Managing People in Sport Organizations Books in the Sport Management Series
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Managing People in Sport Organizations Books in the Sport Management Series Sport Governance Russell Hoye and Graham Cuskelly Sport and the Media Matthew Nicholson Sport Funding and Finance Bob Stewart Managing People in Sport Organizations: A strategic human resource management perspective Tracy Taylor, Alison Doherty and Peter McGraw Managing People in Sport Organizations A strategic human resource management perspective Tracy Taylor, Alison Doherty and Peter McGraw AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON • NEW YORK • OXFORD PARIS • SAN DIEGO • SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA First edition 2008 Copyright © 2008, Tracy Taylor, Alison Doherty and Peter McGraw. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved The right of Tracy Taylor, Alison Doherty and Peter McGraw to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (ϩ44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (ϩ44) (0) 1865 853333; email: [email protected]. Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN: 978-0-7506-8229-9 For information on all Butterworth-Heinemann publications visit our web site at http://books.elsevier.com Typeset by Charon Tec Ltd (A Macmillan Company), Chennai, India www.charontec.com Printed and bound in Hungary 0708091010987654321 Contents List of Figures xi List of Tables xiii Series Editor xv Sport Management Series Preface xvii Preface xix Acknowledgements xxi 1 Introduction 1 Learning objectives 1 Managing sport organizations 2 Contemporary sport organizations 5 The people management challenge in sport organizations 6 What is HRM? 7 The evolution of the HRM concept 8 Early approaches to HRM 10 The Harvard model of HRM 10 Overview of book content 13 Summary 16 Discussion questions 16 2 Strategic human resource management 17 Learning objectives 17 Chapter overview 17 Theories of strategy 18 The SHRM process 25 Summary 34 Discussion questions 34 3 Human resource planning and strategy 35 Learning objectives 35 Chapter overview 35 A strategic approach to human resource management planning 36 The HR planning process 37 Forecasting 39 Determining HR supply 43 Some challenges 44 Job analysis and design 44 Job analysis data 45 Job descriptions and specifications 46 Job design 50 Outsourcing HR 54 Summary 57 v Discussion questions 58 Contents 4 Recruitment and selection for sport organizations 62 Learning objectives 62 Chapter overview 62 An overview of recruitment and selection 63 Recruitment 66 Recruitment methods 67 Selection methods 70 Cognitive ability tests 71 Work sample tests 72 Aptitude tests 72 Personality inventories 73 Assessment centres 73 Standard interviews 74 Behaviourally based interviewing 75 Summary 78 Discussion questions 78 5 Orientation and organizational culture 81 Learning objectives 81 Chapter overview 81 The importance of orientation in sport organizations 83 Organizational socialization 85 Newcomers 86 Stages of socialization 86 (Re)aligning expectations 89 The psychological contract 90 Person-organization fit 91 Orientation strategies 92 Orientation practices 97 Orienting sport volunteers 99 Organizational culture 102 Learning organizational culture 105 Strengthening or changing organizational culture 106 Summary 107 Discussion questions 108 6 Training and development in sport organizations 109 Learning objectives 109 Chapter overview 109 The significance of training and development in sport organizations 110 Employee and volunteers learning 112 The learning organization 113 A training and development process 114 Step 1: Training needs analysis 114 Step 2: Setting training and learning goals 117 Step 3: Designing training and development 118 vi Training methods 118 Employee and volunteer development 121 Contents Mentoring 122 Coaching 124 Leadership development 125 Career planning and development 126 Step 4: Training and development evaluation 129 Limitations and constraints to training and development 130 Summary 131 Discussion questions 132 7 Performance management 135 Learning objectives 135 Chapter overview 135 Performance management and performance appraisal 136 What are the benefits of performance management? 140 A model of performance management 141 Stage 1 141 Stage 2 144 Stage 3 145 Stage 4 146 Stages 5 and 6 146 Stage 7 147 Potential problems with performance appraisal 147 Performance appraisal methods 149 Comparative approaches vs. absolute standards 150 Who is involved in appraising performance? 151 Management by objectives 152 Summary 154 Discussion questions 155 8 Motivation and rewards management in sport organizations 156 Learning objectives 156 Chapter overview 156 Theories of motivation 157 Content theories 158 Process theories 162 Types of rewards 165 The financial compensation plan 166 Pay structure 166 Job design 175 Volunteer recognition and rewards 177 Summary 179 Discussion questions 180 9 Sport organizations and employee relations 181 Learning objectives 181 Chapter overview 182 Employee–management relations 183 Psychological contract 183 vii Organizational justice 184 Contents Employee involvement 186 Communication 188 Participation 188 Trade unions and collective bargaining 191 Collective bargaining 194 Grievance 199 Health, safety, and wellness 201 Workplace hazards and risks 201 Employee assistance and wellness programmes 203 Volunteer–organization relations 204 Termination of employment 205 Dismissal 205 Resignation or retirement 207 Termination and severance pay 207 Exit interviews 208 Summary 209 Discussion questions 210 10 Succession and talent management 211 Learning objectives 211 Chapter overview 211 What is succession management? 213 Effective succession management 216 An approach to succession and talent management 217 Issues in implementing succession management 223 Trends in succession and talent management 224 Lead measures 226 Lag measures 226 Summary 226 Discussion questions 227 11 Sport organizations and diversity management 228 Learning objectives 228 Chapter overview 228 Diversity in the workplace 229 The nature of diversity 229 Changing population demographics 230 Legislation 232 Proactive hiring 235 The changing nature of work 236 Changing attitudes towards diversity 237 The impact of diversity in the workplace 237 Benefits of diversity 238 Challenges of diversity 239 Managing diversity 241 Legal perspective 241 viii Organizational culture approach 242 Diversity training 244 Contents Summary 245 Discussion questions 246 12 Evaluating and improving human resource management 248 Learning objectives 248 Chapter overview 248 The importance of HRM measurement and evaluation 250 HR audit 250 Benchmarking 251 An evaluation framework and ROI 258 Calculating ROI 260 Summary 263 Discussion questions 263 13 Managing change and future challenges in sport organizations 264 Learning objectives 264 Chapter overview 265 Change in sport organizations 266 Types of change 266 Forces for change 267 The organizational change process 267 Resistance to change 269 Managing resistance to change 270 Coping with change 270 Strategies 271 Challenges for HRM 273 Globalization and change 273 Increasing diversity in the workplace 275 Information requirements and different ways of delivering the sport product 275 Work life issues and ways of organizing work 276 Customer service orientation 276 Volunteer and paid staff relationships 277 SHRM into the future 278 Summary 279 Discussion questions 279 Book summary 280 References 281 Subject Index 297 Author Index 301 ix This page intentionally left blank List of Figures Figure 1.1 Sport organization sectors and staffing 4 Figure 1.2 The Harvard model 11 Figure 2.1 Example of a SWOT analysis 20 Figure 2.2 The SHRM process 26 Figure 3.1 HR planning process 38 Figure 4.1 An overview of the recruitment and selection process 65 Figure 5.1 A model of newcomers’ organizational adjustment 83 Figure 5.2 The stages of organizational socialization 87 Figure 6.1 Training and development model 115 Figure 6.2 Development cycle 127 Figure 7.1 Scouting for the best athletes (or analysts): character vs. 137 performance Figure 7.2 The performance management process 142 Figure 7.3 Sample performance ratings scale combining attributes 151 and behaviours Figure 9.1 A continuum of employee influence over organizational 189 decisions Figure 9.2 A sample job hazard analysis worksheet 202 Figure 11.1 The impact of diversity as a