DOCSLIB.ORG

Bipolar Disorders 100 Years After Manic-Depressive Insanity

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bipolar Disorders 100 Years After Manic-Depressive Insanity Bipolar Disorders 100 years after manic-depressive insanity Edited by Andreas Marneros Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany and Jules Angst University Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW eBook ISBN: 0-306-47521-9 Print ISBN: 0-7923-6588-7 ©2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow Print ©2000 Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht All rights reserved No part of this eBook may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher Created in the United States of America Visit Kluwer Online at: http://kluweronline.com and Kluwer's eBookstore at: http://ebooks.kluweronline.com Contents List of contributors ix Acknowledgements xiii Preface xv 1 Bipolar disorders: roots and evolution Andreas Marneros and Jules Angst 1 2 The soft bipolar spectrum: footnotes to Kraepelin on the interface of hypomania, temperament and depression Hagop S. Akiskal and Olavo Pinto 37 3 The mixed bipolar disorders Susan L. McElroy, Marlene P. Freeman and Hagop S. Akiskal 63 4 Rapid-cycling bipolar disorder Joseph R. Calabrese, Daniel J. Rapport, Robert L. Findling, Melvin D. Shelton and Susan E. Kimmel 89 5 Bipolar schizoaffective disorders Andreas Marneros, Arno Deister and Anke Rohde 111 6 Bipolar disorders during pregnancy, post partum and in menopause Anke Rohde and Andreas Marneros 127 7 Adolescent-onset bipolar illness Stan Kutcher 139 8 Bipolar disorder in old age Kenneth I. Shulman and Nathan Herrmann 153 9 Temperament and personality types in bipolar patients: a historical review Jules Angst 175 viii Contents 10 Interactional styles in bipolar disorder Christoph Mundt, Klaus T. Kronmüller and Matthias Backenstraß 201 11 Comorbidity in bipolar affective disorder Peter Brieger 215 12 The genetic epidemiology of bipolar disorder Ming T. Tsuang and Stephen V. Faraone 231 13 Genetics of bipolar affective disorder Henrik Ewald 243 14 The biology of bipolar disorder Mary J. Kujawa and Charles B. Nemeroff 281 15 Cyclicity and manic-depressive illness Athanasios Koukopoulos, Gabriele Sani, Alexia Koukopoulos and Paolo Girardi 315 16 Bipolar shifts as disorders of the bi-hemispheric integration of language: implications for the genetic origins of the psychotic continuum Timothy J. Crow 335 17 Mood stabilizers in bipolar disorder Mario Maj, Alfonso Tortorella and Luca Bartoli 349 18 Antipsychotics in acute mania Mauricio Tohen 373 19 Antidepressant treatment of bipolar depression Hans-Jürgen Möller and Heinz Grunze 387 20 The prognosis of bipolar disorders: course and outcome Marc L. Bourgeois and Andreas Marneros 405 21 The costs of treatment of bipolar disorder Paul E. Keck, Susan L. McElroy, Lesley M. Arnold, Naakesh A. Dewan and Jerry A. Bennett 437 22 Bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Unifying the concept of psychosis through brain morphology Lynn E. DeLisi 449 23 On entities and continuities of bipolar disorders Andreas Marneros 461 Index 465 Contributors Hagop S. Akiskal University of California at San Diego, 3350 La Jolla Village, San Diego, CA 92161, USA Jules Angst Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik, Lenggstraße 31, Postfach 68, 8209 Zürich, Switzerland Lesley M. Arnold Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio 45267-0559, USA Matthias Backenstraß Psychiatrische Klinik der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Voßstraße 4, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany Luca Bartoli Clinica Psichiatrica, Primo Policlinico Universitario, Largo Madonna delle Grazie, I-80138 Napoli, Italy Jerry A. Bennett Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio 45267-0559, USA Marc L. Bourgeois Professeur Université Bordeaux II, Hôpital Charles Perrens, 121, rue de la Béchade, 33076 Bordeaux, France Peter Brieger Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie der Martin-Luther- Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06097 Halle, Germany Joseph R. Calabrese Professor of Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Ohio, USA x Contributors Tim J. Crow University of Oxford, Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK Arno Deister Krankenhaus Itzehoe, Abteilung für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Robert-Koch-Straße 2, 25524 Itzehoe, Germany Lynn E. DeLisi Professor of Psychiatry, SUNY, Stony Brook HSC, T-10 Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA Naakesh A. Dewan Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio 45267-0559, USA Henrik Ewald Århus Universitetshospital, Psykiatrisk Hospital, Institute for Basic Psychiatric Research, Skovagervej 2, 8240 Risskov, Denmark Stephen V. Faraone Pediatric Psychopharmacology Unit, Psychiatry Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA Robert L. Findling Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Ohio, USA Marlene P. Freeman University of Cincinnati Medical Center, 231 Bethesda Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0559, USA Paolo Girardi Centro Lucio Bini, Via Crescenzio 42, 00193 Roma, Italy Heinz Grunze Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik der Universität München, Nußbaumstraße 7, 80336 München, Germany Nathan Herrmann Head, Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook of Toronto, 2075 Bayview Avenue, North York, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada Paul E. Keck Jr. Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio 45267-0559, USA Contributors xi Susan E. Kimmel Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Ohio, USA Alexia E. Koukopoulos Università degli Studî di Roma, "La Sapienza" – 5, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 00185 Roma, Italy Athanasios Koukopoulos Centro Lucio Bini, Via Crescenzio 42, 00193 Roma, Italy Klaus T. Kronmüller Psychiatrische Klinik der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Voßstraße 4, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany Mary J. Kujawa Medical Director, Neurosciences Medical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4500, USA Stanley P. Kutcher Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Center, 5909 Veterans' Memorial Lane, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3E2, Canada Mario Maj Clinica Psichiatrica, Primo Policlinico, Universitario, Largo Madonna delle Grazie, I-80138 Napoli, Italy Andreas Marneros Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie der Martin-Luther- Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06097 Halle, Germany Susan L. McElroy Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College, of Medicine, Ohio 45267–0559, USA Hans-Jürgen Möller Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik der Universität München, Nußbaumstraße 7, 80336 München, Germany Christoph Mundt Geschäftsführender Direktor, Psychiatrische Klinik, R.-Karl-Universität Heidelberg, Voßstraße 4, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany Charles B. Nemeroff Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA xii Contributors Olavo Pinto Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0603, USA Daniel J. Rapport Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Ohio, USA Anke Rohde Gynäkologische Psychosomatik Universitätsklinik, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53100 Bonn, Germany Gabriele Sani Università degli Studî di Roma, "La Sapienza" – 5, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 00185 Roma, Italy Melvin D. Shelton Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Ohio, USA Kenneth I. Shulman Head, Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook & Women's, 2075 Bayview Avenue, North York, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada Mauricio Tohen Zyprexa Global Physician, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA Alfonso Tortorella Clinica Psichiatrica, Primo Policlinico, Universitario, Largo Madonna delle Grazie, I-80138 Napoli, Italy Ming T. Tsuang Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Mental Health Center, 74 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA Preface One hundred years ago – in 1899 – Emil Kraepelin, Professor of Psychiatry in Heidelberg and later in Munich – created, in two very important pieces of work, the concept of "manisch-depressives Irresein" ("manic-depressive insanity"). The first was entitled Die klinische Stellung der Melancholie (The Clinical Position of Melancholia), and the second publication was the sixth edition of his textbook. In the same year Kraepelin's pupil and colleague, Wilhelm Weygandt, published his book Über die Mischzustände des Manisch- Depressiven Irreseins (On the Mixed States of Manic-Depressive Insanity). A century after Kraepelin's creation of "manic-depressive insanity", we celebrate. Is this really appropriate? We believe it is firmly established that the "folie circulaire" of Jean-Pierre Falret or the "folie à double forme" of Jules Baillarger differs from recurrent depression, which is also different from Kraepelin's "manic-depressive insanity". Yet the answer to the question of xvi Preface whether it is appropriate to celebrate is clear: Yes. This not only because the work of Emil Kraepelin is fundamental in the true sense of the word. There can be no doubt that Emil Kraepelin is the most important founder of modern psychiatry. Just one of the many reasons for this opinion is his enormous contribution to the definition, description and diagnosis of affective disorders. Emil Kraepelin is one of the most interesting personalities
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Note on Moral Insanity and Psychopathic Disorders
    A Note on MoralInsanity andPsychopathic Disorders F. A. WHITLOCK, Professor of Psychiatry, University ofQueensland, Australia Despite a good deal ofargument to the contrary (Maughs, today. The second patient was probably subject to attacks of 1941; Hunter and Macalpine, 1963; Walk, 1954; Walk and temporal lobe epilepsy with characteristic epigastric sensa­ Walker, 1961; Craft, 1965; Whitlock, 1967) it is still com­ tions rising into the neck and head, but without proceeding monly believed that Prichard's 'moral insanity' (1835) was to a grand mal convulsion. He was a man ofgood character, the forerunner of our present-day concept of psychopathic well aware of his tendency to violence during these episodes, (sociopathic) personality; the most recent example of this and made every effort to avoid harming others by warning appearing in the paper by Davies and Feldman (1981), who them of his attacks. The third patient, the one who was write: 'In 1801 Pinel described a condition termed by him liberated by a mob to whom he appeared rational, but then man;e sans delire, the notable feature of which was that the became infected by the prevailing excitement and laid about sufferer showed bouts of extreme violence but with no signs him with a sword with fatal effects, was almost certainly of psychosis ... Prichard confirmed Pinel's observation and suffering from mania as now understood. coined the term "moral insanity" which led to "a marked Prichard's cases were also diagnostically heterogenous. perversion of the natural impulses".' A number of modem They included cases of mania, manic-depressive psychosis, textbooks (Sim, 1974; Friedman el ai, 1975; Slater and epilepsy, obsessional neurosis, two possible schizophrenics Roth, 1977; Trethowan, 1979) also appear to regard moral and a 46-year-old man who almost certainly was showing insanity as the precursor of psychopathic disorder, although early signs of dementia.
    [Show full text]
  • Mental Illness, Your Client and the Criminal Law: a Handbook For
    MENTAL ILLNESS, CE YOUR CLIENT AND THE CRIMINAL LAW R A Handbook for Attorneys Who Represent Persons With Mental Illness RESOU T e x a s a p p l e s e e d • T e x a s T e c h U n i v e r s i T y s c h o o l o f l a w h o g g f o U n d a T i o n f o r M e n T a l h e a l T h Acknowledgments This fourth edition handbook is made possible by the Hogg Foundation for Mental Health. The original handbook was supported by the Hogg Foundation for Mental Health, Houston Endowment, and the Meadows Foundation. We would like to thank the following people for their contributions to this edition of the handbook: Brian Shannon, Jim Van Norman, M.D, Cindy Stormer, Jeanette Kinard, Floyd Jennings, Ph.D., Beth Mitchell, Kathryn Lewis, David Gonzales, and Raman Gill. A special thanks goes to Cindy Gibson with Disability Rights Texas for her review of Appendix B. We acknowledge contributions to prior editions from Ken Arfa, M.D.; Jay Crowder, M.D.; Joel Feiner, M.D.; and attorneys Nathan Dershowitz, Lynda Frost, Ph.D., Alexandra Gauthier, Jeanette Drescher Green, Debbie Hiser, Barry Johnson, Corinne Mason, and John Niland, as well as support from Reymundo Rodriguez and Jeff Patterson. Texas Appleseed 1609 Shoal Creek, Suite 201 Austin, Texas 78701 tel: (512) 473-2800 fax: (512) 473-2813 website: www.texasappleseed.net Texas Appleseed presents the information in this handbook as a service to attorneys who represent defendants with mental illness.
    [Show full text]
  • Is Your Depressed Patient Bipolar?
    J Am Board Fam Pract: first published as 10.3122/jabfm.18.4.271 on 29 June 2005. Downloaded from EVIDENCE-BASED CLINICAL MEDICINE Is Your Depressed Patient Bipolar? Neil S. Kaye, MD, DFAPA Accurate diagnosis of mood disorders is critical for treatment to be effective. Distinguishing between major depression and bipolar disorders, especially the depressed phase of a bipolar disorder, is essen- tial, because they differ substantially in their genetics, clinical course, outcomes, prognosis, and treat- ment. In current practice, bipolar disorders, especially bipolar II disorder, are underdiagnosed. Misdi- agnosing bipolar disorders deprives patients of timely and potentially lifesaving treatment, particularly considering the development of newer and possibly more effective medications for both depressive fea- tures and the maintenance treatment (prevention of recurrence/relapse). This article focuses specifi- cally on how to recognize the identifying features suggestive of a bipolar disorder in patients who present with depressive symptoms or who have previously been diagnosed with major depression or dysthymia. This task is not especially time-consuming, and the interested primary care or family physi- cian can easily perform this assessment. Tools to assist the physician in daily practice with the evalua- tion and recognition of bipolar disorders and bipolar depression are presented and discussed. (J Am Board Fam Pract 2005;18:271–81.) Studies have demonstrated that a large proportion orders than in major depression, and the psychiat- of patients in primary care settings have both med- ric treatments of the 2 disorders are distinctly dif- ical and psychiatric diagnoses and require dual ferent.3–5 Whereas antidepressants are the treatment.1 It is thus the responsibility of the pri- treatment of choice for major depression, current mary care physician, in many instances, to correctly guidelines recommend that antidepressants not be diagnose mental illnesses and to treat or make ap- used in the absence of mood stabilizers in patients propriate referrals.
    [Show full text]
  • Psychopathology and Crime Causation: Insanity Or Excuse?
    Fidei et Veritatis: The Liberty University Journal of Graduate Research Volume 1 Issue 1 Article 4 2016 Psychopathology and Crime Causation: Insanity or Excuse? Meagan Cline Liberty University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/fidei_et_veritatis Part of the Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons, and the Social Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Cline, Meagan (2016) "Psychopathology and Crime Causation: Insanity or Excuse?," Fidei et Veritatis: The Liberty University Journal of Graduate Research: Vol. 1 : Iss. 1 , Article 4. Available at: https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/fidei_et_veritatis/vol1/iss1/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars Crossing. It has been accepted for inclusion in Fidei et Veritatis: The Liberty University Journal of Graduate Research by an authorized editor of Scholars Crossing. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Cline: Psychopathology and Crime Causation: Insanity or Excuse? PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND CRIME CAUSATION: INSANITY OR EXCUSE? By Meagan Cline One of the most controversial topics in the criminal justice industry is the "insanity defense" and its applicability or validity in prosecuting criminal cases. The purpose of this assignment is to identify and discuss psychopathology and crime causation in terms of mental illness, research, and the insanity defense. For this evaluation, information was gathered from scholarly research, textbooks, dictionaries, and published literature. These sources were then carefully reviewed and applied to the evaluation in a concise, yet informative, manner. This assignment also addresses some of the key terms in psychopathology and crime causation, including various theories, definitions, and less commonly known relevant factors influencing claims of mental instability or insanity.
    [Show full text]
  • Pediatric-Onset Bipolar Disorder: a Neglected Clinical and Public Health Problem
    Pediatric-Onset Bipolar Disorder: A Neglected Clinical and Public Health Problem Gianni L. Faedda, MD, Ross J. Baldessarini, MD, Trisha Suppes, MD, PhD, Leonard0 Tondo, MD, h a Becker, MD, and Deborah S. Lipschitz, MD Bipolar disorder (BPD), probably the most prevalent psychotic disorder in adults, has been relatively neglected or controversial in children and adolescents over the past century. We reviewed the literature on early-onset BPD.* Estimates of prevalence, particularly before puberty, are limited by historical biases against pediatric mood disorders and by for- midable diagnostic complexity and comorbidity. Although clinical features of pediatric and adult BPD have similarities, pediatric cases probably cannot be defined solely by features characteristic of adult cases. Onset was before age 20 years in at least 25% of reported BPD cases, with some increase in this incidence over the past century. Pediatric BPD is familial more often than is adult-onset BPD, may be associated with a premorbid cyclothymic or hyperthymic temperament, and can be precipitated by antidepressant treatment. Pediatric BPD episodes frequently include irritability, dysphoria, or psychotic symptoms; they are commonly chronic and carry high risks of substance abuse and suicide. BPD is often recognized in adolescents, but the syndrome or its antecedents are almost certainly underrecognized and undertreated in children. Controlled studies of short- and long-term treatment, course, and outcome in this disorder remain strikingly limited, and the syndrome urgently requires increased clinical and scientific interest. (HARVARDREV PSYCHIATRY1995;3:171-95.) Downloaded By: [Francis A Countway] At: 20:05 28 November 2009 From the International Consortium on Bipolar Disorders Re- foundations (Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Five-Factor Personality Model Versus Affective Temperaments: a Study in a Nonclinical Polish Sample
    current issues in personality psychology · volume 7(1), 9 doi: https://doi.org/10.5114/cipp.2019.82751 original article Five-factor personality model versus affective temperaments: a study in a nonclinical Polish sample Włodzimierz Oniszczenko1 · A,B,C,D,E,F,G, Ewa Stanisławiak2 · B,D,E,F 1: Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Poland 2: Faculty of Psychology, University of Finance and Management, Warsaw, Poland background with all other affective temperaments. Neuroticism togeth- The study aimed to evaluate the relationship between er with introversion was the best predictor of depressive five-factor personality model traits and affective tempera- temperament, accounting for 55% of the variance. Neu- ments. roticism also explained 37% of the anxious temperament variance and 22% of cyclothymic temperament variance. participants and procedure Extraversion predicts hyperthymic temperament (account- The sample consisted of 615 healthy Caucasian adults ing for 25% of the variance) and low agreeableness predicts (395 women and 220 men) recruited from a nonclini- irritable temperament (10% of explained variance). The re- cal population. Participants’ ages ranged from 17 to 69 sults confirmed that women are more depressive, cyclothy- (M = 30.79, SD = 9.69). The Polish version of Akiskal’s mic and anxious and less hyperthymic than men and have Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San a higher level of neuroticism than men. Diego Auto-Questionnaire was used for the assessment of affective temperaments. The five-factor personality model conclusions traits were measured with the Polish version of Costa and The results highlight the importance of two personality McCrae’s NEO-FFI Personality Inventory.
    [Show full text]
  • FROM MELANCHOLIA to DEPRESSION a HISTORY of DIAGNOSIS and TREATMENT Thomas A
    1 FROM MELANCHOLIA TO DEPRESSION A HISTORY OF DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT Thomas A. Ban International Network for the History of Neuropsychopharmacology 2014 2 From Melancholia to Depression A History of Diagnosis and Treatment1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 2 Diagnosis and classifications of melancholia and depression 7 From Galen to Robert Burton 7 From Boissier de Sauvages to Karl Kahlbaum 8 From Emil Kraepelin to Karl Leonhard 12 From Adolf Meyer to the DSM-IV 17 Treatment of melancholia and depression 20 From opium to chlorpromazine 21 Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors 22 Monoamine Re-uptake Inhibitors 24 Antidepressants in clinical use 26 Clinical psychopharmacology of antidepressants 30 Composite Diagnostic Evaluation of Depressive Disorders 32 The CODE System 32 CODE –DD 33 Genetics, neuropsychopharmacology and CODE-DD 36 Conclusions 37 References 37 INTRODUCTION Descriptions of what we now call melancholia or depression can be found in many ancient documents including The Old Testament, The Book of Job, and Homer's Iliad, but there is virtually 1 The text of this E-Book was prepared in 2002 for a presentation in Mexico City. The manuscript was not updated. 3 no reliable information on the frequency of “melancholia” until the mid-20th century (Kaplan and Saddock 1988). Between 1938 and 1955 several reports indicated that the prevalence of depression in the general population was below 1%. Comparing these figures, as shown in table 1, with figures in the 1960s and ‘70s reveals that even the lowest figures in the psychopharmacological era (from the 1960s) are 7 to 10 times greater than the highest figures before the introduction of antidepressant drugs (Silverman 1968).
    [Show full text]
  • The Contemporary Jewish Legal Treatment of Depressive Disorders in Conflict with Halakha
    t HaRofei LeShvurei Leiv: The Contemporary Jewish Legal Treatment of Depressive Disorders in Conflict with Halakha Senior Honors Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the School of Arts and Sciences Brandeis University Undergraduate Program in Near Eastern and Judaic Studies Prof. Reuven Kimelman, Advisor Prof. Zvi Zohar, Advisor In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts by Ezra Cohen December 2018 Accepted with Highest Honors Copyright by Ezra Cohen Committee Members Name: Prof. Reuven Kimelman Signature: ______________________ Name: Prof. Lynn Kaye Signature: ______________________ Name: Prof. Zvi Zohar Signature: ______________________ Table of Contents A Brief Word & Acknowledgments……………………………………………………………... iii Chapter I: Setting the Stage………………………………………………………………………. 1 a. Why This Thesis is Important Right Now………………………………………... 1 b. Defining Key Terms……………………………………………………………… 4 i. Defining Depression……………………………………………………… 5 ii. Defining Halakha…………………………………………………………. 9 c. A Short History of Depression in Halakhic Literature …………………………. 12 Chapter II: The Contemporary Legal Treatment of Depressive Disorders in Conflict with Halakha…………………………………………………………………………………………. 19 d. Depression & Music Therapy…………………………………………………… 19 e. Depression & Shabbat/Holidays………………………………………………… 28 f. Depression & Abortion…………………………………………………………. 38 g. Depression & Contraception……………………………………………………. 47 h. Depression & Romantic Relationships…………………………………………. 56 i. Depression & Prayer……………………………………………………………. 70 j. Depression &
    [Show full text]
  • Collated Document Thomas A. Ban
    1 THOMAS A. BAN: THE WERNICKE-KLEIST-LEONHARD TRADITION WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MANIA, MELANCHOLIA AND MANIC-DEPRESSIVE PSYCHOSIS Collated Document Thomas A. Ban This document includes Thomas A. Ban’s five essays on the Wernicke-Kleist-Leonhard tradition with special reference to mania, melancholia and manic-depressive psychosis. It also includes Ernst Franzek’s comment and Ban’s reply to the last essay. The document is now open for a final comment to all INHN members. Thomas A. Ban August 6, 2015 Fundamentals of the Wernicke-Kleist-Leonhard tradition Thomas A. Ban October 22, 2015 Carl Wernicke’s classification of psychoses with special reference to mania, melancholia and manic-depressive psychosis Thomas A. Ban November 12, 2015 Karl Kleist and the deconstruction of Kraepelin’s diagnostic concept of manic- depressive psychosis Thomas A. Ban November 26, 2015 Karl Leonhard and the diagnostic re-evaluation of Emil Kraepelin’s diagnostic concept of manic- depressive psychosis Thomas A. Ban December 3, 2015 Psychopathology, Leonhard’s classification and the deconstruction of Kraepelin’s diagnostic concept of manic-depressive psychosis 2 Ernst Franzek February 18, 2016 Comment on Ban’s Psychopathology, Leonhard’s classification and the deconstruction of Kraepelin’s diagnostic concept of manic- depressive psychosis Thomas A. Ban August 6, 2015 Reply to Franzek’s comment Fundamentals of the Wernicke-Kleist-Leonhard Tradition Thomas A Ban In 1956, Fritz Freyhan, a German born American pioneer of neuropsychopharmacology focused attention on the heterogeneity in responsiveness to neuroleptics in patients with the diagnosis of schizophrenia and called for a pharmacological re-evaluation of Kraepelin’s diagnostic concepts (Bleuler 1911; Freyhan 1956; Kraepelin 1899).
    [Show full text]
  • Aristotle and DSM on 'Bipolar' Melancholy: Symptoms, Medication
    Marlies ter Borg. Medical Research Archives vol 9 issue 5. Medical Research Archives RESEARCH ARTICLE Aristotle and DSM on ‘Bipolar’ Melancholy: Symptoms, Medication, Link to Creativity. 1 Author Dr. Marlies ter Borg Independent bipolar philosopher, Bentveldsweg 102, 2111 ED Aerdenhout, the Netherlands Email: [email protected] Tel 31 23 5245793 Copyright 2021 KEI Journals. All Rights Reserved Marlies ter Borg. Medical Research Archives vol 9 issue 5. May 2021 Page 2 of 18 Abstract That Aristotle connected excellence, creativity to (bipolar) melancholy is known. This article adds depth and detail by distilling from his work characteristics of hot and cold melancholy, placing them in pairs of opposites, and comparing them with the diagnostic criteria for bipolar disorder in DSM. The Greek warned against extreme mood. He named two examples of mythical persons who suffered the tragic consequences; Ajax’ suicide and Hercules’ manic destruction of his wife and children. More recent examples are Vincent van Gogh, who committed suicide and his brother Theo who attacked his wife and child, was interned and finally succumbed from the consequences of extreme mania. Aristotle urged melancholics to temper their mood. For it was only from mild melancholy that sustained creativity could be expected. He advocated hellebore as medicine. His general ethical advice to strive towards the opposite extreme is especially relevant for melancholics. Aristotle’s work on excellence and bipolar melancholy can inspire those confronted with bipolar disorder today to temper their mood. The examples of famous melancholics throughout the ages bring comfort and a sense of belonging. The author, who is stabilized on lithium, holds up the example of the van Gogh family who, lacking the effective the medicine available today, communicated openly with each other about their disorder.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of Depression in Neuroscience Morgan Hellyer
    The History of Depression in Neuroscience Morgan Hellyer It is not a far stretch to say that philosophers and scientists have been examining depression for hundreds of years. Since around 400 BC when Hippocrates began using the terms “mania and melancholia to describe” depression, people have been attempting to not only quantify the concept of depression, but to also understand and treat it (1). The passing years have seen the rise of many different explanations for depression as well as many different treatments. To this day, there is still no quantifiable cure for depression. Even though some may argue that “depression is a treatable illness,” that is unfortunately a false hope (2). The history of depression proves that despite years of research and investigation and a multitude of treatments, the cure for depression is still only a passing hope that is simply masked by current treatments that dull the symptoms of depression. In order to understand the complexity of depression, and therefore why it cannot be easily treated, it is important to first try to define the complexity that is depression. Depression has been defined in a multitude of different ways; the ancient Greeks believed depression was due to “an imbalance in the body’s four humors . with too much [black bile] resulting in a melancholic state of mind” (3). In contrast, early Christianity said that depression was to be blamed on “the devil and God’s anger for man’s suffering” (3). Towards the end of the nineteenth century however, depression was seen as either a neurological or a psychological disorder (4).
    [Show full text]
  • Bipolar Disorder - Accessscience from Mcgraw-Hill Education
    Bipolar disorder - AccessScience from McGraw-Hill Education http://accessscience.com/content/900194 (http://accessscience.com/) Article by: Grunze, Heinz School of Neurology, Neurobiology, and Psychiatry, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom. Publication year: 2016 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1036/1097-8542.900194 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1036/1097-8542.900194) Content Course of bipolar disorder What is the neurobiology behind bipolar Bibliography How frequent is bipolar disorder? disorder? Additional Readings Treatment of bipolar disorder A major mental disorder in which there are life-long episodes of both mania and depression; also known as manic-depressive illness. The first recognizable descriptions of mania and depression date back to the writings of Aretaeus of Cappadocia (a Greek physician who lived around 150–200 CE). The modern history of bipolar disorder begins in the mid-nineteenth century with the concept of folie circulaire (“circular insanity”), proposed by the French psychiatrist Jean-Pierre Falret. Later, around the beginning of the twentieth century, it was defined by the work of the German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin. See also: Affective disorders (/content/affective-disorders/013750) Bipolar disorder is characterized by sudden and often unexplained mood swings, ranging from delirious mania to severe depression. These mood changes are regularly accompanied by other mental and behavioral symptoms, such as fluctuations of volition, activity level, and cognitive functioning. Symptomatic criteria for bipolar disorder have been conceptualized in diagnostic manuals [the two most important being the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) by the American Psychiatric Association and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) by the World Health Organization], with only minor differences between these manuals.
    [Show full text]