Field Operations Manual for Assessing the Hydrologic Permanence and Ecological Condition of Headwater Streams
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Characteristics and Importance of Rill and Gully Erosion: a Case Study in a Small Catchment of a Marginal Olive Grove
Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica 2015 Nº 41 (1) pp. 107-126 ISSN 0211-6820 DOI: 10.18172/cig.2644 © Universidad de La Rioja CHARACTERISTICS AND IMPORTANCE OF RILL AND GULLY EROSION: A CASE STUDY IN A SMALL CATCHMENT OF A MARGINAL OLIVE GROVE E.V. TAGUAS1*, E. GUZMÁN1, G. GUZMÁN1, T. VANWALLEGHEM1, J.A. GÓMEZ2 1Rural Engineering Department/ Agronomy Department, University of Cordoba, Campus Rabanales, Leonardo Da Vinci building, 14071 Córdoba, Spain. 2Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, CSIC, Apartado 4084, 14080 Córdoba, Spain. ABSTRACT. Measurements of gullies and rills were carried out in an olive or- chard microcatchment of 6.1 ha over a 4-year period (2010-2013). No tillage management allowing the development of a spontaneous grass cover was imple- mented in the study period. Rainfall, runoff and sediment load were measured at the catchment outlet. The objectives of this study were: 1) to quantify erosion by concentrated flow in the catchment by analysis of the geometric and geomor- phologic changes of the gullies and rills between July 2010 and July 2013; 2) to evaluate the relative percentage of erosion derived from concentrated runoff to total sediment yield; 3) to explain the dynamics of gully and rill formation based on the hydrological patterns observed during the study period; and 4) to improve the management strategies in the olive grove. Control sections in gullies were established in order to get periodic measurements of width, depth and shape in each campaign. This allowed volume changes in the concentrated flow network to be evaluated over 3 periods (period 1 = 2010-2011; period 2 = 2011-2012; and period 3 = 2012-2013). -
Alluvial Fans in the Death Valley Region California and Nevada
Alluvial Fans in the Death Valley Region California and Nevada GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 466 Alluvial Fans in the Death Valley Region California and Nevada By CHARLES S. DENNY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 466 A survey and interpretation of some aspects of desert geomorphology UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1965 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director The U.S. Geological Survey Library has cataloged this publications as follows: Denny, Charles Storrow, 1911- Alluvial fans in the Death Valley region, California and Nevada. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1964. iv, 61 p. illus., maps (5 fold. col. in pocket) diagrs., profiles, tables. 30 cm. (U.S. Geological Survey. Professional Paper 466) Bibliography: p. 59. 1. Physical geography California Death Valley region. 2. Physi cal geography Nevada Death Valley region. 3. Sedimentation and deposition. 4. Alluvium. I. Title. II. Title: Death Valley region. (Series) For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C., 20402 CONTENTS Page Page Abstract.. _ ________________ 1 Shadow Mountain fan Continued Introduction. ______________ 2 Origin of the Shadow Mountain fan. 21 Method of study________ 2 Fan east of Alkali Flat- ___-__---.__-_- 25 Definitions and symbols. 6 Fans surrounding hills near Devils Hole_ 25 Geography _________________ 6 Bat Mountain fan___-____-___--___-__ 25 Shadow Mountain fan..______ 7 Fans east of Greenwater Range___ ______ 30 Geology.______________ 9 Fans in Greenwater Valley..-----_____. 32 Death Valley fans.__________--___-__- 32 Geomorpholo gy ______ 9 Characteristics of fans.._______-___-__- 38 Modern washes____. -
Protecting Wildlife for the Future
CINDERELLA SCORES A HAT-TRICK! 3 years, 3 projects, 3km of winterbourne chalkstream restored Introduction The Dorset Wild Rivers project and the Monitoring & Results Environment Agency have created three successful winterbourne restoration projects In order to measure the impacts of that have delivered a number of outcomes our work, pre and post work including Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) macroinvertebrate and fish targets, working towards Good Ecological monitoring is being carried out as Status (GES under the Water Framework part of the project. Directive (WFD) and building resilience to climate change. A more diverse habitat supporting diverse wildlife has been created. Winterbournes are rare chalk streams which The bankside vegetation has been are groundwater fed and only flow at certain manipulated to provide a mixture of times of the year as groundwater levels in the both shaded and more open sections aquifer fluctuate. They support a range of of channel and a more species rich specialist wildlife adapted to this unusual margin. flow regime, including a number of rare or scarce invertebrates. Our macro invertebrate sampling indicates that the work has been a So called “Cinderella” chalkstreams because great success: the rare mayfly larva they are so often overlooked. Their Paraleptophlebia werneri (Red Data ecological value is often degraded as a result Book 3), and the notable blackfly of pressures from agricultural practices, land larva Metacnephia amphora, were drainage, urban and infrastructure found in the stream only 6 months development, abstraction and flood after the work was completed. defences. The Conservation value of the new Over centuries, the spring-fed South channel was reassessed using the Winterbourne in Dorset has been degraded. -
SCI Lecture Paper Series
SCI LECTURE PAPERS SERIES HIGHWAY DRAINAGE SYSTEMS Santi V Santhalingam Highways Agency, Room 4/41, St. Christopher House Southwark Street, London SE1 0TE Telephone +44 (0) 171 921 4954 Fax +44 (0) 171 921 4411 © Highways Agency 1999 copyright reserved ISSN 1353-114X LPS 102/99 Key words highways, drainage, runoff, surface, sub-surface, systems INTRODUCTION Appropriate drainage is an important feature of good highway design in terms of ensuring required level of service and value for money are achieved. Highway drainage has two major objectives: safety of the road user and longevity of the pavement. Speedy removal of surface water will help to ensure safe and comfortable conditions for the road user. Provision of effective sub-drainage will maximise longevity of the pavement and its associated earthworks. Highway drainage can therefore be broadly classified into two elements – surface run-off and sub-surface run-off: these two elements are not completely disparate in that some of the surface water may find its way into the road foundation through surfaces which are not completely impermeable thence requiring removal by sub-drainage. Based on these fundamental principles, drainage methods in the UK are broadly divided into two categories: (a) combined systems, where the surface and sub-surface water are collected and transported in the same pipe, and (b) separate systems, where the two elements are collected and transported in separate pipes Within the broader definition of the two systems there are a number of different drainage methods that are in use on UK highways, some of them more common than others. -
FOR 274: Forest Measurements and Inventory an Introduction to Surveying
FOR 274: Forest Measurements and Inventory Lecture 5: Principals of Surveying • An Introduction to Surveying • Horizontal Distances & Angles An Introduction to Surveying: Social and Land In Natural Resources we survey populations to gain representative information about something We also conduct land surveys to record the fine-scale topographic detail of an area We use both kinds of surveying in Natural Resources An Introduction to Surveying: Why do we Survey? To measure in the field the distance, bearing, and location of features on the Earth’s surface Geodetic Surveying • Very large distances • Have to account for curvature of the Earth! Plane Surveying • What we do • Thankfully regular trig works just fine 1 An Introduction to Surveying: Why do we Survey? Foresters as a rule do not conduct many new surveys BUT it is very common to: • Retrace old lines • Locate boundaries • Run cruise lines and transects • Analyze post treatments impacts on stream morphology, soils fuels,etc In addition to land survey equipment, Modern tools include the use of GIS and GPS Æ FOR 375 for more details An Introduction to Surveying: Types of Survey Construction Surveys: collect data essential for planning of new projects - constructing a new forest road - putting in a culvert Hydrological Surveys: collect data on stream channel morphology or impacts of treatments on erosion potential An Introduction to Surveying: Types of Survey Topographic Surveys: gather data on natural and man-made features on the Earth's surface to produce a 3D topographic map Typical -
Surveying and Drawing Instruments
SURVEYING AND DRAWING INSTRUMENTS MAY \?\ 10 1917 , -;>. 1, :rks, \ C. F. CASELLA & Co., Ltd II to 15, Rochester Row, London, S.W. Telegrams: "ESCUTCHEON. LONDON." Telephone : Westminster 5599. 1911. List No. 330. RECENT AWARDS Franco-British Exhibition, London, 1908 GRAND PRIZE AND DIPLOMA OF HONOUR. Japan-British Exhibition, London, 1910 DIPLOMA. Engineering Exhibition, Allahabad, 1910 GOLD MEDAL. SURVEYING AND DRAWING INSTRUMENTS - . V &*>%$> ^ .f C. F. CASELLA & Co., Ltd MAKERS OF SURVEYING, METEOROLOGICAL & OTHER SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS TO The Admiralty, Ordnance, Office of Works and other Home Departments, and to the Indian, Canadian and all Foreign Governments. II to 15, Rochester Row, Victoria Street, London, S.W. 1911 Established 1810. LIST No. 330. This List cancels previous issues and is subject to alteration with out notice. The prices are for delivery in London, packing extra. New customers are requested to send remittance with order or to furnish the usual references. C. F. CAS ELL A & CO., LTD. Y-THEODOLITES (1) 3-inch Y-Theodolite, divided on silver, with verniers to i minute with rack achromatic reading ; adjustment, telescope, erect and inverting eye-pieces, tangent screw and clamp adjustments, compass, cross levels, three screws and locking plate or parallel plates, etc., etc., in mahogany case, with tripod stand, complete 19 10 Weight of instrument, case and stand, about 14 Ibs. (6-4 kilos). (2) 4-inch Do., with all improvements, as above, to i minute... 22 (3) 5-inch Do., ... 24 (4) 6-inch Do., 20 seconds 27 (6 inch, to 10 seconds, 403. extra.) Larger sizes and special patterns made to order. -
The Natural Capital of Temporary Rivers: Characterising the Value of Dynamic Aquatic–Terrestrial Habitats
VNP12 The Natural Capital of Temporary Rivers: Characterising the value of dynamic aquatic–terrestrial habitats. Valuing Nature | Natural Capital Synthesis Report Lead author: Rachel Stubbington Contributing authors: Judy England, Mike Acreman, Paul J. Wood, Chris Westwood, Phil Boon, Chris Mainstone, Craig Macadam, Adam Bates, Andy House, Dídac Jorda-Capdevila http://valuing-nature.net/TemporaryRiverNC Suggested citation: Stubbington, R., England, J., Acreman, M., Wood, P.J., Westwood, C., Boon, P., The Natural Capital of Mainstone, C., Macadam, C., Bates, A., House, A, Didac, J. (2018) The Natural Capital of Temporary Temporary Rivers: Rivers: Characterising the value of dynamic aquatic- terrestrial habitats. Valuing Nature Natural Capital Characterising the value of dynamic Synthesis Report VNP12. The text is available under the Creative Commons aquatic–terrestrial habitats. Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA 4.0) Valuing Nature | Natural Capital Synthesis Report Contents Introduction: Services provided by wet and the natural capital of temporary rivers.............. 4 dry-phase assets in temporary rivers................33 What are temporary rivers?...................................... 4 The evidence that temporary rivers deliver … services during dry phases...................34 Temporary rivers in the UK..................................... 4 Provisioning services...................................34 The natural capital approach Regulating services.......................................35 to ecosystem protection............................................ -
The Nelson Ranch Located Along the Shasta River Has Two Flow Gaging
Baseline Assessment of Salmonid Habitat and Aquatic Ecology of the Nelson Ranch, Shasta River, California Water Year 2007 Jeffrey Mount, Peter Moyle, and Michael Deas, Principal Investigators Report prepared by: Carson Jeffres (Project lead), Evan Buckland, Bruce Hammock, Joseph Kiernan, Aaron King, Nickilou Krigbaum, Andrew Nichols, Sarah Null Report prepared for: United States Bureau of Reclamation Klamath Area Office Center for Watershed Sciences University of California, Davis • One Shields Avenue • Davis, CA 95616-8527 Table of Contents 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..................................................................................................................................2 2. INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................................6 3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................................6 4. SITE DESCRIPTION.........................................................................................................................................7 5. HYDROLOGY.....................................................................................................................................................8 5.1. STAGE-DISCHARGE RATING CURVES .......................................................................................................9 5.2. PRECIPITATION........................................................................................................................................11 -
MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE Paul W
A STUDY OF RECENT DEVELOPMENTS AND INVENTIONS IN ENGINEERING INSTRUMENTS Thai: for III. Dean. of I. S. MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE Paul W. Hoynigor I948 This]: _ C./ SUPP! '3' Nagy NIH: LJWIHL WA KOF BOOK A STUDY OF RECENT DEVELOPMENTS AND INVENTIONS IN ENGINEERING’INSIRUMENTS A Thesis Submitted to The Faculty of MICHIGAN‘STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND.APPLIED SCIENCE by Paul W. Heyniger Candidate for the Degree of Batchelor of Science June 1948 \. HE-UI: PREFACE This Thesis is submitted to the faculty of Michigan State College as one of the requirements for a B. S. De- gree in Civil Engineering.' At this time,I Iish to express my appreciation to c. M. Cade, Professor of Civil Engineering at Michigan State Collegeafor his assistance throughout the course and to the manufacturers,vhose products are represented, for their help by freely giving of the data used in this paper. In preparing the laterial used in this thesis, it was the authors at: to point out new develop-ants on existing instruments and recent inventions or engineer- ing equipment used principally by the Civil Engineer. 20 6052 TAEEE OF CONTENTS Chapter One Page Introduction B. Drafting Equipment ----------------------- 13 Chapter Two Telescopic Inprovenents A. Glass Reticles .......................... -32 B. Coated Lenses .......................... --J.B Chapter three The Tilting Level- ............................ -33 Chapter rear The First One-Second.Anerican Optical 28 “00d011 ‘6- -------------------------- e- --------- Chapter rive Chapter Six The Latest Type Altineter ----- - ................ 5.5 TABLE OF CONTENTS , Chapter Seven Page The Most Recent Drafting Machine ........... -39.--- Chapter Eight Chapter Nine SmOnnB By Radar ....... - ------------------ In”.-- Chapter Ten Conclusion ------------ - ----- -. -
Plane Table Civil Engineering Department Integral
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT INTEGRAL UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW Basic Survey Field Work (ICE-352) The history of surveying started with plane surveying when the first line was measured. Today the land surveying basics are the same but the instruments and technology has changed. The surveying equipments used today are much more different than the simple surveying instruments in the past. The land surveying methods too have changed and the surveyor uses more advanced tools and techniques in Land survey. Civil Engineering survey is based on measuring, recording and drawing to scale the physical features on the surface of the earth. The surveyor uses instruments for measuring, a field book for recording and now a days surveying softwares for plotting and drawing to scale the site features in civil engineering survey. The surveying Leveling techniques are aided by instruments such as theodolite, Level, tripods, tapes, chains, telescopes etc and then the surveying engineer drafts a report on the proceedings. S.NO APPARATUS IMAGE DISCRIPTION . NAME In case of plane table survey, the measurements of survey lines of the traverse and their plotting to a suitable 1- PLANE TABLE scale are done simultaneously. Instruments required: Alidade, Drawing board, peg, Plumbing fork, Spirit level and Trough compass . The length of the survey lines are measured with the help of tape or chain. 2- CHAIN AND TAPE Compass surveying is a type of surveying in which the directions of surveying lines are determined with a 3- PRISMATIC magnetic compass. &SURVEYOR The compass is CAMPASS generally used to run a traverse line. The compass calculates bearings of lines with respect to magnetic north. -
18 an Interdisciplinary and Hierarchical Approach to the Study and Management of River Ecosystems M
18 An Interdisciplinary and Hierarchical Approach to the Study and Management of River Ecosystems M. C. THOMS INTRODUCTION Rivers are complex ecosystems (Thoms & Sheldon, 2000a) influenced by prior states, multi-causal effects, and the states and dynamics of external systems (Walters & Korman, 1999). Rivers comprise at least three interacting subsystems (geomorphological, hydro- logical and ecological), whose structure and function have traditionally been studied by separate disciplines, each with their own paradigms and perspectives. With increasing pressures on the environment, there is a strong trend to manage rivers as ecosystems, and this requires a holistic, interdisciplinary approach. Many disciplines are often brought together to solve environmental problems in river systems, including hydrology, geomor- phology and ecology. Integration of different disciplines is fraught with challenges that can potentially reduce the effectiveness of interdisciplinary approaches to environmental problems. Pickett et al. (1994) identified three issues regarding interdisciplinary research: – gaps in understanding appear at the interface between disciplines; – disciplines focus on specific scales or levels or organization; and, – as sub-disciplines become rich in detail they develop their own view points, assumptions, definitions, lexicons and methods. Dominant paradigms of individual disciplines impede their integration and the development of a unified understanding of river ecosystems. Successful inter- disciplinary science and problem solving requires the joining of two or more areas of understanding into a single conceptual-empirical structure (Pickett et al., 1994). Frameworks are useful tools for achieving this. Established in areas of engineering, conceptual frameworks help define the bounds for the selection and solution of problems; indicate the role of empirical assumptions; carry the structural assumptions; show how facts, hypotheses, models and expectations are linked; and, indicate the scope to which a generalization or model applies (Pickett et al., 1994). -
6. Determination of Height and Distance: Theodolite
Geography (H), UG, 2nd Sem CC-04-TH: Thematic Cartography 6. Determination of Height and Distance: Theodolite What is Theodolite? A Theodolite is a measuring instrument used to measure the horizontal and vertical angles are determined with great precision. Theodolite is more precise than magnetic compass. Magnetic compass measures the angle up to as accuracy of 30’. Anyhow a vernier theodolite measures the angles up to and accuracy of 10’’, 20”. It is of either transit or non- transit type. In Transit theodolites the telescope can rotate in a complete circle in the vertical plane while Non-transit theodolites are those in which the telescope can rotate only in a semicircle in the vertical plane. Types of Theodolite A Transit Theodolite Non transit Theodolite B Vernier Theodolite Micrometer Theodolite A I. Transit Theodolite: a theodolite is called transit theodolite when its telescope can be transited i.e. revolved through a complete revolution about its horizontal axis in the vertical plane. II. Non transit Theodolite: the telescope cannot be transited. They are inferior in utility and have now become obsolete. Kaberi Murmu B I. Vernier Theodolite: For reading the graduated circle if verniers are used, the theodolite is called a vernier theodolit. II. Whereas, if a micrometer is provided to read the graduated circle the same is called as a Micrometer Theodolite. Vernier type theodolites are commonly used. Uses of Theodolite Theodolite uses for many purposes, but mainly it is used for measuring angles, scaling points of constructional works. For example, to determine highway points, huge buildings’ escalating edges theodolites are used.