Bipolar Disorders 100 years after manic-depressive insanity Edited by Andreas Marneros Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany and Jules Angst University Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW eBook ISBN: 0-306-47521-9 Print ISBN: 0-7923-6588-7 ©2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow Print ©2000 Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht All rights reserved No part of this eBook may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher Created in the United States of America Visit Kluwer Online at: http://kluweronline.com and Kluwer's eBookstore at: http://ebooks.kluweronline.com Contents List of contributors ix Acknowledgements xiii Preface xv 1 Bipolar disorders: roots and evolution Andreas Marneros and Jules Angst 1 2 The soft bipolar spectrum: footnotes to Kraepelin on the interface of hypomania, temperament and depression Hagop S. Akiskal and Olavo Pinto 37 3 The mixed bipolar disorders Susan L. McElroy, Marlene P. Freeman and Hagop S. Akiskal 63 4 Rapid-cycling bipolar disorder Joseph R. Calabrese, Daniel J. Rapport, Robert L. Findling, Melvin D. Shelton and Susan E. Kimmel 89 5 Bipolar schizoaffective disorders Andreas Marneros, Arno Deister and Anke Rohde 111 6 Bipolar disorders during pregnancy, post partum and in menopause Anke Rohde and Andreas Marneros 127 7 Adolescent-onset bipolar illness Stan Kutcher 139 8 Bipolar disorder in old age Kenneth I. Shulman and Nathan Herrmann 153 9 Temperament and personality types in bipolar patients: a historical review Jules Angst 175 viii Contents 10 Interactional styles in bipolar disorder Christoph Mundt, Klaus T. Kronmüller and Matthias Backenstraß 201 11 Comorbidity in bipolar affective disorder Peter Brieger 215 12 The genetic epidemiology of bipolar disorder Ming T. Tsuang and Stephen V. Faraone 231 13 Genetics of bipolar affective disorder Henrik Ewald 243 14 The biology of bipolar disorder Mary J. Kujawa and Charles B. Nemeroff 281 15 Cyclicity and manic-depressive illness Athanasios Koukopoulos, Gabriele Sani, Alexia Koukopoulos and Paolo Girardi 315 16 Bipolar shifts as disorders of the bi-hemispheric integration of language: implications for the genetic origins of the psychotic continuum Timothy J. Crow 335 17 Mood stabilizers in bipolar disorder Mario Maj, Alfonso Tortorella and Luca Bartoli 349 18 Antipsychotics in acute mania Mauricio Tohen 373 19 Antidepressant treatment of bipolar depression Hans-Jürgen Möller and Heinz Grunze 387 20 The prognosis of bipolar disorders: course and outcome Marc L. Bourgeois and Andreas Marneros 405 21 The costs of treatment of bipolar disorder Paul E. Keck, Susan L. McElroy, Lesley M. Arnold, Naakesh A. Dewan and Jerry A. Bennett 437 22 Bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Unifying the concept of psychosis through brain morphology Lynn E. DeLisi 449 23 On entities and continuities of bipolar disorders Andreas Marneros 461 Index 465 Contributors Hagop S. Akiskal University of California at San Diego, 3350 La Jolla Village, San Diego, CA 92161, USA Jules Angst Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik, Lenggstraße 31, Postfach 68, 8209 Zürich, Switzerland Lesley M. Arnold Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio 45267-0559, USA Matthias Backenstraß Psychiatrische Klinik der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Voßstraße 4, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany Luca Bartoli Clinica Psichiatrica, Primo Policlinico Universitario, Largo Madonna delle Grazie, I-80138 Napoli, Italy Jerry A. Bennett Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio 45267-0559, USA Marc L. Bourgeois Professeur Université Bordeaux II, Hôpital Charles Perrens, 121, rue de la Béchade, 33076 Bordeaux, France Peter Brieger Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie der Martin-Luther- Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06097 Halle, Germany Joseph R. Calabrese Professor of Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Ohio, USA x Contributors Tim J. Crow University of Oxford, Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK Arno Deister Krankenhaus Itzehoe, Abteilung für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Robert-Koch-Straße 2, 25524 Itzehoe, Germany Lynn E. DeLisi Professor of Psychiatry, SUNY, Stony Brook HSC, T-10 Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA Naakesh A. Dewan Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio 45267-0559, USA Henrik Ewald Århus Universitetshospital, Psykiatrisk Hospital, Institute for Basic Psychiatric Research, Skovagervej 2, 8240 Risskov, Denmark Stephen V. Faraone Pediatric Psychopharmacology Unit, Psychiatry Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA Robert L. Findling Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Ohio, USA Marlene P. Freeman University of Cincinnati Medical Center, 231 Bethesda Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0559, USA Paolo Girardi Centro Lucio Bini, Via Crescenzio 42, 00193 Roma, Italy Heinz Grunze Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik der Universität München, Nußbaumstraße 7, 80336 München, Germany Nathan Herrmann Head, Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook of Toronto, 2075 Bayview Avenue, North York, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada Paul E. Keck Jr. Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio 45267-0559, USA Contributors xi Susan E. Kimmel Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Ohio, USA Alexia E. Koukopoulos Università degli Studî di Roma, "La Sapienza" – 5, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 00185 Roma, Italy Athanasios Koukopoulos Centro Lucio Bini, Via Crescenzio 42, 00193 Roma, Italy Klaus T. Kronmüller Psychiatrische Klinik der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Voßstraße 4, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany Mary J. Kujawa Medical Director, Neurosciences Medical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4500, USA Stanley P. Kutcher Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Center, 5909 Veterans' Memorial Lane, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3E2, Canada Mario Maj Clinica Psichiatrica, Primo Policlinico, Universitario, Largo Madonna delle Grazie, I-80138 Napoli, Italy Andreas Marneros Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie der Martin-Luther- Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06097 Halle, Germany Susan L. McElroy Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College, of Medicine, Ohio 45267–0559, USA Hans-Jürgen Möller Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik der Universität München, Nußbaumstraße 7, 80336 München, Germany Christoph Mundt Geschäftsführender Direktor, Psychiatrische Klinik, R.-Karl-Universität Heidelberg, Voßstraße 4, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany Charles B. Nemeroff Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA xii Contributors Olavo Pinto Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0603, USA Daniel J. Rapport Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Ohio, USA Anke Rohde Gynäkologische Psychosomatik Universitätsklinik, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53100 Bonn, Germany Gabriele Sani Università degli Studî di Roma, "La Sapienza" – 5, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 00185 Roma, Italy Melvin D. Shelton Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Ohio, USA Kenneth I. Shulman Head, Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook & Women's, 2075 Bayview Avenue, North York, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada Mauricio Tohen Zyprexa Global Physician, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA Alfonso Tortorella Clinica Psichiatrica, Primo Policlinico, Universitario, Largo Madonna delle Grazie, I-80138 Napoli, Italy Ming T. Tsuang Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Mental Health Center, 74 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA Preface One hundred years ago – in 1899 – Emil Kraepelin, Professor of Psychiatry in Heidelberg and later in Munich – created, in two very important pieces of work, the concept of "manisch-depressives Irresein" ("manic-depressive insanity"). The first was entitled Die klinische Stellung der Melancholie (The Clinical Position of Melancholia), and the second publication was the sixth edition of his textbook. In the same year Kraepelin's pupil and colleague, Wilhelm Weygandt, published his book Über die Mischzustände des Manisch- Depressiven Irreseins (On the Mixed States of Manic-Depressive Insanity). A century after Kraepelin's creation of "manic-depressive insanity", we celebrate. Is this really appropriate? We believe it is firmly established that the "folie circulaire" of Jean-Pierre Falret or the "folie à double forme" of Jules Baillarger differs from recurrent depression, which is also different from Kraepelin's "manic-depressive insanity". Yet the answer to the question of xvi Preface whether it is appropriate to celebrate is clear: Yes. This not only because the work of Emil Kraepelin is fundamental in the true sense of the word. There can be no doubt that Emil Kraepelin is the most important founder of modern psychiatry. Just one of the many reasons for this opinion is his enormous contribution to the definition, description and diagnosis of affective disorders. Emil Kraepelin is one of the most interesting personalities