POLtITCAL AHO tNFORMATtvE REVTEW / TTRANA 1{o3l{01 /1e78 { ?'Ira uorke of th.e Cnpital march past the Portg and Stale Leaders ' praudig :tn tL:tth splendirJ resultr.s art the lst'al hlou. the Cag ol the wcrkers iaternttion'al solidarity.

Camrs.de ENVER UAXUA among ih-e r*orkers oi ;he Clotlting entevprise -Bule r-{cipi* at Giirakastla

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..{. 3 h,* ::;:* _t CONTENTS:

Cheek By Jowl With The People 2 A Broad And Complicated Front Of The Class Struggle In Socialist Society 13 RAqI MADHI The Albanians Confronted With The Eastern Crisis 1878-1881 22 ALEKS BUDA

T he T e chnical- S cientific Rev ol ution And Its Special Featldres In Atbania 28 vLADTMIR MISJA From The Life Of The Counrry JS Revisionist,,Theories* Of Restored Capitalism 44 TIEKURAN MARA The Degeneration Organizational PETRO CIRUNA, Of The Revisionist Parties And Its Consequences 5L PANDI TASE

Press Review 54

CE{EffiK BYJO L WITTfl T MPffi PLtr

T he First Searetary of the Cewtral Commit{ee o/'the Party of Labour of , comrade Eytver F{oxha, sperut the s'ecorud half of Marclt in tlte d.istricts of G jirokastra and SarailCa. The be loved le{tder of the A{baruiaru Perty and pe*ple was ,sLu't'ttLtr'tded by cxt stmospitere of wrcprecederuted warrnt h anC e nt hus ict s'm. On tltis cccasion, tens of thousaruds o_f inhahitants of both district"r e xl;t'e ssed to hitn oruce *gairu tlreir boundless love for the faarty of Labour rsf Aibrni{d ttnd their un s halc e ab! e de t e r m i n et io rt to trncrch boldly on, tlte roscl of the Party, tlte srdtfo{is but gloriota,g road to s*e ia/ism snC comntl*ris$l

Ctteek to jotul uithtlte people, a 'pleasantand, heartp taiic at the s.Jcornote-tye:e in Maskkril,lora. 4o3(40),1978 A.LEANIA TODAY

In Gjlrokastra, where he was born and spent his chitd- their bosom these people brought forth their Party, the hootl and youth, comrade Enver Hoxha paid homage at the Communist Party of Albania, today the Party of Labour Martyrs' Cemetry, at the monument to the distinguishetl ol Albania. I am not going to talk about how the Party fighter In the struggle for the indepentlence of Albania, was born, how it was formerl," he continueal, School burden of centuri.es of misery, poverty, sufferings, which, where he tliil the first years of his secondary schooling, rve, like our forefathers, wanted to shake otf. But how the Museum Contre and the Obelish dedicated to all the would we shake it off? Through struggle. This u'as the pioneer teachers of the Albanian school and language, right road for our people, antl not for our people alone, which is erected in the centre of the city, as well as the but for all the proletariat of the worltl, for all the peo- clothing enterprise named after the heroine, BuIe Naipi. ples, in the revolution. From the experience of the strug- fle walhed through the streets of the museum-city and gles of the proletariat and the peoples, Marx, Engetrs and stopped to visit many families. Wherever he went, com- Lenin worked out the theory that the old world hatl to rade Enver Hoxha conversed warmly with working people be overthrown and the new, socialist world would be of various ages and occupations, with workers and coope- born, The proletariat with its ally, the poor peasantry, ha,il rativists, with pupils and armymen, with young people and to overthrow the bourgeoisie anil seize power. With what? pensioners. They spoke about the miserable situation before With the rifle, because they don't give up their powet in Liberation, the great progress whioh has been made and any other way. Our Party was small,>, said comratle the blessings the Albanian people enjoy today, thanks to Enver Hoxha, <

ple, rvho had cared for the remains of Hasan Prishtina, coming here, so that wc can see one another, because we s,hi6E were handed over to us by the Greek government. have been longing for this, but I have been with you in We have hopes," he continued, othat the Turkish people heart and mind, and have been following your work and and Turkish government will give us the remains of the achievements ancl those of the minority and the whole great philosopher and patriot, Sami Frash6ri, too, who Gjirokastra region. fought heart and soul till the day of his tleath for this ..The people of Dropull, the Greek minority antl the people, for this land, for these mountains, for the hills, Albanian people, and especially the people of Gjirokastra, for the flocks, about which Naim wrote with such great have been linketl with each other like flesh to bone, they feeling," have loved each other like brothers and sisters. Here, I do The leader of the Party and the people saitl that in not mean those scoundrals, the beys and aghas of Gjiro- the magnificent situation of our country, we must work kastra, but I rnean the poor people of Dropull and the poor in order to make our people happier and more contented people of Gjirokastra. Our love for the minority population day by day, must continue to builtl our new society, to has never diminished. It was tempered and steeled with temper our new nnan of a high political and ideological the founding of our Party of Labour and during the Na- level who understands things and is conscious of the perma- tional Liberation War. Our Communist Party, formed by irent need to strengthen antl defend his soclalist Homeland. our sons, by the sons of Albania, including the sons of Antl this Homeland can be defended only by having a the minority, fought precisely for this unity, for this love Marxist-Leninist party, steeled and strong like ours, in the among us, which will be strengthenetl and temperetl through lea,dership. the centuries. Further, cornrade Enver floxha spoke about the great *Albanians and the minority people," said comra.de changes that have traken place in our new village, as well Enver Hoxha, *fought together, sacrificed together, but as about the love which the young people of the city must they won. They won Albania and made it their own, ousted tlisplay for the countryside, about the benefits it brings the foreigners, crushed the aghas, crushed the beys, and to the llomeland and its strengthening. gave' power to the people, for them to make their own Then, comrade Enver Hoxha spoke about some pro- law, to builal that society for which they had shed their blems of the present international situation, of the great blood, suffered, and toiled. The people, with their glo- economic, political, sooial and military crisis which has rious Party at the head, built the people's state power, the capitalist-revisionist world in its grip. He emphasized built the socialist society, which we enjoy today." the great and ceaseless struggle whioh the ['arty and our Then, comrade Enver Hoxha said, <.When we establish- people have waged against the two superpowers, Ameri- etl the people's state power, in connection with the deve- can imperialism and Soviet sooialimperialism, modern re- lopment of agriculture, the Party and the government visionisrn and reaction. Comrade Enver Hoxha pointed out thought about all the plains of Albania, and especially abo,ut that the Farty of Labour of Albania long ago made a class the Dropull plain, from the very first days after the libe- analysis of the international situation and openly expres- ration of the country. Why tlitl we think about Dropull? sed its opposition to the theory of *three worlils" and that The Party thought that we must show that socialism is on the socalled non-aligned countries. He went on to speak the great idea of Karl Marx and Lenin, which considers all about the struggle being waged by the international prole- men as equals, be they Albanians or of the minority. The tariat today against capltalist exploitation, about the growth Albanians had suffereil greatly, but the minority people of the Marxist-Leninist movement, and the rising tide of had suffered even more, Therefore," he emphasized, ..the the struggle of the peopies for freedom and independenoe. Party and the people's power thought that the minority The meeting ended amidst extraordinary enthusiasm should be helped first of all. Antl that is what was done, and prolonged cheering by those present for the Party of I don't intend to enumerate here what the Party has Labour and comrade Enver Hoxha. After the mass rally, done for all of Albania, and especially for Dropull, folk songs and dances were performed on the *Qergiz To- ..V[e are proud when we hear of and see the great pro- pullio square. gress which your whole region has made. We are proud At the rneeting orgatized. at Grapsh of the Dropull re- when we see the great yields in wheat, maize, lucerne, gion, comrade Enver Hoxha, among other things, said: tobacco, when we see that cows raised here give good .

Speaking about the mutual sympathy between the Alba- warmly. Then passing through thousands of inhabitants of nlan and the Greek peoplos, comrade Enver Hoxha saitl the town and surrounding villages who hact lined the that we have always loved the Greek people, because they streets to greet him, he went to a beautiful park where the are an honest people, a wise people who have fought for bust of Hasan Tahsini, the outstanding scholar and patriot their freedom and independence. We have fought togother of the National Renaissance, is set up. Comrade Enver Hoxha with the fraternal Greek people in the times gone by, and laitl a wreath and paid homage. Hasan Tasini was a, in modern times. We have united our weapons. The great man of allround knowledge, he was the flrst Rector of the poet, Naim FrashEri, who studied at the Zosimea college University of Instanbul. But Hasan Tahsini was also a fiery of Janina, has written a beautiful poem about the love anil patriot, who, in the second half of the past century, work- friendship of the Albanian people for the Groek people" ed for the creation of the Albanian alphabet and the cul- Our friendship with the Greek people was sealed with tural development of his country, Albania, for which he the bloocl shed for freedom and independence against our was persecuted and interned by the Sublime Porte. common enemies. The present Greek government is in fa- During his stay in the Saranda District comrade Enver vour of improved relations with Albania and we are im- lloxha paid a visit to Ksamil, a new small town lleside proving them. They have always found understanding in the Ionian Sea, where one the finest citrus and olive the Albanian people and the Albanian government. We have plantations has been establishod in recent years. Formerly trad6-and cultural exchanges with . We are neigh- it was a place of rocks and scrub, but responding to the bours. No evil can come to Greece from our side, and this call of the Party, thousands of youth from all corners of the Greek people know. The feelings of the Greek people .Albania went there and with their tireless work turned and the Albanian people coincide, and each keeps to his that land into a beautiful garden where oranges and le- place, own attends to his own business. Only those who mons, olives and other fruit trees, are flourishing. Now a consider us as a thorn in their flesh because we tell the large group or young people from Saranda and other dis- truth, beoause we are progressing, because we know how tricts are working at Ksamil. to defend ourselves from the enemy, dislike the policy of In the speech he delivereil to the working people of Albania.o Ksamil and many cooperativists of the surrounding villages Comrade Enver Hoxha was farewelled from the centre who had come to meet him, the First Secretary of the of the higher-type cooperative of Grapsh accompanied with Central Committee of the Party of Labour of Albania gave a storm of applause and cheering. very valuable advice on the further development of agricul- people The of Gjirokastra experienced nine full days ture and animal husbandry in the sunny Saranda district, joy of aroused by their very warm anil cordrial meetings but he dwelt, in particular, on the tasks which devolve on with the beloved leatler of the Farty anal the people, com- the people of the Saranda district for the further deve- rade Enver Hoxha. Each of the nine days, passed moro lopment of fruit-tree growing as a very important branch beautiful than the others. The meetings antl conservations of the country's economy. of comrade Enver Hoxha with the people of Gjirokastra, Speaking of the prineipled proletarian foreign policy people with the cadres, the of Mashkullora and Dropull, of the Albanian Panty and State and their Marxist-Lenin- wi6h tnhabitants < quarters, with the martyrs' mothers, with the pupils the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Party < School, and his valuable of Labour of Albania said, *We, Albanians haveworked and advice have aroused enormous enfhusiasm in old and young. fought, will struggle and work honestly by the sweat of The days o,f comrade Enver Hoxha's visi,t to the Gjiro- our own brows. We have been and we are right. We always kastra district turned into an ardent and powerful mani- speak the truth openly, an,il any one else can like it or festation of boundless love for our glorious Party and the Iump lt as he pleases. This has made Albania strong, this unbreakable unity of the people around it. has raised the name of Albania and the Party of Among the beautiful events that are to come, Gjiro- Labou,r of Albania. These are lofty virtues of our people. kastra and the whole of Albania, will always mention this Capitalism and revisionism trarnple these virtues under- visit of comrade Enver Hoxha with profound emotion and foot. But there are not only capitalists and revisionists in love. The years will go by, but these happy days will re- main engraved in people's minds, hearts. the world; they are the minority, there are millions and people Comrade Enver [Ioxha received a very warm and cor- millions of honest in the world, fighters fo,r the truth. dial welcome in the Sarancla ttistrict, too, In this tlistrict, We Albanians have these fighters for freedom as our friends. too, his first visit wras to the Martyrs' Cemetry. It is set We love them and they love us. They are all we need, on a beautiful hill commanding a view of the whole town and together wi,th them we are strong, whereas the capi- and the blue Ionian Sea. There the beloved Ieader of the talists are weak. No one loves the swindler, no one loves Party of Labour of Albania and the Albanian people met the double-dealer, no one troves the robber, no one Ioves many martyrs' parents and relatives with whom he talketl the oppressor. ALBANIA T O D AY (40), 1978 c

*Niueleen years, I think, have gone by," comrade < Mikoyan stared at us in astonishment. <.The worse Enver Hoxha went on, > we replied. not come here to admire the oranges, the fruit-trees, or the .Eut you rvill die of starvation," hc said, olive, which is the tree which symbolizes peace, but to ..No, we won't die of starvation,>' we repli€d. look at the lake of , As we were stanrding there, ..You are going to sell out to the imperialists for 30 pie- he said: *What are all these excavations here in Butrint ces of silver,>> saicl l(rushchev. for? 'Ihese things are dead and gone" .Neither <.But they are necessa.ry,. I told him, .nb6snuse they Albania nor thc .Albanians have ever sold out are part of lire great culture of mankintl.o to the imperiaiists, but you will sell out,', we said. of whether thirk differentiy.> s;ubmission. Far lrorn bolving in submission,'> stressed com- ..Uh," the lYlarshal exclaimed, ..ochen khorosho!'> (very racle Envcr lloxha, < said cornrade Enver. Floxha, < of Labour Erf Albania aucl lead them a dance. *l'he Farty of Labour of Albania told therr:

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Comrade Enuer Horh'a enthusiastically hailed bE thousands of inhabitants of Saranda, ii!!: ii**

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,,fr $ , 12 3 (40), 1978 ALBANIA T O D AY

rade Enver Hoxha, .

The Leninist theory of the revolution and historical experience show that so- cialism does not triumph simultaneously in all countries. After its birth, it is encircled by enemies. Between victorious socialism and dying capitalism, a stern and irreconcilable struggle goes on in the ideological field, on a national and international scale

AS IN ALL THE OTHER PROBLEMS OF TIIE THEORY AND PRACTICE logy of the ctrass in power, becomes OF SCIENTIFIC SOCIALISM, I'HE PLA HAS A RICH EXPEBIENCE, ALSO, the dominant ideology. However, its IN THE QUESTIONS OF TIIE CLASS STRUGGLE. ITS GENEBALIZATIONS extension in breadth and depth is an IN TIIIS FIELD ARE A VALUABLE CONTRIBUTION TO THE ENRICHMENT uninterrupted process. In socialism, the OF THE MARXIST-LENINIST THEORY, A NEW ILLUMINATION AND hang-overs of the old ideology, the FURI'HER DEVELOPMENT OF THE THESES OF MARX, ENGELS, LENIN petty-bourgeols psychology and the AND STALIN AT A NEIV STAGE OF TIIE SOCIALIST REVOLUTION. foree of habit linger on for a long 1'he PLA upholcls the Marxist-Lenin- * time. The sociaList construction is in ist theses that the class struggle in so- clirect conflict lvith these hang-overs, cialism is wagecl sirnultaneously on aI1 In socialist society, the ideological which constitute a serious ob,stacle in its road oI development. hag fronts ancl in all clirections, in thipo- struggle is an objective phenomenon, Lenin r,t,hich is conditioned by the devetop- emphasized that *when the revolution Iitical, ideological, economic and mi- ment, of the socialist constr.uction and is carried out, what takes place iS not tritary fields. The struggle on the irleo- by its rclatio,nships rvith the surround- rhe same as lt,hen a man dies, and is Iogical front, as comrade Enver floxha ing wor'cl. put away alter his death. When the stressed at the ?th Congress of the Along rvith the destruction of the o1d society dies, its corpse cannot be Party, cons[itutes one of the principal capitalist political and economic order, put in a coflin and taken to the grave- directions of the class struggle. the socialist revolution also overturns yard. It decomposes amongst us: this all the ideological and cultural insti- corpse putrifies and contaminates us RAQI MADIII - Scientific usorker in tutions which support and defend this all.t. That is why the Marxis,t-Lenin- the I'ftstitrlte of Marrist-Leninist stu- dies dt the CC of the PLA. order. Socialist ideology, as the ideo- ist Party wages a ceaseless allround 14.3 (40),7978 ALBANIA TODAY ideolog:.cal struggle in order to liberate it also has a very sharp character. on amongsi the people to Iiberate tne workr.ng masses from t*ie sprritual Led by the Marxist-Leninist party, rrlem rrorn the remnants and influences enslavement of aLien ideologies. the working class and the working oi atren ideology. Even when the ln socralist society, new relahions masses \^,age the ideological sbruggJ.e srruggle is waged among the people, oI production are built. But because against bourgeois and revisionist ideo- rr con[ains the two kinds of con[ra- socralrsm ll) nomic struggle. field, on a national and international The struggle in ideology is all-sided. the ideological struggle has its own scale. Socialism has to cope with the It is waged against enemies as well as features which distinguish it from the allround ideological aggression of the among the people. It is a struggle for political and conomic struggle. But bourgeois and revisionist wor.ld. the resolution of antagonistic and this fact does not divorce it from The defence of Marxism-Lcninism non-antagonistic contradictions. Our them, they act in unity. As early as has been and remains an imperative Party has been and is opposed to the I905, Lenin described the efforts to task of the Marxist-Leninist parties. narrow one-sided concepts of the class separate the main forms of the class However, in the conditions of the struggle in ideology, which reduce it slruggle, to oppose them to one another, victory of socislism, this task assumes to a struggle that is waged mainly as wrong from the theoretical stand- special significance and breadth. In among the people. It has stressed point and absurd from the practical sociaList society, the laws and the that this struggle is directly connected srandpoint. principles of the Marxist-Leninist with the defence of the dlctatorship Basing itself on the teachings of theory find a wide field of application, of the proletariat, with the preser- lVlarxism-Leninism and on the national its various aspects come into operation vation, strengthening and development and international experience, the 7th and thgir correctness must be confirm- of the socialist economic order, with Congress of the Party of Labour of ed in the practice of sociatrist con- the strengthening and revolutionization Albania stressed that under socialism, struction. This task is accompanied of the party, with the uninterrupted too, the class struggle goes on - with an allround struggle for the development of the revolution. The cely in its three forms simultaneously, defence and further development of contradiction between the Marxist-Le- because the slightest weakening of the Marxist-Leninist theory on the ninist proletarian ideology and reac- one front is a deviation from the basis of the new experience, in strug- tionary bourgeois and revisionist ideo- Marxist-Leninist theory, causes the gIe against anti-Marxist theories and Iogy, in every form and whereve it weakening of the class struggle as a practices and all the anti-communist shows up, is an antagonist contradic- whole, and brings incalculable harm propaganda. tion. This contradiction finds its ex- to the cause of the working class In these conditions, not only is the pression both in the direct clash wiih and socialism. ideological struggle in the period of the bourgeois and revisionist ideo- The class struggle is complex. It is socialist construction unavoidable, but logy and in the struggle which goes impossible to find a purely political, ALBANIA TODAY 3 (40), 1978 . 75 purely ideological, or purely econo- Today, in the conditions of the in- means for the realization of the peace- mic struggle. creasing severity of the class struggle fu1 counter-revolution. For the final triumph of the pro- on the national and international level, In the armed counter-revolution, arm- letarian ideology over the bourgeois the struggle of the enemies on the ed actions are the main struggle which and revisionist ideology, not only the ideological front has assumed the form the enemy uses, while in the peace- ideological struggle but also the poli- of an organized, large-scale, ideolo- ful counter-revolution the main form tical and economic struggle are ne- gical aggression. In the global policy of struggle is that in ideology. In the cessary, just as the tasks on the po- of imperialism and socialimperialism former case the enemy uses violence litical and economic front are incon- against Albania, this aggression has as the chief means, in the latter, the ceivable apart from the world out- a special place. The allround strength- degeneration of the party, the cadres look, the proletarian ideology of our ening of its economic, political and and the masses. Party. military power, the enhancernent of its The essence of the ideological aggres- The PLA has waged the ideolo- international prestige, and the repeat- sion, as comrade Enver Hoxha has gical struggle consistently at all ed defeats of the schemes and said, lies in the encouragement of stages of the revolution. However, attempts of the enemies against so- liberalism on the whole front. -By after the seizure of the power, in the cialist Albania, make them change instigating liberalism," comrade Dnver period of the socialist contruction, tactics frequently. Along with their Hoxha stressed, <

mies. In its activity for the education is essentially an expression of conser- using this potential, it is transformed of youth and the intelligentsia, the vatism in other forms to make it more into indomital:lc strength. The correct PLA has taken account of their na- acceptable. Therefore the strugglc and unlnterrupted waging of the class ture and social position, and has against thom constitutes a single front struggle and the leadership of this not allowed them to be transformed against hostilc ideology and activity. struggle by the Maxist-Leninist party into reserves of the counter-revolution, Also merging with this front is the are the guarantee that the imperialist- as occurred in the revisionist countries. strugglc against bureaucracy, as a fornr Ievisionist encirc,Iement and its a11- The enemy groups of the recent o{ thinking and acting in opposition round aggression wiil be copecl with" years, rvhich were the offspring of the to the interests of the pcople and In this struggle, the activity oI the ideological aggression, relied on li- soclalism, rvhich is founded on ideaList palt,y and of the worhing masses tn beralism and fostered it in every way concepts and ltourgeois ideology. Bu- block tlre roads to the ideological for their own hostile aims. reaucracy does great demage to the aggL'cssioL-t and to avoid any ittlluence Whitre combating libelalism, the socialist order and has an extremely from it, is of very great importance" PLA has never underrated the struggle dangerous influence on the cadres. This is the course the PLA has fo1- against conservatism. Its history is the Comrade Enver Hoxha, says: <.Bureau- lowed. It attaches v,ery great impor- history of the simultaneous struggle on crats create a !\,ay -of thinking and tance to ensuring a correct under- the two flanks. Liberalism and con- Iife in the family and society, of a standing of the imperialist-revisionist servatism are expressions of alien ideo- new bourgeoisie within our people's encirclement, to uncovering the ways Iog:y. Although liberalism constitutes democracy"6). The struggle against bu- and main directions it uses against the essence of the ideological aggres- reaucracy) says Lenin, is just as com- Albania and to the organized struggle sion, this aggression relies equally on plicatc.fl as the struggle agalnst the in all directions, and has never allow- conservatism, exploits the backward spontaneous petty-bourgeois tide, be- ed this encirclement to endanger our customs and all the blemishes of the cause bureaucracy infects thc urorking socialist order oI' hinder its advance. o1d society, which still linger on in people, and especially the cadres, r,vitI-r socialism. all the evils which florv fro'm the * Liberalism is an expression of bourgeois ideology. Thelefore, our Party ideological and political opportunism. wages an uninterrupted, all-sided Thc Party of Labour o1 Albat-ria has Under the mash of the new, the mo- ideological struggle to root out bu- always considered the struggJ.e against dern, it opens the way to concessions reaucracy, accompanied',vith concrete the remnants of alien ideologies, to the class enemy, to conciliation revolutionary n-reasures, directed against against backward customs and the with the influences of alien ideologies, both liberalism and conservatism, be- petty-bourgeols psychology, as one of with weaknesses and shortcomings. It cause, in practice, they do not appear the most important tasks of the so- is acceptance of peaceful coexistence and do not act separately. cialist revolution. Its whole history with the enemy ideology. The PLA has appreciated the danger provides the clearest evidence of this Conservatism has its ,origin in the posed by these enemies correctly and concern. The allround development of old ideologies which come from past has combated any sort of distortion or the ideological and cultural revolution, centuries, but it may also draw its underestimation of its instructions to Ied by the PLA, has served directly source from some practices and forms ensure a consistent ideological struggle the struggle to uproot the hangovers of work which rv-ere correct in their against liberalism, bureaucracy and con- of alien ideologies. time, but which the progressive de- servatism. Due to the socio-economic condi- veloprnent of our life has cast aside. The strr"rggle against the bourgeois- tions of Aibania, the struggle against Conservatism hinders our advance and revisionist ideological aggression is a the influences of alien ideologies has opposes the socialist construclion and protracted one, therefore it must be been an extensive and difficult one. our ideology. waged consistently and continuously. Before liberation, Albania was a back- It hinders wl-ren what is outdated The experience of the ideological strug- rvard countr5z, 'lvith a very low eco- does not give way to the new. Ii g1e which the PLA has been waging nomic and cultural 1evel. Small-scale opposes in all those instances when it shows that the ideological aggression private property rvas the predominant expresses itself through the remnants can be overcome and that the re- ft-rrm in Albania and there were pro- of alien ideology or puts itself in the storation of capitalism is not decreed nounced survivals of feudal relations, service of that ideology. by fate to be inevi'r,ab1e. Socialistn The foreign invaders had left deep AII the experience of the struggle has great economic, political and imprints of tl-reir ideologies and rem- of our Farty against liberalism and ideological, spiritual and material, po- nants, o{ their economic and political conservatism shows that they are two tential. If the party of the working forms of state organization in the sides of the same medal. Liberalism class is capable of appreciating and socio-economic life of Albania. ALBANIA TODAY 3 (40), 1978 . 77

Led by the PLA, the Albanian people and forms in different strata and zones but i.t is mostly preserved and hag rose in struggle and destroyed the old and in given circumstances. They still the greatest influence among peasantry economic and political organization, rcmain a major retrogressive force and the intelligentsia. hut they could not free themsel,ves and constitute a real danger to our In the countlyside, it is lostered completely from the remnants of the socialist society. Therefore, the struggle among other things, by the existence alien ideologies, from the force of against them continues. Comrade of the cooperatj.vists' personal plot. In backward customs of the canon law Enver Hoxha instructs us: ..The hanCi- our conditions, the personal plot does and religion, or from the petty-bour- overs from the past in people's con- not constitllte private property. It is geo.is psychology. In the period of the sci<-rusness, in their world outlook, meant to help satisfy some economic national liberation revolution, some of cannot be wiped out so easily and needs of the coclperativi.st family. But these survivals were dealt a heavy quickly; some oi them are wiped out it carries the danger of the birth of blorv, but the decisive struggle against or weakened, but others survi.ve and private property if it is transformed them was to be waged after the es- spring up again in new forms if they into a source of market commodities, tablishment of the people's power, in are not combatted."T) a source of trade and speculation. The the process of the socialist transfor- I'he struggle against al1 ideological private property mentality, which is mation of our entire reality. The strug- rernnants must be waged, none of sti11 very strong in the peasant, in- g1e lor socialism shows them up them mr-rst be underrated. But this creases this danger. more clearly and makes them more does not mean that at a given moment Although it does not constitute a intolerable. the blow should not be 1evel1ed against class directly linked with one of the This struggle has gone on during the one which constitutes the greatest forms of property, the intelligentsia the whole process of the socialist danger and the main link with which does not escape its influence. Even revolution, but after the construction a1l the other remnants are connected. under socialism, the intelligentsia is not of the economic base of socialism it One of the most dangerous enemies free from the sense of the private pro- gained in depth and included all of socialism is the sense' of private perty. On the contrary, it constitutes fields of socialist life. The great move- property and the petty-bourgeois psy- a great and special danger to the ments to put the general interest above chology. ..We have an extremly hidden lntelligentsia. This feeling is fostered the personal interest everywhere, the enemy, which is more dangerous than both by the petty-bourgeois psycholo- movements against religion, religious many declared counterrevolutjonarieil... gy, which does not disappear at once, prejudices, and backward costums, for this enemy is the instinctive force of and by economic factors, especially the complete emancipation of the the sma11 proprietor>E). by the existence of ..bourgeois right>, woman, etc., constitute a great qua- Guided by the teachings of Lenin, whlch cultivates the feeling of in- .litative leap forward in the struggle the PLA followed the road of the terest in greater gains. against the ugliest manifestations of Iiquidation of small-scale private pro- Under socialism, the differences in old ideologies. perty and the transformation of the rewards between workers of physical These movements were conscious ac- sma11 proprietor into a participant in work and those of mental work are tions on the part of the working mas- the socialist collective property. Today preserved. If these differences escape ses under the leadership of the PLA, the socialist attitude to property and the control of the Party and the work- which were determined by the level r,,"'ork is characteristic of the Albanian ing class and begin to increase, they of maturity of the objective and sub- working people. lead to the creation of privileged indi- jective factors, the result of the deep Nonetheless, even al the present vlduals and strata and stimulate the socialist transformations, and espe- stage of the development, the psycho- revival of the feeling of private pro- cially of the allround work of the Iogy of the private property has not perty in other forms and ways, which, Party for the communist education of been completely done way with. Now under glven circumstances, can assume the working people. it is expressed in the mania to take great and extremely dangerous pro- It is a fact that these movements from society more than one con- portions. This is why the Party has and their results marked an important tributes to it, to ensure high income devoted special attention to the re- victory of the proletarian ideology at the expense of society and the duction of pay differentials. over the alien ideologies in the con- socialist property. The struggle for the eradication of sciousness of the masses of working The sense of private property has the sense of private property is waged people. In the course of this profound the quality that it can infect not only in the ranks of the working class, revolutionary process, some of the the former smal1 owner, but also the too. The waging of this struggle alien manifestations were eliminated. other classes or strata of society which correctly is an indispensable condi- But those which are left are not few, were divested of the means of pro- tion for the enhancement of the lead- and they aet with different intensities duction, such as the working class, ing role ol the working class. It L8 o J (40),192I ALBANIA TODAY cannot lead the struggle for the ii- the countryside. Marx sees the pa- lesolve it in time, is liable to turn into beration of the working people from triarchal and petty-bourgeois remnants arr adLagonistrc contradlction. aiien ideologies without first freeing as a terrible force which leads to the Some oI the various crimes against so- itself from them, without first accom- reversing of historical development. craiisl properry, which are punishedir) plishing its own re-education. In Immediatel;r after the victory of the rne olgans of the dictatorship, are open Albania, important successes have been October Revolution, and bearing in rnaniresuations of the transrormation of achieved in the struggle for the re- mind the experience of history, Lenir-r, r1.r-r-antagonj.stic contradictions into ari- volutionar), education and tempering too, dreu, the attention of the Party ancl raBonlstic ones. The most dangerous of the r,vorking class. Many hangovers the working class to the danger lvhiclt manifestation of thi.s is the emergence and prejudices which afflicted it in threatened the Soviet state from the or the enemies of socialism, who act the past have now taken heavy blows. petty-bourgeios tide. .If we fail to agairst the Party and the dictatorshii2 This has contributed to the ever deleat it,* he stressed, ..then, we are oI the proletariat. greater enhacement of the leadilg doomed to failure, like the French Re- The transformation of alien remnants role of the working class in our so- volution. . . and .'ve must look this right into active lorces of regression does not cialist society. However, even among in the eye, without comforting ourselves occur spontaneously. The class enem-v the ranks of the working class there with empty words.,;10) inside and outside the country encoul- are manifestations of the feeling of The history of our own days provides ages and supports them, while care- the prlvate property, and individuals other significant examples about the lessness by the Party and the working who do not ful1y live up to the ob- danger of vestiges of alien ideologies. ciass leaves the way open for their re- ligatlons and tasks of their class. Tl-re transformation of the Soviet Union activation. The sense of private property is into a capitalist state demonstrateC that The PLA has never Permitted the often entangled and acts jointly with the revlval of vestiges of alien ideolo- remnants of alien ideologies to be trans- other remnants of o1d ideologies, such gies, and especially of the petty-bour formed into soil for the birth of re- as backward customs, religious pre- geois mentality, the sense of private visionism and to endanger the vic- judices, and others, which, while being property and putting personal. interests tories of tl-re socialist revolution. It h:rs products of given economic relations above the general interest, are extrem- always fought them sternly and in a ot the past, in the conditions of the ly dangerous enemies on which the r,ve1l-considered way. At every stage ol Iiqui.dation of these relations, are still peaceful counter-revolution is based. tl-ris struggle it has always taken into based on the sense of private proper- At the same time, hor'vever, the his- consideration the level of the maturitv ty and are reactivated together with tory of our days also conf irms the of the objective and subjective con- and alongside this feeling. As a special teaching of Marx that the revolutionary ditions. The PLA has waged the strug- expression of reactionary ideology, awakening of toiling masses makes the g]e against the alien remnants in unit.r they constitute another great danger socialist revolution invincible. The con- with the masses, and in the course of to socialism. *The remnants of the struction of socialism in Albania, the this struggle, the masses have been alien ideologies, the feeling of private allround activity of our Party for the further tempered ideologically, have property and the placing of personal tempering of the revolutionary con- emerged from it stronger and more interests above the general interest,': sciousness of the masses against al1 re- revolutionary. said comrade Enver Hoxha at the 7th actionary ideologies, old and new, pro- Congress of the Party, *constitute that vides an example of this. *. hot-bed in which bourgeois degene- Although a continuous and persistent ration and revisionist capitula- Llterature, art, education and science, and struggle is waged in our country against tionist views are boln and lostered.-s) develop and are strengthened through ideological hangovers to prevent the This conclusion is the result of a the consist,ent waging of the class strug- bearers of them from putting them- tholough analysis of national and in- selves in opposition to our socialist lernation:,tl historical experience. The class struggle in each of these order, there are occasions when they Marx finds one of the main causes fields has its own specific features and are reactivated and even transformed of the defeat of the French Revo1u- manifests itself in various forms, but antagonistic contradictions. tion of 1848 and the re-establishment into its main directions are common to ail grudges, of the Bonapartist police regime in Gossip, bickering and of them. the fact that the revolution did not quarrels, r,vhich stem from these ideolo- The PLA activates literature, art, manage to paralyse the retrogressive gical remnants are expressions of the eCucation, and science directly in the force of the petty-bourgeois tide, the aggravation of the contradiction bet- class struggle as important auxiliaries ignorance and conservatism of the ween us and the bearers of these hang- for the revolutionary education of the petty-bourgeois strata, esBecially in overs, which, if we do not intervene to masses of working people and as power- ALBANIA TODAY 3 (40), 1978 e 79 fu1 weapons for the construction of so- and arts has been waged continuously portecl by the broad masses of working cialist society. But the class struggle is throughout the whole period of social- people, but it was opposed by the ene- also waged in the very bosom of these ist construction. For them, as for the mies and encountered resistance from spheres of spiritual culture against entire ideological front, the main dan- old and new alien concePts. bourgeois and revisionist ideclog.1,, ger has been the rightist danger. AIba- As a result of the class struggle whlch against its pressure, influences and rem- nia entered the period of socialist con- has been waged bY the PLA in these nants. This struggle has an allround struction i,n'ith a literature of a new typer, fields, the Albanian school has achieved character. It is waged among the peopie which had been born in the heat of the great successes and has been shaped as to overcome the blemishes and influen- Irlational Llberation War, but was still a new type of scl-rool, with original ces of alien ideologies, lack of clarity incompletely formed. Besides this, in features and a popular character The and vacillations, in order to form heal- the field of literature and the arts, further revolutionization of the school, thy concepts and put the workers ot many old concepts and practices from horvever, is a protracted process, just as literature and art, education and sciencc, various western bourgeois trends which the struggle for the tinal victory of the in militant posltions. It is waged, also, exerted a powerful influence, were in- soeialist ideology is a protracted one' In betrnreen us and the enemies, in order herited in the field of literature and the practice there are still unsolved prob- to cope rvith the bourgeois-revisionist arts. Which course were they to take? lems, Therefore, the implem'entation oI pressure and to block the waY to the This question was now placed squarely the program of revolutionization will be penetration of their culture and ideo- before them. The PLA gave powedul carriecl on through a consistent class logy and rout a1l their agents in the support to the new literature and arts struggle against bureaucratic, liberal ranks of the people and the PartY. which were born in the course of the and conservative, technocratic and in- Through the class struggle, Iiterature, war, and guided them to advance on tellectualist concepts and practices, the arts, education and science are the road of socialist realism. against the influences of the bourgeois strengthened ideologicaly, are matured Along rvlth the sbruggle in the fieid and revisionist schools. and raise'd to new levels and increase of literature and art, the, PLA has In science, too, the class struggle is their ability and effectiveness, to act waged the class struggle, also, in edu- an all-sided struggle to ensui:e that our as real auxiliaries of the Party in the cation and science, considering the en- sciences serve the construction of so- construction of socialist society. tile ideological front as a single front, cialism, the defence of the Homeland, After 1960, with the open betrayal by cn which the slightest relaxation of the ar-rd the communist education of the modern revisionism, the class struggie stlr-rggle in one direction causes great working masses directly and well' This in these fields assumed greater propor- harm to the work in the other sectors, sLruggle has been waged against thc tions and a more acute character. Apart too. reactionary influences and concepts of from the revival and re-activation of In the conditions of the complete con- science for the sake of science, of the old concepts, under the ail-round re- struction of so'cialist society, education science for narrow interests. In the visionist pressure, other alien concepts and culture are charged with a special course of the revolutionary develo'pment began to appear and to be cultivated. role. They cannot play this role proper- of tl-re Albanian science, the struggle has Although the class struggle in the Iy outside the class struggle. been waged against influences of idea- field of culture as a whole became more The major socio-economic transfor- list philosophy as well as against the acute, it rtras not waged in the same mations and the allround deepening of hangovers and influences of the metho'- scale. r,vith the same intensity in all the ideological and cultural revolution dology and methods of reactionar)', the science, directions and sectors of culture. In also made the further revolutionization bourgeois ancl revisionist beginning, the enemies attacked litera- of our school system indispensable. against libera1, bureaucratic and tech- ture and the arts directlY. The revolutionization of our school nocratic concepts. In this struggle, a Having an allround knor,vledge of the was, at the same time, a deePening and heavy blor'v l-ras been struck at mani{e- nature oI literature and arts, as a com- broadening of the front of the class statlons of objectivism and subjectivism, plicated sector of the ideological front, How- struggle in t].re f leld of education, It technocracl' and intellectr-raIism. rvhich constitutes a very delicate represented a new attack by the pro- errer, the struggle goes on. terrain, and valuing their role and p ace letarian ideology on all the hangovers The heavy blow which has been in society, the PLA has given them spe- and influences of the o1d bourgeois and struck at these negative phenomena cial care, has consistently put the people sl-rou1d not be considered the end o.t worklng in literature and art in militant revisionist school, on concepts which to operate and at positions and has never permitted them l

oome the remnants and influences of the intellectualist, teehr:ocratic and The struggle in defence of Marxism- alien ideology in the field of science, in bureaucratic concepts which hinder the Leninism is a struggle which is waged order to cope successfully with the involvement of the masses in studies, inside the Marxist-Leninist party of the pressure of the bourgeois and revisio- and restrict the participation of the working class as well as outside it, a ideology, nist there must be ceaseless working masses in the solution of the struggle which is waged around the struggle to strengthen the feeling of problems Iinked with the further re- problems of the revolution and the so- pride national in science, too, to fur- volutionization of our school. cialist construction inside a country and ther strengthen proletarian its partisan- around the fundamental problems Df ship and class tendentio,usness, so that the international communist movement ,simple * it does not remain a reconder of and the victory of the socialist revolu- facts, the but a powerful weapon which The struggle in defence of the Marx- tion on a world scale. serves the revolutionary action of the ist-Leninist theory is one of the per- For this reason, that Marxist-Leninist working masses. manent manifestations of the struggle party which is in a position to apply The class struggle in literature, the of the working class for the triumph of the Marxist-Leninist theory in a crea- art, education and science has troen the socialist revolution and the con- tive manner, to work out and apply a directly linked with one of the main struction of socialist society. . scientific revolutionary general line on characteristics of them in socialism -- In 7847, speaking of the necessity fcr this basis and to smash any deviation that art, Iiterature, education an.:l the three forms of the struggle of the from the Marxist-Leninist theory and science in socialist Albania have be- working c1ass, Engels called the idec- from its general line at any moment come the property of the masses ancl logical struggle a *theoretical struggle.. and in whatever form it may appear, serve them directly. Their transfo.rma- Engels used this term for a definite and which is able to demonstrate the tion into the property of the people reason and not merely for ease of for- superiority of the communist order over constitutes a vital, but very cornplicated mulation. This constitutes the most im- the capitalist order, in theory and prac- problem. Many obstacles and difficult- portant aspect of the ideological strug- tice, carries out its tasl

the strugg'1e to strengthen the Party, but Leninist theory in the socialist con- tions oI the strategy and tactics of the also in the whole practice of socialist struction is a defence of Marxism-Le- revolution. In these conditions, the PLA construction. The construction of rsocial- ninrsm oy each revoiutionary party ot stresses that its responsibilities and ism is not only a confirmation of the the worKing class. tasks in defence of the Marxist-Lsnin- correctness of the fundamental laws of A dialectical connection exists ist theory have increased. It made an scientific socialism, but also a direet between the cr,eative implementation, de- invaluable contritrution through its 7th deience of it. Under socialism, these velopment and enrichment of Marxism- Congress, which supplied the answers, laws lind an extensive and allround Leninism, and defence of it. The creat- fro,m the Marxist-Leninist standpoint, application. But socialism is built in i.ve implementatj.on assures the defence to the most complicated problems of the concret,e conditions, therefo,re it is the oi Vlarxism-LenLnism, whiie real de- present-day development of the social- duty of every party to apply them in fence of Marxism-Leninism lrom the ist re'volution and the revolutionary a cr.eative manner, in conformity with attacks and the danger of revisiorrism movements in the world, refuting all these conditions. The creative appli- ensures its further development and the revisionist and pseudo-r,evolutionary cation of these laws brings new expe- enrichment. thetrlies with scientific argument. rienee, a new contribution to the Marx- The entire activity of our Party is a ist-Leninist theory. heloic struggle lor the defence of Ma:.'x- With their theories of specific social- ism-Leninism, for the victory oI social- ism, the modern revisionists make a ism and communism, distorted interpretation of the demand Revisionism, which emerged in and 1) V. l. Lenin. Collected Works, tsotr. fcr the creative implementation of the eroded the foundation of certain par- 27, p. 501 2) V. I. Lenin. Collected Works, uol, Marxist-Leninist theory with the aim, ties, was tra,nsformed into a strong re- 25, p. 559 r:f denying the necessity for the opera- actionary international trend. Its acti- 3) Enuer Hoirha. Report to the ith of the PLA, sec. ed. tion of its universal laws in al1 coun- vity against Ma{xism-Leninism on all Congress P.724 4) V. l. Lenin. Col,l,ected Works, tsol. tries. In realjty, the socalled ,creative l'ronts did great damage to the inter- 31, p. 423. implementation of the Marxist-Leninist national communist and workers' mo- 5) D'nuer Horha. .rWe must deePen id,eological, struggle against the theory parties class the by the revisionist in vement. A characteristic of the alien manifestations and, Liberal power, their theories and practices, as struggle ln the thoretical field on an in- sbands towards thern>,, Tlrano 7973, well as their allround failures in the ternational scale today is that it is p. 74 6) EnDer Ilofiha. Speeches, 1967^1968, fields economy unpre- of the and culture, have being waged in the conditions of p. 56 provided imperialism with the weapons cedented ideological confusion which 7) Entser Ho*ha. Speeches, 7967-7968' which are used as rneans to discredit the different variants of revisionism p.89 8) V. I. Lenin. Collected Wotks, ttol. the Marxist-Leninist theory and scien- have sown. This confusion is hindering 27, p. 256. tific socialism. the development of the international 9) Enuer Hoxha. Reqort to the 7th Therefore the faithtul and creative communist movement and disrupting Congress of the PLA, P. 136 10) V. l. Lenin. Collecteil Wo'rks, uol' application of the lnws of the Marxist- the understanding of fundamental ques- 32, p. 329

E TFIE ALBANIANS CONFRONTET) WITFil THE EASTERN CRISIS 1878-1881 bY AL,,,,S BUI'A

1.

FROM THE 30's TO TIIE 60,s OF THE lgth CENTURY, THE ALBANIAN cal, poorly organized actions and even- TERRITORIES BECAME TEIE AITENA OF A, GENERAL RESISTANCE tually defeated as in fact happened. EXPRESSED IN DIFFERENT FORIUS, AND DIBECTED AGAINST THE SUB. However, as early as the 30's, they LIME PORTE, A R,ESISTANCE. WEIICH MOUNTED TO WIDE-SPREAD demanded that tha Albanians be given REGIONAL UPRISINGS. separate status, a sort of autonomy, NUMBER .d OF CONTEMPOBARY OtsSER,VEBS, AMONG WHOM COM- making them an exception in the PETENT STUDENTS OF ALBANIAN MATTERS, LIKE T. G. HAIIN, HAD A context of the centralizing reforms. CORRECT UNDERSTANDING OF THE PROFOUND EEASONS UNDEELYING This demand, despite its zig-zags, re- THESE MOYEMENTS. IT IS TRUE THAT THE NATIONAL ANTAGONISM mained, in reality, on the order of WHICII DIVOft,CED TIIE ALEANI,TNS FROM TEIE OTTOMAN BULEX,S WAS the day up ti1l the collapse of the NOT AGGBAVATED FUBTIIER, AS IN THE CASE OF TIIE (yIIIER BALKAN Empire as a key problem in the AIba- PEOPLES, AMONG WHOM N.{TIONAL ANTAGONISM WENT HAND IN HAND nian-Ottoman relations. WITH SOCTAL AND RELIGIOUS A]\ITAGONISM (BECAUSE IN THEIB The demands of these movements MAJORII'Y THE ALBANIANS WERE OF TT{E MOSLEM FAITH AND THERE that the country should be excluded WAS STRONG A FEUDAL-LANDED CLASS IN ALB.A.NIA WHICH WAS from centralizing reforms did not aI- LINKED TO TIIE PORTE WITE A SERIES OF INTERESTS). ways mean mere return to the olcl However, these facts could only mi- in general, the Albanians constituted regime of the pre-Tanzimat period. tigate, but not resolve the sharp con- an important military for,ce. With the initial demands that the ad- tradiction which divided the masses The situation inside Arbania consti_ ministration in the Albanian regir_rns of Albanian peasants and town peop,le tuted one of the faetors which helped should be handed over to the local {rr-im the centralist bureauc.ratic regi- tc bring about the further weakening nobility, with the case of the other me established in Albania with the of the Empire in those fatal years. neighbouring Balkan countries quoted Tanzimat Reforms, a regime which Developments in Albanla, in fact, as an informative example, these mo- saddled them wlth fresh and hateful were only a link in the common chain vements go ove,r to more advanced burdens, imposing on them heavy fi- cf struggle of the Balkan peoples demands which begin to assume mo- nancial obligations, the compulsory mi- for liberation from the au,tocracy of re and more concrete economic-social litary service, corrupted courts of jus- the po,rte, and this is how these events content, and respond better to the in- tice, ancl so on. The appointment were also considered by the more far- terests of the local bourgeoisie as well oI new functionarles, chiefly fo- sighted contemporaries who had a as the landed proprietors, who were rcigners, by the Sublime Porte, re- clearer view of the matter orientating themselves more and more rnoved a number of the Albanian feu- towards the market economy, and da1 lords from th,e political scene of q felt to some extent, the impediments the country and pushed th,em into raised by the decaying Empire to the opposition. A1l these circumstances con- However, the sub jective aspect did free development of the forces of tributed to making the Albanian terri- not completely respond to the objecti- the country. tories a neuralgic point of the Ottoman ve reality which was making head- To assert that the new. social for- Empire in those years, the more so way: without a clear and common ces, the Albanian bourgeoisie and the iI we recall that, armed as they were political program, these armed move- intelllgentsia born from its ranks, ments of a mass character and with were as ye'i unable to take the situa- ALEI(S B|JDA President of the roois strongly implanted peo- Accudernrl ol Scie,nces o! ttte PSR of in the tion completely in their hands, gr Alboniu. plc, risked bering channelled into lo- that they were unable to direct, these The Albanian League of the years 1875-1881 is the first confrontation of the organized Albanian people with the Ottoman rulers and with the great powers, which wanted to turn them into a token of barter, a conf rontation also with the expansionist policy of the neighbouring Balkan states, against uthich it defended the national unity of the Albanian people, tlte integrity of their land and their right to their own national state

movements, is a far from negating - of the Alhanians; in the first pla- well as of 1,he Iiussian diplrmilcy lrc'. as part of foreign historiographers do ce, it brought them lace to face with hind them, the inccssant uprisings itr - the new content which these po- the Porte and, consequently, posed Albania made this country and the pular movements are assuming, for they the questlon of what attitude the Por- Albanians a very important factor, as were movements which constituted te rvould maintain and whether the the Serbian Prime Minister, Garaeha- both the background against which Albanians would find allies on the nin, for example, put it; but as Abdyl our National Renaissance grew up and international p1ane, in the first p1ace, Frash6ri said, they saw in the AIba- developed, and its first stage. among their Balkan neighbours, in nians not their n allies" but their ..subjects". The theoretical elaboration of this this confrontation. Proceeding from an alle- gedly experience is the work of a number The hopes of these Albanian lead- scientific thesis, which 1a- proved *theoretically. "vas of distinguished ideologues of the years ing figures that the Porte'itself would ter by Cvijlch, yet on the Albanians constituting an en- 1845-1871, an effort unfruitful as be interested in a solution which, as yet uncrystallized and in- for the creation of a first united they be1leved, would not affect the tity of organizational centre Constantinople, definite nationality, the ruling circles in integrity of the Empire, but, on the number Albanian of these countries hatched up plans where a large of the contrary would cotribute to guarantee intelligentsia of that time was gathered, and concluded agreements about the it, because it would place the Alba- As N. Veqilharxhi, E. Mitko, and division of Albanian territories with nian territories in such a position as Z. Jubani, conceived it, on the basis the powers which defended the status to cope successfully with the inten- of their community of territory, Ian- quo prevailing in t1-re international are- tions of the neighbouring countries, guage and history, the Albanians cons- na, and on the other hand, with did not come true at the time of tituted an entity with common eco- Russia giving every possible support the Constitution of the year L876, nomic-political and cultural interests, to the expansionist policy of the Chris- either. Such solution, achieved, regardless of the regional division of a if tian Balhan states v,ith a view to their country and, more so, of their would spell the beginning of the ensuring its own infl.uence and ex- division into three rival religions, ex- do',vnfall of the Empire, believed the pansion torvards the MeCiterranean, pressions of foreign political and cul- Great Vizir, Midhat Pasha, renowned the Albanian National Movement had tural influences. The demands for for his liberal views. According to no other way, while waiting for a teaching to be imparted in the mother the political conception of the Porte, more favourable turn in the interna- tongue and for new laws and special the Moslem Albanians in the West tional situation, except to leave the economic reforms to be adopted for and Arabs in the East should be the Albanians inside the framer,vork of the the Albanians and destined only for pillars of the teocratic Ottoman state, Ottoman Empire as provided for by the Albanian territories, were com- an idea which, in those years, receiv- the international peace treaties of plementary to the call for a special ed the first fatal blow precisely by Paris in 1856, thus guaranteeing to status, and the hub of all demands the Albanians, the Albanian people their unity as for Albanian territorial autonomy in The plight to which the Porte had u,e11 as the integrity of their territo- the framev-ork of the Ottoman Empire. reduced Albania, created very fa- ries, as one of the fundamental con- vourable circumstances forr the ruling ditions for their national existence. circles of the other Balkan states Thls uras a realistic solution, the only to realize their bold plans of expan- one possible in these circumstances, Obviously, the settling of Albanian sion. In the opinion of the rulers of compared to the more or less unrea- affairs was not an excJusive problem Montenegro, Serbia and others, as lizable pJ.ans of making ol t1-re smail 24c3(40),lsZB ALBANIA TODAY mountain region of Mirdita, which its secrct activity in Constanlinople, the Western Bulgarian Provinces, which was up in arms, *Albanian pied_ an with the most progressive forces of Russia had imposed upon the Confe- mont>>, around which the future Al_ the Albanian intelligentsia of the time rence of Constantinople in January banian state would be created. But participating in it, 1877, cut out large Albanian inhabited with such a solution it was still im_ The Committee was aware that the territories reaching up to the Drin possiblc to guarantee autonomy, the question on the order, of the day was River, and this slicing up of the Alba- the union of the Albanian territories to take in its own hands and direct nlan land was made even worse by into an administrative unity; thus the mass movement, which, though the Treaty of Santo Stefano. The course the Albanian problem remained an spontaneous, was unfolding in the A1- of events of the Montenegrin-and internal Albanian-Turkish problem. banian regions affected by the events Serbian-Turkish War of the years Tlie struggle for the fulfilment of of the war so as to face up to all the 1876-1878, on the other hand, confirm- these demands on the internal and eventualities with its own forces, now ed that the ruling circles in these international political plane, was a ma_ that the Turkish army had been put countries had in mind more than jor problem calling for solution,atash out of action and the forces of the thc lib,eration and the national uni{i- rvl-rich the activists of our Renaissance neighbouring countr.ies were invading cation of their peoples. shouldeled and cat'ried further ahead, Albania's border regions. The Montenegrin and Serbian altJrough they were unable to fulfil Another issue which attracted the troops, which in the course of mili- it iu the years of the Eastern crisis. attention of the Comrnittee was that tary opperations, had entered territo- We stopped consider to this question ol the relations with the neighbouring ries inl'rabited by Moslem Albanians, at length in order point to out the countries and the securing of an even- proceeded forthwith to a Iarge action gap rvhich, iu our opinion, exists in tual ally for the Albanian movement. of the depopulation of these territo- the foieign ltistorical litelature on The outbreak and the extension r-rf ries. Prince Nicholas, who had assured Albania and the Easter,n crisis: it the crisis of tl.re years 1BT5-1BTZ, in 1,1-re replesentatives of the Albanian has the fundar:rental sholtcoming that the beginr-ring, had croated objective highlanders of the North in the be- it r-locs not recognizc ou, \I,-olse still, possibilities for the integration of the ginning of the hostilities that he had negales ll.rc fact that the Albaniarr Albanian insurrectional movement into no claims over the Albanian territo- Renaissance, as wc saicl above, had the common front of the oppresseri ries and that he sought only to direct Io;:mulatetl .its basic program of atti_ rtutionaljtics which wct.e up in his cxpansion towards the province tudes and action long before the out_ arms ir"i the Balkans. In a number ol Helzegovina inhabited by a popu- break of the Eastern e risis anri the Rus- of cases, dircct tinhs were establish- lation of the same Slav stock, by the sian-Turkish War. ed, for instance, loetween the Mirdita end of the hostilities declared that fighters and the Montenegrins. But he would not lay down arms before 4" they were not raised to a higher making the Drin River the southern level, so that after a short time they border of his country. On the other The events of the war and the turned into the opposite direction, bc- hand, Prince Milan of Serbia did not total dcfeat of thc Empire, the inva- came the source of open conflicts. In Iag behind, either, and in the begin- sion of the Albanian territories by dividing the Ottoman legacy, the great ning of the war, in 1876, he was the military forces of Russia's Balkan capitatrist powers both when they busily l-ratching up plans for the anne- allies, the *pleliminaries" of peace trumpeted aloud that the}, y"r" tot xation of part of Albanian territories in Adrianople, and in the end, the the preservation of the status quo as his share of war spoils. Treaty of Santo Stefano, created the and rvhen they pretended to be help- Contributing to the deterioration of convlction in Albania that the col- ing the struggle of the oppressed peo- the situation the Albanian movement lapse of the Empire was impending, p1es, rvere, in fact, seeking to further was living through there was also that in these circumstances the end their ends of territorial expansion, or the stand adopted by the great po- of Turky might also mark the end to secure, through the strengthening wers towards the Albanian question. of Albania. of their clients, the new Balkan mo- The stand towards Albania, expres- At these crucial moments an objec- narchies, more solid political-strategic sed in the partition of Albanian terri- tive was achieved, which despite all bases for their further penetration into tories by the Treaty of Santo Ste- efforts, had been unattainable so far: the Balkans. fano which defined the borders of a single organizational centre repre- However, most of this Ottoman Ie- Bulgaria, Montenegro and Serbia, in- senting the Albanian national move- gacy was made up of territories inha- dicated that Czarist diplomacy found ment was created, the .Central Com- bited by Albanians, as well as by it more profitable to tie up to its mittee for the Defenee of the Na- the popuiations of Macedonia, not by policy the Slav states of the Balkans tional Rights of the Albanians* began Turkish territories. The creation of in this manner. But, on the other ALBANIA TODAY 3 (40), 1978 . 25 hand, the sworn enemies of Russia, factors - the neighbouring govern- border the cession of Plava and Gu- nameLy, Great Britain and Austro- ments and the Porte. cia, and later, as a compensation, of Hungary, which were the advocates As the resultant of all these fac- Hot and Gruda, gave rlse to bloody of the status quo in the Balkans, we- tors, on June 1B7B on the eve of the clashes between the Albanians and re not more inclined towards meet- Berlin Congress, -the Albanian Lea- IVlontenegrins, and was postponed. ing the demands oI the Albanians, ei- Eue', rvas formed. Although in the The danger that the situation creat- ther. In the views of this group of beginning it had a heterogenous com- ed in A1bania, or as i.t began to be great powers, in which Germany, too, position, as far as its political and termed, .the Albanian queStion* might r'vas inciuded, Albania was to piay social concepts and orientations we- result in a fresh Balkan war, which the role of a mere token oI barter. re concern,ed, through a process of hid in itself the threat oI a broader Lord Derby, the British Forelgn Se- inner revolution, it became a stro:rg international conflict, was in direci creLary, Bismarck, the German Chan- political organizaton of the masses, opposition with the British and Aus- ce11or, and Waddington, the Minister the first pan-AJ.banian national orga- trian interesbs which demanded the oI Foreign Affairs of France, offered nization which in its program claimed ..pacification. of the Balkans and the :rrDrria to Italy in order to keep ibs to represent the entire Albanian na- consolidation of the Porte, the more atten[ion away from other objecbives tion, as it in fact did. With its name so as events in Albania affected Aus- in rvhich they themseLves had an is linked the struggle of the Alba- trian interests even more close1y, as inlerest such as bhe Mediterranean nian people for the defence of their they could not fail to influence events Trentino or Tunis. Russia encou- national rights in the stormy years in neighbouring Bosnia which had just raged Italy to land in Albania, for of the Eastern crisis. been occupied by Austro-Hungary. in this manner Austria, which was It was' becoming clear to public acLually invading Bosnia, would be 6. opinion that behind the resistance of brought under pressure. Vienna, itself, the Albanians there was something which in the agreement it had entered The Berlin Congress and its deci- e1se, something new to official Eu- wi'uh Russla in Reichstadt and Buda- sions dld not essentially differ frorn rope: a powerful Albanian national pest in 1876-1877 had advanced the the Treaty of Sanlo Stefano in the rriovement whlch now was iiberating idea of the creation of an autonomous stand towards the Albanians itself from al1 tutelage, in which the Albanian principality in case of colIap- The Congress gave for the first time Porte tried to keep it. The idea that the se of Turky, now preferred to have the Albanians the opportuniby to pre- demands of the Albanians did not be- Albania kepb inside the framework sent their demands to an international come less legitirnate when the Porte oI the OLtoman Empire, for as long forum in the memorandums sent in supported them in order to d,iminish gain as the (And- tish Prlme Minister Lord Beaconsfield, ground among international public rassy) - this implying Austrian do- Irom Constantinople to the foreign opinlon, minabion. ministers, and from other cities di- In these conditions, along with the rectly to the Congress, There the A1- armed struggle, an important task of 5. banian demands were expressed in the Albanian League was to try to two directions: against any territorial break the blockade of silence the Porte In these conditions, the tactic of the amputation of the Albanian land and had imposed on the Albanian events Albanian National Movement could for changes in their relations with and the campaign of mis,information not possibly be directed against the Lhe Sublime Porte, for the setting up which the governments of the Balkan Porte alone, as was the case of the of an international commission ad hoe states carried out in order to repre- other peoples of the Balkans. It had and the drawing up of special ..orga- sent the Albanian movement as a to wage its battle on two fronts: nic rules', - in a word for the re- movernent of fanaticized islamic mobs against the aggresslve policy of the cognition of the autonomous status ol and the League of Prizren as an ill- Baikan monarchies for the defence of the Albanian territories. camouflaged organ of the Porte (un- territorial integrity and national uni- However, none of these demands fortunately such concepts deprived of t-v, as well as against the Porte in r,vas taken into consideration. aII basis continue to subsist, even to order to win Albania's autonomy in The application of territorial chan- this day in a certain literature claim- a unibed national territory. But none ges, with the exception of those pro- ing to be scientiiic!). An important of these aims would be achieved vided for Serbia which were carried role was played in this direction by otlierwise than with a struggle for out in the course of war operations, the ideologists of the League, Roman- the complete affirmation of the prin- met with the determined opposition Catholic Pashko Vasa from Shkodra, ciple of nationality against all adverse of the Albanians" On the Mon,r,enegrin Christian-Orthodox Jani Vreto from 26.3 (40),1978 ALBANIA TODAY

Leskovik, Eftim Mitko and Eftim my only to the vilayet of Shkodra, ar,med resistance of the League and Brandi from Korga, Moslem Shernse- as this was in open contradiction to handed this Albanian town over to din Samiu from Frash6ri, the Arb6-' Albanian claims, in the first place, as Montenegro, then the British policy, lesh lrom Salamina of Greece Kullu- well as Rritish interests. Proceeding too, in the person of the same Fitzmo- rioti, the Arbdresh from Calabria De .from what was happening in Alba- rice, joined the othor powers in de- (rve give nia, Goschen stressed that it was cleal manding. from the Porte the implemen- F"uda these details in order 'now to shorv the broad pan-Albanian ex- that the Albanians oconstituted tation of a *strong eourse* in Albania. tension that this intellectual move- an element which no future pol,itical ment had assumed). With correet con- combination in the East could over'- 8. sistency, the pt-r1itica1 literature which look,'. Br.itish policy would prolit h:om 'was boln lrom the heat of this strug- the admission oI l,his Iact, the arnirassa- Right from the first steps oI the gle put the Albanian movement there dor thought, because with the crea- activity of the ..Albanian Committee. rvhere it had its historical place, among tion clf a luture Allranian state, with ancl the ..League>, the idea of the de- the moclern movements lor natioual a mainly Moslem population, the fence of the terrilorial integrity was emaneipltion rrncl unity, Jurther advance of the Russian influen- connected with the idea of national ce in the Balkans would be cheched. unity and ran parallel with the de- When the Berlin Conference of Am- mand for autonomy. According to the bassadors in June 1BB0 proved unable occasion, now this and now that link Facts are stubborn ancl reality can'- to carry the solution of the pending of this chain came more to the fore, not be denied for long. At last the problems further ahead, the British but all of them were always present truth began to out in the Albanian diplomacy tried to raise the Albanian in all the activity of the League. cluestiot-t as rve1l. The determined and question, starting from the implemen- But, while for the defence of lerri- protracted o:esistance of the Albanians tation of Article 23 of the Berlin torial integrity, the Albanian move- impressed the great powers directly Treaty concerning the administration of ment could rely on a compact inter. interested in this question and led provinees. In July and August, the Brl- nal front which more or less enjoyed them to a somewhat more realistic lrish repre,sentative Fitzmorice demanded also the support of the porte, the :rpproach to the ..Albanian quost'ion"' from the ..European Commiss'ion for struggle for the achievement of au- 'Ihey were seeing that without tak- Eastern Rumelia,' in Constantinople tonomy could no[ be waged without ing, in one way or another, the AI- that the vilayets of ..Kosovar Shkodra, a political and ideological internal banian dernands into consideration, this Manastir and loannina" should be struggle which was carried out in the centre of conflicts could not be elimi- excluded from the draft-law on' the central and local organizations of the nated and the threat of a new interna- admlnistration of the other vilayets Albanian movement. tional conflagration in the Balkans of European Turkey, Four purely AI- The struggle for autonomy was led could not be averted. The first signs banian sandjaks, which might be unit- by a grroup of people who were term- of a new orientation were manifest ed in a ..Great Albania", as he put it, ed as ..radical,' in the reports of among some British diplomats in could be created here. contemporary European diplomacy, met with personalities progressive 1880. The newly formed liberal cabinet But the British ProPosal with political part was interested in a rapid success in strong opposition not only on the and cultural views. The strength of the Parliament; and Prime-minister of Russia, but also of that of Austro- this group consisted in the fact that behind Gladstone himself was of the opi- Hungary. Thus, all the British efforts it stood the broad masses of people nion that a quick solution to the Al- boiled down to the August 1B,1BB0 de- the with their deep-rooted hatred porte, banian question, for the aggravation claration to the Porte which, without towards the which had said not only shown powerless of which he held his Predecessor' binding it down to do anYthing, itself in the Lord Beaconsfield, responsible, could that the commission would have no- defence of Albanian territories, but the Porte unit- even worse, as put put serve this Purpose. thing to the contrary if they it, had In this stand he was suPPorted bY ed the Albanian regions into a single them up for auction without asking the the British ambassadors to the Por- Albanian vilayet - precisely what it true rnasters of the country - the Albanians. te, LaYard, and later, Goschen, who was not to the Porte's interest to do. The resentment of the mas- ses against were of the opinion that the regula- When fi,nally, in November 1880, the the corrupt bureaucra.tic tion of border disputes could not be *question of Ulqin>, which threatened system of the Porte was just as great, conflict as they felt consequences achieved without first satisfying the to touch off an international its direetly joint action on their legitimate demands of the Albanians' was solved by means of a backs. It was not casual that of great powers and when agitation against Such a solution, however, could not of the fleets the the territorial reduced the concessionas porte lre reaehed by gr&nting local autono- Turkish troops which of the reaehed its ALBANIA TODAY 3 (40), 1978 o 27 peak, the hatred of the masses of the Albanian nation to live in a united noted was that, in its activities, the people against the organs of Turkish Albanian vilayet, with Albanian offi- League n,ever followed the anti-Chri- administration broke out at the same cials and Albanian schools, with their stian and anti-Slav discrimination line time, which led to the closing of the own army and with their administration which its opponents attributed to it. courts of law, the dispersion of the centre in an Albanian city, was made. Frightened by the events in North- organs of administration, even to the It was according to this basic pro- eastern Albania which threatened to assassination of functionaries of the gram that the autonomists went about spread throughout the country, the Porte - as was the case with the kill- it during these years. A new culmi- Porte hastened to patch up its still pasha ing of Marshal Mehmet Ali by nation polnt in this direction was the pending border quarrel with Greece the p,eople of Gjakova, a thing whielr meeting held at Gjirokastra in August on March 24,lBBl, making the very recalled the Paris Commune to the 1880, where the demand of Albania's territorial concessions which, relying diplomatic observers. So much so that secession from the Porte into a loose on the resistance of the Albanians, it one of its leaders, Cluseret, a friend. connection like that which linked Egypt had opposed up till that time. In of Pashko Vasa's, who lived as an and Bulgaria with the Sultan as their these conditions, the League found emigree in Turkey, was considered suzerain, was made. In the meaning itself alone in front of the Porte and by these too *sensitive* observers as the more progressive representatives its superior military forces which now, the true inspirer of the >'commu- of the League gave it, it would not after the Greek-Turkish agreement, nard terror in Albania*! be simply secession but a radical turn had their hands free for operations The struggle for the achievement of in the economic, social, and political against Albania. autono,my had to be waged through life of the country. After the example In the end of April 1881, after fierce consistent efforts against the interfe- of the bourgeois-democratic states ot armed resistance, the Albanian Lea- rence of the Porte, which through his the time, Albania would become an gue was defeated, and the Provisional men within the League, the pashas, advanced state, where the rights of Government dissolved. the turcomans and the reactiona.ry cler- all citizens would be respected, regard- The Albanian League, which carried gy, tried to keep the Albanian League less of their religion. Were Albania out its activity in the years of the within such limits as were conve- to become free, it would need neither Eastern crisis and which, for the nient to the Porte in opposing the ces- kings, nor princes who suck the blood reasons we expounded, lived on only sion of its territories. When the situa- of the people. Albania would be go- till 1881, constituted a marked event, tion became critical the Porte would verned by a sort of democracy, the all the same. As all great historical tell the Albanians that the Sultan was ideologist of the Albanian movement, e'r,ents, it set huge forces in motion on the point of issuing a ferman on Sami Frash6ri, wrote in these days, and mobilized the most progressive- the creation of the united Albanian expounding the ideas he would deve- minded people of the nation, exerting vila;,et, but all these deceptive pro- Iop later, in his program for the deep influence on all the modern his: mises were forgotten as soon as the entire national movement and the fu- tory of the Albanian people. The Al- critical situation was over. ture Albanian state. banian League of the years 1878-1381 Under these circumstances, the When the last hopes in an action is the first confrontation of the orga- alliance of the various forces on which of British diplomacy - the forced ces- nized Albanian people with the Otto- the Prizren League hinged, went sion of Ulqin showed what could be man rulers and the Great Power through a series of vacillations. At expected from it - vanished, the ra- which wanted to turn them into a one moment or another, now this now dical autonomist wing in the teague token of barter, a confrontation also that wing prevailed, which in some r,vent over to action. In several A1- ',vith the expansionist policy oI the Bal- cases led to secession of individual banian cities of Kosova and Dibra the han states against which it delendeel groups from, and reshuffle of the Lea- last Turkish officials and officers we- the national unity of the Albanian gue, to the prevalence of the more re driven out and the *Provisional people, the integrity of their land progressive regional organizations, like Government', of Albania was pro- and their right to their own national those of Shkodra, Gjirokastra and claimed at the Prizren headqualters state. The aims for rvhich the teague Ioannina, over the centre. But regard- of the League. Although in the dif- fought remained further on the order of Iess of these internal and external ficult conditions caused by its conflict the day; the Albanian people r.ealizerl obstaeles, the trend for autonomy went with the Porte and its men, within them in new conditions, just as difficult consistently developing on an ascend- the short time of its existence, the as those of the great Eastern crisis, in ing line, beginning frorn the first me- League proved that the Albanians we- the years of the Balkan War of 1912, morandums of June 1BT8 and the re quite capable of governing them- with the creation of their independent decisions of the League in November selveS. What diplomatic observers (like, state, but with a cruelly amputated 1878, when the common with of the for example, the British Consul Blont) territory. THE TECHNICAL-SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION ANI) ITS SPECIAL FEATI.]RES IN ALBANIA

bu VLAIDf Df f n Df fSarA

THR,OUGH THE IMPLEMENTATTON OF THE DIRECTIVES OF'TTIE PARTY the sector of industrY, geo,Iogical ANDTHETEACHINGS OF COMRADE ENVEB HOXHA, TMPORTANTRESULTS reserves and other sources of raw ma- HAVE BEEN ACHIEVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TECHNICAL- terials increased greatly, the indus- SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION IN ALBANIA WHICH HAVE LED TO THE tlial produ,ction t-rf iron and steel INCREASE AND PERFECTING OF THE MATER,IAL ELEMENTS OF THE began, the process of differentiation PRODUCTIVE FORCES. THIS REVOLUTION INCLUDES ALLTHEBBANCIIES of the branches of industry deepened, OF MATERIAL PRODUCTION AND ALL THE COMPONENTS OF THE and th,e range of new products in- PROCESS OF PRODUCTION: THE IMPLEMENTS AND OBJECTSOFLABOUR, creased considerably. THE TECHNOLOGY, THE ENERGY BASE, THE ORGANIZATION ANI) In the sector of industry, the struc- MANAGEMENT OF PRODUCTION, ETC. ture of varrious branches has been The level of developrnent of the the specific weight of industrial pro- im'proveC, and the levels of technical branches ol material production and duction in total social production of equipment and the productivitY of their transforming potential in the a1l the branches of the national eco- labour have been raised. Albanian field of material resources and the nomy had increased about thnee fold. industry today is wo,rking with new thi's period the level of mecha- technology, the old artisan forrns of production of material blessings are 'l one oI the main indications of the nization, t'he supply of energy and work have been eliminated and the equipment for the branches of pro- managernent results attained in this direction. In forms of organizartion and duciion increased rapidly, the pro- of produc,tion are steadLi-Iy irnproving. coimparison with 1960, in 1976 tobal duction of a series of new items began, In the sector of, agriculture, the ap- social production and investments had the structure of the branehes of the pli:cation of agrotechnical and zootech- increased three tirnes over, industrial national economy and the technology ni,ca1 measures has been improved, the production ,time 4.1 times, at a when of production improved, the local pro_ Ievel of organization of prcduction and the country's population had increased cessing of raw m,aterials was raised the mech,anization of the work pro- 30 per cent. Ln 1976 as against 1950, to a higher level, the level of con- cesses has been raised to a higher oentration and specialization of pro- level, and this has brought about VLADIMIR MISJA Deputg-Dean period, produetion. of th,e Facultg oJ Economies. duction was raised, In this in increased agricultural T he technical- scientific revoI ution in Albartia coincides in time with the soeialist revolution and is an integral part of it. It not only caltses changes in the technieal base, but also leads to improvement of the socialist relations of production and the deepening and the development of the ideologieal and eultural revolution

The vigorous inc,rease of the basic no,my in the reoent years has been general indices of the rising technical funds, the rapid development of in- four times higher than that of in- I,evel and the potential of our national dustry, and within it, the developrnent dustrial production as a rvhole. Some economy are given i,n the table below: of such branches as the power, en- gineering and chemieal industries, the developrnent of which coincides with l. Approximate increase of basic funds (in value) the main directions of the technical for the whole economy per capita of active po- progress, such as e,trectrifieation, me- pulation 1.0 2.1 2,9 chanization and the use of chemical qq m,ethods in the processes of production, For the sector of industry alone 1.0 L4 have played an itr,portant ro,le in 2. Proportion of itrtlustry in total social production deepening the technical-scientific re- (in percent) 49.0 57.0 volution and raising the technioa'l level ma- of production. In 1976 as against 1960, 3. Proportion of production of industrial raw while total industriail prodr.rction in- terials in the total prodrtction of the processing creased 4.1 times over, that of the industry (in percent) 2fr.0 43.0 47,0 power increased 7.5 electric industiry 4. Increase of industrial protluction of implements of times over, that of the engineering labour 1.0 6.4 13.5 industry 15.3 times over, and . the chemical industry 32.6 times over. As 5. Proportion of the electric power). engipeering, a r.esult of the rapid deveJoprner.rt chemical, antl builcling materials intlustry in total r:if the engineering indusbry and the inrlustrial protluction (in percent) 10.0 21.0 2E.0 raising of the technical level i,n this 6" Increase of instalted capacities of power stations 1.0 3.? 9.0 branch, the rate of increase of pro- eluction of rnaehinery to equip the 7, Increase of.production of electrie power per ca- population 3.7 verious branehes of the natio,nal eco- pita of 30.3 (40),1978 ALBANIA TODAY

In this process of revolutionary out in Albania stem, in the first ptace, the masses, the strengthening of the transformations Albanian technical- from the socialist nature of the socio- delence capacity of the " country, and scientific thinking has erntered the economic order. Some of the basic the ceaseless perfecting of the socialist road maturity of and rapid develop- features of the technical progress and relations of production. Among other ment. This developrnent finds its re- technica'l-scientific revolution in AIba_ things, this requires that we give prio- flection, a1so, in the nrrmerical growth nia are: its proletarian partisanship, rity to the ideological and political aspect a,nd the raise of the ideological and its planned character, its uninterrupted in the handling and solution of the professlonal level ol tne working class development at high rates, its mass varior.rs problems of technical deveiop- and specialists of medium and higher character, and the broad participation ment, putting the genelal interest above training, in the extension of the mass o[ the masses in it, etc. Iocal, departmental and personal in- mcrvement for innovations and tech- terests, utilizing the internal r,eserves nical progress, in the expansion and and the exisLing technical base to the strengthening of the experimental full, and rvaging a fierce struggle base, in the vigoroi.ls development of against bourgeois-revisionist concepts, higher schools a,nd institutes of scien- . Developing within the frarnework influences and practices. Firm reliance tif.ic research. In 1976 as against 1960, of socialist relations, the technical- on Marxist phiiosophy, rnastering and the number of workers had increased app11,ing practicai scientific revolution is guided by the it cons,istenly in al1 2.8 fold and that of the working peo- actlvity an absolutely indispensable proletarian ideotogy, which gives it a is p1e with high training fo1d, ?.3 broad radius of action in the g,eneral condition for the development of or about 50 fold as against 19b0. development oI the country. It aims science and technology. F. Engels stres- Whereas in pre-Liberation AIba- ..Say at a development of science and the sed: the scientists what they nia there were only 380 cadr.es with rnaterial-technical base which conforms rvill, philosophy rules them. The ques- higher education, of whorn only gs to the proletarian ideology and the tion is only whether they want a bad engineers, econornists and higher spe- gener,al interests. The principles of fashionable philosophy to rule them or cialists of agriculture, today several Marxism-Leninism, the ideology of the to be guided by a form of theoretical thousand cadres of higher training are working class, the directives of our thinking which is based on the knorv- direcily eng,aged in ssientific research Party and the teachings of comrade Iedge of the history of thinking and and experi.mental work in the spe- Enver Hoxha are the fou,ndation of its succ,esses*. (F. Engels, ..The Dialec- cialized scientific research institutes this revolution. tics of Nature, p. 242, A1b. ed.). The and centres, besides tens of thousands In our country, the tEchnical-scien- technical-scientific revolution in the oI others rvho are engaged in valuable tific revolution is subject to the fun- country is no,t aimed sirnply at de- scientific research work in the diffe- darnental aim of the socialist pro- velopment of the branches of material rent links of production. production duction the ever better fulfilment of and technology of any kind, These r.esults of the develop,ment of - the material and cultural needs of the but at that developrnent which con- the technical-scientific revolution and forms to the ideology and interests of working masses. By raising the eco_ the rise in the technical level of the the working c1ass. Proceeding from nomy to a higher scientific and various branches nationaleco- this class standpoint, develop'ment of the technical level, it helps to improve the nomy became possible the of the electric power industry in AI- only in and lighten working conditions, to co,nditions of the socialist order. bania r.vas done in such a way that How- narrow the essential distinctio,ns bet- ever, this technical-scientific revolu- u,ithln a very short time, as early as ween mental and physical work by tion technological 1970, electric power was supplied to and advance of more and more enriching physical rvork our nationaJ. economy are characterized every viilage of the country. Here the with elements of mental work, to narrow by certain socio-economic features and compelling motive was neither profit the essential distinctions between the consequences which stem from the nor what is called <

tion, the high rates of construction of tric power, mctallurgical, chemical in- rvhereas the life oI man is reduced new enterprises and the increase in dustries, the mines, the building ma- to the level of a limited material production, the improvement o'f the terials industry, etc. force" (K. Marx - F. Engels. Selected structure of the branches, etc. speak Works, vol. I, pp. 331-332, Alb. ed., of high rates of the developrnent and I 1958). These social obstacles and pro- appllcation of technical progress in t* blerns, which are connected with our socialist economy. Within a rela- In the conditions of the socialist technical progress, stem from the an- tively short period, epoch-making stri- economy, technical progress knows n,.; tagonist contradictions of the capi- des have been made in the level of obstacles and has consequences dif- talist order. development of the technical base in ferent fro,rn those in the capitalist and The situation is entirely different in Albania, which passed from the black- revisionist countries. The social con- the socialist order, in which technical smith',s bellows to steel smelting blast sequences of the technical-scientific progress ensures the ceaseless uplift furnaces, from the kerosene lamp to revolution ar,e determined by the of the standard of living of the work- powerful electric generating stations, nature of the econornic and social ing masses, improved working con- from the wooden plough to modern onder. The problems and contradic- ditions, the rise in the edueational tractors. tions of the capitalist world do not 1eve1, etc. Real per capita income One of the main indices of the have their source in technology and has risen continuously in A1bania. high rates of technical progress is science, but in the capitalist rela,tions During the last five-year plan alone the rapid alteration of the structure of production, In the conditions of tl're per capita income of the urban of social production. The proportion the capitallst economy, the applicatio,n population increased by 9 per cent of industrial production in over-aIl of technique is accornpanied by in- and that of the rural population 20 industriaJ.-agricultural production in- creased unemployment and intensity per cent. During this per{od, the creased from B per cent before the of labour, with the relative and abso- turn-over of retail goods increased at war to 65 per cent in 1976. The lute impoverishment of the working rates 2-3 times higher than the rate structure of industrial production it- class, etc. Explaining the character of of increase of the population. Notable self has undergone qualitative changes. the technical progress in the con- improvement has been made in the These are evident, in the first place, ditions of the capitalist ord,er, K. Marx indices of health services. Albania is in the change in the ratio between pointed out, ..'We see that the machine, among the countries with the lowes,t the production of means of produc- which has such an amazing capacity death rate in Europe, while the ave- tion (group A) and the production of for reducing man's work and making rage life explectancy has been raised con$umer goods (group B), in the sys- it more fruitful, leads to starvation from 38 years of age in 1938 to 68 tematic and priori.ty devetrop,rnent of and exhaustion... It seems as though years of age at present. During this the processi.ng industry and the in- even the pure light of scienee itself period, the number of qualified dustry specializing in the production cannot shine except against the dark workers and workers with higher o.[ implements of labour, For example, background of ignorance. A11 our dis- education increased considerably. The in 1976 the proportion of production ooveries and our entire progress seem following table illustrates the rapid oI the means of production was about to lead to a point in lvhich the mate- improvement of indices of the stand- 60 per cent against 47 per centin 1gbb. rial forces acquire intellectual life, ard of living in Albania: On the other hand, within the pro- duction of means produotion THTI DYNAMIC OI]' SON{E INDICES OF THE LIVING STANDARDS oI itself IN PSR OF ALBANIA lhele is a progressive tendency which 1060 r967 is expressed in the high rates of 1050 production imp,lements of of labour, 1. National incorne 1.0 2.5 8.0 which period in the from 1960 to 2. Turn-over of retail goocls 1.0 3.9 !).8 1976 were about six times higher ilran 3. Numbel of pupils ancl studerrts of rvhotn: rates - the of the production of products in 8-year schools 1.0 1.8 4.ll Ior thc production needs of enterprises in mitldle schools anrl university 1.0 3.4 1?.0 which turn out consumer goods. 4. Workers graduatecl from higher schools 1.0 7"0 50.5 Another index of the high rates of 5, Number of art ancl eultural institutrions l.{t 6.S P0:0 tc.e hnieal progress is the i,nerease of 6. Number of books 1.0 3.? 14.0 the specific weight of those branches 7. Number of hospital beils 1.0 1.9 - 4.0 of industrial production which con- 8. Number of doctors 1.0 3.2 19.E stitute the base of the technical pro- 9, Number of patients examined 1.0 2.6 7.4 gress, such as: the engineering, elec- 10. Death rate per' 1,000 .inhabitants 14.0 10.4 7.1 34.3(40),1978 ALBANIA TODAY

The improvements of the indices of purposes, selected seeds, farming the one hand, and the relatively low the standard of living of the masses machinery, and so on. Thus, for technical-professional level of our of working people in Albania are example, though in 1976 about 10 working people engaged in the various confirmed not only by the rapid times more chemical fertilizers were sectors of the econotrny, the sector of rates of increase but also by their used in comparison with 1960, as a scientific-research work and in ex- absolute level. Thus, for instance, the result of the lack of systematic study perimentation, on the other. number of deaths per thousand in- of the agro-chemical qualities of the Another contradiction finds its ex- habitants in 1975 in Albania was 6.5, soil, the efficiency of their utilization pression in the fact that while the at a time when the world average was was about 25 per cent lowen than the study-experimenting centres and the 12.8, the European average was 10.4. real existing possibilities. The attenua- technical-scientific forces at the base while in individual countries it was: tion and resolution of this contradic- and in the centre have increased in in Greece 9.4, Yugoslavia 9.2, Bulgaria tion ex,acts that the instructions of numbers and have intensified their 9.1, Italy 9.8, Rumania 10.3, Portugal the Party should be implemented in activities, there sti1l exist many weak- 10.0 and Spain 8.3. (Population Bulletin order that the scientific studies and nesses in the work for the coordination of the U. Nation. No. B, 1976). research work shoutrd be raised to a and better direction of all the scien- In comparing the social consequences general method, which shoutrd antici- tific-research work on a national of the technical-scientific revolution pate anything done and should help scale. in Albania and in the capitalist- in the solution of the problems of The gradual recognition and reso- revisionist world, it must be po,inted the socialist construction of the coun- lution of these contradictions and out that in Albania it leads to the try. others like them. the constant measures further deepening of socialist demo- Anothor contradiction which is which are adopted in order to carry cracy and increased participation of noticed in some other sectors is also the development of science and tech- the masses in the developrnent and that existing between the advanced nique further ahead, will help raise running the country, the of while in results achieved in the fields of pro- the development of the technical- capitalist-revis,ionist worl'd it leads to duction, scientific studies and research scien+,ific revolution iin Albania to a. predatory wars, fascism and reaction. work, on the one ha'nd, and the rela- higher level. The recognition and re- Another important aspect the of tive backwardness in the field of solution of the contradictions in a social consequences of the technical- mastering and implementing the ad- correct manner, on the basis of the scientific revolu,tion in Albania and vanced tecl-rnology and resu,lts on a Marxist-Leninist analysisof phenomena in the capitalist-revisionist world, finds broad scale in the practice of our frorn the positions of the class strug- its expression in the fact that in the socialist production, on the other, gle, is essential to the advance of conditions of capitalisrn this revolu- Thus, for example, in the engineering the technical-scientific revolution in tion leads to the further deepening industry we have not yet succeded in sociallsm. of all the contradictions of capitalism applying the advaneed and efficient One o{ the distinguishing features and to more severe disturbances of methods of casting properly. The and superiorities of the technical pro- this system. In the ccrnditions of the present practice of our foundries gress of the socialist economy is the socialist order the technical-scientific does not match the demands both universal character of the application revolution develops through the sur- flom the standpoint of their capacities of inventions in all branches and people's mounting of contradictions, but con- and that of the main technical-eco- sectors of the economy and tradictions of an entirely differeht nomic indices. regions of the country. production character from those of the capitalist- In spite of the major achievements Large-scale machine cen- revisionist world. made in the field of the numerical began its development several growth of qualified workers and cad- turies ago. However, it did not include A contradiction which is noticed in res as well as of their technical- all the branches of material produe- our iechnical-scientific revolution is professional uplift, of the develop- tion, all the enterprises of the same that existing between the rapid de- rnent of the scientific resear.ch work, branch, or aLl the regions of the velop.ment of our socialist economy still their level does no,t respond to country. Uneven developrnent among and culture, on the one hand, and the demands raised by the present branches and regions is typical of the relative backwar:dness in the field of and perspective development of our capitalist economy. In agriculture, in scientific research and study, on the econorny. I{ence, the other contradic- particular, the use of new machines other. An illustration to this point tion which finds its expression in the and technique, the leveL of use of may be found in the question of the discrepancy between the relatively chemical methods and electrification rational utilization of chemical fer- high level of technique and the rates in the process of production lag far tilizers, water reservoirs for irrigation of the technical-scientific advance, on behind existing possibilities. ALBANIA TODAY 3 (40),1978 o 35

In the process of the development to the profound transformations rnade the development of the other elements and improvement of the so,cialist pro- in this direction. As a resuit of pro- of productiono (F. Engels. .Anti-Diih- duction during this period, the rise in viding agriculture wlth tractors, im- ring-, AIb. ed., p. 295). the technical level in Albania has in- plements and other machinery, the Through a well-studied distribution cluded aII the branches of the people's power available to agriculture has in- of the technical basis of industry the economy, in a harmonious manner. creased and its structure has altered, marked disproportions in its develop- Agricuiture, also, has undergone rapid The level of mechanization, use of ment among different regions have development. The rise in the technicai chemical methods and irrigation capa- been Iiquidated in comparison with Ievel of agriculture and the wiping city has been raised. Within a short the pre-war period, the disproportion out of the backwardness inherited span of time, the historic victory ol in the level of industrial development f,rr-rm the past is an esrsential co,ndi- the co'mplete electrification of the of the more developed regions as tion for the creation of a stable countryside lvas achieved. The follow- against the backward regions, has been national economy and the continuous ing table shows some of the main ve|y greatly reduced. Simultaneously rise in the well-being of the masses indices o;f the rise' in the technical wit,h the rise in the Ievel of industriali- of working people. Many facts testify level in agriculture: zation and the liquidation of dispro- porbions of industrial development among different regions, the uninter- 1950 1960 1970 1976 rupteC rise in the indices which characterize wellbeing and the disap- 1. Increase of total energy available to agri- pearance of the disproportions in this culture (times) 1.0 2.7 c.a o, clirection have aiso been ensured. 2. Structure of the total energy available to agriculture f00,0 100"0 100.0 100.0 * of rvhich: power motor (per cent) 10.9 t l.t 84.7 9r'0 Tl.retechnical-scientificrevolutionin ct draught animal power 89.r 15"3 9.0 Albania coincides ln time with the 3. Increase of number of tractors in li Hp socialist revolution and is an integral part p,lace units (times) 1 13 30 51 of it. Since it is taking in the context of socialist relations, as 4, Percentage of villages with electric po- q a constituent part of the proletarian wer supply I 100 100 socialist revolution, its radius of action 5. Increase in use of chemical fertilizers 1.0 5.4 35.0 55.0 in its over-aIl deveJ.opment is very

6. Increase in use of insecticides 1.0 E.0 59.E g6.0 wr:le. I t not only causes changes in the technical base, but also leads to ?. Increase in use of various seeds 1.0 3.6 6.9 9'5 improvement of the socialist relations 8. Percentage of arable land under irrigation 10.0 29.0 47.4 50.6 of production and the deepening and the development the ideological and 9. Growth of total agricultural production 1.0 t,4 2.6 B.? of cultural revolution. It is realized in unity and close connection with the Technical progress plays an impor- more pronounced. under the socialist ideological and cultural t'evolution. On tant role in the rational distribution order, the conditions are created to the other hand, the cultural and ideo- of production over the territory of the ensure a more harmonious develop- logical revolution itself is presented as country by including the various re- ment of the productive forces in gene- a ccndition for drl.ving the technical sounces of different regions of the ral, and of industrial production in and scientific revolution forward and country ln the sphere of industrial particular, among the various regions for the resolution of the series of processlng. of the country. *Only a society capable contradictions which have to do, in A characteristic of the capitalist of combining the productive forces the first place, with the fulfilment of order is not only the uneven develop- harmoniously on the basis of a unified the needs of the production and the ment of the various branches of the general p1an,', pointed out F. Enge),s, development of science for cadres of a economy but also the uneven develop- ..can allow industry to be distributed level which responds to the require- ment of the productive forces withil all over the country in the manner ments, rates and level of the deve).op- the territory of the country. This is an most favourable to its own develop- ment of the technical base of our inevitable process which becornes ever ment and preservation, as well as to socialist society. The Albanian people on the workers' International Solidarity Day

'l'lr,is year, too, the Albanian people tlte countrq of hunger and, baekuatcl' celeDtated lVla'y Dag, the workers' In- ness, Al,bania has become a deueloped terni.r,tionnl Solidaritg Dag, in e'n et- and prosperous stdte. Electric l,i,gh't, lnosph,ete oJ great enti^rusiasn'" united ruhich has spreail th,rough.out tlte tnote tlttl'tl euet uround t!rc I'jatty ctJ countrA, has supplanted the pine tctrclt, L,tlbour ol Albania. uitlt. a.tmrade Ettucr and the oil lantern. The People's So' Ilottla et tlLe head. cialist Republic of Albania is among the It was tlle 34th tinte th.at the Al- tirst states oI the usorld uh,erethe com- ,utLian peop|e celebrated this day itt 1:tete electrification of the cotmtry has )'reettom and in their in"edependertt bee.n achieued,. lt is the first countrg lTorteland. tn the pdst, iust ds i'n the cd- in, the world, to hat:e done awaA uitll' pitalist and reuisiot'tist countries today, tares and dues, the only countrg uhere LIFEOFTHE palS lvla,'A DaA uas lor the Alba,nLan wotkers unemplogement does not erist and EI G) a daA oJ Jlerce struggle tuith the ca- differentials are smallest, The country I pitalist entpl.ogers and t,he f orces o! is full of Jactories, and combi,nes, 4o ordet tltat serued them. The rulers of t-uotkshops and hgdro-polDer stations, -F b those days tried to suppress the iust Albania now pours its own iron, pro- claim,s o! the Al,banian roorking class duces its own steel and nxost of th,e z by means oI the stick and the prisott,, consumer goods f or its people. The but they d,id not achieve their aims. working class has increased, 30 tinxes e= -{ Euen in the conditions oI the sapage ouer and its technical and educationul EE x, terror of er-Ki'ng Zog's regime and leael h,as risen to unprecedente.d, l'ascism, th,e Al,banian toorkers neuer heights, Marshes and swarnps haue IT renouncecl their just struggle, on the been transf ormed, into u;ell-imigated contrarA, unaer the Leadership of the and, sgstematized field,s; tkousands o! communists, at the beginning, ond, oI tractors and other agricultural i.m,- their Partg with comrade Enper Hotha plements haue replaced the uoode'n, at the head, later, theg roused, the ploughs used before Liberation. Fornt- people in the struggle anil, reuolution, erty a country Plwnged in deePest droue the occuytiets ataag, ouerthreu darkness, Albania todag possesses a .tlte feudal-bourgeois $tote trtower, and uery broad, sAsten'L of full,-time a'nd' set up the new state poloer oI the part-time schools in wkich about one u:orkers and peasants, the state of the third of the population learn free o! dictatorship of the proletariat. charge. Now only one of the 27 districts anly 34 gears haue gone bg sin'ce of the countrg has as manY students that time, but i,n this relatitselg shott and, teachers as the whole ol Albania period colossal changes h,aue take'n had 35 Aectrs ago. Apart from a, grefl,t place in Albania. Logally tollowing number oI eigh,t-Eear anil mid,ille the teachings of the Party of Labour oi schools, Albania has the Uniuersity Albani.a and of comrade Enuer Horha' usith its fili.als in mang of i,ts d,is' the Albania.n toorking class, in clo- tricts, the AcademY of Sciences os se alliance witll, the cooperatiuist usell as a nxa,nA instilutes of scientilic peasantrg and, all the other strata ot researck. The number o! hospitals and, the peo'ple rohich uere li,berated lor other health instituti'ons ha,s risen to good from the oppression anil erploi- s lsltel that bears no comparison wi,l!t' tation by the baurgeoisie and the feudal the past; medical care is free. People larels, utorked uith unerampled driue litte in happiness and joy, therefore und, chan.gled their eoantrg's face, Once the il,Del'a.ge l,if e etpeetan,cy of citizens, lrom 38 years before Li,beration, has accredited to the PSE of Albania as fierce political, economic and social risen to 68 gears, and the number well as foreign ilelegations usho had cr1s1s. of deaths per 1,000 inhabitants is corne to Albania on i,nDitatiom lrom Our people express their militant amorlg the loroest in the usorlil, the General Council, of the Trade and revolutionary solidarity with the The Albani,am people recalled all Union of Albani.o had taken their working people of all countries that these otctories on, the occasTon of Map places. fight against capitalist oppression and Dag celebration. They rejoi,ce at the Before the beginning of the mani- exploitation, they suPPort all the uictories theg hatse achieoed,, but thev f estation, Simon Stef ani, Alternate peoples that fight against the plans of rejoice eoen nTote at the prospects o! Member of the Political Bureau of the imperialism and social-irnperialism for the happA future awaiting them. In the Central Committee of the PartA of hegemony and expansion, as well as May Day's atmosphere of rejoicing and Labour of Albania and Fi'rst Secretary agalnst the schemings of all reaction, celebration they erpressed their con- of the Partv Committee for the Tirana for freedom, independence and social fid,ence in the future. District, took the floor. He saiil: progress. As usually traditional manifestations Working people of Tirana and all On the occasion of MaY DaY, we paration for the celebration of the Albania! ccnvey our fraternal and inter- festiuitA began mony dags ahead, The Dear guests! nationalist greetings to the Marxist- usorkers, cooperatit:ists, stud,ents and On behalf of the Central Committee Leninists and the true revolutionaries soldiers started embellishing the cen- of the Party, the Council of Minis- all over the world. We wish them tres of work and production, the ters and the Central Council of the co,mplete victory in their just siruggle barracks of army urnts, the schools Trade Unions of Albania, of the Party for the triumph of the cause of the anil tarious institutions; in culture Committee for the Tirana District, I proletariat, the revolution and so- homes and oarious halls professionul wish You a happy May Day, the cialism, against revisionism and cvp- and amateur groups gatse performances great festivity of the proletariat and portunism of all hues. and shows; festitse matinees and atl the masses of the working people Dear comrades, eoenings uere al.po organized. of the world. The successes with which we have On the eoe of MaU Daa the ushole Our country celebrates ,this marked come to this festivity encourage us to af Albania uas celebrating. In the day in an atmosphere of all-round achieve even greater victories. Under main streets and squares of totnns revolutionary enthusiasm and mobili- the leadership of the PartY, of its there toere red flags and posters uith zation which has enveloped the entire Central Committee with th'e comrade slogans praising uorkers' international Albanian people engaged in the work Enver Hoxha at the head, let us un- solidaritg, the Partg of Labour of Al- for the implementation of the historic ceasingly strengthen our monolithic bania and comrade Enuer Hoxha, decisions of the 7th Congress of the unity, the dictatorship of the prole- triumphant MarcLsm-Leninism, the Party, of the recent plenums of the tariat, the al]iance of the working cornbati,*e international solidaritg ot Central Co;mmittee, and the valuable class with the cooperativist peasantri', the working class and the masses of teachings which derive from the carry the socialist economy forward the uorking people lighting against speeches comrade Enver Hoxha de- by futfiiling and overfulfilling the capitalist-reuisionist oppression and livered to the working people of the targets of the state Plan on all in- erploitation, etc. districts of Gjirokastra and Saranda. dices, develop the class struggle As usually traditional manifestations Under the leadership of the Party, correctly and consistently in all fields, oJ the uorking people took place i'n relying on its own forces, socialist even more sharp'en revolutionary vi- the principal cities on this occasi,on. Albania is marching always forward, gilance and strengthen the defeace A great manifestation took place in upholding the banner of Marxism- capacity of tlre Homelandl Tirana, the ca'pital of s'ocialist AI- Leninism, breaking the imperialist- Let us put in all our forces to bania. Tens of thousands of raorking revisionist blockade. The Albanian make soeialist Albania stronger, more people of all ages and, usalks of hfe uent people have come to these May Day beautiful and more ProsPerous! past cheering the tribune erected in festivities with fresh victories in all Long live our glorious Party of *the growing the Bouleuard of MartArs of the fields. The economy is stronger Labour and beloved leader of our Nation,,, where the First Secretarg ol and stronger, the life of the people Party and people, comrade Enver the Central Committee of the PartA of is beeoming happier and happier. The EIoxha ! Labaur of Albania, Enuer Hotha, the authority and prestige of our country Long Iive proletarian international- Chairman of the Presidium of the in the international arena is rising ism! People's Assembly, Harhi Lleshi, the continuously. Chairman of the Council of Ministers, Whereas our socialist Homeland Long live Marxism-Leninism! Mehn'tet Shehu, other Partg and State grows stronger with each passing day, The mani.festation luas oPened bg o leaders, representatiues ol the ,?loss the capitalist-revisionist world ls square of sportsmen uho uPheld ted organizations, the iliplomatic corps eaught ever more in the grip of the banners and comrade Enuet Hotho's portrait. Then the roorking people all hues ruho, regardless o! their Lelt flooded the broa(L bouleuard. Parad,ing d,emagogical phrases, trcT to put out past the tribune, bg means of posters, the reuolutionary struggle of the diagrams and band,eroles theg showed, peoples, to benumb their oigi.lance i,n the suecesses theA had ackieoetl at front of the imperialist d,anger, anil work and their iletermi,nation tornarch in this way, lead the uorlil tousards ahead on the d,iffilcult, but glori,ous nerD aggressioe wars, road of socialism and communism, cn The manifestati,on end,ed, with the tahich the PartA of Labour ol Albani,a Irfternational, uhlch rang out from the and comrade Emser Hoxha are leadLng ckests of thousands of people present them with, o,asuranee anil uisdom. The in the Bouletsard of the Martgrs ol parade uent on for about one hour the Nation, and, a half , and iluring this time After the paraile the working people the bouleuard rang with enthusiastic of Tirana thronged the streets an

A marked day for the Atbanian people

'Ihe enthusiastic atmosythere of the artcl place wreathes of f resh, flouers celebration of MaA Day, the DaU of in th,e Martgrs' Cemeteries, whiek haue t-tt orlre r s' in t er national, solid,aritg, b ar ely been built in the most beautiful sites s ubsides wlt en another iwlportq,nt of the cities and oillages, os well euent, tlrc Slh May, Martyrs' Dag, as on,tlte busts and monuments wltich comes rounil for the Albanian, people. haue been erected all ouer the country Euer11 gear theg commemorate with to the memorq of the fallen. respect the 28,000 martArs usho gatse Bg honouring the memorg of thos;e th,eir lif e in the National Liberation utho maile the supreme sacnfice for War against the nazi-fascist intsaders the freed,om and, the inrlependence at of and, the traitors to the countrg, as the Homeland, the Albanian uorkNnq roell as all, those u;ho shed tkei,r blood people efrpress once fiLore their de- for the freedom anil i,ndependence of termination to conti,nue the road they the Homeland,, for the defence of the began, to carry out their behest in uictories achieoed, und,er the leailer- full. On thi,s occasi,on the uorking sh,ip of the Party of Labour of Albania, people eftpress once agai,n thei,r pro- ulth comraile Eruser Hox,ha at the found, loue and respect for th,e Partg head,. On this occasion, tens of of Labour of Albani,a and lor comrade thousands of uorking people of all Eruser Hotha, tnho usith roisd,om and ages and prolessions pag hotnage l,o confidenee Teil them iluring the Na- Placcffd by photoreporter Nilto Xhufka deuoted to Sth Mag, the Martyrs' DaE. tional Liberation Wor f or the libe- bania as usell as bA the diptonxatic ration of the Homeland anil ate corps aceredited in the people's So- leadittg thenx in the struggle for the cla"ist Republic o! Albania. construction of complete socialist so- YesterdaA, again, Leaders of the cietg. L'.trtA and the State, represerutatiues oJ Like eoery other gear, this year, too, LtLe orgqnizations of the masses, and on the Sth May the actiaities began others, uisited the fami,lies ol the ma.r- in the earlg morning usith uisits to tArs, uhete theg had DerA u)at1n the Martyrs' Cemeteries. In Tirdna. tal,ks with the metnbers and, other among to first to pag homage to and relatiues. The guests f rom the Com- Lag ureathes of fresh flowers at the munist Partg of ltalg (M-L), the Com- Martgrs' Cemetery of the Homeland, munist Partg of Japan (M-L), the Por- LDere the representatiues of the Central tugese Communist Partg (Reconstruc- Committee of the PLA, the Presidi'utn ted) also 1)isited, martyrs' families. of the People's AssemblA, the Council Meantnhile, thousands of working of Ministers, the General Council oJ 'people, Deterans ol the Ndtiono.l Libe- the Democratic Front of Albania, the ration War, AouTLg men and women, Central Council of the Trade UnLo'ns clrmAtnen, and others, uent to the of Albania, the Central Committee ot busts and monuments d,edicated, to the IIFE OF THE the Labour Youth Union of Albanla, m,emorA of the martyrs ushere the.g the General Council of the Women's organized commemoratiue cerernonies EII Union of Albania, the Ministry o! as uell as tallcs about the reDolutiolt- l-- People's Defence, the National Com- ary life and actiuity of the fallen. ln mittee of War Veterans of the At"- the square in front ol the bust of the banian peo'ple, the Party Committee People's Hero, Qemal Stafa, Member and Erecutit:e Committee of the of the Central Committee of the Con'L- =o People's CE Council of the district, and m.unist Partg of Albania and Political so o'tl. Secretary of the Central Cornmittee ol lr Then, homages uere paid and the Communist Youth of Albani.u, ureathes laid bg the guests from the 'url1o lrras killed on the \th Ma9,1942, Communist Partg o! ltalg (M-L), the d,uring fighting with large fascist for- Communist Party of Japan (M-L), the ces, a concert deuoted to the martgrs Portugese Communist Party (Recon- 'aas giDerL structed), the delegations of the trade- Meetings, ond tolks ileuoted to the unions' organizations uhich parti- 'martArs u:ere organized in u:ork and cipated, in the celebrations of the l-st production centres, in schools, ctLltu- May on the inuitation of the Centr,tl ral institutions and arnxA units, t1s Cou,ncil of the Trade Unions of Al- 7Dell.

The 108th anniYersary of the birth of V.f. Lenin in Albania

The Albanian people commemorated anork and production, agricultural Vladimir llich Lenin, the great teacher co op er atiu e s, o ar ious institutions, s ch ools and leader of the international pro- and militarg units. ln the meetings Letariat, LDith respect and loue, on the organized in sckools Lenin's modestg occasion of th,e 708th anniuersary oJ and hLs life as a secondarg school his birth. student u)ere the theme of mdny On this occasion photographic erhi- talks. bitions and talks on his life and Mang actiui.ties d,edicated to the 108th actiuitg usere organized in centres of anniuersary of the birth of V. I. Lenin uere organized in thc eo.pital. At the n71tsc7nn th,ere toere speei,.tl of Labour of Albania. These talks and 'progrcnns 'Ihausands of people of all ages ancl on. the life artd, actiuitg ot Lectures stresseel, in partieular, tlr,e wal,ks of life, not onlg from Ttrana, the great leailer ol the international teach.ings of V. l, Lenin on the role but also from other dr.stri'cts of the proletariat and a series of talks and of .the worki,ng class and its aanguard., countrA, uLsi,ted the oV. l. Lenm,- J. V. lectures on the creatiue applicatio,n the Partg, in the reuolution and the Stalin* Museunt iluri.ng these d,ays, of Lenin's brilliant ideas bg the Party cr:nstruction of socialist societg.

thc l'read, against Soviet sociirl-imperial: Telegram ism., against all reactionaries, we are certain to achleve new victories in the to the Central Committee future. Marxism-Leninism will triumph over all enemies, over the revisionists of the Communist Party of various colours, be they Titoites, Euroeommuni,sts, or any other trend. of Britain (m-l) In our common struggle we are de- telmined to further strengthen our unity, the unity with all genuine Marx- Dear comrades, ist-Leninist parties of the world. These days your Party celebrates lhe to you, to all the N[arxist-Lcninists, as Long live the Commui"rist Party of tenth anniversary of its founding. This ',vell :rs to the working class of Britain. Britain (M-L) | is a day of joy not only for the British It is a source of great satisfaction tc Marxist-Leninists but also for all those us that the militant internationalist Glory to the triumphant doctrine cf rvho aspire !o and fight for socialistl links between our two Parties havc de- Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin! ;rnd commuuism. We join you on this veloped and grown stronger in confor- day of celebration. On behalf of all the mity with n4arxism-Leninisrn and in communists and the working class of the spirit of proletarian international- TEIE CENTRAI, COMMITTEE Alhania, we extend our revolutionary ism. In our comrnon struggle against OIT THE PAR'fY OF LABOUR greetings and the brotherly warm wishes impelialism, with US imperialism at OF ALBANIA

rvhcL'c in thc worlrl, in l,he sl.ruggle Telegram against the enemies of Marxism-Lenin- ism, especially against modern revision- to the Central Committee ism of all hues, in the struggle for the cstablishment and consolidation of the of the Comrnunist Party dictatorship of the proletariat, for the delence of the purit;, of Marxism- of Canada (m-l) Leninism.

Long Iive the Special Congress o[ Lhe

Dear comladcs, Communist Party of Canada (M-L) ! On the occasion of the holding of the the struggle for the triumph of social- Long live the militant unity of Marx- Special Congress of your Party, we con- ism and communism. ist-Leninists of all the world ln the vey to you, to the delegates to the Con- On this occasion, the Party of Labour struggle for freedom, national indepen- gr.ess and the Canadian Marxist-Lenin- of Albania expresses its support to the dence and socialism, and may thls uni: ists, our revolutionary greetings and revolutionary struggle of the working ty be strengthened ! those of aII the Albanian comrnunists. class and working people of Canada and teachings of We wish your Congress marks a new of all the rvorld against the two super- Glory to the immortal Marx, Engels, Lenin and Sialin ! irnportant step in the constant march powers, US imperialism and Soviet so- forward and consolidation of the Com- cialimperialism, and all reactionaries, munist Party of Canada (M-L) as a for freedom, national independence and party of the new type, worthy and ca- for the triurnph of socialism. It will THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE pable of carrying out its mission as the always stand shnulder to shoulder with OF THE PARTY OF LABOUR vanguard of the Canadian proletariat in the genuine Marxist-Leninists every- OF ALBANIA Telegram to the Central Committee of the Party of Labour of Alhania TIRANA

Dear comrades, of Labour of Albania for its great con- On the occasion of the holding of the tribution in the construction of the Special Congress of the Communist Par- unity of the international communist ty of Canada (Marxist-Leninist), on be- Marxist-Leninist movement and in the half of the Canadian delegates and all struggle against all the revisionist anC the Marxist-Leninists, we convey to divisive trends. you, and through you to all the Al- Once again we greet in a special man- banian communists, our heart-fe1t re- ner the 7th Congress of the PLA and volutionary greetings, and sincerely the report delivered by Comrade thank you for your militant message of Enver Hoxha as well as the great TIFEOF THE greetings to our Congress. achievements made by the Albanian pe'o- GI On this occasion, the Canadian Marx- ple under the leadership of the PLA in El*l ist-Leninists, with renewed forces, pro- the revolution and socialist construction. o mis that they will stand firmly by the With renewed forces, we pledge our -F b side of the glorious Party of Labour of word that we shall discharge our pro- - Albania and all the sister Marxist-Lenin- Ietarian internationalist duty and will {- ist partie,s in the historic struggle of the lead the struggle of the working class =e workers and peoples of the world and the people of our country to vic- CE -t against imp,erialism, with US imperial- tory for the establishment of the dic- II ism at the head, Soviet socialimperial- tatorship of the proletariat, for free- ism and all reaction, for the victory of dom, independence and socialism. the revolution and the triumph of so- Long live the militant unity between cialism. We pledge our word that' we the CP of Canada (M-L) and the will carry through to the end our strug- glorious Party of Labour of Albania! gle for the defence of the purity of Long live the militant unity of the Marxis.m-Leninism, especially against Marxist-Leninists of all the world! modern revisionism, the chief danger Glory to Marxism-Leninism! of the workers' and communist move- Proletarians of all countries, unitel ment, in particular, against its present manifestation, the anti-Leninist theory THE SPECIAL CONGRESS of .three worlds.. OF THE CP OF CANADA (M-L) Availing ourselves of this occasion, wc sincerely thank the glorious Party Montreal, April 29, 1978 Achievements of the Institute of Language and Literature

The toorki,ng collectioe of the lnsti- wltich this Institute coordinates its acti- tute of Language ancl Literature has uity, also took part. made an analgsis of its sci,entitic and Prof. Aleks Buila, Chairman of the researclt actitsitg for the gear 1977. At Academg of Sciences of the PSR of Al- the meeting organi,zeil on this occasion, bani,a, usas present at the meeting. From besides the scientific umkers of the In- the reports and ytapers it emergeil that stitute, erternal collaborators from the during the gear 7977 the ruorking oarious institutes and i,nstitutions uith collectitse ol the lnstitute copeil success- ful,lg uith a series of tasks and solDed The f irst Dolutrle of the HistorA of the 1977 there uas also a. more actiue scien- tnany Linguistic and Llterarg problems. pre-Liberation Albanian Literature is Lilr,c Life in the uarious sectors and on The com,piling ancl editing of the Dic- aiinost cottr,gtletecl, After the d"iscussiort tiee scaLe of the toh,ole lnstLtute. Scien- tionarg of the Modern Albanian Lan- of a preliminary clraft, d"uring 1977 work tiJic seninars, reports ond payters on guage, uith about 40.000 entries, has been continued to produce it in its final, fornt. lundamental themes and problems h,aDe completed, tixus concretising ntany gears tndiuidual aspects and chapters haue been of great ossistance in raising the of hard wotlc. This usorku;as ossesset been supplemented, its artistic anal1sis theoretical Leuel of tlrc uo,rlers of Llt,e o,s one oJ tlte malor achieuements Ji has been deepened, uarious interpreta- lnstitute. Albanian linguistics, it is based on tions haue been made more accurate, One of the Jields of octiuitg of lhe lvlarrist metnodologA and sound theore- giuing a more complete picture ot Institute during the gear 19VT was the tical Lericographic principles and hos a literarg d"eoelopment of the respectiue toork to increase the participation cl high scientific Letel, presenting a great periods, the course ol the historical d,e- the masses in science. The uarious sec- wealttr, oJ words, meanings and phrases, uelopm,ent of Albanian Literature in tors haue taken fresh steps in this d,irec- many of them new ones, and, making a close connectictn with the struggte of tion. A series of actions usere und,er- thorough objectiue analAsis of the struc- the people for freed"om and, social taken to enliDen ond, assist the actiDilA t'ual medning and use roords, tllus ol justice. The tuork has been supple- oJ uarious districts of the countrg. Scien- giuing it a special theoretical, and, prac- mented uith fresh dato, from mate- tiflc stttdg groups lDere engaged, more tical Dalue. rials discotered in recent Aears uhich actitsely in scientific actirsities directecl ln continuation of the compilatioll of throut n'Lore complete Light on the bg the sectors oJ the Institute. Continu- another major scientific raork, the literarg actiuitE of indiuidual authors. ing the action undertaken by the Seclor Grammar Contemporary o! Albanian like Dara, Santori, etc. of Grant"mat f or the collection of topo- Literarq Language, during the Aear l9ZT, Another of the major scientific works nyms throughout AlbanirL, the Sector of the dratting and elaboration the of first on uhich usork has continued d,uring Leticologg and the groups of dialectology part of the syntar, the sgntar o! the oJ sonte districts (Like 1977 is the Dialectological Aflas of the those of Kruja, sentences, uas completed,. Along uith Albanian Language. Lezha, etc.) organized a scientiflc action th'is, important monogro,phs and artic,ues tne collection The continuqtion of work on Etgmo- Jor oj rare taords and on aarious problems of the contem- pilrases aruL the study oj ctialects accord- logical Studies is also of great ualue to porarA Albanian Tanguage in the sphete ing to indiuidual areas. This ustts the historg ol our language. ln 19TT the action oJ phonetics, rnorphol,ogA and" sAnta:E accompanied uith methodological-scien- third uolume ol this work, comytisLng uere published. tilic seminars in Fush,d-KrtLja and, Lezha. the uords arra'nged under the Letters Follouing a broad d,iscussion, the re- ln Nouember, 1977 D and, Dh, taas completed. the Sector of uriting of the scientific work the His- Gramrnar and Dialectologg organLzed During the gear 7977, too, l-Dork has tory o! Albanian Literature of Socialist the Second Notional Seminar oJ Dialec- continued on the compilation of seuernl Realism, uhich is the lruit o! manA tology uhere 75 reports ond papers on years terminological dictionaries, Thus, the of scientific research LDas also general problems and, indiuidual aspects completed dictionary of the terminologA of potiti- this Uear. ln tlte process,the of di.alectologg and tJ.)ere cal economy (in three languages: At- onomastics work u)as giuen an all-embracing read. The s2ctors of literature, also, or- banian-French-Russinn) has been com- character, a better linking of the fun- ganized a national seminar ,**ith the pleted, ushile uork is continuing on the cl.amental processes and latos of deoelop- participation ol the leaders of the dictionary of legal terminologg, etc. ment of contemporarA Albanian groups ol literature in the districts and Along roith these uorks, the uorious literature was achieued through the the more actiDe erternal collaborators sectors of the lnstitute haue also carried form of presentation, and the leuet of of the Institute, at the beginning al analysis of out nlonographic studies on indiuidual indiuidual works rnas raised, 1977. At this seminar a report u.tas cl.e- The problerns and questions in the o! History of Albanian Literature o! field liuered on the tosks f&cing literary Socialist language and literature. Realism giues a complete pic- studies in the Light of the decisions of During the past the Orthograp.ttic ture oJ the deuelopment of our literature Eear, the 7th Congress of the Party and I of socialist Dictionarg of Language u)d,s realism from its birth up Albanian papers '**ere read on the results of scien- to published. the Aear 1922. It toas discussed, and, ?his is a major contribution tific research utork. The aduanced ex- approued, bg linguistic bg the Scienti,fic Council of science to the standardiza- perience of some groups usas erchanged the Institute tahich assessed, it as the tion of the Albanion literary Languoge th,ere. most complete sgnthesis and raising of the road the cultural lepel ol The achieuements ol 1977 in the fields trauersed language by our literature since at school and, among the brood, of linguistic and literarg studies are Liberation, as toork a uhich is based masses of the uorking people, and to a sottnd basis Jor the workers ol the ln- firmlg on the Marrist-Leni,nist metho- the conscious application of the literary stitute and its correspondents to catrv dology, the pLA documents oJ the aruI standard. loruard their studies in the field o! Al- the teachings of comrode Enuer Hoxho. Along with the scientilic tuork, d,uring b anian philolo gic al seiemces. REYISIONIST (THEORIES>) OF RESTORruD CAPITALISM ha IrruI{UnAN PrALA

THE DEEP AND ALLROUND COUNTERREVOLUTIONARY AND AGGBES- Marxism-Leninism, socialism and the SM PROCESS WHICH HAS'IAKEN PLACE IN ALL THE COUNTEIES RULED proletarian revolution, just as the bour- BY THE REVISIONISTS HAS ALREADY LED TO THE ELIMINATION OF THE geoisie and the criminal in bourgeois so- DTCTATORSHIP OF THE PROLETARTAT AND TIIE COMPLETE RESTORA- ciety do when, in order to cover up their TION OF CAPITALISM THESE IN COUIITRIES. NOW THE QUESTION ON crimes, they don the robe ot the ..guar_ THE aGENDA FoR THE TRArl'oR REvrsroNrsr R'ULING cllguES- tI| dian of pubtic orcter,," or the .1,w-alrict- THEIR, IDEOLOGISTS AND APOLOGISTS IS TO INVENT, ELABORATE AND lng pclson>' PUBLICIZE *THEORIES-, AS DEMAGOGICAL AND DISGUISED AS POSSIBLE, III ORDER 1'O STRENGTHEN THI] RESTORED CAPI"IALISM, TO PBESENT IT AS *MATURE SOCIALISM>, ETC. *< AlL this is intended to disorientate the at the '7th Congress of the PLA, revisionist theories, aI- vie"uu that the period of transition does modern revisionism" At the head oI the ways veiled in the smokescreen of eclec- not extend right up the construction of modern revisionist iront stands Krush- ticism and demagogy about *creativeo the classtress society, but is a separate chevite revisionism. *Sovi,et revisio- Marxism, in order to conceal the true period of the transition from capitalism nism," stressed comrade Enver Hoxha tace of the capitatrism they have restor- to socialism, which ends with the con- ed. The Soviet revisionists dress them- struction of the economic base of social- HEKURAN MARA - Professor, mem' selves in the cloak of Marxism-Leninism ism. .The period of transition from ca- ber of the Academy ol Sc'iences of the pitalism to socialism,. writes the aeade- PSR ol Albaniu. precisely to cover up their bett'ayal of The Soviet revisionists dress themselves in the cloak of Marxism-Leninism precisely to cover up their betrayal of Marxism-Leninism, socialism and the proletarian revolution, just as the bourgeoisie and tlte criminal in bourgeois society, they don the robe of the ,,guardian of public order,, or the ulaw-abiding persons>>,

mician Pyotr Fedoseyev, *begins with nomy the strugg)e betwcen the two dent, mode of production' (Voplosi the triumph of the socialist revolution roads of development no Ionger exists, trkonomii, No 6, 1975, p. 27). And fina- and the establishment of the dicta- *in the developed socialist society clas- 11y, the eclectic circle of the revisionist torship of the proletariat and ends ses disappear and only occupational or betrayal is completed r','ith the thesis with the elimination of capitalist social-psychological'distinctions between that in the conditions of the socalled private propertyo (Voprosy Ekonomiki, the intelligentsia, the workers and col- develcped socialist society, the existen- No 5, 1975, p. 27). In connection with lective farmers remain., etc. etc. (*Kurs ce of the dictatorship o'f the proletariat the same quostion, the text of po- Politicheskoj Ekonomii, pp. 10, 50, 79) is no longer necessary, therefore it is Iitical economy of Moscow University Likewise, according to them, after the transformed into a state of the entire says: ..In every country the period of establishment of socialist relations of people. transition begins from the moment of production the class struggle ceases and, We need only confront the views of the establishment of socialist relations therefore, the ideopolitical or socio- the Soviet revisionists on the period oI Ln production'> (Kurs Politicheskoj Eko- economic soil for the possibility of the transition from capitalism to commun- nomii, Izdatelstvo Ekonomika, Moskva, degeneration of socialism and the resto- ism with the theses of the classics of 1974, pp. B-9). ration of capitalism cannot be created. Marxism-Leninism, theteachings of It is evident that this vie.w is not a After this period, according to thc So- our Party and comrade Enver Hoxha tcr chance aberration or simply an .isolated viet revisionists, -15g tendencies of pri- disclose their anti-sclentific and anti- ideological .distortion+, but a consciously vate o,wnership cease to opcrate". *the Marxist chara,:ter and Lheir btturgeois chosen ,prevailing official view. The re- forms of small-scale private production capitalist content. duction by the Soviet revisionists of the cannot serve as a breeding grouno tor The classics of Marxism-Leninism a1- period of transition from capitalism to the emergence of the new capitalist ele- ways treated the period of transitiotl communism to a period that ends with ments in the economy", <.the contradic- as a very long historical period which the construction of the oconomic base tions between socialist production and extends throughout the whole period of socialism is done for the purpose of smail-sca1e production no longer have of the construction of s,ocialism up tr-t jr.rstifying the revisionist counter-revo: an antagonistic character., .within the communism, as a whole epoch of the lution -theoretically- and denying the country, any cause for political struggle transition from capitalism to commun- justifying class struggle, of the elimina- is eliminated, and the possibility of an- ism. Likervise, in broad outiine, they tion of the dictatorship of the proleta- tagonistic class conflicts and political also defined the fundamental socio- riat and its replacement with the dicta- counter-revolution disappears" (Kurs economic characteristics of this pe- torship of the new bourgeoisie, and dis- Politicheskoj Ekonomii, tom. II, Mosk- riod. Between capitalist and commun- guising the restoration of capitalism. va, 1974, pp. 33, 60). As a consequen- ist society, wrote K. Marx, *lies the And in fact, they assert that after the ce of all these false, anti-scientific and period transfor- completion of the period of transition anti-Ma,rxist argumentations they of the revolutionary from capitalism to soeialism *the main arrive at the conclusion'that *socialism mation of the one into the other* .Criticism problem* of -who will win?'n is solved, is not a temporary co-existenee of (K. Marx, of the Gotha Pro- *socialism achieves its complete trlumph immature communi,sm and vestiges gram,,, p. 30). On another occasion he over capitalis6., in the so,cialist eco- of capitalism, but a new, indopen- writes that the period of transition 46r3(40),1978 ALBANIA TODAY from capitalisrn to communism is *that ture, the classics of Marxism-Leninism volution must continue uninterruptedly indispensable step to go on to the eli- have laid it dor,l,n that ccmmunism is during the whole period of the transi- mination of class distinctions in gene- a singtre socio-economic formation with tion from capitalism to communism ral, to the elimination of all relations two phas,es: with a lower phase - so- In regard to the final triumph o'f so- of production on which these distinc- cialism, and a higher phase - full com- cialism, this question has to do with tions are based, to the elimination of munrsm. the development of the world proleta- a1I social relations which correspond to Hence the anti-Marxist character of rian revolution, with the ratio of for- these relations of productlon, to the the revisionist view, which considers ces between the proletariat and the overthrow of all ideas that stem from and proclaims socialism as a mode of bourgeoisie on a world scale. When these social relations- (K. Marx - F. productlon in itself and communisrn this ratio has been definitively solved Engels, Selected Works, VoI. I, p. 226, as another mode of production, emer- in favour of the proletariat, that is to A1b. ed.). ges very clearly. Within one economic- say, when the proletarian revolution When he speaks about the society of social formation there have never been has triumphed and soclalism is built the period of transition from capitalism and cannot be two different modes of completely in all the countries of the to communism, Marx is speaking not production. The arbitrary declaration ot world, then its complete victory is tlrrn- about a communist society which is de- socialism as a mode of production in it- ed into a flnal victory. Under these veloping on its own communist base, self was necessary to the Soviet revi- conditions, there is no longer any dang- but about a society which has just sionists as a ..theoretical argument- in er threatening socialism either within emerged from capitalist society, a so- order to negate the existence o,f clas- the country or from outside. ciet;, which, f or this reason, still pre- ses and class struggle in socialism. The true Marxist-Leninist concept of serves in all directions traces of the old The revolutionary experience of the socialism as the f irst stage of com- society from the womb of which it has construction of sociallsm in our country munism brings to light the sheer fal- just been born. is more and more confirming the correct- sity of the revisionist view which Lenin, too, maintained the same stand nes of the Marxist-Leninist view that treats it as a social order of social ho- whenever he dealt with the question the transition period is the whole his- mogeneity in which class interests and of the period of transition from capi- torical period of the transition from class struggle allegedly no longer exist, talism to communism or individual pro- capitaiism to communism. It starts with in which the struggle between the so- blems connected with this period. *The the establishment of the dictatorship cialist road and the capitalist road is transitlon from capitalist society which, o,f the proletarlat and continues up to no longer waged because the question in its development, is moving towards the achievement of full communism, of ..who will win?" has altregedly been communism, to com,munist society, can- until classes are eliminated, until all finaliy solved. not be made without a political tran- class distinctions disappear, and class- During the whole period while soclal- sition per"iod', (V. I. Lenin Collected less society is achieved. lsm is being built and friendly classes Works, vol. 25, p. 510, A1b. ed.). When he In accord wlth thls concept, social- exist within it, along with elements of dea,ls with this period, Lenin especially ism represents a stage in the transition the overthrown classes and the capitalist stresses that i[ combines in itself featu- to communism in whlch the new so- encirclement, there still remains the l es and qualities oI two socio-economic cialist relations of production have been possibility of the birth of new bour- orders, that it is a perlod of the strug- established, the exploitation of man by geois elements, the possibility of dege- g1e between capitalism u/hich is dying man has been wiped out, antagonistlc neration of socialism, hence also the and comnunism which is in the pro- classes have been eliminated, but non- possibitity of the restoration of capi- cess of its birth. Finally, Lenin, like antagonistlc classes exist, class distinc- talism. This possibility is not an inevi- Marx, links the period of transition tions and contradictions exist, the class tability. It can be totally averted when r,vith the disappearance of classes, and struggle exists as the principal motive the socialist revolution continues unin- class distinctions in society, and aII the force, and the struggle between the so- terruptedly, when the Party of the relations of production on rvhich these cialist road and the capitalist road of working class, rvhich leads the entire distinctions are based. development continues according to process of the construction of socialism, Proceeding from the noti,rn of the Lenin's formula *Which will win?. in bases itself firmly on, and remains socio-economic formation as a sepa- the base and the superstructure. As long loyal to, the triumphant and ever young rate social organism which has its as all these problems have not been ideology of Marxism-Leninism. The objective laws of birth and deveio,p- resolved, socialism cannot be considered great historical merit of our Party ment, in which a given mode of pro- as completely bui1t, and consequently, with comrade Enver Hoxha at the head duction corresponds to a given soeial its triumph cannot be considered as fi- is that it not only brought our coun- class structure and a given superstruc- na1. For these reasons the socialist re- try into the brilliant epoch of the tran- ALBANIA TODAY 3 (40), 1978 o 47

sltion from capitalism to ccrmrnunisrn, The open abandonment by the Soviet socialism can be built consistently and but is also leading it with determina- revisionists of the . scientific Marxist- can advance sucoessfully tow,ards com- tlon and u,isdom in the consistent con- Leninist concept of socialism comes munism when the revolution and the struction of true socialism. It is self - out clearly, a1so, when they proclaim class struggle are developed ceaselessly evident that in the scheme of the So- the development of the productive for- in all fields of social life, when lhey viet revisionists about socialism or ees as the only decisive factor of its include not only the development of productive *the developed socialist society',, the construction. *In the conditions of de- forces, but also the streng- perfecting, correct question of the possibility of degenera- veloped socialism,- write the ideologists thenrng and in the Marxist-Leninist course, tion of socialism and the restoration of Soviet revisionism, *the problem of revolutionary socialist relations of production, of capitalism is left completely un- the economic efficiency of social pro- of when also include the defence mentioned, because to speak of it ciuction emerges as primary, Raising they ancl strengthening of the dicbatorship of u,ould be like speaking of the noose this efficiency constjtutes the decis.ive the proletariat and, above all, when in the home of the hanged. condition for the construction of so- they include the preservation of the re- Until the final victory of commu- cia]rsm. (Voprosi Ekonomiki, No 5, volutionary proletarian line, the defen- nism is achieved, the historical period 1975, p. 77). This, too, is dan- a very ce of the purity of the Marxist-Le- of the construction of socialism is cha- gerous anti-Marxist view which opens ninist ideology. Otherwise, if the revi- racterized the preservation of the by the way to th,e revisionist counter-re- sionist count,er-revolution is alLort'ed to political organization of society in the volution. It is aimed at creating and spread, no level of development of the form of the state of the dictatorship of spreading the erroneous idea that such productive forces, however high, can the proletariat. In this period, the dic- factors as the leadership of the work- save socialism trom the danger of de- tatorship of the proletariat and its eco- ing class and the Marxist-Leninist generation and the restoration of ca- nomic, organizational, educational and party, keeping the dictatorship of the pitalism. Any illusion created about repressive lunctions go throug,h a dia- proletariat in the hands of the work- the role of the productive forces alone lectical process of growing stronger ing class to ensure that it is not usurp- in the costruction o,f socialism is fata- and more perfect, which goes on right ed by new bourgeois elements, the Iistlc determinism, a vulgar metaphy- materialism, whlch up until the internal and external con- strengthening and perfecting of the so- sical concept of histor-y has punished severelv. ditions lor the withering away of the cialist relations of production, the wag- ing of the class struggle on all fronts state are created universally. ,F and in all fields at the same time, are The view of the Sovi,et revisionists revision of the allegedly not factors, just as decisive Anolher field of the on the transformation of the dicbator- practice social- as the development of the productive theory and of scientific ship of the proletariat into the sociall- ism on the part of the Soviet revisio- forces for the fate of the socialist revo- ed state of the entire people after the nists is their elimination of the tlivid- Iution and the construction of socialism. construction of the economic base of ing line, their confusing of the econo- The negative experience of the res- socialism, when classes still exist, is mic laws of socialism with their me- toration oi capitalism in the Soviet an anti-Marxist, counter-revolutionary thods, forms and practices of manage- Union shows unequivocally rhat the view, disguise the social-fascist dic- ment of the economy. As a result, their to fatal damage did not come from any tatorship established by the revisionist analysis of socialism is not based on Iow level of the development of the production but on their bourgeoisie. In reality, the socalled the relations of productive forces but from the degene- socalled theories and practices of plan-

ba enTno Cf BUNA and PAMDf TASE

Unity, as one of tlte organizational principles of the Marxist-Leninist party of the new type, is the foundation and source of the invincible strength of the party and its success in the revolutionary struggle to attain the immediate and ultimate objectives of the proletariat

THE TEACHINGS OF MARXISM-LENINISM ON THE NEED TO ORGANIZE and Marxism-Leninism,'the opportu- THE PARTY OF THE WORKING CLASS, AND THE HISTOEICAL EXPERIEN- nists and revisionists, old and new, CE OF THE PARTY LABOUR OF OF ALBANIA, REFUTE ALL THE VIEWS, deny dhe principle of demooratic cen- THEORIES, AND PRACTICES OF THE VARIOUS OPPOBTUNISTS, MODERN tralism, considering it as unnecessary, REVISIONISTS, AND ANARCHISTS, WHO, WITH THE AIM OF DESTROYING as a prinaiple which makes the party THE PATI,TY OF THE WORKING CLASS AND PREVENTING THE PROLETA. bureaucratic, RIAT FROM CARRYING OUT ITS HISTORIC WORLD MISSION, DISTORT which shrivels the ini- THE TEACTIINGS OF MARXISM-LENTNISM ABOUT THE PARTY, ITS STRUC. tiative of the mass of party members TUEE AND LIFE. and hind,ers their participation in the A11 the enemi,es have siriven, in one tical unity which exisfs between the solution of problems. Unde: the pre- way or another, to deprecate the im- program, tactics, and organization, text of alleged democracy and free- portance of the organization of the means in essence, to liquridate the par- d,om of opinion, sorne revisionists, who proletarian party, clairning that orga- ty, which, from its character, objec- take the liberal-anarchist standpoint, nization is not of great importance to tives, and role, cannot exist and per- deny the need for centralis;m in the the party, is valueless, a matter of form its leading role without steel- party ,and oppose the principle that form, and a bureaucratic issue. How- like organization. all the work and activity of the party ever, this means to deny that dialec- In order to rejeot th,e teachings of must be centralized and carried out Marxism-Leninism about the role and under the l,eadership of a singtre cen- PETRO CIRUNA and, PANDI TASE importance of the organization of the tre. According to these revisionists, the - Pedagogues at the < partg SchooI. party, the enemies of the working class concentration of leadership in a single 52o3(40),1978 ALBANIA T O D AY

centere negates the Iower organs, inhi- bject,ed to reprisals, banishment and gles, that it has only one line lvhich bits their initiative, and so on. There- prison. The line of the revisionist par- it has defended in principle and ap,plied fore, they say, the Iower organs should ties is not the fruit of the participation rn praotice, a single, correct, Marxist- work independently of the cen- of the mass of the partY members Leninist line, in conformity with the tre and be complebely autonomous. and the working people, but rhe work concrete cond,itions of our country: .Our On the other hand, they consider dis- of the ruling cliques. The discipline of party,o stresses comrade Enver Hoxha, cipline within the party, the olrligatory the party has become mechanical dis- ..has never permitted and never will implementation of decisions, as an cipline and the mass of the party me- permit the existence of factions in its decisi.ons of the ]ead- unreasonallle requirement eontrary , to mbers submi[ to lanks. It has had and has a single democracy, which irnrpedes the initia- ership lrom fear. Marxist-Leninist line wh ch it has im- 'r'ne all tive of the m,asses and places them PLA has exposed and re.fubed plernented with deter,mination.o under the dictate of the higher organs these vrews ol various revisionists, re- In order to liberalize and disorga- pre- or the minority. They deny the need gardtress of the lorm in which they nize the party of the working c1ass, Ior the participation of every party sent them or the boasbrul phrases and the modern revisionists, by one means mernber, without exception, in one of uelrlagogy used to diguise their anti- or another, negate the need for the the basic organizations, and describe Marxist, coun[errevo]utionary aims and piarticipation of the par'ty member in the obligatory requirement that they astivities. In essence, the views and one of the basic organizations. The render account for the duties they per- practices oI the modern revisionists, red,r.lction of the requirements for mem- form as utrtrademocracy, that is, a dis- wh,ether of the liberal-anarchist trend bership of the revisionist parties to tortion of democracy. or of the bureaucratic revisionist trend, the bourgeois parliament, 'admission to The ideological and class basis o{ serve the sarne counter-revolutionary the party, not as indivi'duals but in groups, reP a- these revisionist vier,l's and theories, purpose - the elimination of the and in some countries, ,of party which deny the principtre of democra- Marxist-Leninist party of the working cement the basic organizations revisionists regional organizations, is clear tic centnalism and its requirements, cliass, an aim which the with the countries where evidence of the deg,eneration of these must be sought in bourgeois and petty- have achieved in they are in power, parties in the field of organization. To bourgeois ideology in bourgeois deny the necessity for ,the participation intell.ectualism, liberalism and anar- Unity, as one of the organizational party mernber in one of its chism. *It is clear,,' taught Lenin, principles of the Marxist-Leninist party of every basic organizations means to be 'op- othat to the petty-bourgeois, the organi- of the new type,- is the foundation posed to the organization of the party, zation of the party seems like a mon- and source of the invincible strength to deny the need for the basic orga- str,ous factory and the submission o[ of the party and its surccess in the re- nization as its foundation, means the part to the whole, of the mino- volutionary struggle to attain the im- to liquidate the party of tl're prole- rity to the majority, like serfdom; mediate and ultimate objectives of the tariat. while the division of flabour under the proletariat. The foundation for the building of dlrection of a centre evokes a tragi- 'Ihe existence of a single line is one h,as been the Leninist ctlndi- comical outcry against people being of the most fundamental questions for the PLA member one transformed into wheeiLs and cogs.,' the party, because it is on this basis tion that to be a PartY program Consti- Whiie combating the liberal anar- that it works out its whole revolu- must accept the and party, must tal

ficient. It requires the realization of The degeneration of the revisionist cratic party, open to all, a party of re- these ideas, their application. And in parties in ideology and ,policy led forms and class collaboration, and in order to put these ideas into practice, inevitably to degeneration of the social order to win the maximum number the party member must fight at the composition of their membership, and of votes in the parllamentary elections head of the working class and the work- this is especially obvious in their lead- they have admitted anybody at ail into ..On)y ing masses. r:r'hen we join one ing organs and apparatuses. The doors their ranks. of the organizations of the party and of these parties have been thrown open According to their own press, on personal in this way blend our inte- to non-proletarian elements. 15th July, 1976, the Italian revisionist rests with the interests of party,- the In every aspect and direction, in the party had more than 1,800,000 mem- says Sta1in, *on1y then can we become Soviet Union today, a caste of bureau- bers, while at the end of March, 197?, party members, and, at the same time, French revisionist party crats and technocrats, a new bourgeois the had about genuine leaders of the army o,f pro- 600,000 members, 50,000 of whom were class, is ruling, and it keeps all the letarians." admitted in the first months comrnanding positions and key links three The revisionists in power in the So- of that year. Characteristic of these par- of the party, the state, the e,.onomy, viet Union and the other revisionist ties is the flood of non-proletarian ele- culture, and so on, firmly in its own countries found their support in carry- ments of the petty-bourgeoisie, office hands. During the ten 1967 to ing out the counte,r-revolution among fears, workers and intellectuals pouring into Bolshevik said comrade In the Yugoslav League of Commu- about *fraternity in divergenceo, about Enver Hoxha at the ?th Congress of nists, as a result of the bourgeois and the *transition to socialism through re- the PLA. Today, too, these bureaucrats revisionist ideo ogy which has been forms", with everybody bourgeoisie, and technocrats provide - wide support made the basis of its activity, the work- capltalists, workers, police, the bour- for the revisionist cliques in power. ing class and its role are treated geois ar"rny and all in unity and fra- That is why the revisionist press de- - in an anti-Marxist rvay, and the state, ternity, constitutes the theoretical basis votes great importance ,to the role and classes and the masses likewise. There of the anti-proletarian policy and the activity of the party apparatuses, are many officials, intellectuals, and rich mass character of their bourgeois re- putting them above the etected peasants in the Yugoslav League of p.arties. organs. visionist Communists, u,hile the bulk of those As regards the political aims of these The propaganda of the modern revi- who are leaving the League, whether parties, clear that, as typically sionist that their parties are s'till, a le- it is by voluntary resignation or by expul- refor'mist, gedly, parties of the working cJass, and bourgeois, social-democratic, sion, workers. parties, have the window-dressing to make it look are counterrevolutionary they as thou,gh they apply the Leninist The other revisionist parties, too, are placed themselves 'completely at the norms and principles, are nothing but becoming more and more deproletarian- service of their own national bourgeoi- demagogy to throw dust in th,e eyes of ized. From the revisionist arsenal ol sie and the international bourgeoisie, the working class and the working the past, some of the revisionist parties wllile, betraying the interests of the masses. dragged out the idea of one big derno- proletariat and the revo uiion.

I pre,ss teoietD

THE TENTACLES OF US MONOPOLIES IN EUROPE -ZERI I POPULLIT*, argan oI the CC of th.e PLA -

The developrnent of events as France, the German Fede- toms duties, transferring their following the Seoond World ral Republic, Canada, Japan, commodities from one country War shows that the US im,pe- Italy, etc,, owned not more to another duty free. This rialist monopolies, taking ad- than 4 to B per cent. Up to ..right- gives them all the vantage of the weakening of 1971, US private capital in- possibilities to compete with th,e *otrd continent", are using vested in Western Europe European goods and to make every means to achieve the ex- alone amounted to about 29 huge profits. pansionist and hegemonic billion dollars. In 1975 US pri- In order to escape the eye ambitions, and continue to do- vate and state capital invest- of the broad masses of the minate the wortld market ed in Western and Eastern Eu- u'orking people u.ho have aI- through the export of capital rope amounted to about 75 bil- wavs cxpressed their opposi- in the forrn of investments, lion dollars. tion to the interference and loans, credits, etc. Ap,art from companies with expansion of US capital, the Their huge capital invest- entirely American capital, or monopoly companies of the ments secured the economic, with 50 per cent of it, in Euro- USA try to camouflage them- political and military hegemo- pe there are many companies selves by using local names, ny of the US imperialists in in which the US monopolies appointing 1oca1 puppet direc- Western Europe. And not only own less than 50 per celt of tors, and emPlol,ing 1ocaI sPe- ln Europe, but also in other the capital. This is not regist- cialists and n'orkers. The US areas of the world, because ered, and as a result not sub- -Continental Can Company", they gradually displaced Euro- ject to taxation by the US for example, has only 12 pean capital from its former government. Likewise, in or- American managers for about colonies, establishing the pre- der to escape taxation, or to 17,000 European rvorkers. Ac- dominance of Washington reduce it to the minimum, the cording to the very reduced there. .Though the United US cornpanies do not take a figures of US statistics, which States of America is officiallv good part of their Profits back do not coincide with Euro- outside the Common Market,, to the USA but reinvest them pean statistics, especially in said comrade Enver Hoxha to expand production in the regard to the labour power at the ?th Congress of the same country or in their other employed in these companies. PLA, ..through the entangle- subsldiaries in Euro'Pe, where- the capital invested and the rnent of US capital with the ver they can draw maximum profits drawn from them, it capital of each of the member profits. According to official emerges that about 9,0C0 com- countries, the United States figures, in 1966 audited US as- panies with enl ire)Y American indlreetly plays a very great sets in Europe amounted to capital employ more than roile in it.o It is a fact that 16 biliion 600 million dollars; 3,500,000 European workers. US capital is predominant in whereas in 1977 they exceeded Still according to US figures, the multinational companies. 75 billion dollars. Nevertheless more than 800.000 local work- Aecording to UN figures for these huge profits appear as ers work in the subsidiares of the year 1971, the US capita- audited US assets in EuroPe. these companies in Britain, lists owned more than 52 per US companies in EuroPe more than 450.000 in France, eent of the aaoital invested have also gained *the right* more than 600.000 in German in the rnultinational cornpa- of the privileged country. Federal Republic, more than nies. whereas such eountries They are exernpted from cus- 400,000 in ltaly, etc., all of them subjected to savage ex- the Western Europe, through demn the *theories. and prac- ploitation. NATO and the Cornmon tices which justify the econo- Such large-scale penetration Market, are doing everything mic, political and miiitary in- by the US monopolies to the in- their power to strangle any terference of US imperialism countries of the Common revolutionary movement of in Europe. The interests of the Market and other capitalist the rvorkels and progressive proletariat and the broad mas- 'ses countries of Europe has long people in this area. By means of the v/orking people in since enabled US imperialisrn of these organizations, tbe US Western Europe caII for the to secure huge political and imperialists are violating the ever greater strengthening ot economic benefits. This is even naLional sovereignty of the the struggle against capitalist clear evidence that, along with countries of Western Europe oppression and exploitation, the local monopoly bourgeoi- and cornpeting for hegemony against the loca1 reactionary sie, the US imperialists are and expansion with the other bourgeoisie, against the enslav- among the fiercest oppres,sors ing and expansionist plans of and exploiters of the working superpowbr, Soviet social-im- perialism. the two superpowers, the USA class and the broad masses of the working people of the The working class and the and the Soviet Union, against European countries. At the broad masses of working peo- the aggresslve blocs of NATO same lime, the US imperia- ple of the capitalist countries and the Warsaw Treaty, as lists, together with the big of Europe, in fience struggle well as the reactionary organi- bourgeolsie and the reactio- with the bourgeois and revi- zations, the Common Market nary forces of the countries of sionist parties, expose and con- a-nd COMECON. t THE ...GREEN REVOLUTION. INCREASES NEO.COLONIALIST DEPENDENCE Commentarg of the Albanian Telegraph AgencA

In order to increase its pro- geois economists and sociolo- > opens ward countries of Asia, Afri' exploit the peoples more and Ior .increasing prodrlction and ca, and Latin America. more, especially in other, more abolishing hungero" In fact, But what are the results pe- backward countries. The o1d apart from neo-,co1onialist and benefits accruing to the netration, and poor peasantry this neo- colonial exploitation of these the exploitation from of the labour power the colonialist experiment? The countries has been replaced of poor peasantry, the so-called truth is that these countries with more refined neo-co1o- a$reen revblution> brings no- are still markedly backward in nialist methods of exploita- thing of benefit to the coun- the field of agriculture and tion. tries which accept it, Its ad- millions of peasants are un- One of these numerous me- vocates, which are maihiy the abie to secure even sufficient thods is the socalled <

pleaa obliged to work for wages in velopment (BAD) which has tions of the different coun- teaietD the fields of big landowners undertaken these neo-colonia- tries, in order to sell them and are subjected to oppres- list experiments, those who later at very high prices, thus sion and exploitation by the have benefitted from the me- making huge profits. Here are foreign agricultural monopo- chanization of agriculture and just a few examples to illus- iies, feudal lords and big land- high yield crops are the big trate the plunder carried out ownerii, the Iocal bourgeo.isie Iandowners who are closely by the big capltalist agricul- and the capitalist state. linked with the loreign mo- tural monopolies: at a time In serving the big land- nopolies, whereas the poor ivhen millions of people in ma- owners with the aim of in- peasants have been ruined and ny capitalist countries are on creasing production for the torced to abandon their land the verge of starvation and market, the big agricultural and flock into the big cities simply cannot get food, the monopolies supply the poorer where they increase the ranks capitalists of the these coun- countries with chemical ferti- of the unemployed. Conse- tries are selling the inadequa- lizers, technology, new varie- quently, in the countries where te grain crop abroad for the ties of seed grain, etc. But this socalled < is allegedly taking rency. Thus, this year, India is peasants who cannot afford place, hundreds of rnillions of exporting 1,500,000 tons of the high prices for them. Even people are existing in poverty, wheat, Burma is selling tens those few peasants who try to especially in India, Africa, In- of thousands of tons of rice use these means, become per- donesia, the Philippines, Thai- abroad, .,vhereas Thailand is se1- manent debtors to the foreign land, etc. ling tu'o mi11on tons of rice to agricultural monopolies and Through the ..green revolu- the big agriculturar monopo- are quickly bankrupted, be- tion-, the big agricultural mo- 1ies, at a time r.vhen local pro- coming wage labourers. nopolies also have the objec- duction has declined and hun- According to the figures tive of raising ]ow-cost crops dreds of thousands of people from the Bank for Asian De- suitable to the climatic condi- are unable to secure their food. I THE DEMAGOGY ABOUT DISARMAMENT - A COVER FOR MILITARISM AND WAR PREPARATIONS *BASHKIMI,,, central organ of the Democratic Front oJ Al,bania - The US imperialists and the pons (SALT), the tripartite Europe (MBFAR) are stiil Soviet socialimperialistg have talks (USA-USSR-Britain) on dragglng on in Vienna. Bes.Ldes inLensilied their demagogic the alleged complete prohibi- these, the tl,,,,o superpowers campaign about disarmament tion of nuclear tests, as well have also opened new points as never before not only by as the more recent American- of co,ntact. In Berne (Swit- means of propaganda, but also Soviet talks *on the prohibi- zerland) the talks begun last by increasing the number of tion of new kinds and systems year in Moscow on the *Iimi- bilateral meetings, talks and of weapons of mass extermina- tation of military activity in conferences for this purpose. tion", are conducted there. As the Indian Ocean" are conti- Geneva has become the epi- usual, the fruitless talks on nuing, whereas in Washing- centre of most of these acti- the socalled *mutual balanc- ton talks are being held abont vities. The talks on the socal- ed reductions in armed forces an agreement on -Iimitation Ied limitation of strategic wea- and armaments,' in Central oi the arms trade-. ALBANIA TODAY 3 (40), 1978 . 57

preas The purpose of aII these the detriment of its se,curity>, tion of the arms race, and the talks, 'meetings and conferen- the Soviet Union has increased militarization of their econo- reaiew ces on ..disarmament-, which its war expenditure, in recent mies, to bLunt the vlgilance of the super-powers are engaged years, to the same extent as the peoples, to disarm them in, is to create the false im- the United States, for the pro- and keep them moraIIY unpre- pression that they are allegedly duction of the same weapons par,ed to oppose the new war are preparing. "committed in a serious and as the .Americans, such as the they concrete manner to the cause production of a system of in- The Party of Labour of AI- of achieving djsarmamento. tercontinental missiles with bania, which has alwaYs made But the truth is that all these multi-nuclear warheads, the a realistic and scientific Marx- activities have nothing what- equipment of the Soviet navy ist-Leninisf analysis of interna - ever to do with disarmament, with -DeIla* class nuclear mis- tional events and Phenomena, iherefore nothing of the sort sile carrying submarincs. has aiways warned of the dan- can be expected from them. -Kiev- and *'N{insk* class air- ger of a new war which the Not di,sarmament, but ar- craft caruiers, etc. In order to two superpowers and the other mament, and unlimited mili- cope with the enormous inten- imperialist Powers are Pre- tarization are a general trend sity of the arms race, the paring for the world of the of the imperialist-revisionist whole industry of the Soviet fact that the frantic rush to world today. The United Sta- Union has been geared to war the militarization leads Preci- in this direction. Ilowever, tes of America and the So- production - 60 per cent of its sely viet Union, the greatest mili- total production goes to fuIfil it also warns of the danger of panie fatalistic resignation tary powers of our time, have military orders. or earmarked colossal funds for Another imperialist power towards war PreParations, which are just us dangerous their war preparations. The which is armed to the teeth a,s pacifist euphoria, because military budget of the USA and totally militarized is the they are to the advantage of this year exceeds 125 billion German Federal Republic - the imperialist Powers bY tYing do11ars, whereas next year it worthy heir to the old Ger- the hands of th,e PeoPles. will exceed 130 dollars. man militarism. "The billion important thing,. said comra- The Pentagon has also worked Evidence the rapid pro- of de Enver Hoxha at the 7th out a five-year (1978r1983) gress of the German Federal of the PLA, *is that plan Congress for military expenditure Republic on the road of war the peoples should not faIl which provides progres- preparations, ex- for a and of the into [atalism, become Passive sive increase of this expendi- pansionist policy with hege- onlookers and be caught un- ture, which in 1983 will rise monic tendencies of the Ger- awares; they must be PrePa- to more than 173 billion dol- man revanchists is the fact that red for the worst and fight 1ars. Today 100 big US rnono- from 1970 to 1977 military to prevent it from occurring. poly companies (not to men- expenditure there has gone up Marxism-Leninism teach'es tion scores of smaller f irms) 65 per cent. The loudget of the us that imperialism and the are engaged in war produc- Bundeswehr for 1977 was 32.4 warmongers must be weaken- tion, fulfilling the many orders billion marks, while this year ed through the revolutiona- placed by the Pentagon. it has reached 35 billion. ry and liberation struggles of Disguising its fu11-scale drive Today the superp,owers and the peoples. If an aggressive for war preparations under the other imperialist powers imperialist war cannot be pre- a s,m,okescreen of propaganda have intensified their cam- vented, then it is the task of that *it will never a11ow the paign of demagogy about dis- the revolutionaries and the balance of armed forces and armament precisely to cover proletariat to turn it into a li- armaments to be changed to up their imrnense intensifica- beration war." 58.3(40),1978 ALBANIA T O D AY

Ipreas Tffiil E{JBOFtrAN COMMON E&ABKET _ *eaiew AN INSTB{JMEhIT OF THE EXPA,NSIONIST FOLNCY OF' AMERICAN II\EFEBIAI,TSM "PUN, * - argan of the Central Cauncil aI the TUA. As a great combination of Western European countries, under a tight reln and has suc- the West European monopo- always aiming especially at ceeded in silencing them. The lies and trusts, the European such sectors at tbe electronics, fact must be stressed that the Common Market is a savage oi1 and military production in- cou-ntries r'vhich constitute the enemy of the proletariat, of dustries. common Market are also the revolution and socialism. The intenlions of American members ol the aggressive Though American imperlalism imperialism are that the Eu- NATO bloc (France has with- is not officially a member of ropean Common Market drawn only from its militany this organization, it plays a should bc the economic nuc- structure) and in this way Ame- very bie role in it through its leus of its domination over rlcan imperiallsm has creaied great economic and financial its socalled allies in the ,mi- many links through u,hich it presence, through the inter- litary and political fields, applies its own economic, fi- locking of American capital such as the countries of nancial. poiitical, energy, mili- with that of the member coun- the aggressive NATO bloc. tary hegemonlr. One of the tac- tries of this organization. Wall Through the presence of its tlcs rvhich American lmPerial- Street holds the commanding caoital in the economic life ism adopts in order to keep its positions in the economic and of tl-rese countries and socalled allies in check and to financial life of the Western through its military presen- prevent the Common Market Europe and saw to this long ce, Washington keeps a tight from being consolidated, is to before the creation of the hold on its socalled allies, incite the members of this or- Common Market, by means of thus strengthening its domi- ganization against each other, the notorious enslaving Mar- nation of these eountries and continually setting them at shal plan. Within the period utilizing them also to serve logqerheads in the econonric. 1950-1970, private American its hegemonic policy and ri- monetary, agricu-Itura1, ener- capital in Western EuroPe has valries in the other regions. gy, organizational, and other increased 14.2 times over. In *Together with NATO, the fields. In this waY, Washing- practice American capital in Cornmon Market constitutes ton endeavours to retain its these countries controls 95 per an organized base and rear control in the economic and cent of the integral circuits, area of US imperialism in political lif e of individual B0 per cent of the electronic its rivalry and contest with countries, as well as i'n the computers, 55 per cent of the the other imperialist power, Common Market, as a whole. detergents, 30 per cent of au- the revisionist Soviet Union,,' The objective of American im- tomobitre production, and so said comrade Enver Hoxha perialism is to Preserve and on. In 1976, American inves- at the ?th Congress of the strengthen its domination in tments in this zone amount- Party. the Western imPerialist bloc, ed to 55 billion dollars, which In Western Europe, Ameri- by employing such instruments is equal to about 40 p,er cent ean imperialism has created as NATO, the Common Market of all the American invest- such a situation in which its etc. In a secret rePort of ments in the world. Hundreds dictate is becoming ever stron- an American presidential com- of American companies and ger. Through the aggressive mission, headed bY the multi- their subsidiares hold key po- NATO military btroc in particu- millionare, Nelson Rockefeller, sitions in the economic life of lar it has its soealled allies and senator Mansfield, the ALBANIA T O D AY 3 (40),1978 e 59

IDPee I White House claimed that the Western European bour!eoisie, nopoly bourgeoisie and by teulew American domination of Wes- the monopolist, and the bour- American imperialism, is le- tern Europe is legitimate, geois governments. The West arning lrom its own experience while it described Western Eu- European monopoly bourgeoi- the necessity for the struggle rope as an extension of Ame- sie regards American imperia- against the reactionary loca1 rica. hsm as its aliy against the re- bourgeoisie as well as against Of course, it must be said volutionary movemeni, against A.merican imperialism. Its that the hegemonic policy of the revolution, which it fears. class interests demand this, American imperialism in these The European working class, and in this struggle it has the countries is favoured, a1so, by whlch is savagely oppressed support of the proletariat of the reactionary course of the and expioited by the local mo- the whole world. E THE SOVIET SOCIALIMPERIALISTS ROBBERS OF TTIE PEOPLES *BASHRIMI-, - Like any other imperialism, which Soviet socialimperia- urgently need in order to re- socialimperialism is inconcei- Iism has put round the necks lease funds for armarnents, in vable without political. op- of the vassal countries, because the iramework of the imPle- pression and economic exploi- in this manner, it has the meniation of their policy of tation of the proletariat and possibility of supplying raw expansion and domination. the other masses of working materials and fuels, in the ..Economic aid* through cre- people inside and outside the quantities, at the times, and dits, as a form of exPort of country. at the prices, suitable to So- capital, is another means The first to fall prey to the viet socialimperialist interests. which Soviet socialimperia- imperialist plunder of Soviet In the name of the *socia- lism uses in order to exPloit socialimperialism were the list international division of and plunder the peoples of vassal countries of Eastern labour", the Soviet social- the vassal countries. When it Europe, where the revisionist imperialists have imposed a is provided in the form of di- are in power. narrow specialization to suit rect invesbments, it is linked Within the frarnework of their own needs, upon the with the narrolv sPecializa- Comecon, the Soviet socialim- member countries of Comecon. tion of the economY of these perialists have undermined the As well as this, in the context countries and their increased industrialization of the mem- ot Comecon, with a view to dependence on the Russian ber countries. The industry of the rapid economic integration metropolis. Whereas, when it the ..sistero countries has been of the satellite countries into is provided in the form of made completely depend.ent the Soviet state, the bosses in 1oans, this aid is llnked with on raw materials of Soviet Moscow have also set up a the need to prop up the puP- origin, such as ,oil, coal, iron, series of international organi- pet regimes and with the fact cotton, etc. For example, the zations, such as those for the that such loans are used to dependence of these countries rnetallurgical industry, the purchase o1d Sorriet goods and on Soviet oil is approximately chemical industry, the

So- export capital, the Soviet to the socalled develoPing trDr@aa of the sociallmPeriaiist of ?euietD viet Union is with these coun- revisionist propaganda tries countries, the Russian rnetro- tries. Holding a monopolY to present them as *economjc polis made a net Profit of 2 over raw materials, especially aid for development", which, billion dollars in 1976 alone; of energy supplies, the Soviet a11eged1y, the Soviet Union - they secure suPPlies of socialimperialists sell them to gives other countries to streng- such raw materials as oi1, rub- the vassal countries at higher then their economic and po- ber, copper, tin, uranium, cot- prices and purchase goods litical independence ..in the ton, coffee, rice, meat, etc. at frcm them a[ ]ower prices struggle against imperialism, prices 20-30 per cent below than those ruling on the etc. In fact, both the aid and world market levels. From world markel. Thus, this year credits and the direct invest- Africa alone, during the last Eungary is compelled to pay ments represent nothing but 10 years they have taken 80 miliion rubles more than surplus value (unpaid labour) agricultural products worth last year due to an increase creqted by the exploitation of 11 biltion dollars. In the Pe- o[ 2l per cent in the pr.ice the wage Iabour of Russian riod from 1965 to 1974, these of Soviet oi1. Ali the other and other w,orkers who are countries have suffered los- vassal countries are in a si- lncluded in the Soviet com- ses of about 2.4 billon dollars with the milar situation. munity. The Soviet socialim- from unequal trade SovieI sc:ia[.mperialism ex- perialists gain many political, Soviet socialimperialists ; markets for ploits and p).unders the vas- economic, military, and other - they capture which sa1 counti'iet in manY other advantages from such aid and the export of arms, become most ways, too. It is forcing them credits, because: today has the profitable business for them. to spend a total of 9 billion they make superprofits Union controls 28 rubles on the construction of through high rates of i4terest, The Soviet as as through prices per cent of the world trade in allegeC1y joint lnd,ustrial Pro- well hlgh of je.bs or gas pipelines. In fact, for the goods they sell when arms. Through their sales granting \,veapons, they are arming the these projects are being built a condition for the regimes of these on Scviet territory, in the in- credits is that they must be reactionary purchases Soviet countries to suPpress the re- terests of the Soviet Union, used for of goods prices the working masses vrith the material and finan- and through low volts of Ior the goods they buy when and inciting the outbursts of cjal rneans and lakrour Power repayment the credits is in conflicts with the most diverse of the vassal countries. of goods. For example, according motives. And then, under the '* to in:ornplete data, during the pretext of settling these con- ** last i0 years, the socialimpe- flicts, interfere in the inter- Along with the vassal coun- rialist Soviet Union exported a na1 affairs of the other PeoPles, tries of Eastern Europe, and total of 3 billion dollars ca- and ensure their Permanent without overlooking the other pital to Africa and, on the neo-colonialist Presence in parts of Europe, the Soviet other hand, grabbed raw ma- these countries, as theY did in so:ialimperialists are also ex- terials worth 4.7 billion dol- Angola and in the border con- tending thelr aggressive, ex- 1ars, thusmaking a fat profit; flict between Somali and pansionist and heqemonic po- - they find markets to se1I Ethiopia; licy to other regions of the their stocks of outdated goods, - they secure the right to wor1d, especially to the co'un- especially lndustrial equip- build militarY, naval, and tries of Africa, Asia and Latin ment of obsolete technology, air bases in these countries, America. but at prices 20-30 per cent as well as port f acilities f or In order to disguise the en- above world prices. From the their naval fleets, which are slaving nature of forms of the sale of such industrial articles prowling the seas and oceans, ALBAN I A T O D AY 3 (40), 1978 61

[email protected] openly threatening the so- sed nations, on the one hand, rican imperalism and Soviet pew d @sD vereignty of the other peo- and imperiaiism especialiy socialimperialism, which as p1es. Soviet *aid- is chiefly ihe t\ /o superpo.nrers, the comrade Enver Hoxha stres- miiitary *aid- (over 70 per USA and SU, on the other, as sed at the ?th Congress of the cent of it) which is connect- well as the contradictions PLA, , bv the film produc- t1e cries, air-raid sirens and the allround support they re- er Joachim Fest. Though this all sorts of prayers and calIs, ceive from monopoly capital, film was received with scorn are again being heard. a tidal wave of neo-nazist pro- and protests by the people and The program entitled .Con- 62.3 (40), 1978 ALBANIA T O D AY

p?esa cert with music for the Wehr- p'lace. The book market has ces all over Europe goes for teuietD macht. has been dug out of been flooded with books which the purchase of books and the archives and is being serv- are connected with this pe- comics on nazi subjects. Every ed up again to the West Ger- riod in various ways. Vari- year these shops of the socal- man listeners; while <. On the West books with documents of that neo-nazi propaganda, which German market, many recor- time, novels, short stories, has definite aims, is being re- dings with music and speeches down to pocket-size illustrated solutely combated by the of the Fr.ihrer and of his col- booklets. Such literature is Marxist-Leninists, the proleta- Iaborators, Goering and Goeb- soid and circulates widely riat and the masses of work- be1s, are on sa1e. Arnerican among the ranks of the West ing people, who condemn capital is lending a hand in German Bundeswehr, among fascism and uphold the revo- this direction. The American the American armed forces lutionary traditions of the pro- firrm ..Documentary Series, stationed in West Germany, letariat and people of Ger- New York', has produced a amounting to nearly 200 tho- many. This is expressed in series of reoords, each in lar- usand men as well as among their militant actions, in their ge numbers, under the title the troops of the agressive demonstrations to oppose the ..Speeches and songs of nazi NATO alliance. According to activity of the neo-nazi groups Germany,t. figures from the West German and parties, as well as in their In the field of books and presis, one in every five dol- total boycott of this pseudo- publications, the neo-nazi lars spent in the 216 book- culture which serves the propoganda has its reserved -shops serving the NATO for- basest, most inhuman aims.

H TIIE AGGRESSIVE ACTIVITY OF THE TWO IMPERIALIST SUPEBPOWERS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN _ A DANGER TO THE FREEDOM AND INDEPENDE}ICE OF THE PEOPLES OF THIS REGION .BASHI{IMI. -

The US imperialists and waters and to increase the aggressive global strategy of the Soviet sociallmperialists number of the warships of the trvo super1lowers. are d'oing their utmost to their aggressive fleets, which The aim of the strategy of strengthen their presence in are permanently on the prow the American imperiallsts and the Mediterranean, to inter- in Mediterranean waters. Ob- the Soviet socialimperialists fere in the internal affairs of viously, the Mediterranean is to encircle this region with the countries washed by its ca.nnot be excluded from the their military bases and at- ALBANIA T O D AY 3 (40),1978 o 63

tacl< press support bases. In the re- manent bases in the Black trying to create the dangerous gion ?euietD oI the Mediterranean Sea Sea tc the iMediterranean. The illusion that.its presence in there are nearly 200 mi).itary socalled friendly visits of the the Mediterranean is intended objects of the USA. The Ame- gunboais of the two super-' to defend the different peo- rican imperialists together powers to various Mediterra- ples or countries. They also with their instrument of war, nearr ports also have a threat- aim to blunt the vigllance the NATO b1'oc, have 58 sup- ening, warmongering charac- and lower the morale of the polt po.ints oI varying pro- ter. Und.er the pretext ,cf peoples portions, of the region, in or- missile launching friendly visits the American der to quell their revolutio- bases, radar equipment, mi- and Soviet warships sail in nary will to fight in defence litary airfields and bases of and out of the ports of Me- o,f their independence and nuclear weapons in Italy alone. diterranean countries and try sovereignty. But, however Likewise, the Soviet social- to sbay as long as possibte much the superpowers and imperialists also have their in thesq ports, in order to their allies arm themselves, bases, cruisers and destroyers, turn them, in practice, into whatever threats and black- nuclear submarines equipped permanent anchorage and sup- mail they may make, they telecommanded missiles, p1y bases. In the first place, will never be able to crush etc."vith in the Mediterranean. The these visits are fraught with the peoples. Just as comrade dlsplay 'of strength in the dan.qer tc the freedom and Enver Hoxha stressed at the Mediterranean is closely con- sovereignty of the country 7th Congress of the Party, nected with the aggressive which provides port facitities ..In pacts, any country its freedom NATO and Warsaw as well as to the other neigh- and i,ndependence are depen- Treaty. Whenever one aggres- bcuring countries. To allow dent maintry on the stand sive bloc carries out military the American and Soviet adopted: whether it is deter- manoeuvres on a broad scale, ships access to ports means mined to live free and on the other does the same, in t'o create the possibitrities for its feet or enslaved and on order not to lag behind, as them to carry out repairs and its knees. When you are de- well as to avoid even a mo- take on supplies, that is, to termined to live free and mentary loss of control over maintain their readiness. On stand ready to fight, then the the respective zones of in- the other hand, such an ac- blackmail is knocked back, fluence. Manoeuvres and de- tion enables them to sail with strength is revived, the peo- monstrations of strength are loaded guns and missiles ples' courage mounts, and it carried out by the two super- ready close to the territorial is difficult for the aggressor powers also whenever there waters of the other countries- to attack you". Therefore it is a change in the situation and thus ccnstituting a constant is necessary to rally all pos- a rise in tension in the zones danger to the independence sible forces against the mili- around the Mediterranean. and genuine secu-rity of the tary presence in the Mediter- For example, whenever the peoples of this region. ranean of the two superpo- situation in the Middle East The superpowers, which 'oeeomes wers, which are enemies of acute, through the are aware that the strr-rgg1s the independence of the peo- instigation of the two super- of the peoples against tllem ples zone, destroy powers. of this to the American impe- is growing str.iilger i iy by every kind of base they have rialists bring their warships day, throughout th: world, established and created, be- closer to the areas under are spreading the psychosis cause in this way, their in- tensi,cn, whereas the Soviet so- of fear and blackmrril every- fluence and strength, which cialimperialists increase the where and under the pretext are based on the enslavement number of their warships by o[ protection *from the dan- of peoples and the countries, shifting them from their per- ger from the other,', each is are weakened and destroyed. 64 o 3 (40), 1978 ALBANIA TODAY

trpress IMFERIALIST MO}{OPOLIES INTEI{SIFY nevEeea TEIEIB OPPRESSION AND PLUI{DEB OF THE WORKING CLASS *PUNA*

The increase in activity of A11 the profits made by the dancy payments. The American the multinational companies imperialist monopolies in the monopoly comPanies Practice and individual monopolies of other countries are the result short-term contracts of about one or another capitalist coun- of savage plunder of the work- three months, in order to have try in ,other regions of the ers. The monopolies exploit their hands free to laY off world brings about increased the cheap labour power in the workers whenever theY Iinks between the loca1 re- particular. In the conditions like on the slightess Pretext. actionary bourgeoisie and the of the grave economic crisis In aII this savage activitY foreign imperialist capital, so which has had the capitalist against the working class, the that the working class is su- worldr in its grip for four Ioreign monopoly comPanies bjected to a doubie exploita- years now, and in which un- are favoured bY the Po'licy of tion. The bulk of the profits employment has reached a the local r.eactionarY bourgeoi- of the American, British, West total of 110 millon people, sie and the bourgeois govern- German, Japanese, French the lmperialist monopolies have ments o,f the countries in and other imperialist mono- stepped up their cconomic which they operate, which not polies, derives from the eco- activity in other countries. only guarantee the foreign in- nomic and financial activity There, they secure cheap Ia- vestments, but also allow the of these monopolies in bour power, which reduces foreign companies to exploit other countries. For exam- the cost of production and the workers to the maximum, ple, the American monopoly greatly increases the profits exempt them from the PaY- companies produce 6 times as of these monopolies. The Ame- ment of taxes, and come to much in their plants and rican monopolies, which op,e- their ,rescue with police forces faci:or'ies abroad as the USA rate in Europe, pay the Eu- in 'cases of class conflicts. exports. In 1976, the Ame- ropean worker about 50 per The reactionarY local bour- and rican monopolies made 22.4 cent less than a worker doing geoisie has tied itself hand million dollars profit from the same job in a factory in foot to the foreign monopo- enemY of the their activities outside their the USA.. lies and is an rnovements of country. In Latin America ln ,order to increase their revolutionary the proletariat. However, the atrone, 1BT American multina- profits to the maximum in the strikes, demo4strations, rallies tional companies have invest- countries where they operate, and numerous ac'tions of Pro- ed 18 billion dollars and their it is a practice of the monoPolY test, whi,ch are taking Place companies saik the work- profits exceed 7 billion dol- to oontinually in all the coun- lars a year. Similarly, colos- ers they have and take on tries where capital rules, sal profit,s are being realized new ones at short intervals. show that the working class by the other capitalist mo- In this way, they ensure con- and the ,other working PeoPle nopolies such as SIEMENS of tinuity of the labour force at are opposing it, and are evi- West Germany, TOSHIBA of the lowest wages and avoid dence of their rising level of Japan, FIAT of ltaly, PHIL- any obligations to pay higher consciousness, in the strugg,Ie LIPS of Holland, etc. wages for seniority or redun- for ireedom and their rights.

m Days ol happiness and rejogcing for the people ol Sarand.a 1 u:ho had in lheir midst the First S cretat.A oJ the Central Committee al the Portg of Labour o! Albania.' camrade ENVER HOXHA. Songs and dances in the streets of the tou'n

SeU-sulliciencg ol bread grain is one ol the main tasks rohich the PartA set for the 6th fiue-year plan. This directiue of the Party ond the allround elforts of the agricultural uorkers to moke it a realittl eDerA Aear, ha,-e inspired the uorking people of art and culture in their actirsity. Albaniatoday