DOCSLIB.ORG

Chapter 21A, Pages 586 to 619 World History: Patterns of Interaction Mcdougal-Littell 2007

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chapter 21A, Pages 586 to 619 World History: Patterns of Interaction Mcdougal-Littell 2007 Absolute Monarchs in Europe, 1500 to 1800 Chapter 21a, Pages 586 to 619 World History: Patterns of Interaction McDougal-Littell 2007 Charles V ruled most of Europe as the Holy Roman Emperor from 1519 to 1556; he successfully defended Hungary and Vienna from the Islamic attacks of Suleyman the Magnificent. Charles then abdicated, and left the eastern part of his realm, Austria and the Holy Roman Empire, to his brother Ferdinand; he left the western part to his son Philip II: Spain, the Spanish Netherlands, and Spanish colonies in America. Philip II expanded his territory by seizing Portugal; he thereby also obtained the Portuguese possessions in Africa, India, and the East Indies. When the Muslims attacked Greece, the Spanish navy defeated them at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571. But in 1588, the Spanish navy lost when it attacked England. The navy’s defeat and high taxes combined to weaken Spain. Not only did the Spanish government tax its own citizens, it taxed the Netherlands, which it owned. In 1566, the Dutch began a revolt. By 1579, the northern part of the Netherlands was able to declare its independence. It became a center of both banking and art. Rembrandt and Jan Vermeer were two Dutch painters of the era. Italy was no longer a major player in banking, and the Netherlands obtained the Dutch East Indies. Spanish and French kings were examples of “absolute monarchy.” There was no limit on their power, and they were responsible only to God. The end of feudalism led to such centralization of political power. In France, King Henry II died in 1559; after some succession problems (Henry had four sons), his fourth son became Henry III in 1574. A Roman Catholic, he belonged to the Valois dynasty, an offshoot of the Capetian dynasty. His wife was from the Lorraine dynasty. Because they had no heir, another succession problem was in the offing. When Henry III died, his power would go to his distant cousin, Henry of Navarre, a member of the Bourbon dynasty. Henry III was not eager to see his power go to Henry of Navarre. The Guise dynasty, an offshoot of the Lorraine dynasty, sought to obtain power. The Lorraine dynasty’s leader, Henry I of Guise, wanted to disrupt the normal rules of succession to gain power for himself; he wanted Henry III to leave the power to him. Although Henry III of Valois was allegedly in an alliance with Henry I of Guise, the two actually fought each other with their armies; Henry III was Chapter 21a, page 1 assassinated by an operative of Henry I of Guise. They were both Roman Catholic; the wars between them, and the assassination, were about power, not religion. The royal officials would not, however, turn power over to Henry I of Guise, and Henry of Navarre became King Henry IV. Called “The War of the Three Henrys,” these struggles were also known as “The French Wars of Religion” because Henry IV converted to Roman Catholicism, but the struggles were actually about royal power, not religion. (Henry IV was born Roman Catholic in 1553, converted to Protestantism in 1572, and converted back to Roman Catholicism in 1593: confusing!) Taking the throne in 1589, Henry IV issued the “Edict of Nantes” in 1598, which gave religious toleration to the Protestants in France, called “Huguenots.” Henry’s son, Louis XIII, was the next king of France. Unable to, or uninterested in, ruling well, he appointed Cardinal Richelieu, who ruled efficiently and capably, but also moved the Bourbon dynasty toward absolutism. Richelieu wanted to make France the strongest state in Europe. The greatest obstacle to this, he believed, were the Hapsburg rulers, whose lands surrounded France. The Hapsburgs ruled Spain, Austria, the Netherlands, and parts of the Holy Roman Empire. To limit Hapsburg power, Richelieu involved France in the Thirty Years’ War. France was officially a Roman Catholic nation, tolerating the small Huguenot minority, and the Hapsburg dynasty was also Roman Catholic, so pure political power, not religion, was the motive for Richelieu’s war. Disgusted by the political power-grabbing of the era, some thinkers were skeptical of political institutions – wondering if justice might be found more clearly outside the competitions between dynasties than within them – and skeptical about religious institutions – wondering if individuals might find a clearer knowledge of God outside the church than within it. One of these thinkers, Montaigne, was loyal to the Roman Catholic faith without necessarily being faithful to the Roman Catholic church. Another philosopher, René Descartes, decided to do away entirely with traditional philosophers like Aristotle and with the authority of the Roman Catholic church, and instead found reliable knowledge about God through reason. Descartes was an accomplished mathematician, the discoverer of the Cartesian plane in algebra, and noted that the universe’s existence was not necessary but contingent: there is no rational principle requiring that the universe must exist. Therefore, Descartes concluded, the universe is contingent upon something: God. Chapter 21a, page 2.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Royal Government in Guyenne During the First War of Religion
    ROYAL GOVERNMENT IN GUYENNE DURING THE FIRST WAR OF RELIGION: 1561 - 1563 by DANIEL RICHARD BIRCH B.R.E., Northwest Baptist Theological College, i960 B.A., University of British Columbia, 1963 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of History We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA March, 1968 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his represen• tatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of History The University of British Columbia Vancouver 8, Canada Date March 21, 1968 - ABSTRACT - The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the principal challenges to royal authority and the means by which royal authority was maintained in France during the first War of Religion (1561-1563). The latter half of the sixteenth century was a critical period for the French monarchy. Great noble families attempted to re-establish their feudal power at the expense of the crown. Francis II and Charles IX, kings who were merely boys, succeeded strong monarchs on the throne. The kingdom was im• poverished by foreign wars and overrun by veteran soldiers, ill- absorbed into civil life.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter Two: the Global Context: Asia, Europe, and Africa in the Early Modern Era
    Chapter Two: The Global Context: Asia, Europe, and Africa in the Early Modern Era Contents 2.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 30 2.1.1 Learning Outcomes ....................................................................................... 30 2.2 EUROPE IN THE AGE OF DISCOVERY: PORTUGAL AND SPAIN ........................... 31 2.2.1 Portugal Initiates the Age of Discovery ............................................................. 31 2.2.2 The Spanish in the Age of Discovery ................................................................ 33 2.2.3 Before You Move On... ................................................................................... 35 Key Concepts ....................................................................................................35 Test Yourself ...................................................................................................... 36 2.3 ASIA IN THE AGE OF DISCOVERY: CHINESE EXPANSION DURING THE MING DYNASTY 37 2.3.1 Before You Move On... ................................................................................... 40 Key Concepts ................................................................................................... 40 Test Yourself .................................................................................................... 41 2.4 EUROPE IN THE AGE OF DISCOVERY: ENGLAND AND FRANCE ........................ 41 2.4.1 England and France at War ..........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Ap® European History 2010 Scoring Guidelines
    AP® EUROPEAN HISTORY 2010 SCORING GUIDELINES Question 3 Analyze the various Protestant views of the relationship between church and state in the period circa 1500–1700. 9–8 Points • The thesis is explicit and fully responsive to the prompt; includes specific references to the nature of the relationship between church and state for at least two specific groups or views. • The organization is clear, consistent and effective in support of the argument. • The essay is well balanced; develops at least three separate views that are drawn from more than one geographic area. • The essay contains specific and appropriate supporting evidence of the relationship between church and state for at least three of the views cited. • The essay may contain errors that do not detract from the argument. 7–6 Points • The thesis is explicit and responsive to the prompt; includes specific reference to the nature of the relationship between church and state for one or more of the groups or views cited. • The organization is clear and effective but may not be not consistently followed. • The essay is balanced; develops at least two separate and distinct views. • The essay contains specific and appropriate supporting evidence for at least two of the views cited. • The essay may contain an error that detracts from the argument. 5–4 Points • The thesis is explicit but not fully responsive to the question; may fail to refer to specific views or simply name groups involved in the Protestant movement. • The organization may lack consistency. • The essay is somewhat unbalanced; may conflate the development of Protestantism with relationships between church and state.
    [Show full text]
  • UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title The Shaping of Empire: History Writing and Imperial Identity in Early Modern Spain Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/53k0k0pb Author Gonzales, Michael Andrew Publication Date 2013 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California The Shaping of Empire: History Writing and Imperial Identity in Early Modern Spain By Michael Andrew Gonzales A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Thomas Dandelet, Chair Professor William B. Taylor Professor Ignacio Navarrete Fall 2013 Abstract The Shaping of Empire: History Writing and Imperial Identity in Early Modern Spain by Michael Andrew Gonzales Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Berkeley Professor Thomas Dandelet, Chair Previous studies on politics and history writing in early modern Europe have focused on how early modern monarchs commissioned official royal histories that served to glorify the crown and its achievements. These works discuss the careers of royal historians and their importance at court, and examine how the early modern crown controlled history writing. In the case of Spain, scholars have argued that Spanish monarchs, particularly Philip II, strictly controlled the production of history writing by censoring texts, destroying and seizing manuscripts, and at times restricting history writing to authorized historians. Modern scholars have largely avoided analyzing the historical studies themselves, and have ignored histories written by non-royal historians. My dissertation broadens the discussion by examining a variety of histories written by royal historians and authors from outside of the court, including clerics, bureaucrats, and military officers, motivated to write histories by their concern over Spain’s recent imperial policies and campaigns.
    [Show full text]
  • Satire and the Corpus Mysticum During Crises of Fragmentation
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles The Body Satyrical: Satire and the Corpus Mysticum during Crises of Fragmentation in Late Medieval and Early Modern France A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in French and Francophone Studies by Christopher Martin Flood 2013 © Copyright by Christopher Martin Flood 2013 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION The Body Satyrical: Satire and the Corpus Mysticum during Crises of Fragmentation in Medieval and Early Modern France by Christopher Martin Flood Doctor of Philosophy in French and Francophone Studies University of California, Los Angeles, 2013 Professor Jean-Claude Carron, Chair The later Middle Ages and early modern period in France were marked by divisive conflicts (i.e. the Western Schism, the Hundred Years’ War, and the Protestant Reformation) that threatened the stability and unity of two powerful yet seemingly fragile social entities, Christendom and the kingdom of France. The anxiety engendered by these crises was heightened by the implicit violence of a looming fragmentation of those entities that, perceived through the lens of the Pauline corporeal metaphor, were imagined as corpora mystica (mystical bodies). Despite the gravity of these crises of fragmentation, ii each met with a somewhat unexpected and, at times, prolific response in the form of satirical literature. Since that time, these satirical works have been reductively catalogued under the unwieldy genre of traditional satire and read superficially as mere vituperation or ridiculing didacticism. However, when studied against the background of sixteenth- century theories of satire and the corporeal metaphor, a previously unnoticed element of these works emerges that sets them apart from traditional satire and provides an original insight into the culture of the time.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 9: the Late Middle Ages Section 1: the Black Death
    AP European History Chapter 8: 1580-1609 Section 1: 1580-1589 Political History By Dallin F. Hardy Tuscany Ferdinand I de’ Medici 1587-1609 Grand Duke of Tuscany Spain Iberian Union 1580-1640 Spanish Portugal Philip II Spanish Netherlands 1581-1714 Modern day Belgium Revolt in the Netherlands William the Silent Declared an Outlaw 1580 Philip II of Spain Offered 25,000 crown reqard for William’s assassination Apology 1580 Speech By William of Orange Denounced Philip II Act of Abjuration July 26, 1581 Netherlands Declared independence from Spain Dutch Independence 1581 In Search of a King 1581-1588 Assassination of William the Silent July 10, 1584 By Balthasar Gerard Philip William 1584-1618 Prince of Orange Treaty of Nonsuch August 10, 1585 England Sent 7,000 troops to help Dutch Spain Viewed the treaty as Declaration of war Fall of Antwerp August 17, 1585 Dutch Republic 1588-1795 Seven northern provinces French Wars of Religion War of the Three Henrys 1587-1589 Henry III Henry of Navarre Henry, Duke of Guise Day of the Barricades 1588 King Henry III Fled Paris Assassination of Henry I December 23, 1588 Duke of Guise Assassination of Louis II December 24, 1588 Cardinal of Guise Alliance of the Two Henrys 1589 Henry III Henry Navarre Assassination of Henry III 1589 End of Valois dynasty 1328-1589 Henry IV 1589-1610 King of France Bourbon Dynasty 1589-1792 Margaret of Valois 1589-1599 Queen consort of France England Congregationalists 1582 Separatists
    [Show full text]
  • Peasant Revolts During the French Wars of Religion (A Socio-Economic Comparative Study)
    PEASANT REVOLTS DURING THE FRENCH WARS OF RELIGION (A SOCIO-ECONOMIC COMPARATIVE STUDY) By Emad Afkham Submitted to Central European University Department of History In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Supervisor: Professor Laszlo Kontler Second Reader: Professor Matthias Riedl CEU eTD Collection Budapest, Hungary 2016 Copyright in the text of this thesis rests with the Author. Copies by any process, either in full or part, may be made only in accordance with the instructions given by the Author and lodged in the Central European Library. Details may be obtained from the librarian. This page must form a part of any such copies made. Further copies made in accordance with such instructions may not be made without the written permission of the Author. CEU eTD Collection I ABSTRACT The present thesis examines three waves of the peasant revolts in France, during the French Wars of Religion. The first wave of the peasant revolts happened in southwest France in Provence, Dauphiné, and Languedoc: the second wave happened in northern France in Normandy, Brittany and Burgundy and the last one happened in western France Périgord, Limousin, Saintonge, Angoumois, Poitou, Agenais, Marche and Quercy and the whole of Guyenne. The thesis argues that the main reason for happening the widespread peasant revolts during the civil wars was due to the fundamental destruction of the countryside and the devastation of the peasant economy. The destruction of the peasant economy meant the everyday life of the peasants blocked to continue. It also keeps in the background the relationship between the incomprehensive gradual changing in the world economy in the course of the sixteenth century.
    [Show full text]
  • Henry IV Makers of History
    Henry IV Makers of History By John S. C. Abbott KING HENRY IV MAKERS OF HISTORY Chapter I Childhood and Youth About four hundred years ago there was a small kingdom, spreading over the cliffs and ravines of the eastern extremity of the Pyrenees, called Navarre. Its population, of about five hundred thousand, consisted of a very simple, frugal, and industrious people. Those who lived upon the shore washed by the stormy waves of the Bay of Biscay gratified their love of excitement and of adventure by braving the perils of the sea. Those who lived in the solitude of the interior, on the sunny slopes of the mountains, or by the streams which meandered through the verdant valleys, fed their flocks, and harvested their grain, and pressed rich wine from the grapes of their vineyards, in the enjoyment of the most pleasant duties of rural life. Proud of their independence, they were ever ready to grasp arms to repel foreign aggression. The throne of this kingdom was, at the time of which we speak, occupied by Catharine de Fix . She was a widow, and all her hopes and affections were centered in her son Henry, an ardent and impetuous boy six or seven years of age, who was to receive the crown when it should fall from her brow, and transmit to posterity their ancestral honors. Ferdinand of Aragon had just married Isabella of Castile, and had thus united those two populous and wealthy kingdoms; and now, in the arrogance of power, seized with the pride of annexation, he began to look with a wistful eye upon the picturesque kingdom of Navarre.
    [Show full text]
  • Guise, Francis De Lorraine (1519-63), 2Nd Duke De Guise Guise, Henry I
    --House of Guise-- APPENDIX C THE HOUSE OF GUISE Guise, Francis de Lorraine (1519-63), 2nd Duke de Guise I. Brother of Charles de Lorraine, Cardinal of Lorraine II. Brother of Mary de Guise, wife of James V of Scotland III. Father of Henry I de Lorraine, 3rd Duke de Guise IV. Father of Louis de Lorraine, Cardinal of Lorraine V. Father of Charles de Lorraine, Duke de Mayenne VI. Uncle of Mary, Queen of Scots VII. Along with his brother Charles counseled the young King Francis II into severely persecuting the Huguenots VIII. After being removed from influence in the royal court by Catherine de'Medici in 1560 A. Joined marshal Duke Anne de Montmorency (1493-67) in leadership of the Catholic party against 1. The Huguenots led by Gaspard de Coligny 2. The toleration of the Huguenots by the regency B. His soldiers massacred numerous Huguenots at Wassy in 1662, which began civil war between Protestants and Catholics C. Was assassinated by a Protestant in 1563 Guise, Henry I de Lorraine (1550-88), 3rd Duke de Guise I. Son of Francis de Lorraine, 2nd Duke de Guise II. Brother of Louis, Cardinal of Lorraine III. Brother of Charles, Duke de Mayenne IV. Cousin of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots V. Took up the cause against Huguenots in 1567 to avenge his father's assassination VI. Took part in the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre in Paris in 1572, during which A. He personally oversaw the murder of Huguenot leader Gaspard de Coligny B. Approximately 50,000 Huguenots were killed, many having gone to Paris for the celebration of Henry of Navarre's marriage to Margaret of Valois, daughter of Henry II, King of France, and Catherine de'Medici C.
    [Show full text]
  • 12 Nations.Txt 3/25/2010 the Most Famous Ruler of This Country Won The
    12_Nations.txt 3/25/2010 The most famous ruler of this country won the Battle of Velbuzd in 1330 and married a princess of the nation defeated there, Helen. Theodore Metochites arranged the marriage of the five-year-old princess Simonis to one ruler of this country. One ruler of this country changed his title after capturing Serres, and a despot of Serres, John Ugljesa (oog-lye- sha), joined his brother in defeat at the battle of Chernomen. That leader, Vukashin, had a son who died at the battle of Rovine while allied with Mircea (meer-chuh) the Old of Wallachia. The most famous ruler of this land had the sobriquet "Silni," promulgated the Zakonik and allied with the Byzantine pretender John Cantacuzenus before conquering Albania and Macedonia. That king was succeeded by his son Urosh, and himself succeeded his father Milutin. Famously ruled by Stefan Dushan, under prince Lazar Hrebeljanovic it would suffer defeat by the Ottomans at the field of Kosovo. FTP, name this country whose modern day capital is Belgrade. Answer: Serbia (08Terrapin) This kingdom broke the treaty of Tudilen when its king James I conquered Caudete and Villena. This kingdom was founded by the son of Sancho the Great, Ramiro I, who added to it the counties of Sobrarbe and Ribagorza. In 1591, Felipe II invaded this kingdom so as to suppress a revolt there. Alfonso V of this kingdom conquered Naples and Sardinia in the 15th century, and Alfonso I conquered Zaragoza, which became its capital. Its fueros were abolished by the Nueva Planta decrees of Philip V, as punishment for siding with Charles VI in the War of the Spanish Succession.
    [Show full text]
  • The Massacre at Paris
    ElizabethanDrama.org presents the Annotated Popular Edition of THE MASSACRE AT PARIS by Christopher Marlowe Written c. 1592 First Published: c. 1594 Featuring complete and easy-to-read annotations. Annotations and notes © Copyright Peter Lukacs and ElizabethanDrama.org, 2020. This annotated play may be freely copied and distributed. THE MASSACRE AT PARIS By Christopher Marlowe Written c. 1592 First Published: 1594 DRAMATIS PERSONAE. INTRODUCTION to the PLAY The French Royal Family: The Massacre at Paris was originally penned by Charles IX, King of France. Christopher Marlowe, but the truncated and mangled The Duke of Anjou, his brother, afterwards King version that was published in the early 1590's, after Henry III. Marlowe had been killed, can hardly be considered repre- Catherine, Queen-Mother of France. sentative work. The edition that has been bequeathed to Margaret, sister of the king. us is essentially a parody of a gore-fest: most of the scenes are brief, and half of them contain at least one murder. With The Brothers Guise: its blood-soaked plot and collection of villains designed Henry, the Duke of Guise, the eldest brother. to be especially odious to the English - they were French The Duchess, wife to Guise. and Catholic - The Massacre at Paris must have been a Maid to the Duchess. great treat for its original London audience. The Son of Guise. Charles, the Duke of Dumaine, the middle brother. NOTES on the ANNOTATIONS Louis, Cardinal of Lorraine, the youngest brother. Mention of Dyce, Ribner, and Bennett in the annota- Catholic Nobles of France: tions refers to the notes provided by these editors in their Gonzago.
    [Show full text]
  • Transmission of News From
    Krisztina Péter ‘WIE DIE TRUCK SAGT…’ TRANSMISSION OF NEWS FROM PRINT TO MANUSCRIPT IN THE DIARY OF HERMANN VON WEINSBERG MA Thesis in Comparative History, with a specialization in Interdisciplinary Medieval Studies CEU eTD Collection Central European University Budapest Month YYYY ‘WIE DIE TRUCK SAGT…’ TRANSMISSION OF NEWS FROM PRINT TO MANUSCRIPT IN THE DIARY OF HERMANN VON WEINSBERG by Krisztina Péter (Hungary) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Comparative History, with a specialization in Interdisciplinary Medieval Studies. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. ____________________________________________ Chair, Examination Committee ____________________________________________ Thesis Supervisor CEU eTD Collection ____________________________________________ Examiner ____________________________________________ Examiner Budapest Month YYYY ‘WIE DIE TRUCK SAGT…’ TRANSMISSION OF NEWS FROM PRINT TO MANUSCRIPT IN THE DIARY OF HERMANN VON WEINSBERG by Krisztina Péter (Hungary) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Comparative History, with a specialization in Interdisciplinary Medieval Studies. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. ____________________________________________ External Reader CEU eTD Collection Budapest May 2018 ‘WIE DIE TRUCK SAGT…’ TRANSMISSION OF NEWS FROM PRINT TO MANUSCRIPT IN THE DIARY OF HERMANN VON WEINSBERG by Krisztina Péter (Hungary) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Comparative History, with a specialization in Interdisciplinary Medieval Studies. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU.
    [Show full text]