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Poulenc's Development As a Piano Composer UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI Date:___________________ I, _________________________________________________________, hereby submit this work as part of the requirements for the degree of: in: It is entitled: This work and its defense approved by: Chair: _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ Poulenc’s Development as a Piano Composer: A Comparison of the Solo Piano Works and the Mélodies A thesis submitted to the Division of Research and Advanced Studies of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF MUSICAL ARTS in the Division of Keyboard Studies of the College-Conservatory of Music 2005 by Kirk A. Severtson B.A., Luther College, 1997 M.M., University of Cincinnati, 1999 Committee Chair: Kenneth Griffiths ABSTRACT Recognized as one of the greatest twentieth-century French composers, Francis Poulenc (1899-1963) wrote both songs and piano works throughout his career. His body of mélodies, in particular, is widely regarded as the culmination of the genre, while his piano works, on the whole, are of a less consistent quality. His early works in both genres, such as the Trois mouvements perpétuels and Le Bestiaire, reflect the outwardly fresh and simple aesthetic associated with Satie and the rest of the Groupe des Six. Beginning in 1925, the style of writing between the songs and solo piano works began to diverge, a result of Poulenc’s differing methods of composition. Compared to the mélodies, which began with a careful study of the poetry, many of the piano pieces were improvised at the keyboard and suffer from an over-reliance on pianistic effects. Three watershed events occurring around 1935 were responsible for bringing his mélodie style to full maturity: a new recital partnership with baritone Pierre Bernac, a religious awakening, and the discovery of a musical language for the surrealist poetry of Paul Éluard. These events greatly affected the accompaniments of the songs, such as the masterful cycle Tel jour, telle nuit, but Poulenc expressed frustration that he seemed unable to translate this new style into his piano works. His final stylistic period is signaled by a unity of piano writing across the genres, in which all of his stylistic elements are synthesized into a fully mature whole. This thesis traces the development of Poulenc’s piano style throughout his compositional career by comparing the mélodies and solo piano works. ii COPYRIGHT NOTICES AND PERMISSIONS TORÉADOR By Francis Poulenc Copyright © 1933 Editions Salabert (SACEM). Permission kindly granted by Editions Salabert (SACEM). COCARDES By Francis Poulenc Copyright © 1920 Les Editions Max Eschig (SACEM). Permission kindly granted by Les Editions Max Eschig (SACEM). VALSE, FROM ALBUM DES SIX By Francis Poulenc Copyright © 1920 Les Editions Max Eschig (SACEM). Permission kindly granted by Les Editions Max Eschig (SACEM). SUITE POUR PIANO By Francis Poulenc Copyright © for all countries 1926, 1991 Chester Music Limited, London, United Kingdom All Rights Reserved. International Copyright Secured. Reprinted by permission. CINQ IMPROMPTUS By Francis Poulenc Copyright © 1989 Chester Music Limited, London, United Kingdom All Rights Reserved. International Copyright Secured. Reprinted by permission. PROMENADES By Francis Poulenc Copyright © 1923, 1989 Chester Music Limited, London, United Kingdom All Rights Reserved. International Copyright Secured. Reprinted by permission. POÈMES DE RONSARD By Francis Poulenc Copyright by Heugel 1925, Heugel Editeur, Paris. Tous droits de reproduction, de traduction, d’arrangement, d’adaptation et d’exécution réservés pour tous pays. Reprinted by permission. iii CHANSONS GAILLARDES By Francis Poulenc Copyright by Heugel 1926, Heugel Editeur, Paris. Tous droits de reproduction, de traduction, d’arrangement, d’adaptation et d’exécution réservés pour tous pays. Reprinted by permission. VOCALISE By Francis Poulenc Copyright by Alphonse Leduc et Compagnie 1929, Paris. Tous droits d’exécution, de transcription et d’adaptation réservés pour tous pays. Reprinted by permission. PASTOURELLE By Francis Poulenc Copyright by Heugel et Compagnie 1929, Heugel Editeur, Paris. Reprinted by permission. AIR CHANTÉS By Francis Poulenc Copyright © 1928 Editions Salabert (SACEM). Permission kindly granted by Editions Salabert (SACEM). THREE NOVELETTES By Francis Poulenc Copyright © for all countries 1930, 1960 (Renewed) Chester Music Limited, London, United Kingdom All Rights Reserved. International Copyright Secured. Reprinted by permission. TROIS PIÈCES By Francis Poulenc Copyright by Heugel 1931, Heugel Editeur, Paris. Droits d’exécution réservés pour tous pays. Reprinted by permission. NOCTURNES By Francis Poulenc Copyright by Heugel 1932, Heugel Editeur, Paris. Tous droits de reproduction, et d’exécution réservés pour tous pays. Reprinted by permission. TROIS POÈMES DE LOUISE LALANNE By Francis Poulenc Copyright © 1931 Editions Salabert (SACEM). Permission kindly granted by Editions Salabert (SACEM). iv QUATRE POÈMES D’APOLLINAIRE By Francis Poulenc Copyright © 1931 Editions Salabert (SACEM). Permission kindly granted by Editions Salabert (SACEM). CINQ POÈMES DE MAX JACOB By Francis Poulenc Copyright © 1932 Editions Salabert (SACEM). Permission kindly granted by Editions Salabert (SACEM). CAPRICE (D’APRÈS LA FINALE DU BAL MASQUÉ) By Francis Poulenc Copyright © 1932 Editions Salabert (SACEM). Permission kindly granted by Editions Salabert (SACEM). CONCERTO EN RÉ MINEUR By Francis Poulenc Copyright © 1934 Editions Salabert (SACEM). Permission kindly granted by Editions Salabert (SACEM). VALSE-IMPROVISATION SUR LE NOM DE BACH By Francis Poulenc Copyright © 1932 Editions Salabert (SACEM). Permission kindly granted by Editions Salabert (SACEM). IMPROVISATIONS (#1-10) By Francis Poulenc Copyright © 1933 Editions Salabert (SACEM). Permission kindly granted by Editions Salabert (SACEM). VILLAGEOISES By Francis Poulenc Copyright © 1933 Editions Salabert (SACEM). Permission kindly granted by Editions Salabert (SACEM). PRESTO IN Bb By Francis Poulenc Copyright © 1934 Editions Salabert (SACEM). Permission kindly granted by Editions Salabert (SACEM). DEUX INTERMEZZI By Francis Poulenc Copyright © 1934 Editions Salabert (SACEM). Permission kindly granted by Editions Salabert (SACEM). v HUMORESQUE By Francis Poulenc Copyright © 1935 Editions Salabert (SACEM). Permission kindly granted by Editions Salabert (SACEM). BADINAGE By Francis Poulenc Copyright © 1935 Editions Salabert (SACEM). Permission kindly granted by Editions Salabert (SACEM). CINQ POÈMES D’ÉLUARD By Francis Poulenc Copyright © 1935 Editions Durand (SACEM). Permission kindly granted by Editions Durand (SACEM). SUITE FRANÇAISE By Francis Poulenc Copyright © 1935 Editions Durand (SACEM). Permission kindly granted by Editions Durand (SACEM). LES SOIRÉES DES NAZELLES By Francis Poulenc Copyright © 1937 Editions Durand (SACEM). Permission kindly granted by Editions Durand (SACEM). TEL JOUR, TELLE NUIT By Francis Poulenc Copyright © 1937 Editions Durand (SACEM). Permission kindly granted by Editions Durand (SACEM). TROIS POÈMES DE LOUISE DE VILMORIN By Francis Poulenc Copyright © 1938 Editions Durand (SACEM). Permission kindly granted by Editions Durand (SACEM). PRIEZ POUR PAIX By Francis Poulenc Copyright © 1939 Editions Salabert (SACEM). Permission kindly granted by Editions Salabert (SACEM). MIROIRS BRÛLANTS By Francis Poulenc Copyright © 1939 Editions Salabert (SACEM). Permission kindly granted by Editions Salabert (SACEM). vi CE DOUX PETIT VISAGE By Francis Poulenc Copyright © 1941 Editions Salabert (SACEM). Permission kindly granted by Editions Salabert (SACEM). FIANÇAILLES POUR RIRE By Francis Poulenc Copyright © 1940 Editions Salabert (SACEM). Permission kindly granted by Editions Salabert (SACEM). BANALITÉS By Francis Poulenc Copyright © 1941 Les Editions Max Eschig (SACEM). Permission kindly granted by Les Editions Max Eschig (SACEM). INTERMEZZO IN Ab By Francis Poulenc Copyright © 1947 Les Editions Max Eschig (SACEM). Permission kindly granted by Les Editions Max Eschig (SACEM). FIANÇAILLES POUR RIRE By Francis Poulenc Copyright © 1940 Editions Salabert (SACEM). Permission kindly granted by Editions Salabert (SACEM). MÉTAMORPHOSES By Francis Poulenc Copyright © 1944 Les Editions Max Eschig (SACEM). Permission kindly granted by Les Editions Max Eschig (SACEM). DEUX POÈMES DE LOUIS ARAGON By Francis Poulenc Copyright © 1944 Les Editions Max Eschig (SACEM). Permission kindly granted by Les Editions Max Eschig (SACEM). MAIN DOMINÉE PAR LE CŒUR By Francis Poulenc Copyright © 1947 Les Editions Max Eschig (SACEM). Permission kindly granted by Les Editions Max Eschig (SACEM). …MAIS MOURIR By Francis Poulenc Copyright by Heugel et Compagnie 1948, Heugel et Compagnie Editeurs, Paris. Droits d’exécution et de reproduction réservés pour tous pays. Reprinted by permission. vii CALLIGRAMMES By Francis Poulenc Copyright by Heugel et Compagnie 1948, Heugel et Compagnie Editeurs, Paris. Droits d’exécution réservés pour tous pays. Reprinted by permission. LA FRAÎCHEUR ET LE FEU By Francis Poulenc Copyright © 1951 Les Editions Max Eschig (SACEM). Permission kindly granted by Les Editions Max Eschig (SACEM). THÈME VARIÉ By Francis Poulenc Copyright © 1952 Les Editions Max Eschig (SACEM). Permission kindly granted by Les Editions Max Eschig (SACEM). PARISIANA By Francis Poulenc Copyright © 1954 Les Editions Max Eschig (SACEM). Permission
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