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ChurchChurch HistoryHistory ChurchChurch HistoryHistory

IntroductionIntroduction toto ChurchChurch HistoryHistory st rd TheThe AncientAncient ChurchChurch AD 11st-3-3rd centuriescenturies th th TheThe RiseRise ofof ChristendomChristendom AD 44th-5-5th centuriescenturies th th TheThe EarlyEarly MiddleMiddle AgesAges AD 66th-10-10th centuriescenturies th th TheThe AgeAge ofof CrusadesCrusades AD 1111th-13-13th centuriescenturies th th TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance AD 1414th-15-15th centuriescenturies th ConquestConquest andand ReformationReformation AD 1616th centurycentury Martin Luther Conquests of Various Kinds The New Martyrdom of the Church Die Warhet Ist Untödlich Calvinists and Mennonites The Counter-Reformation The Wars of Religion (part 3) TheThe ReformationReformation EuropeEurope isis inin turmoilturmoil 1500-1500- MuslimMuslim TurksTurks hadhad beenbeen growinggrowing inin powerpower TurkishTurkish piratespirates suchsuch asas KheireddinKheireddin BarbarossaBarbarossa hadhad beenbeen raidingraiding thethe EuropeanEuropean coastlinescoastlines forfor yearsyears InIn thethe spanspan ofof justjust overover 200200 years,years, moremore thanthan oneone millionmillion EuropeansEuropeans werewere capturedcaptured andand soldsold intointo slaveryslavery byby thethe TurksTurks TheThe ReformationReformation EuropeEurope isis inin turmoilturmoil 1500-1500- MuslimMuslim TurksTurks hadhad beenbeen growinggrowing inin powerpower 1560-1560- TheThe FrenchFrench WarsWars ofof ReligionReligion hadhad escalatedescalated TheThe HuguenotsHuguenots werewere slaughteringslaughtering andand beingbeing slaughteredslaughtered byby thethe CatholicCatholic RoyalistsRoyalists (ostensibly being led by new King Charles XI, but really more by his mother, Caterina de Medici, and her political supporters in the House of Guise) TheThe ReformationReformation EuropeEurope isis inin turmoilturmoil 1500-1500- MuslimMuslim TurksTurks hadhad beenbeen growinggrowing inin powerpower 1560-1560- TheThe FrenchFrench WarsWars ofof ReligionReligion hadhad escalatedescalated 15721572 TheThe St.St. Bartholomew'sBartholomew's DayDay MassacreMassacre inin ParisParis TheThe civilcivil warwar hadhad beenbeen goinggoing onon forfor overover aa decade,decade, soso QueenQueen MotherMother CaterinaCaterina offeredoffered anan opportunityopportunity toto endend thethe hostilitieshostilities amicably—amicably— A marriage between her daughter, Margaret, and Henri de Bourbon—Louis' nephew TheThe ReformationReformation FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching moment—moment— ButBut therethere wasn'twasn't aa lotlot ofof lovelove betweenbetween thethe twotwo ——inin part,part, becausebecause MargaretMargaret waswas embroiledembroiled inin aa passionatepassionate affairaffair withwith HenriHenri dede GuiseGuise atat thethe timetime (the(the mortalmortal enemyenemy ofof HenriHenri dede Bourbon)Bourbon) TheThe ReformationReformation EuropeEurope isis inin turmoilturmoil 1500-1500- MuslimMuslim TurksTurks hadhad beenbeen growinggrowing inin powerpower 1560-1560- TheThe FrenchFrench WarsWars ofof ReligionReligion hadhad escalatedescalated 15721572 TheThe St.St. Bartholomew'sBartholomew's DayDay MassacreMassacre inin ParisParis TheThe civilcivil warwar hadhad beenbeen goinggoing onon forfor overover aa decadedecade ButBut thethe weddingwedding dayday arrived,arrived, andand bothboth bridebride andand groomgroom diddid theirtheir dutyduty andand wentwent throughthrough withwith itit But strangely, Henri de Guise wasn't happy at all Nor was new Pope Gregory XIII, who considered it an attack on the Roman Catholic Church to marry the crown princess of France to a Protestant TheThe ReformationReformation FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching moment—moment— PopularPopular HuguenotHuguenot AdmiralAdmiral GaspardGaspard dede ColignyColigny waswas inin towntown forfor thethe wedding—aswedding—as werewere thousandsthousands ofof otherother HuguenotHuguenot nobles,nobles, invitedinvited byby thethe QueenQueen MotherMother andand thethe KingKing InIn fact,fact, KingKing CharlesCharles waswas oneone ofof hishis biggestbiggest fans,fans, whichwhich mademade himhim allall thethe moremore popularpopular andand powerfulpowerful TheThe ReformationReformation FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching moment—moment— PopularPopular HuguenotHuguenot AdmiralAdmiral GaspardGaspard dede ColignyColigny waswas inin towntown forfor thethe wedding—aswedding—as werewere thousandsthousands ofof otherother HuguenotHuguenot nobles,nobles, invitedinvited byby thethe QueenQueen MotherMother andand thethe KingKing WhileWhile hehe waswas walkingwalking downdown thethe street,street, someonesomeone tooktook aa shotshot atat dede ColignyColigny fromfrom thethe windowwindow ofof aa househouse ownedowned byby HenriHenri dede GuiseGuise ButBut thethe attemptedattempted assassinassassin onlyonly shotshot offoff oneone ofof dede Coligny'sColigny's fingersfingers andand brokebroke hishis elbowelbow ButBut thisthis attackattack setset offoff aa cascadecascade ofof violenceviolence TheThe ReformationReformation EuropeEurope isis inin turmoilturmoil 1500-1500- MuslimMuslim TurksTurks hadhad beenbeen growinggrowing inin powerpower 1560-1560- TheThe FrenchFrench WarsWars ofof ReligionReligion hadhad escalatedescalated 15721572 TheThe St.St. Bartholomew'sBartholomew's DayDay MassacreMassacre inin ParisParis TheThe civilcivil warwar hadhad beenbeen goinggoing onon forfor overover aa decadedecade ButBut thethe weddingwedding dayday arrived,arrived, andand bothboth bridebride andand groomgroom diddid theirtheir dutyduty andand wentwent throughthrough withwith itit OstensiblyOstensibly toto protectprotect thethe royalsroyals fromfrom HuguenotHuguenot reprisals,reprisals, CaterinaCaterina commandedcommanded thethe gatesgates ofof ParisParis bebe shutshut andand thatthat itsits citizenscitizens shouldshould armarm themselvesthemselves At this, the predominantly Catholic citizens of Paris began attacking and killing the thousands of Huguenots who had come to town for the wedding An estimated 5-10,000 Huguenots were killed in Paris in three days—and upwards of 20,000 more were killed in the nearby villages TheThe ReformationReformation FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching moment—moment— GaspardGaspard dede ColignyColigny himselfhimself hidhid inin hishis apartmentsapartments untiluntil thethe thirdthird day,day, whenwhen thethe crowd—ledcrowd—led byby HenriHenri dede Guise—finallyGuise—finally brokebroke throughthrough hishis doordoor TheyThey stabbedstabbed himhim throughthrough thethe chestchest andand threwthrew himhim outout ofof thethe windowwindow intointo thethe streets,streets, wherewhere hehe waswas finallyfinally killedkilled byby decapitationdecapitation TheThe maddenedmaddened crowdcrowd thenthen mutilatedmutilated hishis corpsecorpse andand draggeddragged itit throughthrough thethe muddymuddy streetsstreets ofof Paris—Paris— alternatelyalternately flingingflinging itit intointo thethe river,river, hanginghanging itit fromfrom aa pole,pole, andand ultimatelyultimately burningburning itit onon aa pyrepyre TheThe ReformationReformation FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching moment—moment— GaspardGaspard dede ColignyColigny himselfhimself hidhid inin hishis apartmentsapartments untiluntil thethe thirdthird day,day, whenwhen thethe crowd—ledcrowd—led byby HenriHenri dede Guise—finallyGuise—finally brokebroke throughthrough hishis doordoor HenriHenri dede BourbonBourbon alsoalso hidhid fromfrom thethe murderersmurderers ——amazingly,amazingly, protectedprotected byby hishis newnew wife,wife, MargaretMargaret (No,(No, sheshe didn'tdidn't lovelove him,him, butbut sheshe couldn'tcouldn't bearbear toto seesee himhim torntorn toto shredsshreds byby thethe mob)mob) HenriHenri dede BourbonBourbon ultimatelyultimately survivedsurvived thethe MassacreMassacre byby agreeingagreeing toto convertconvert toto Catholicism,Catholicism, andand becamebecame aa virtualvirtual prisonerprisoner atat courtcourt forfor thethe nextnext fourfour yearsyears ButBut inin 1576,1576, hehe escaped—andescaped—and thenthen formallyformally recantedrecanted hishis conversionconversion TheThe ReformationReformation FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching momentmoment2—— PopePope GregoryGregory XIIIXIII waswas aa bigbig fanfan ofof thethe MassacreMassacre WhenWhen hearinghearing aboutabout howhow manymany HuguenotsHuguenots hadhad beenbeen killed,killed, hehe immediatelyimmediately wrotewrote toto KingKing Charles,Charles, sayingsaying “We rejoice with you that, with the help of God, you have relieved the world of these wretched heretics” TheThe ReformationReformation FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching momentmoment2—— PopePope GregoryGregory XIIIXIII waswas aa bigbig fanfan ofof thethe MassacreMassacre WhenWhen hearinghearing aboutabout howhow manymany HuguenotsHuguenots hadhad beenbeen killed,killed, hehe immediatelyimmediately wrotewrote toto KingKing CharlesCharles InIn fact,fact, GregoryGregory commissionedcommissioned threethree frescoesfrescoes commemoratingcommemorating thethe eventevent fromfrom GiorgioGiorgio Vasari,Vasari, toto bebe placedplaced inin thethe antechamberantechamber ofof thethe SistineSistine ChapelChapel And then he created a papal medallion with his own face on one side, and God's angel slaughtering Huguenots on the other, bearing the inscription,inscription, ““Ugonottorum Strages—1572” (“Slaughter of the Huguenots—1572”) TheThe ReformationReformation FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching momentmoment2—— PopePope GregoryGregory XIIIXIII waswas aa bigbig fanfan ofof thethe MassacreMassacre WhenWhen hearinghearing aboutabout howhow manymany HuguenotsHuguenots hadhad beenbeen killed,killed, hehe immediatelyimmediately wrotewrote toto KingKing CharlesCharles InIn fact,fact, GregoryGregory commissionedcommissioned threethree frescoesfrescoes commemoratingcommemorating thethe eventevent fromfrom GiorgioGiorgio Vasari,Vasari, toto bebe placedplaced inin thethe antechamberantechamber ofof thethe SistineSistine ChapelChapel CharlesCharles waswas soso distraughtdistraught overover thethe massacremassacre thatthat hehe physicallyphysically andand emotionallyemotionally collapsedcollapsed He accused his mother, Caterina, of orchestrating the whole thing— “Who but you is the cause of all of this? God's blood, you are the cause of it all!” Caterina responded by dismissing him, telling people that she had a lunaticlunatic forfor aa son,son, andand thatthat FranceFrance needed a new king Which is roughly when Charles stopped eating and fell into a deep depression... TheThe ReformationReformation EuropeEurope isis inin turmoilturmoil 1500-1500- MuslimMuslim TurksTurks hadhad beenbeen growinggrowing inin powerpower 1560-1560- TheThe FrenchFrench WarsWars ofof ReligionReligion hadhad escalatedescalated 15721572 TheThe St.St. Bartholomew'sBartholomew's DayDay MassacreMassacre inin ParisParis 15731573 HenriHenri IIIIII becamebecame kingking whenwhen CharlesCharles dieddied AnAn ardentardent Catholic—whomCatholic—whom CaterinaCaterina hadhad usedused asas herher primaryprimary agentagent inin carryingcarrying outout thethe Massacre—Massacre— HenriHenri waswas nonethelessnonetheless farfar moremore interestedinterested inin partyingpartying thanthan reigningreigning He had a series of beautiful mistresses, whom he would bed and then soon grow tired of But he also had a number of “mignons”—young men at court upon whom he doted and who were famous for dressing and behaving in a promiscuous and effeminate manner Whether or not Henri was gay, he became famous for enjoying the company of clearly gay men... TheThe ReformationReformation FunkyFunky littlelittle non-Europeannon-European side-trail...side-trail... 15771577 TheThe GoldenGolden KhanKhan waswas convertedconverted TheThe MongolMongol EmpireEmpire hadhad brokenbroken upup intointo severalseveral MuslimMuslim KhanatesKhanates (or(or Khaganates)Khaganates) (NOTE: When you factor in the Ottoman Empire and the Deccan Sultanates and Mughal Empire of India, you can see how much of the world had become totally dominated by Islam by 1577) TheThe ReformationReformation FunkyFunky littlelittle non-Europeannon-European side-trail...side-trail... 15771577 TheThe GoldenGolden KhanKhan waswas convertedconverted TheThe MongolMongol EmpireEmpire hadhad brokenbroken upup intointo severalseveral MuslimMuslim KhanatesKhanates (or(or Khaganates),Khaganates), andand thethe AltanAltan KhanKhan ruledruled thethe westernwestern MongolsMongols ToTo consolidateconsolidate hishis rule,rule, hehe sentsent forfor messengersmessengers throughoutthroughout Mongolia,Mongolia, toto getget thethe “lay“lay ofof thethe land”land” So he was visited by the Buddhist monk, Sonam Gyatso, who declared himself the reincarnation of Tibetan monk Drogön Chögyal Phagpa—who had converted Kublai Khan to Buddhism—and he argued that, since Altan Khan was the reincarnation of great Kublai, they needed to repeat the cycle TheThe ReformationReformation FunkyFunky littlelittle non-Europeannon-European side-trail...side-trail... 15771577 TheThe GoldenGolden KhanKhan waswas convertedconverted TheThe MongolMongol EmpireEmpire hadhad brokenbroken upup intointo severalseveral MuslimMuslim KhanatesKhanates (or(or Khaganates),Khaganates), andand thethe AltanAltan KhanKhan ruledruled thethe westernwestern MongolsMongols ToTo consolidateconsolidate hishis rule,rule, hehe sentsent forfor messengersmessengers throughoutthroughout Mongolia,Mongolia, toto getget thethe “lay“lay ofof thethe land”land” So he was visited by the Buddhist monk, Sonam Gyatso Altan Khan really liked the idea of being seen as the reincarnation of Kublai Khan, so he converted to Buddism, calling Gyatso an “ocean of wisdom,” and the title became an ongoing one TheThe ReformationReformation FunkyFunky littlelittle non-Europeannon-European side-trail...side-trail... 15771577 TheThe GoldenGolden KhanKhan waswas convertedconverted TheThe MongolMongol EmpireEmpire hadhad brokenbroken upup intointo severalseveral MuslimMuslim KhanatesKhanates (or(or Khaganates),Khaganates), andand thethe AltanAltan KhanKhan ruledruled thethe westernwestern MongolsMongols ToTo consolidateconsolidate hishis rule,rule, hehe sentsent forfor messengersmessengers throughoutthroughout Mongolia,Mongolia, toto getget thethe “lay“lay ofof thethe land”land” ThisThis isis kindakinda huge—nothuge—not onlyonly asas thethe beginningbeginning ofof thethe officeoffice ofof thethe DalaiDalai LamaLama andand thethe explosionexplosion ofof Buddhism,Buddhism, butbut alsoalso asas thethe beginningbeginning ofof thethe recedingreceding ofof IslamIslam asas Asia'sAsia's pre-eminentpre-eminent religion...religion... TheThe ReformationReformation FunkyFunky littlelittle EuropeanEuropean side-trail...side-trail... 15771577 TheThe GoldenGolden KhanKhan waswas convertedconverted ThisThis waswas thethe samesame yearyear thatthat PopePope GregoryGregory XIIIXIII plottedplotted thethe overthrowoverthrow ofof QueenQueen ElizabethElizabeth That'sThat's thethe yearyear thatthat thethe PopePope metmet withwith ThomasThomas StukeleyStukeley (an English pirate who wanted to rule his own nation—in Florida, if he could conquer it—as a king, and even expressed that at one point to Queen Elizabeth... who didn't appreciate it) TheThe ReformationReformation FunkyFunky littlelittle EuropeanEuropean side-trail...side-trail... 15771577 TheThe GoldenGolden KhanKhan waswas convertedconverted ThisThis waswas thethe samesame yearyear thatthat PopePope GregoryGregory XIIIXIII plottedplotted thethe overthrowoverthrow ofof QueenQueen ElizabethElizabeth That'sThat's thethe yearyear thatthat thethe PopePope metmet withwith ThomasThomas StukeleyStukeley andand JamesJames FitzMauriceFitzMaurice FitzGeraldFitzGerald (an Irish nobleman who'd already led partial rebellions against English rule in Ireland) TheThe ReformationReformation FunkyFunky littlelittle EuropeanEuropean side-trail...side-trail... 15771577 TheThe GoldenGolden KhanKhan waswas convertedconverted ThisThis waswas thethe samesame yearyear thatthat PopePope GregoryGregory XIIIXIII plottedplotted thethe overthrowoverthrow ofof QueenQueen ElizabethElizabeth That'sThat's thethe yearyear thatthat thethe PopePope metmet withwith ThomasThomas StukeleyStukeley andand JamesJames FitzMauriceFitzMaurice FitzGeraldFitzGerald andand together,together, theythey deviseddevised aa planplan Gregory would outfit them with 2,000 men, several ships, and the weapons and money necessary to overthrow Elizabeth's rule in Catholic Ireland—and thus, ultimately, in England as well Unfortunately, Stukeley the pirate got a better deal from King Sebastian I of Portugal to help him against the Sultan of Morocco, so he abandoned both the plan and FitzMaurice (go figure) So everybody but Stukeley got themselves arrested... Stukeley died on the first day of battle in Morocco... TheThe ReformationReformation FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching moment—moment—

SeptemberSeptember 3-13,3-13, 17521752 NEVERNEVER HAPPENEDHAPPENED TheThe ReformationReformation EuropeEurope isis inin turmoilturmoil 15821582 PopePope GregoryGregory XIIIXIII changedchanged thethe calendarcalendar TheThe calendarcalendar thatthat JuliusJulius CaesarCaesar commissionedcommissioned backback inin 4646 BC ((AKA thethe “Julian“Julian Calendar”)Calendar”) waswas good,good, butbut notnot greatgreat The Julian Calendar had calculated the year as 365.2424 days (approximately 11 minutes less than 365¼ days), which doesn't sound like being off by much, but it kinda adds up over time In fact, Gregory's biggest problem was that every year, the dating for Easter got a little farther off kilter—and he sure wasn't going to go back to dating it the Jewish (and Celtic) way... TheThe ReformationReformation EuropeEurope isis inin turmoilturmoil 15821582 PopePope GregoryGregory XIIIXIII changedchanged thethe calendarcalendar TheThe calendarcalendar thatthat JuliusJulius CaesarCaesar commissionedcommissioned backback inin 4646 BC ((AKA thethe “Julian“Julian Calendar”)Calendar”) waswas good,good, butbut notnot greatgreat The Julian Calendar had calculated the year as 365.2424 days (approximately 11 minutes less than 365¼ days), which doesn't sound like being off by much, but it kinda adds up over time So Gregory issued the “Inter Gravissimas”—a papal bull that changed the calendar to fix the problem Thus, October 5-14, 1582 never happened, because the Catholic Church told the rest of the world just to skip those days and catch up Protestant countries immediately rebelled against this, deriding Rome for unilaterally trying to control even the calendar, and “stealing days” In fact, Britain and her colonies didn't adopt the Gregorian Calendar until 1752 Which is why for us, September 3-13, 1752 never happened (Though, as Ben Franklin put it, “It is pleasant for an old man to be able to go to bed on September 2, and not have to get up until September 14.”) TheThe ReformationReformation EuropeEurope isis inin turmoilturmoil 15821582 PopePope GregoryGregory XIIIXIII changedchanged thethe calendarcalendar 15841584 TheThe “War“War ofof thethe ThreeThree Henrys”Henrys” brokebroke outout KingKing HenriHenri IIIIII waswas busybusy partyingpartying withwith hishis ““mignonsmignons”” (like his buddy, Anne de Joyeuse) TheThe ReformationReformation EuropeEurope isis inin turmoilturmoil 15821582 PopePope GregoryGregory XIIIXIII changedchanged thethe calendarcalendar 15841584 TheThe “War“War ofof thethe ThreeThree Henrys”Henrys” brokebroke outout KingKing HenriHenri IIIIII waswas busybusy partyingpartying withwith hishis ““mignonsmignons”” andand killingkilling HuguenotsHuguenots rightright andand leftleft TheThe ReformationReformation FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching moment—moment— ThisThis waswas thethe yearyear thatthat thethe king'sking's youngeryounger brotherbrother andand heir,heir, Francis,Francis, died—died—andand accordingaccording toto FrenchFrench law,law, thethe nextnext inin lineline toto thethe thronethrone would'vewould've been...been... HenriHenri dede BourbonBourbon TheThe ReformationReformation EuropeEurope isis inin turmoilturmoil 15821582 PopePope GregoryGregory XIIIXIII changedchanged thethe calendarcalendar 15841584 TheThe “War“War ofof thethe ThreeThree Henrys”Henrys” brokebroke outout KingKing HenriHenri IIIIII waswas busybusy partyingpartying withwith hishis ““mignonsmignons”” andand killingkilling HuguenotsHuguenots rightright andand leftleft HenriHenri dede BourbonBourbon waswas busybusy defendingdefending HuguenotsHuguenots rightright andand leftleft TheThe ReformationReformation EuropeEurope isis inin turmoilturmoil 15821582 PopePope GregoryGregory XIIIXIII changedchanged thethe calendarcalendar 15841584 TheThe “War“War ofof thethe ThreeThree Henrys”Henrys” brokebroke outout KingKing HenriHenri IIIIII waswas busybusy partyingpartying withwith hishis ““mignonsmignons”” andand killingkilling HuguenotsHuguenots rightright andand leftleft HenriHenri dede BourbonBourbon waswas busybusy defendingdefending HuguenotsHuguenots rightright andand leftleft HenriHenri dede GuiseGuise hadhad teamedteamed upup withwith thethe HolyHoly LeagueLeague thatthat PopePope PiusPius VV hadhad putput togethertogether withwith KingKing PhilipPhilip IIII ofof SpainSpain toto fightfight thethe OttomansOttomans But Philip suggested a better use of those resources TheThe ReformationReformation EuropeEurope isis inin turmoilturmoil 15821582 PopePope GregoryGregory XIIIXIII changedchanged thethe calendarcalendar 15841584 TheThe “War“War ofof thethe ThreeThree Henrys”Henrys” brokebroke outout PhilipPhilip suggestedsuggested thatthat allall ofof thethe resourcesresources ofof thethe HolyHoly LeagueLeague bebe usedused byby HenriHenri dede GuiseGuise toto helphelp HenriHenri IIIIII fightfight HenryHenry dede Bourbon'sBourbon's Huguenots—Huguenots— and,and, ultimatelyultimately (secretly)(secretly) toto replacereplace thethe weakweak HenriHenri IIIIII withwith aa betterbetter king—Guiseking—Guise himselfhimself (NOTE: Philip didn't really care what happened, so longlong asas FranceFrance waswas beingbeing tiedtied upup inin CivilCivil WarWar soso that he could plan his own invasion of England) TheThe ReformationReformation EuropeEurope isis inin turmoilturmoil 15821582 PopePope GregoryGregory XIIIXIII changedchanged thethe calendarcalendar 15841584 TheThe “War“War ofof thethe ThreeThree Henrys”Henrys” brokebroke outout PhilipPhilip suggestedsuggested thatthat allall ofof thethe resourcesresources ofof thethe HolyHoly LeagueLeague bebe usedused byby HenriHenri dede GuiseGuise toto helphelp HenriHenri IIIIII fightfight HenryHenry dede Bourbon'sBourbon's HuguenotsHuguenots WhenWhen thethe BattleBattle ofof CoutrasCoutras wentwent southsouth andand AnneAnne ofof JoyeuseJoyeuse waswas killed,killed, HenriHenri IIIIII brokebroke withwith HenriHenri dede Guise,Guise, andand aa civilcivil warwar eruptederupted withinwithin thethe civilcivil warwar (NOTE: After the battle, Henri de Bourbon actually attended a Mass in respect for the fallen Catholics) TheThe ReformationReformation EuropeEurope isis inin turmoilturmoil 15821582 PopePope GregoryGregory XIIIXIII changedchanged thethe calendarcalendar 15841584 TheThe “War“War ofof thethe ThreeThree Henrys”Henrys” brokebroke outout 15881588 DeDe GuiseGuise andand thethe HolyHoly LeagueLeague enteredentered ParisParis WithWith thethe backingbacking ofof Spain,Spain, HenriHenri dede GuiseGuise tooktook thethe city,city, andand HenriHenri IIIIII waswas forcedforced toto fleeflee forfor hishis lifelife De Guise's popularity was soaring, and the Catholic Parisians saw him as a hero of the faith But when the Spanish support for him suddenly dropped out, Henri III now saw him as a target and had him assassinated TheThe ReformationReformation EuropeEurope isis inin turmoilturmoil 15821582 PopePope GregoryGregory XIIIXIII changedchanged thethe calendarcalendar 15841584 TheThe “War“War ofof thethe ThreeThree Henrys”Henrys” brokebroke outout 15881588 DeDe GuiseGuise andand thethe HolyHoly LeagueLeague enteredentered ParisParis WithWith thethe backingbacking ofof Spain,Spain, HenriHenri dede GuiseGuise tooktook thethe city,city, andand HenriHenri IIIIII waswas forcedforced toto fleeflee forfor hishis lifelife De Guise's popularity was soaring, and the Catholic Parisians saw him as a hero of the faith But when the Spanish support for him suddenly dropped out, Henri III now saw him as a target and had him assassinated The Catholics of France were incensed,incensed, andand chargedcharged thethe kingking with murder—so the only person strong enough that the king could turn to for protection was...... Henri de Bourbon TheThe ReformationReformation EuropeEurope isis inin turmoilturmoil 15821582 PopePope GregoryGregory XIIIXIII changedchanged thethe calendarcalendar 15841584 TheThe “War“War ofof thethe ThreeThree Henrys”Henrys” brokebroke outout 15881588 DeDe GuiseGuise andand thethe HolyHoly LeagueLeague enteredentered ParisParis WithWith thethe backingbacking ofof Spain,Spain, HenriHenri dede GuiseGuise tooktook thethe city,city, andand HenriHenri IIIIII waswas forcedforced toto fleeflee forfor hishis lifelife HenriHenri dede Guise'sGuise's widow,widow, CatherineCatherine dede Guise,Guise, foundfound aa fanaticalfanatical FrenchFrench monkmonk namednamed JacquesJacques ClémentClément andand convincedconvinced himhim thatthat thethe onlyonly wayway toto savesave FrenchFrench CatholicismCatholicism waswas toto avengeavenge thethe murdermurder So, with forged papers, Clément gained an audience with the king and stabbed him to death TheThe ReformationReformation EuropeEurope isis inin turmoilturmoil 15821582 PopePope GregoryGregory XIIIXIII changedchanged thethe calendarcalendar 15841584 TheThe “War“War ofof thethe ThreeThree Henrys”Henrys” brokebroke outout 15881588 DeDe GuiseGuise andand thethe HolyHoly LeagueLeague enteredentered ParisParis WithWith thethe backingbacking ofof Spain,Spain, HenriHenri dede GuiseGuise tooktook thethe city,city, andand HenriHenri IIIIII waswas forcedforced toto fleeflee forfor hishis lifelife HenriHenri dede Guise'sGuise's widow,widow, CatherineCatherine dede Guise,Guise, foundfound aa fanaticalfanatical FrenchFrench monkmonk namednamed JacquesJacques ClémentClément andand convincedconvinced himhim thatthat thethe onlyonly wayway toto savesave FrenchFrench CatholicismCatholicism waswas toto avengeavenge thethe murdermurder So, with forged papers, Clément gained an audience with the king and stabbed him to death Ironically, this action automatically made Henri de Bourbon become the perfectly legal, first Protestant, Huguenot King of France... … and the Bourbons reigned until the French Revolution, two centuries later...later...