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FOR 274: Forest Measurements and Inventory an Introduction to Surveying
FOR 274: Forest Measurements and Inventory Lecture 5: Principals of Surveying • An Introduction to Surveying • Horizontal Distances & Angles An Introduction to Surveying: Social and Land In Natural Resources we survey populations to gain representative information about something We also conduct land surveys to record the fine-scale topographic detail of an area We use both kinds of surveying in Natural Resources An Introduction to Surveying: Why do we Survey? To measure in the field the distance, bearing, and location of features on the Earth’s surface Geodetic Surveying • Very large distances • Have to account for curvature of the Earth! Plane Surveying • What we do • Thankfully regular trig works just fine 1 An Introduction to Surveying: Why do we Survey? Foresters as a rule do not conduct many new surveys BUT it is very common to: • Retrace old lines • Locate boundaries • Run cruise lines and transects • Analyze post treatments impacts on stream morphology, soils fuels,etc In addition to land survey equipment, Modern tools include the use of GIS and GPS Æ FOR 375 for more details An Introduction to Surveying: Types of Survey Construction Surveys: collect data essential for planning of new projects - constructing a new forest road - putting in a culvert Hydrological Surveys: collect data on stream channel morphology or impacts of treatments on erosion potential An Introduction to Surveying: Types of Survey Topographic Surveys: gather data on natural and man-made features on the Earth's surface to produce a 3D topographic map Typical -
Surveying and Drawing Instruments
SURVEYING AND DRAWING INSTRUMENTS MAY \?\ 10 1917 , -;>. 1, :rks, \ C. F. CASELLA & Co., Ltd II to 15, Rochester Row, London, S.W. Telegrams: "ESCUTCHEON. LONDON." Telephone : Westminster 5599. 1911. List No. 330. RECENT AWARDS Franco-British Exhibition, London, 1908 GRAND PRIZE AND DIPLOMA OF HONOUR. Japan-British Exhibition, London, 1910 DIPLOMA. Engineering Exhibition, Allahabad, 1910 GOLD MEDAL. SURVEYING AND DRAWING INSTRUMENTS - . V &*>%$> ^ .f C. F. CASELLA & Co., Ltd MAKERS OF SURVEYING, METEOROLOGICAL & OTHER SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS TO The Admiralty, Ordnance, Office of Works and other Home Departments, and to the Indian, Canadian and all Foreign Governments. II to 15, Rochester Row, Victoria Street, London, S.W. 1911 Established 1810. LIST No. 330. This List cancels previous issues and is subject to alteration with out notice. The prices are for delivery in London, packing extra. New customers are requested to send remittance with order or to furnish the usual references. C. F. CAS ELL A & CO., LTD. Y-THEODOLITES (1) 3-inch Y-Theodolite, divided on silver, with verniers to i minute with rack achromatic reading ; adjustment, telescope, erect and inverting eye-pieces, tangent screw and clamp adjustments, compass, cross levels, three screws and locking plate or parallel plates, etc., etc., in mahogany case, with tripod stand, complete 19 10 Weight of instrument, case and stand, about 14 Ibs. (6-4 kilos). (2) 4-inch Do., with all improvements, as above, to i minute... 22 (3) 5-inch Do., ... 24 (4) 6-inch Do., 20 seconds 27 (6 inch, to 10 seconds, 403. extra.) Larger sizes and special patterns made to order. -
MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE Paul W
A STUDY OF RECENT DEVELOPMENTS AND INVENTIONS IN ENGINEERING INSTRUMENTS Thai: for III. Dean. of I. S. MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE Paul W. Hoynigor I948 This]: _ C./ SUPP! '3' Nagy NIH: LJWIHL WA KOF BOOK A STUDY OF RECENT DEVELOPMENTS AND INVENTIONS IN ENGINEERING’INSIRUMENTS A Thesis Submitted to The Faculty of MICHIGAN‘STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND.APPLIED SCIENCE by Paul W. Heyniger Candidate for the Degree of Batchelor of Science June 1948 \. HE-UI: PREFACE This Thesis is submitted to the faculty of Michigan State College as one of the requirements for a B. S. De- gree in Civil Engineering.' At this time,I Iish to express my appreciation to c. M. Cade, Professor of Civil Engineering at Michigan State Collegeafor his assistance throughout the course and to the manufacturers,vhose products are represented, for their help by freely giving of the data used in this paper. In preparing the laterial used in this thesis, it was the authors at: to point out new develop-ants on existing instruments and recent inventions or engineer- ing equipment used principally by the Civil Engineer. 20 6052 TAEEE OF CONTENTS Chapter One Page Introduction B. Drafting Equipment ----------------------- 13 Chapter Two Telescopic Inprovenents A. Glass Reticles .......................... -32 B. Coated Lenses .......................... --J.B Chapter three The Tilting Level- ............................ -33 Chapter rear The First One-Second.Anerican Optical 28 “00d011 ‘6- -------------------------- e- --------- Chapter rive Chapter Six The Latest Type Altineter ----- - ................ 5.5 TABLE OF CONTENTS , Chapter Seven Page The Most Recent Drafting Machine ........... -39.--- Chapter Eight Chapter Nine SmOnnB By Radar ....... - ------------------ In”.-- Chapter Ten Conclusion ------------ - ----- -. -
Plane Table Civil Engineering Department Integral
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT INTEGRAL UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW Basic Survey Field Work (ICE-352) The history of surveying started with plane surveying when the first line was measured. Today the land surveying basics are the same but the instruments and technology has changed. The surveying equipments used today are much more different than the simple surveying instruments in the past. The land surveying methods too have changed and the surveyor uses more advanced tools and techniques in Land survey. Civil Engineering survey is based on measuring, recording and drawing to scale the physical features on the surface of the earth. The surveyor uses instruments for measuring, a field book for recording and now a days surveying softwares for plotting and drawing to scale the site features in civil engineering survey. The surveying Leveling techniques are aided by instruments such as theodolite, Level, tripods, tapes, chains, telescopes etc and then the surveying engineer drafts a report on the proceedings. S.NO APPARATUS IMAGE DISCRIPTION . NAME In case of plane table survey, the measurements of survey lines of the traverse and their plotting to a suitable 1- PLANE TABLE scale are done simultaneously. Instruments required: Alidade, Drawing board, peg, Plumbing fork, Spirit level and Trough compass . The length of the survey lines are measured with the help of tape or chain. 2- CHAIN AND TAPE Compass surveying is a type of surveying in which the directions of surveying lines are determined with a 3- PRISMATIC magnetic compass. &SURVEYOR The compass is CAMPASS generally used to run a traverse line. The compass calculates bearings of lines with respect to magnetic north. -
6. Determination of Height and Distance: Theodolite
Geography (H), UG, 2nd Sem CC-04-TH: Thematic Cartography 6. Determination of Height and Distance: Theodolite What is Theodolite? A Theodolite is a measuring instrument used to measure the horizontal and vertical angles are determined with great precision. Theodolite is more precise than magnetic compass. Magnetic compass measures the angle up to as accuracy of 30’. Anyhow a vernier theodolite measures the angles up to and accuracy of 10’’, 20”. It is of either transit or non- transit type. In Transit theodolites the telescope can rotate in a complete circle in the vertical plane while Non-transit theodolites are those in which the telescope can rotate only in a semicircle in the vertical plane. Types of Theodolite A Transit Theodolite Non transit Theodolite B Vernier Theodolite Micrometer Theodolite A I. Transit Theodolite: a theodolite is called transit theodolite when its telescope can be transited i.e. revolved through a complete revolution about its horizontal axis in the vertical plane. II. Non transit Theodolite: the telescope cannot be transited. They are inferior in utility and have now become obsolete. Kaberi Murmu B I. Vernier Theodolite: For reading the graduated circle if verniers are used, the theodolite is called a vernier theodolit. II. Whereas, if a micrometer is provided to read the graduated circle the same is called as a Micrometer Theodolite. Vernier type theodolites are commonly used. Uses of Theodolite Theodolite uses for many purposes, but mainly it is used for measuring angles, scaling points of constructional works. For example, to determine highway points, huge buildings’ escalating edges theodolites are used. -
Instruments and Methods of Physical Measurement
INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS OF PHYSICAL MEASUREMENT By J. W. MOORE, . i» Professor of Mechanics and Experimental Philosophy, LAFAYETTE COLLEGE. Easton, Pa.: The Eschenbach Printing House. 1892. Copyright by J. W. Moore, 1892 PREFACE. 'y'HE following pages have been arranged for use in the physical laboratory. The aim has been to be as concise as is con- sistent with clearness. sources of information have been used, and in many cases, perhaps, the ipsissima verba of well- known authors. j. w. M. Lafayette College, August 23,' 18g2. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Measurement of A. Length— I. The Diagonal Scale 7 11. The Vernier, Straight 8 * 111. Mayer’s Vernier Microscope . 9 IV. The Vernier Calipers 9 V. The Beam Compass 10 VI. The Kathetometer 10 VII. The Reading Telescope 12 VIII. Stage Micrometer with Camera Lucida 12 IX. Jackson’s Eye-piece Micrometer 13 X. Quincke’s Kathetometer Microscope 13 XI. The Screw . 14 a. The Micrometer Calipers 14 b. The Spherometer 15 c. The Micrometer Microscope or Reading Microscope . 16 d. The Dividing Engine 17 To Divide a Line into Equal Parts by 1. The Beam Compass . 17 2. The Dividing Engine 17 To Divide a Line “Originally” into Equal Parts by 1. Spring Dividers or Beam Compass 18 2. Spring Dividers and Straight Edge 18 3. Another Method 18 B. Angees— 1. Arc Verniers 19 2. The Spirit Level 20 3. The Reading Microscope with Micrometer Attachment .... 22 4. The Filar Micrometer 5. The Optical Method— 1. The Optical Lever 23 2. Poggendorff’s Method 25 3. The Objective or English Method 28 6. -
Keynote Address : the International Society for Photogrammetry And
Keynote Address The International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing-75 Years Old, or 75 Years Young GOTTFRIEDKONECNY, Uniuersity c$ Hnnnooer, F.R. Ger~nany ADIES AND GENTLEMEN.I am grateful for the dis- sphere, and he determined its average radius within L tinction of having been asked to prepare the 1% of accuracy. He thus became the first geodesist. keynote speech for the 1985 Annual Meeting of the Mathematical thought and survey practices American Society of Photogrammetry and the spread from Mesopotamia and the Nile to the areas American Congress on Surveying and Mapping. of Greek and Roman culture. Roman land surveys As a photogrammetrist, I am naturally concerned were a highly developed technique. Its practice was about matters dear to me and therefore I have interrupted by the fall of the Roman Empire be- chosen as the title of my talk "The International cause of invasion from the North and the introduc- Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing- tion of Christianity with its upcoming mysticism. 75 years old, or 75 years young." I have done this Therefore the oriental cultures then became re- for two reasons. Last year I became successor to sponsible for the further development of our disci- Fred Doyle, who ably represented the American plines. In the Arab world, astronomy and navigation Society of Photogrammetry as President of ISPRS became highly developed. Cartography, as a de- for four years from 1980 to 1984. Secondly, our or- scription of the earth's features on its surface, flour- ganization celebrates this year its 75th Anniversary. ished in China, long before this was the case in We photogrammetrists are officially in our third Europe. -
The Evolution of Rock Glacier Monitoring Using Terres
ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences Jahr/Year: 2012 Band/Volume: 105_2 Autor(en)/Author(s): Kaufmann Viktor Artikel/Article: The evolution of rock glacier monitoring using terrestrial photogrammetry: the example of Äußeres Hochebenkar rock glacier (Austria) 63-77 © Österreichische Geologische Gesellschaft/Austria; download unter www.geol-ges.at/ und www.biologiezentrum.at Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences Volume 105/2 Vienna 2012 The evolution of rock glacier monitoring using terres- trial photogrammetry: the example of Äußeres Hoch- ebenkar rock glacier (Austria)____________________________ Viktor KAUFMANN KEYWORDS Terrestrial photogrammetry Deformation measurement Graz University of Technology, Institute of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Äußeres Hochebenkar Steyrergasse 30, A-8010 Graz, Austria; Rock glacier Ötztal Alps [email protected] Monitoring Abstract Rock glaciers are creep phenomena of mountain permafrost and have been the subject of research for over 100 years. Rock gla- ciers are lobate or tongue-shaped bodies of perennially frozen ice-rich unconsolidated material. Active rock glaciers creep down- slope by force of gravity. Mean annual flow velocities are in the order of a few centimeters to several meters per year. Rock glacier surfaces typically show furrows and ridges which are visible expressions of active flow and cumulative deformation. The kinematics of rock glaciers can be determined by different measurement techniques. Terrestrial (ground-based or close-range) photogrammetry was one of the first successful methods for detecting and quantifying surface changes in rock glaciers. Flow velocity was a typical parameter derived from this. The 2D or even 3D kinematics of the rock glacier surface is needed for rheological models. -
Comments on Double-Theodolite Evaluations
322 BULLETIN AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY Comments on Double-Theodolite Evaluations ROBERT O. WEEDFALL AND WALTER M. JAGODZINSKI U. S. Weather Bureau (Original manuscript received 7 May 1960; revised manuscript received 26 August 1960) 1. Introduction After reading an article [1], in the May 1959 issue of the Bulletin of the AMS wherein Mssrs. Hansen and Taft describe another method of computing double-theodolite runs, it was realized that a method developed at the AEC installation at Yucca Flat, Nevada is even more efficient than any previous method and could be of great value in speed and saving of man-hours to those wind- research installations that use the double-theodo- lite method. Further, it does not need special plotting boards but utilizes the standard Weather Bureau equipment with a few ingenious adaptations. FIG. 1. Winds-aloft plotting board, showing position of three distance scales. (360-deg intervals not indicated.) 2. Materials needed (1) Winds-aloft plotting board (fig. 1). A 3-ft-square board with distance scales running from the center to the bottom, with a movable circular piece of plastic attached to the center of the board, whose outer edge is marked off in 360-deg intervals. (2) Circular protractor (fig. 2). A 10-inch- square piece of clear plastic divided into 360-deg intervals. (3) Appropriately marked scale in the shape of an "L" (fig. 3). (4) Scotch tape, rubber band and short piece of string. (5) Winds-aloft graphing board (fig. 4). A rectangular board 2 X 2% ft marked with height FIG. 2. Clear plastic protractor, 10 inches square. -
Parts of Theodolite and Their Functions Pdf
Parts of theodolite and their functions pdf Continue The components and their the TheodoliteA compass functions measure direction by measuring the angle between the line and the direction of the reference, which is a magnetic meridian. The compass can measure angles up to 30 accuracy and judgment to 15. The principle of the compass is based on the property of the magnetic needle, which at free suspension takes the direction of north-south. Thus, compass measurements affect external magnetic influences, and therefore in some areas the compass is unsuitable. In this here we will discuss another method of measuring the direction of lines; theodolit is very often used to measure angles in the survey work. There are various theodolites, optical, electronic, etc. improvements (from one form to another) have been made to ensure simplicity of work, better accuracy and speed. Electronic theodolites display and store corners at the touch of a button. This data can also be transferred to the computer for further processing. We begin our discussion with the simplest theodolite-faithful theodolite. Theodolit is a simple and inexpensive tool, but very valuable in terms of measuring angles. The common vernier theodolite measures angles up to an accuracy of 20 in the compass, where the line of sight is simple, limiting its range, theodolites are provided by telescopes that provide a much greater range and better ac-curacy in sighting distant objects. It is, however, a delicate tool and should be treated with caution. Theodolit measures horizontal angles between lines and can also measure vertical angles. The horizontal angle measured can be turned on by angle, angle of deviation or outer angle in the traverse. -
Theodolite Surveying
THEODOLITE SURVEYING 1 So far we have been measuring horizontal angles by using a Compass with respect to meridian, which is less accurate and also it is not possible to measure vertical angles with a Compass. So when the objects are at a considerable distance or situated at a considerable elevation or depression ,it becomes necessary to measure horizontal and vertical angles more precisely. So these measurements are taken by an instrument known as a theodolite. THEODOLITE SURVEYING 2 THEODOLITE SURVEYING The system of surveying in which the angles are measured with the help of a theodolite, is called Theodolite surveying. THEODOLITE SURVEYING 3 THEODOLITE The Theodolite is a most accurate surveying instrument mainly used for : • Measuring horizontal and vertical angles. • Locating points on a line. • Prolonging survey lines. • Finding difference of level. • Setting out grades • Ranging curves • Tacheometric Survey THEODOLITE SURVEYING 4 TRANSIT VERNIER THEODOLITE THEODOLITETHEODOLITE SURVEYING SURVEYING 5 TRANSIT VERNIER THEODOLITE Fig. Details if Upper & Lower Plates. THEODOLITETHEODOLITE SURVEYING SURVEYING 6 TRANSIT VERNIER THEODOLITE THEODOLITETHEODOLITE SURVEYING SURVEYING 7 CLASSIFICATION OF THEODOLITES Theodolites may be classified as ; A. i) Transit Theodolite. ii) Non Transit Theodolite. B. i) Vernier Theodolites. ii) Micrometer Theodolites. THEODOLITE SURVEYING 8 CLASSIFICATION OF THEODOLITES A. Transit Theodolite: A theodolite is called a transit theodolite when its telescope can be transited i.e revolved through a complete revolution about its horizontal axis in the vertical plane, whereas in a- Non-Transit type, the telescope cannot be transited. They are inferior in utility and have now become obsolete. THEODOLITE SURVEYING 9 CLASSIFICATION OF THEODOLITES B. Vernier Theodolite: For reading the graduated circle if verniers are used ,the theodolite is called as a Vernier Theodolite. -
Compendium the Secrets of Inclination Measurement
Compendium The secreTs of inclinaTion measuremenT WYLER AG, Inclination measuring systems Im Hölderli 13, CH - 8405 WINTERTHUR (Switzerland) Tel. +41 (0) 52 233 66 66 Fax +41 (0) 52 233 20 53 E-Mail: [email protected] Web: www.wylerag.com Compendium inclination measurement WYLER AG, Winterthur / Switzerland Page Preface 5 1 General introduction to inclination measurement 6 1.1 History of inclination measurement 6 1.2 WHat is inclination? 7 1.3 units in inclination measurement 8 1.4 relationsHip betWeen degrees/arcmin and µm/m 8 1.5 WHat is a µm/m? 9 1.6 WHat is a radian? 9 1.7 correlation betWeen tHe most common units (si) 9 1.8 correlation betWeen tHe most common units in inclination measurement 10 1.9 WHat are positive and negative inclinations? 10 1.10 tHe absolute zero by means of a reversal measurement 10 1.11 linearity 11 1.12 effect of gravitational force and compensation WitH inclination measuring instruments 12 1.13 measuring uncertainty 13 1.14 lengtH of measuring bases 14 1.15 absolute measurement - relative measurement - long-term monitoring 15 1.16 Quality control and calibration lab scs Wyler AG 16 2 measurement systems and aPPlication software at a Glance 18 3 Product GrouPs in the area of inclination measurinG instruments 23 3.1 precision spirit levels and clinometers 23 3.2 electronic measuring instruments 23 3.3 inclination measuring sensor WitH a digital measuring system 23 4 aPPlications with wyler inclination measurinG instruments and systems 24 4.1 applications WitH inclination measuring instruments 25 5 Precision