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Distribution, Ecology, and Conservation Status of Freshwater Idoteidae (Isopoda) in Southern New Zealand

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Distribution, Ecology, and Conservation Status of Freshwater Idoteidae (Isopoda) in Southern New Zealand Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand ISSN: 0303-6758 (Print) 1175-8899 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tnzr20 Distribution, ecology, and conservation status of freshwater Idoteidae (Isopoda) in southern New Zealand W. L. Chadderton , P. A. Ryan & M. J. Winterbourn To cite this article: W. L. Chadderton , P. A. Ryan & M. J. Winterbourn (2003) Distribution, ecology, and conservation status of freshwater Idoteidae (Isopoda) in southern New Zealand, Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 33:2, 529-548, DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2003.9517742 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2003.9517742 Published online: 30 Mar 2010. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 277 View related articles Citing articles: 8 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tnzr20 © Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Volume 33, Number 2, June 2003, pp 529-548 Distribution, ecology, and conservation status of freshwater Idoteidae (Isopoda) in southern New Zealand W. L. Chadderton1, P. A. Ryan2, and M. J. Winterbourn3 Abstract Three species of Idoteidae, Austridotea lacustris, A. annectens, and A. benhami, are known from the South Island of New Zealand and some of its outlying islands. All three have largely coastal distributions, with A. lacustris and A. annectens inhabiting both fresh and brackish water. They feed mainly on plant detritus and, to a lesser extent, algae and invertebrates. A. lacustris is known from Stewart Island, Campbell Island, Pitt Island, and the south of the South Island. On Stewart Island, many stream populations of A. lacustris occur immediately above the upper limit of tidal influence, but on Campbell Island, the species penetrates much further inland. A. annectens has been found on Stewart Island, Pitt Island, and the southern South Island as far north as Banks Peninsula. It lives in freshwater streams and brackish lagoons. A. annectens has a 1-year life cycle with young released in spring. A. benhami is known only from a few freshwater streams near Dunedin (South Island) and appears to be the most endangered of the three species. Habitat protection by vegetated riparian strips is proposed to reduce potentially harmful effects on its populations. Keywords Austridotea; conservation biology; distribution; Idoteidae; Isopoda; life history; New Zealand; streams INTRODUCTION The New Zealand freshwater fauna is notable for its paucity of Isopoda, and the literature indicates that most streams, rivers, and lakes contain no isopods at all. Freshwater species described from New Zealand belong to suborder Phreatoicidea, family Phreatoicidae; suborder Anthuridea, family Leptanthuridae; and suborder Valvifera, family Idoteidae, the first two containing both surface-dwelling (epigean) and subterranean (hypogean) species (Chapman & Lewis 1976; Wilson & Fenwick 1999). The family Asellidae, a prominent component of the freshwater faunas of Europe and North America, has not been recorded from New Zealand, although Chapman & Lewis (1976) and Horning et al. (1977) have reported an unidentified asellotan from an Auckland dune lake and Snares Island, respectively. Little has been published about the biology of any freshwater species of isopod in New Zealand. Although Nicholls (1937) proposed the generic name Austridotea, with subgenera Austridotea and Notidotea for the three New Zealand species and one from southern South America, he failed to designate a type species and, as pointed out by Poore (2001), the genus- 1Department of Conservation, P.O. Box 112, Hamilton, New Zealand. Email: [email protected] 22802 East 132nd Circle, Thornton CO 80241, USA. 3School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand. R02010 Received 22 April 2002; accepted 7 October 2002; published 18 June 2003 530 Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Volume 33, 2003 level names were therefore nomina nuda. Poore (2001) formalised the generic name Austridotea by providing a short diagnosis and designating Idotea lacustris Thomson as the type species. All three New Zealand species, Austridotea lacustris (Thomson), A. benhami Nicholls, and A. annectens Nicholls are considered to be congeneric members of the family Idoteidae (Poore 2001), not Chaetiliidae as proposed by Poore & Lew Ton (1993). The three New Zealand freshwater species of Idoteidae are the subject of this paper. Austridotea lacustris was first collected from Tomahawk Lagoon, near Dunedin (Chilton 1890), and subsequently has been recorded from other localities in Otago and Southland (Chapman & Lewis 1976), Stewart and associated islands (as A. benhami; Chadderton 1988, 1990), and subantarctic Campbell Island (Chilton 1909; Joy & Death 2000). A. lacustris appears to be absent from the Snares Islands, which lie between Stewart and Campbell islands (Fig. 1), and where the only isopods found in seven creeks surveyed by Horning et al. (1977) were a species ofParavireia (Sphaeromatidae) and an unidentified asellotan. Similarly, there are no records of freshwater idoteids from the Auckland and Antipodes islands. Several authors have suggested that A. lacustris may be primarily a brackish water species, or a freshwater species of recent marine origin (see Nicholls 1937; Marples 1962; Chapman & Lewis 1976). No aspects of its biology and life history have been published, although Marsh (1983), drawing on his experiences fishing in Southland, noted that isopods (apparently A. lacustris, which is shown in a colour photograph) are found in still water with silty or muddy beds and are often eaten by trout. Austridotea annectens has been reported from coastal creeks and streams on Stewart Island (Nicholls 1937; Chadderton 1990) and in the South Island as far north as Canterbury (Chapman & Lewis 1976). Like A. lacustris it is known from both fresh and saline water, including Waituna Lagoon (Riddell et al. 1988) and Lake Ellesmere (Waite 1981; Dawn 1995), both of which are brackish. Ryan (1986) found A. annectens to be common in the guts of short-finned eels (Anguilla australis) collected near the mouth of Waikewai Creek, Taumutu, at the southern end of Lake Ellesmere. Marshall & Winterbourn (1979) and Widdowson (2001) reported A. annectens as being abundant on stony substrata in the Leeston Drain and Birdlings Brook, two freshwater tributaries of Lake Ellesmere. Apart from these distribution records, little seems to be known about the biology of this species. The third species, A. benhami, is the least well known. Chilton (1891) considered it to be a variety of Idotea lacustris, but it was described as a new species of Austridotea by Nicholls (1937). All validated records of A. benhami come from the vicinity of Dunedin and the Otago Peninsula, and all are from freshwater sites. Because their distributions were apparently limited and little was known about their ecology, Collier (1993) listed A. annectens and A. benhami as of potential conservation interest. This action was supported subsequently by Tisdall (1994) who recognised A. annectens as one of 20 New Zealand freshwater invertebrates to be given high priority for further investigation. A. benhami was not given high priority because its distribution was assumed, erroneously, to include Stewart Island (records of A. lacustris had been attributed to A. benhami). Fig. 1 Known distribution of Austridotea lacustris (closed circles), A. annectens (closed triangles), and A. benhami (open squares) on South, Chatham, Stewart, and Campbell islands. Inserts show location of the islands and details of distributions in the Lake Ellesmere, Otago Peninsula, and Horseshoe Bay (Stewart Island) areas. Closed squares show additional localities for A. benhami given by Chilton (1891). Campbell Island records from Joy & Death (2000). Chadderton et al.—Freshwater Idoteidae in southern New Zealand 531 Chatham Islands New Zealand 40°S y? South I Y Chatham Is Chatham jj( - Island /^ Bountyls % ? Stewart I . Snares Is Antipodes Is' 50° Auckland Is .J>5*«) Pitt 'Campbell I 0 30km If Island 170°E 180° 1 1 I | South Island Lake Ellesmere 7» George Sound ) Taeri oubtful Sound I R/Ver l^R/Ver Waipori ( Lake Waihola Oteramika ( Stream} Tahakopa / ;VJ <S2*l*b».%i^' ^ Stewart ""1 /Waori R/Ver Campbell Island •¿ Island Codfish C»-y Island L# L/íí/e R/Ver Horseshoe ±r^~~) Bay < 0 3km ^^ 5km 532 Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Volume 33, 2003 The purpose of the present paper is to draw together information on the distributions of the three species and aspects of their life histories and ecology. Collecting on South Island, Stewart Island, and Pitt Island (Chatham Islands), and the work of Joy & Death (2000) on subantarctic Campbell Island, has provided a much better understanding of their geographic distributions, habitats, and associations with other invertebrates. Additionally, gut content analyses have provided information on the diets of the three species, and the life cycle of A. annectens has been elucidated. Together, these data allow a better assessment of their conservation status and potential vulnerability to extinction. METHODS Collections and surveys Searches were made for isopods in lowland streams, rivers, estuaries, and lagoons in southern South Island, Stewart Island, Codfish Island, Auckland Island, Campbell Island, Pitt Island, and Chatham Island between 1987 and 2001. On the South Island, collections were made in Southland including southern
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