which both mania and depression occur. A few of individuals may experience only mania episodes, but most people who manic episodes also experience periods of depression. In some cases, a person alternates cyclically between manic and depressive episodes and often exhibits a period of normal behavior in between.56 The writer found some scene that shows mixed episode, such as: 1) Depression combination with agitation One of the symptoms of mixed episode disorder is depression combination with agitation as indicated in the picture and dialog bellow:

55 Duration 00:52:1000:52:18 56 Atkinson, Rita L et al, Introduction to psychology Eight Edition, (New York:1983) 36

Picture 1557 Carla : I must‟ve done something trigger it. Because I am not the same person, Mom. Sara : No, you didn‟t. Carla : I am not the same. Sara : you are the same Carla : would you just please just stop lying to me! Sara : okay, Carla, you are acting really hyper right now, are you sleeping okay? What‟s going on? Carla : I am just trying to figure out who I am, you know because I don‟t feel like myself anymore. Even, when I go off the meditation, I don‟t feel like myself. Based on the picture and conversation in picture 13 Carla felt something was driving her to be bipolar because she felt that she wasn‟t who she used to be. Depression mixed up with guilt trying to find out who she was even though she had taken her medicine still felt like herself. 2) Insomnia Two of the symptoms of depression disorder is insomnia as indicated in the picture and dialog bellow:

Picture 1658

57 Duration 00:09:3700:09:52 58 Duration 00:29:2900:29:35 37

Frank : couldn‟t sleep? Marco : No. Frank : want something to help? Marco : No, I am just gonna go to the art room. Based on the picture and conversation in picture 14 a few days at Marco hospital at night. Marco felt insomnia until 03.00 in the morning. Marco doesn‟t know what want to do. He left the room and went out to the art room.

Picture 1759 Marco : can‟t sleep again? Carla : No. Marco : well, that‟s weird. It‟s same time as last night. Based on the picture and conversation in picture 15 the next night as she lay in her room looking at the clock and being insomnia after that Carla went to the art room and it turned out that there was Marco is playing ball on table. In this case writer found a problem that they are not being able to sleep. From all episodes with all symptoms presentation above, the writer draw conclusion that the main character experienced bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder. According to the data, Marco and Carla experienced some degree of mania and also some symptoms of depression, and also experienced some symptoms of

59 Duration 00:34:1500:34:25 38

mixes episode that refers to mania and depression episode. Mixed episode is happened when there is rapid cycling of mood changing from mania to depression conversely. In the previous study of Yulianna of Islamic Alauddin University of Makassar which discussed about bipolar disorder in Josh Trank‟s film, in her thesis she analysis same question but the result is different, the result of her thesis is the main character experienced bipolar I disorder or mania disorder. People on the high side of bipolar disorder may feel on top of things, productive, sociable, and self-confident. 2. The causes of Bipolar disorder As explain the finding before that there are two kinds of bipolar disorder namely psychological factor and environmental factor, this causes bipolar disorder will be analyze as presented bellow: a. Psychological Factor Psychological factor refers to the psychological condition of one person that can influence how the way they interact with others, the way they think, and the way they look. Psychological factor is really closed to personality of any person that caused bipolar disorder.60 In this part, the writer found data which show the psychological factor as follow in the picture and dialog bellow: 1) Personality-based vulnerability Personality is a type of mental disorder in which you have a rigid and unhealthy pattern of thinking, functioning and behaving. A person with a personality disorder has trouble perceiving and relating to situations and people. Personality factor as indicated in the picture and dialog bellow:

60 Michael, Willson Passer and Smith Ronald . Psychology the science of mental and behavior third edition. (New York:2007) p.551 39

Picture 1861 Marco : you know what I found works, though? George : what‟s that? Marco : Marijuana, mama George : you are smoking Marijuana? Marco : yeah, it actually really helps. You know, it works way better than the meditation.

Based on the picture and conversation in picture 16 Marco told his father what he found. Marco found that something makes his happy. His father asked him what he found. Marco said that he found a marijuana he thought it would help him do something more useful than taking a medicine.

Picture 1962 Dan : hey luna, what kind poetry do you do? Marco : Rap. Dan : You Rap?

61 Duration 00:12:1200:12:30 62 Duration 00:25:5400:26:04 40

Marco : yeah, when I first went manic I just started rhyming compulsively, but you know, that‟s a textbook manic system.

Based on the picture and conversation in picture 17 in the art room of all the hospital patients were drawing. Marco was talking to a friend. What‟s reason for his first manic? Marco said he was rap. Rap is of the causes of manic symptom 2) Environmental Factor Behavioral theorists believe that to begin feeling better, depressed people must break this vicious cycle by initially forcing themselves to engage in behaviors that are likely to produce some degree of pleasure. Eventually, positive reinforcement produced by this process of behavioral activation will begin to counteract the depressive affect, undermine the sense of hopelessness that characterizes depression, and increase feelings of personal control over the environment.63 In this part, the writer found data which show the learning and environmental factor bellow:

Picture 2064 Dr. Lyon : it seems it began in college Carla : no, I was great in college. I did my best writing in college. I could write all night

63 Michael, Willson Passer and Smith Ronald . Psychology the science of mental and behavior third edition. (New York:2007) p.552 64 Duration 00:16:2800:16:58 41

and then go party with my friends. I mean, I had tons of friends. I mean, I had this incredibly deep relationship with people. Dr. Lyon : that was probably your illness surfacing Carla : what? Dr. Lyon : sleeping less, being more personable, more creative, wild. Those are the beginnings of illness. You were just walking up to the edge. Based on the picture and conversation in picture 18 Dr.lyon explained that Carla was having manic when she was in college. Carla doesn‟t believe that she is. Carla feels that she was fine with nothing. Carla did some writing in college. It was actually the first cause a person becoming manic like sleepless, becoming wild, more creative, etc.

Picture 2165 Dr. Lyon : the nurses tell me you two have continued to stay up at night together even after I instructed you not to. First report say you stayed up until 4.00 AM and the more recent reports say you haven‟t slept at all, so we are going to move you Marco to a different ward. Marco : why?

65 Duration 00:43:3900:43:55 42

Dr. Lyon : because you had a bad influence Marco : but, why? Carla : no, we don‟t. Based on the picture and conversation in picture 19 the guards reported that Marco and Carla were together every night and had no sleep at all. Dr.lyon put an order to move them to different wards because if they are together they will not be able to heal. They will actually grow into manic. Marco and Carla did not appreciate that they were throwing themselves at each other, kicking around the chairs, making the room a mess.

Picture 2266 George : why is he so sedated? Dr. Lyon : he was with a female patient and they made each other manic. We separated them and they became even more manic. George : how long is he going be like that? Dr. Lyon : it‟s not just the meditation because the mania got so out of control and he went so high, he is going to go just as low with the depression. It is going to be severe. Based on the picture and conversation in picture 20 George came to the hospital to look at Marco with Dr.lyon. George saw why Marco was so quite. What triggers Marco to be more manic.

66 Duration 00:45:2800:45:57 43

Dr.lyon explained that Marco was with a woman her name Carla. They were always together made them more manic and more depressed. Based on the explanations above it can be concluded that there are two causes of Bipolar disorder portrayed by Marco and Carla in Touched with fire Movie by Paul Dalio those psychological factor and environmental factor because when they are always together they made each other manic and they became. This result is similar with the previous study of Yulianna of Islamic Alauddin University of Makassar which discussed about bipolar disorder in Josh Trank‟s film, the writer found that two causes of bipolar disorder they are psychological factor and environmental factor. Psychoanalyst traumatic losses or rejections create vulnerability for later depression by triggering a grieving and rage process that becomes part of individual‟s personality. Behavioral theorist believe that to begin feeling better, depressed people must break this vicious cycle by initially forcing themselves to engage in behaviors that are likely to produce some degree of pleasure.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGESSTION

In this chapter, the writer presents out several conclusions and suggestions. A. Conclusions After the writer done research in the Touched with Fire movie by Paul Dalio, the writer found the types of bipolar disorder and the cause of bipolar disorder experienced by Marco and Carla in the movie. The writer drew conclusions as follows: 1. The type of bipolar disorder experienced by Marco and Carla are Bipolar I disorder and Bipolar II disorder. According to the data, Marco and Carla experienced some degree of mania and also some symptoms of depression, and also actually mixed episode refers to mania and depression episode so that mixed episode is not mentioned in all the type of bipolar disorder. Mixed episode is happened when there is rapid cycling of mood changing (from mania to depression conversely). 2. The cause of bipolar disorder happened in the film are psychological factors and environmental factor. When Marco and Carla are always together they are more be bipolar disorder. In conclusion the findings in this research show people with bipolar disorder experience periods of unusually intense emotion, changes in sleep patterns and activity levels, and uncharacteristic behavior often without recognizing their likely harmful or undesirable effects. These distinct periods are called „‟mood episode‟‟. Mood episodes are likely different from moods and behaviors that are typical for the person.

B. Suggestions There some others interesting themes in Paul Dalio‟s Movie Touched with Fire that we can analyze such as: teen psychology, moral values, custom and culture in the film. The writer suggests to the reader to keep attention to them and also to the people around them for quick diagnose of bipolar disorder by seeing the symptoms. The writer suggests the next research continue about bipolar disorder deeper than this research because the current research is still far from the word „‟perfect‟‟. The writer hopes there are good readers to give correction to this research.

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BIPOLAR DISORDER OF THE MAIN CHARACTER AS SEEN IN THE ‘’TOUCHED WITH FIRE’’ MOVIE BY PAUL DALIO Appendix I

Pictures Dialog Duration

Feeling unsually Dr. Lyon : do a lot people read Duration: ‘’high’’ and optimistic thesemessages? 00:18:5300 or extremely irritable Marco : everyone :19:36 Dr. Lyon : well, how do you know? Marco : because of my online fan base Dr. Lyon: would you mind showing that to me? Marco : you see that? 106 million people Dr. Lyon : No, see, that number is the number of people in the entire network. Actually, only 199 people have seen your page.

Impaired judgment George : how are you gonna Duration: and Impulsiveness eat? 00:04:4300 Marco : No, no, I don‟t need to :05:01 pay for food anymore. I realize that I can get free milk at Starbucks, I can get free ketchup at McDonald‟s. George : ketchup? Marco : yeah, the body can survive on ketchup alone just for a long time. At least until the apocalypse.

Acting recklessly Marco : oh, shit. Duration without thinking about 01:15:2901 Carla : what are we gonna do? the consequences :15:54 Marco : I am gonna drive in the river.

Carla : what? Marco : we will have nature‟s support.

Delusions and George : so, your super Duration Hallucinations told me that shut your power off. 00:04:1200 Marco : yeah, yeah, yeah :04:36 George : why didn‟t you pay the bill? Marco : oh, because I am through with that. I don‟t need to do that anymore. I am going off the map. George : what does that mean? Marco : it means that I am through with the whole system. George : what whole system? Marco : the whole manmade system.

Carla : where are you from? Yeah, I Duration know you‟re from the moon, but what 00:36:4100 about your parents? :38:10 Marco : my father is from here, my mother is from where I am from. She used to wake me in the middle of the night and take me out to look at the stars imagine jumping from star to star.

Marco : I climbed to the top of a Duration 00:36:4100 building I looked up to the moon :38:10 asking it to take me home and all of a sudden. I felt this light shining on my face and I thought my god it‟s working I get to go home and… Carla : know what? You know, maybe you are right. I mean, maybe we are aliens. Marco : you too.

Feeling hopeless,sad or Carla : I am not the same. Duration empty Sara : you are the same. 00:12:5200 Carla : would you just please, just :13:08 stop lying to me! Sara : okay, Carla, you are acting really hyper right now, are you sleeping okay? What‟s going on? Carla : I am just trying to figure out who am I, you know because I don‟t feel like myself anymore. Even, when I go off the medication, I don‟t feel like myself.

Irritability George : he is an expert on your Duration illness, he will know… 00:44:0200 Marco : I don‟t have an illness, come :44:32 on, why are you bringing Dr.lyon into this? George : there‟s nothing wrong with, let‟s just… Marco : wait! That… what is… George : he is an expert on your medication. Marco : no, he is not a fucking expert! He is a goddamned Nazi! He doesn‟t fucking know what he is talking about, okay. George : okay. Marco : listen, I don‟t have an illness.

Marco : would someone from your Duration planet do that? 00:57:5000 Carla : that‟s not fair. :58:24 Marco : would they? Fuck you! Don‟t you go near her. No! Carla : Marco! Marco. Marco : fuck you. Carla : No, Marco! No! Marco :get them off! No, You motherfucker.

Psysical and mental Marco : I don‟t feel the emotion that I Duration sluggishness should feel to her. 00:10:2200 Eddy : well, you won‟t have the :10:41 passion you had when you were manic. You are going to have to learn to live within a normal range of the emotions. Marco : this is not a normal range. I don‟t feel anything. Eddy : you have lived in emotional extremes for so long, you have no way of knowing what normal feel like and it‟s going to take you sometime to learn.

Feeling or worthless of Carla : I hate it when you look at me Durati guilt like that. on Sara : like what? How am I looking 00:10:2200:1 0:41 at you? Carla : like I am crazy Sara : I am not looking at you like you‟re crazy, honey. Carla : you‟re looking at me like you don‟t even recognize me. Sara : no, honey. I love you.

Thought of death or Carla : meet me on the other Duration suicide 00:50:3600 side… :50:50

Marco : yeah…

Duration 00:51:5000 :51:54

Duration 00:52:1000 :52:18

Depression Carla : I must‟ve done something Duration combination with trigger it. Because I am not the same 00:29:2900 agitation person, Mom. :29:35 Sara : No, you didn‟t. Carla : I am not the same. Sara : you are the same Carla : would you just please just stop lying to me! Sara : okay, Carla, you are acting really hyper right now, are you sleeping okay? What‟s going on? Carla : I am just trying to figure out who I am, you know because I don‟t feel like myself anymore. Even, when I go off the meditation, I don‟t feel like myself.

Insomnia Frank : couldn‟t sleep? Duration Marco : No. 00:29:2900 Frank : want something to :29:35 help? Marco : No, I am just gonna go to the art room.

Marco : can‟t sleep again? Duration 00:34:1500 Carla : No. :34:25 Marco : well, that‟s weird. It‟s same time as last night.

The causes of Bipolar Marco : you know what I found Duration Disorder 00:12:1200 works, though? :12:30 Psychological Factor George : what‟s that? Personality-based Marco : Marijuana, mama vulnerability George : you are smoking Marijuana? Marco : yeah, it actually really helps. You know, it works way better than the meditation.

Dan : hey luna, what kind poetry do Duration you do? 00:25:5400 Marco : Rap. :26:04 Dan : You Rap? Marco : yeah, when I first went manic I just started rhyming compulsively, but you know, that‟s a textbook manic system.

Environmental factors Dr. Lyon : it seems it began in Duration college 00:43:3900 Carla : no, I was great in college. I :43:55 did my best writing in college. I could write all night and then go party with my friends. I mean, I had tons of friends. I mean, I had this incredibly deep relationship with people. Dr. Lyon : that was probably your illness surfacing Carla : what? Dr. Lyon : sleeping less, being more personable, more creative, wild. Those are the beginnings of illness. You were just walking up to the edge.

Dr. Lyon : the nurses tell me you Duration two have continued to stay up at night 00:45:2800 together even after I instructed you not :45:57 to. First report say you stayed up until 4.00 AM and the more recent reports say you haven‟t slept at all, so we are going to move you Marco to a different ward. Marco : why? Dr. Lyon : because you had a bad influence Marco : but, why? Carla : no, we don‟t. George : why is he so sedated? Duration Dr. Lyon : he was with a female 00:45:2800 patient and they made each other :45:57 manic. We separated them and they became even more manic. George : how long is he going be like that? Dr. Lyon : it‟s not just the meditation because the mania got so out of control and he went so high, he is going to go just as low with the depression. It is going to be severe.