Borate Esters: Identification, Structure, Stability, and Cation Coordinating Ability

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Borate Esters: Identification, Structure, Stability, and Cation Coordinating Ability BORATE ESTERS: IDENTIFICATION, STRUCTURE, STABILITY, AND CATION COORDINATING ABILITY. £>- Martin van Duin TR diss 1514 On the cover: magic lantern picture from the archives of J. Böeseken, professor of organic chemistry at Delft, 1907-1938: suggested structure of the potassium(l) borate diester of salicylic acid. ïi} /1 s y BORATE ESTERS: IDENTIFICATION, STRUCTURE, STABILITY, AND CATION COORDINATING ABILITY. BORATE ESTERS: IDENTIFICATION, STRUCTURE, STABILITY, AND CATION COORDINATING ABILITY. Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Technische Universiteit Delft, op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof.dr. J.M. Dirken, in het openbaar te verdedigen ten overstaan van het College van Dekanen op dinsdag 2 december 1986 te 16.00 uur door 2 Promc- !-.-=:.ir-i'3in 1 ™ Martin van Duin, geboren te 's-Gravenhage, scheikundig ingenieur. Delft University Press, 1986. TR diss 1514 Dit proefschrift kwam tot stand onder leiding van: prof.dr.ir. H. van Bekkum, eerste promotor, prof.dr.ir. A.P.G. Kieboom, tweede promotor, dr.ir. J.A. Peters. Aan mijn ouders The investigations described in this thesis have been supported by the Netherlands Foundation for Chemical Research (SON) with financial aid from the Netherlands Organization for the Advancement of Pure Research (ZWO). Typing: Mrs. M.A.A. van der Kooij-van Leeuwen Drawings: Mr. W.J. Jongeleen CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1 Esters of boric acid and borate: a general introduction 1 Applications of esters of boric acid and borate 3 Analytical chemistry 3 Organic synthesis 7 Chemical technology 10 Cheanical products 11 Biological occurrence and applications 14 Scope of the thesis 15 References and notes 17 2. THE pH DEPENDENCE OF THE STABILITY OF ESTERS OF BORIC ACID AND BORATE IN AQUEOUS ALKALINE MEDIUM AS STUDIED WITH UB NMR 25 Introduction 25 Results and discussion 30 General 30 Glycol 30 Glycolic acid 31 Oxalic acid 33 Glyceric acid 34 Chemical shifts 35 Association constants 36 "Charge rule" for predicting the optimum pH stability 37 Experimental 38 References and notes 39 3. STRUCTURE AND STABILITY OF BORATE ESTERS OF POLYHYDROXYCARBOXY­ LATES AND RELATED POLYOLS IN AQUEOUS ALKALINE MEDIUM AS STUDIED WITH UB NMR 43 Introduction 43 Results and discussion 44 General 44 Chemical shifts 49 Line widths 52 Association constants 53 Conclusions 58 Experimental 59 References and notes 59 4. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF BORATE ESTERS OF POLYHYDROXYCARBOXYLATES IN WATER USING 13C AND*H NMR 63 Introduction 63 Results and discussion 67 Spectral assignment 67 13 Structure determination of borate esters using C NMR 72 Conformational changes upon borate ester formation as studied with lK NMR 75 Conclusions 76 Experimental 77 References and notes 77 5. THE AQUEOUS D-GLUCARATE-BORATE-CALCIUM(II) SYSTEM AS STUDIED WITH 1H, 11B, AND 13C NMR 81 Introduction 81 Results and discussion 82 The system D-glucarate-borate 82 The system D-glucarate-borate-calcium(II) 86 Effect of concentration, pH, and temperature on the D-glucarate-borate-calcium(II) system 91 Experimental 94 References and notes 94 4. In tegenstelling tot wat Grenier-Loustalot et al. beweren, zijn de niet-gebonden interact ies in de twee gauche vormen van meso-2,3-butaan- diol gelijk. M.F. Grenier-Loustalot, J. Bonastre en P. Grenier, J. Molec. Struct. 65 (1980) 249. 5. De redenering van Mbabazi met betrekking tot de structuurafhankelijkheid van de stabiliteit van oxyzuuranionesters van polyolen bevat elementaire fouten. J. Mbabazi, Polyhedron 4 (1985) 75. 6. Het is bepaald onverwacht dat de associatieconstanten van de telluraat- esters van D- en I.-arabinose verschillen; Antikainen en Huttunen beste­ den hier ten onrechte geen aandacht aan. P.J. Antikainen en E. Huttunen, Suom. Kemi B46 (1973) 184. 7. Door de parameters van de Haasnoot-De Leeuw-Altona vergelijking te optimaliseren, begeven Masamune et al. zich in een cirkelredenering. S. Masamune, P. Ma, R.E. Moore, T. Fujiyoshi, C. Jaime en E. Osawa, J. Chem. Soc, Chen. Commun. (1986) 261. 8. Een denticiteit voor tartraat in kation-tartraat complexen van drie is realistischer dan één van vier, zoals door Brittain en Ransom voorgesteld, en verklaart tevens het verschil in stabiliteit van mescr en rac.-tartraat complexen. H.G. Brittain en M. Ransom, Inorg. Chim. Acta 95 (1984) 113. STELLINGEN 1. In tegenstelling tot wat diverse auteurs beweren, zal D-glucaraat een kation niet gelijktijdig met beide carboxylaatgroepen coördineren. CL. Mehltretter, B.H. Alexander en CE. Rist, Ind. Eng. Chem. 45 (1953) 2782. CG. Macarovici en L. Czegledi, Rev. Roum. Chim. 9 (1964) 411. P. Spacu, E. Antonescu en S. Plostinaru, Rev. Roum. Chim. 11 (1966) 327. J.G. Velasco, J. Ortega en J. Sancho, J. Inorg. Nuel. Chem. 36 (1976) 889. R.J. Motekaitis en A.K. Mortell, Inorg. Chem. 23 (1984) 18. 2. Diverse auteurs realiseren zich onvoldoende dat met behulp van potentio- metrie in principe alleen het aantal ionisatiestappen en de bijbehorende pK 's bepaald kunnen worden, maar niet de structuren van de aanwezige species. R.L. Pecsok en R.S. Juvet, J. Chem. Soc. (1955) 202. R.L. Pecsok en J. Sandera, J. Chem. Soc. (1955) 1489. A. Sonesson, Acta Chem. Scand. 13 (1959) 998. CG. Macarovici en M. Volusniuc-Birou, Rev. Roum. Chim. 16 (1971) 823. R.J. Motekaitis en A.E. Martell, Inorg. Chem. 23 (1984) 18. P.B. Abdullah en C.B. Monk, J. Chem. Soc, Faraday Trans. I 81 (1985) 983. 3. Aruga neemt ten onrechte aan dat de verandering van de optische rotatie- eigenschappen van alditolen onder invloed van boraat zeer langzaam is, ten opzichte van de tijd welke nodig is voor de calorimetrische metin­ gen. R. Aruga, Talenta 32 (1985) 517. 9. In de literatuur worden evenwichtsconstantes veelal onvoldoende gedefi­ nieerd. Verder verdient het aanbeveling om meer specifieke termen als associatie-, dissociatie- en ionisatieconstante te gebruiken. 10. Anders dan Akitt en McDonald stellen, zijn de criteria die het elek­ trisch veldgradiëntnulpunt in een tetraëder vastleggen OP = /Va r en d = </2 r. J.W. Akitt en W.S. McDonald, J. Magn. Res. 58 (1984) 401. 11. Behalve van homo sapiens of homo ludens kan men ook van homo structurens spreken. 12. Wetenschapsgeschiedenis en -filosofie zouden niet mogen ontbreken bij wetenschappelijke opleidingen. 13. Het verdient aanbeveling sollicitatieformulieren samen te stellen uit een gestandaardiseerd en een specifiek gedeelte. 14. Met behulp van de verhoudingsfactoren 1.10 voor vrouwen/mannen en 5.00 en 0.53 voor zwemmen/hardlopen en schaatsen/hardlopen kan men met hoge correlatie uit de wereldrecords bij mannen voor hardlopen de overeenkom­ stige records bij vrouwen en voor zwemmen en schaatsen voorspellen. M. van Duin 2 december 1986 6. SYNERGIC CALCIUM(II) COORDINATION IN AQUEOUS BORATE-POLYHYDROXY- CARBOXYLATE SYSTEMS 97 Introduction 97 Results and discussion 99 Calcium(II) sequestering capacities 99 Origin of the synergic calcium(II) coordination in the borate-polyhydroxycarboxylate system 100 Quantitative analysis of the calcium(II)-borate-poly- hydroxycarboxylate MIS 106 Synergic calcium(II) coordination as a function of the polyhydroxycarboxylate 110 Experimental 112 References and notes 113 7. INTERACTIONS OF CATIONS WITH OXYACID ANION BRIDGED ESTERS OF D-GLUCARATE IN AQUEOUS ALKALINE MEDIUM 117 Introduction 117 Results and discussion 119 Cation addition to the boric acid- D-glucaric acid system at pH = 10.5 119 Calcium(II) coordination in oxyacid anion- D-glucarate systems 125 Experimental 129 References and notes 129 8. A GENERAL COORDINATION-IONIZATION SCHEME FOR POLYHYDROXYCAR- BOXYLIC ACIDS IN WATER 133 Introduction 133 Data and discussion 134 References and notes 142 9. A 1H, 11B, AND 13C NMR STUDY OF BORATE ESTERS OF 1,3-DIONES, INCLUDING CURCUMIN 147 Introduction 147 Results and discussion 150 Experimental 152 References and notes 155 10. 1H NMR SPECTRA OF CARBOHYDRATE-DERIVED POLYHYDROXYCARBOXYLATES 157 Introduction 157 Results and discussion 158 Experimental 160 References 160 11. THE CONFORMATIONS OF THE SIMPLE VICINAL DIOLS AS STUDIED WITH MOLECULAR MECHANICS CALCULATIONS 161 Introduction 161 Calculations 162 Discussion 164 General 164 1,2-Ethanediol 165 (S)-l,2-Propanediol 167 1,3-Propanediol 168 (.ff,S)-2,3-Butanediol 168 (,S,S)-2,3-butanediol 169 Steric interactions in the series of vicinal diols 170 Conclusions 171 References and notes 172 12. CONFORMATIONS AND PSEUDOROTATION OF 1,3-DIOXOLANE AND SOME METHYL SUBSTITUTED DERIVATIVES AS STUDIED WITH MOLECULAR MECHANICS CALCULATIONS 175 Introduction 175 Experimental 177 Calculations 177 *H NMR 180 Discussion 181 General 181 1,3-Dioxolane 181 4,5-Dimethyl substituted 1,3-dioxolanes 182 2,2-Dimethyl substituted 1,3-dioxolanes 182 H NMR experiments 183 References and notes 184 13. CONFORMATIONS AND PSEUDOROTATION OF BORATE MONOESTERS OF THE SIMPLE VICINAL DIOLS AS STUDIED WITH MOLECULAR MECHANICS . CALCULATIONS 189 Introduction 189 Calculations 190 Discussion 191 Configuration of the B(OH)„ moiety 191 Pseudorotation of the borate monoester ring 193 Stability of borate monoesters 194 References and notes 195 SUMMARY 197 SAMENVATTING 201 DANKWOORD 205 CURRICULUM VITAE 207 -1- CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Esters of boric acid and borate: a general introduction. The distinction between organic and inorganic chemistry is a historical one and is at least partly artificial. For instance, compounds characterized by an X-O-C moiety range from "pure" organic compounds, such as ethers, esters, and anhydrides (X = C) to coordination compounds like carboxylates and alcoholates (X = metal ion). Esters of bor(on)ic acid and bor(on)ate (Figure 1), often denoted as complexes, are in an intermediate position (X = B). R—B R = R' = OH boric acid ester borate monoester borate diester R = alkyl/aryl: R' = OH boronlc acid ester boronate ester R = R'= alkyl/aryl - borinate ester Figure 1. Cyclic esters of bor(on)ic acid and bor(on)ate. In analogy with the organic esters, esters of boric acid and borate are obtained by condensation of a hydroxyl donating species (boric acid or börate) and a hydroxy compound with loss of water.
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