SJLS) ISSN 2415-623X (Print) Scholars Middle East Publishers ISSN 2415-6221 (Online) Dubai, United Arab Emirates Website
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Haya: The Saudi Journal of Life Sciences (SJLS) ISSN 2415-623X (Print) Scholars Middle East Publishers ISSN 2415-6221 (Online) Dubai, United Arab Emirates Website: http://scholarsmepub.com/ Cassava’s Size and Methods of Preparation of Ferments for The Production of Attiéké in The South of Côte d’Ivoire Bernard Assielou1, Siaka Binaté1, Yolande Dogoré Digbeu2, Jean P. E. N. Kouadio1, Edmond Ahipo Dué1* 1Biochemistry and Food Technology Laboratory, Nangui Abrogoua University, 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, Côte d’Ivoire 2Laboratory of Food Safety, Nangui Abrogoua University, 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, Côte d’Ivoire Abstract: The ferment of cassava is prepared according to various methods by the Original Research Article producers of Attiéké, according to the ethnic group. During the investigation, five main methods of preparation of the cassava ferment, used for the production of Attiéké, were *Corresponding author identified. The method of preparation of the ferment from the raw cassava, begin with the Edmond Ahipo Dué cutting roughly or small cylindrical pieces of the not peeled cassava tubers, before the fermentation by all of the producers of Attiéké of the ethnic group Abouré (9.4 %). The Article History fermentation time is of 3 days for the whole boiled and braised peeled cassava, of 2 days Received: 11.06.2018 for the cassava cut in pieces boiled and of 4 days for the braised not peeled and raw Accepted: 22.06.2018 cassava. The packing material is constitutes in the majority of the cases (51.1 %) of bag Published: 30.06.2018 of polypropylene (collectively called bag of rice or salt). The fishing net and the bag of jute are particularly also used for the ethnic groups Adjoukrou and Abouré. However, the DOI: plastic bag is used to create the waterproofness of the packing material and the envelope 10.21276/haya.2018.3.6.9 of the bark of the palm tree to favor the colonization of the cassava by germs fermentatives for the ethnic group Attié. Only the ferment of cut boiled cassava in certain cases, does not undergo cleaning before its use in the process of preparation of Attiéké. Keywords: cassava, ferment, Attiéké, fermentation time, packing material, ethnic group. INTRODUCTION The cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is one of the most important tropical tubers cultivated. Its root constitutes the basic food of eight hundred million of people in the world [1]. It represents quantitatively the third most important source of food in tropics after the rice and the corn [2]. It can be also used as source of carbohydrate in the animal feed [3,4]. In spite of its importance, this tuber present other food fermented with cassava in Africa, is three major inconveniences which limit its use in introduced by a traditional ferment (called "Mangnan" human and animal food: a post-harvest rapids in language Ebrié). deterioration [5], a low protein content [6] and a toxicity bound to the presence of the cyanogenetics Development of a country passes inevitably by glycosides that are the linamarine and in a lesser its food safety, based on the processing and the measure the lotaustraline (or méthyllinamarine), [7]. valuation of the primary products such as the manioc, The linamarine (glycoside cyanogenetic prevailing in which can contribute to the improvement of the living the manioc) is hydrolyzed in acetone cyanohydrine and conditions of the populations. So, the processing of glucose by an endogenous enzyme, a linamarase (ß- cassava in Attiéké, food rich in starch, could constitute glucosidase, EC 3.2.1.21) [8, 9]. One of the products an excellent source of calories for the populations of resulting from the fermentation of cassava and the most Côte d’Ivoire. However, the traditional methods of consumed in Ivory Coast, is Attiéké [10]. It is a food of manufacturing of Attiéké, which call on to a whitish color and slightly acidulated taste [11], spontaneous fermentation for the preparation of the produced from tubers of cassava peeled grated cheeses. cassava ferment, could constitute a sanitary risk for the The obtained semolina is steamed after a lactic consumer, if this fermentation is not well controlled by fermentation of the pulp [12]. the producers. The Attiéké constitutes the basic food of the All these observations allowed to identifying ethnic groups Adjoukrou, Ebrié, Alladjan, Avikam and the various methods of preparation of the ferment of Ahizi, living in lagunaires regions in the South of Côte cassava ("Mangnan"), by leading an investigation d’Ivoire [13]. Its manufacturing process contains an among the producers of Attiéké of ten (10) ethnic essential stage of fermentation, which contrary to the groups in the South of Côte d’Ivoire. This study will Available online: http://scholarsmepub.com/ 502 Bernard Assielou et al., Haya: Saudi J. Life Sci., Vol-3, Iss-6 (Jun, 2018): 502-510 allow to identify the variability of the various varieties producers of Attiéké of 10 ethnic groups to the South of of cassava and methods of preparation of ferments used Côte d’Ivoire, to identify the various methods of for the manufacturing process of Attiéké. preparation of the ferment of cassava used in the manufacturing process of Attiéké. This study was led in MATERIALS AND METHODS 74 localities (villages or municipalities) aroused ethnic groups and concerned 13 departments (Figure 1). The Zone of study Table 2 presents the distribution of the ethnic groups From November, 2016 till July, 2017, a according to the visited localities. transverse study of descriptive type was led with 715 Fig-1: Localization of the zone of investigation) in the Côte d’Ivoire space Source: center of cartography and remote detection (BNETD), october 2002. MATERIALS OF DATA COLLECTION them, distributed in 13 departments, were chosen at A standard questionnaire realized following a random for investigation. Within every locality, a pre-investigation, was used for the data collection on minimum of 5 producers of Attiéké were selected in a the stages of production of Attiéké and more random way for the study, according to the availability. specifically on the preparation of the cassava ferment The ethnic group and the ethnicity constitute by every producer. This questionnaire contained twenty independent variables. The experimental unit three questions with multiple choices or binary corresponds to the producer questioned in the locality. In every experimental unit, is connected the answers to Methods the questions with multiple or binary choices of the Sampling questionnaire. The table 2 presents the distribution of The Localities (municipalities or villages) of the producers of Attiéké by ethnicity within every the 10 reserved ethnic groups, were sounded and 74 of ethnic group. Table-1: Frequency of the producers of Attiéké questioned by ethnic group within every ethnic group Ethnic Abbey Abi Abo Adjou Ah Alladjan Att Avik Baoulé Ebrié group dji uré krou izi ié am Ethnicity of Ab Bao Burkin Abi Abo Adjou Ah Ah Allad Att Avik Ag Bao Adjou Bao Eb the bey ulé abé dji uré krou izi izi jan ié am ni ulé krou ulé rié producer Nombers of 66 4 1 72 67 71 70 6 67 73 66 3 70 1 1 77 producers Total 71 72 67 71 70 73 73 66 73 79 71 5 Percentage 9.9 10. 9.4 9.9 9.8 10.2 10. 9.2 10.2 11.1 10 (%) 1 2 0 Available online: http://scholarsmepub.com/haya/ 503 Bernard Assielou et al., Haya: Saudi J. Life Sci., Vol-3, Iss-6 (Jun, 2018): 502-510 Table-2: Distribution of the ethnic groups according to the visited localities Ethnic Village or municipality Department groups Abbey Agbovil Agouahi Erimako Grand Grand Laoguié Petit - Agboville le n uguié Morié Moutch Yapo commu o ne Abidji Badass Elibou Gomon Katadj Sahué Sikensi Yaob - Sikensi o i commu ou ne Abour Diao1 Samo1 Bonoua Yaou1 Ebra2 Mooss - 1 : Bonoua é commune ou2 2 : Grand- 1 Bassam Adjou Agneby Akradio Armabé Dibro Pass Lopou - Dabou krou mou Ahizi Abrako Bapo1 Koko1 Tabot1 Nigui- Tiagba M’bra - 1 : Jacqueville 1 saff2 2 2 2 : Grand- Lahou Alladj Adoum Akrou Avagou Breby Jacquev N'djem Sassa - Jacqueville an agan ille ko commu ne Attié Agou1 Boudépé Diapé1 Miand Ebimp Alépé Mont Bécédi- - 1 : Adzopé 1 zin1 é2 commu ézo3 Brignan 2 : Anyama ne3 1 3 : Alépé Avika Grand- Braffedo Lahou- Nadib Nadibo Tchebe Grand-lahou m lahou n plage o I II ssou commu ne Baoulé Aherem Aheremo Ahondo Gbovia Keness Kotisso Taabo Taabo - Toumodi ou I u II ou u cité village Ebrié Agban 1 Abobodo Locodjor Anono Blockha M’bado M’pou Anouma Anouma San 1 : umé1 o1 1 uss1 n1 to1 mbo1 mbo1 té2 Abidja n 2 : Binger ville Collection of the data packages for Social Science) for the data analysis Within every municipality or village, every composing of the study of the frequencies and the producer of Attiéké was subjected to the various crossed boards. The data of the investigation were multiple-choice or binary questions and the obtained grouped according to the ethnic groups. The data of the answers were brought back directly on the investigation being qualitative data, the various results questionnaire. The mentions "yes" for the positive obtained will be presented following the frequencies. answers and "no" for the negative answers are registered in compartments planned for that purpose on RESULTS AND DISCUSSION the questionnaire. Several subjects were used in this Size of the cassava used for the manufacturing questionnaire, in particular the method of preparation of process of the ferment the ferment of used cassava, the variety of cassava used, The method of preparation of the ferment from the treatment of the cassava before fermentation, the the raw cassava, begin with the cutting roughly or small conditions required for the fermentation, the place of cylindrical pieces of the not peeled cassava tubers, fermentation, the fermentation time, the treatment of the before the fermentation by all of the producers of cassava after fermentation, etc...