DOCSLIB.ORG

No Slide Title

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
No Slide Title The Beginnings of Human Society Chapter 1, Section 2 The Stone Age The Stone Age began when humans first made tools out of stone. This happened about two-hundred fifty million years ago. They used stones to hammer at soft volcanic rock, and the volcanic rock chipped off into sharp pieces. Humans used the sharp pieces to cut plants or meat. The first tools were very simple, and the Stone Age lasted for hundreds of thousands of years. The Stone Age: Three Periods The Old Stone Age During the Old Stone Age, people did not know how to farm; they hunted animals and gathered roots and berries. They used stone tools to cut meat, cut animal skins for clothes, and to protect themselves. Most of prehistory takes place in the Old Stone Age. The Middle Stone Age Some societies used more refined or advanced tools characterizing the Middle Stone Age. The New Stone Age The New Stone Age began about 11,000 years ago in Southwest Asia; when people began planting seeds and farming. Fire! About 500,000 years ago, during the Old Stone Age, people discovered fire. It is thought that people began striking stones together to make a spark, or maybe they rubbed two sticks together. When people learned how to make fire, they could move to colder places. They were also able to ward off animals. Settling New Areas When people developed the use of tools, they began to leave their original homes in Africa. People in the Stone Age became nomads, which are people who wander and do not have a settled home. Nomads move around from place to place, searching for food. People began to spread out all over the earth. Reading Check What was life like during the Stone Age? Hominids, including the first people, made tools from stone, wood, and animal bones. They got food by hunting and gathering. They used fire and lived as nomads. The Beginning of Farming When people discovered farming, about 11,000 years ago, the New Stone Age began. It is thought that women may have been the first farmers, since men were always off hunting. Women gathered plants and seeds, and it is likely that they discovered farming. When people began farming, they did not have to travel around anymore. They could get food from the land that they lived on. People began building shelters that looked more like houses. When farming began, people settled in lands with fertile soil. Fertile soil is soil that has nutrients, which help plants grow the best. Shelter This is a prehistoric shelter that people in Russia used about 18,000 years ago. They are built out of the bones of the Wooly Mammoth, which was a very large animal that resembled an elephant. These shelters protected early humans from the weather, and from predators. Taming Animals Humans learned another important skill during the New Stone Age. They learned to domesticate, or tame, wild animals. Dogs may have been among the first animals that were domesticated, because they could help early humans hunt. Humans also tamed sheep, cows, and pigs. This meant that they had a ready source of meat - they could just kill one of their domesticated animals when they needed food, instead of going out and hunting. The domestication of animals, along with the beginning of farming, led to humans staying in one place for longer periods of time. Reading Check What skills did people develop during the New Stone Age? They developed the ability to grow their own food and domesticate animals. Section 2 Assessment Comprehension and Critical Thinking 1. (a) Recall Describe how hominids of the Old Stone Age survived. They hunted using stone weapons, gathered wild plants, and moved around constantly in search of food. 1. (b) Infer What important skills did hominids of the Old Stone Age use to find food? The ability to find good hunting ground and knowledge of edible plants. 1. (c) Synthesize How did survival skills change as people began to settle? They used their skills to find places to live that had good soil and experimented with different types of plants to find the ones that grew best in their area. 2. (a) Identify What marked the beginning of the New Stone Age? The beginning of the New Stone Age was marked by people growing their own food. 2. (b) Contrast How was life in the New Stone Age different from life in the Old Stone Age? The major difference between the New and Old Stone Age is that people settled in areas to grow their own food rather than traveling constantly in search of food. 2. (c) Apply Information What are the effects of geography and climate on farming? Geography and climate affect whether certain types of plants will grow well in an area. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Persistence of Middle Stone Age Technology to the Pleistocene/Holocene Transition Supports a Complex Hominin Evolutionary Scenario in West Africa
    This is a repository copy of Persistence of Middle Stone Age technology to the Pleistocene/Holocene transition supports a complex hominin evolutionary scenario in West Africa. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/129212/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Scerri, E.M.L., Blinkhorn, J., Niang, K. et al. (2 more authors) (2017) Persistence of Middle Stone Age technology to the Pleistocene/Holocene transition supports a complex hominin evolutionary scenario in West Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 11. pp. 639-646. ISSN 2352-409X https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.01.003 Reuse This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND) licence. This licence only allows you to download this work and share it with others as long as you credit the authors, but you can’t change the article in any way or use it commercially. More information and the full terms of the licence here: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Persistence of Middle Stone Age technology to the Pleistocene/Holocene transition supports a complex hominin evolutionary scenario in West Africa Eleanor M.L. Scerria*, James Blinkhornb, Khady Niangc, Mark D. Batemand, Huw S. Groucutta a Research
    [Show full text]
  • Behavioural Complexity and Modern Traits in the Philippine Upper Palaeolithic
    Behavioural Complexity and Modern Traits in the Philippine Upper Palaeolithic AlFred F. PAwlIk introduction The discussion of cultural, cognitive, and behavioral modernity has a long tradition in europe’s prehistoric archaeology ( Dibble 1989; Hahn 1986; Jelinek 1982; klein 1995, 1999; Mellars 1989a, 1989b). The appearance of specialized blade indus- tries, bone and antler tools, and especially figurative art, musical instruments, and personal ornaments are seen as significant indicators of the highly developed cultural and cognitive abilities of their makers (Clottes 2001; Conard 2003; Conard et al. 2004). The seemingly sudden appearance of expressive art and symbolism together with complex tool technologies in europe at around 40,000 years ago has been attributed to explosive cultural and cognitive advancement with the arrival of ana- tomically modern Homo sapiens ( Klein and Blake 2002; Mellars 1991; Mithen 1996). Whether this Upper Palaeolithic revolution in europe was due to social factors or genetic mutation, was related to changes in the ecosystem, or has a cultural expla- nation (such as competition with another human species, the Neanderthals) is still under debate ( Bar-Yossef 2002; Conard et al. 2004; d’errico 2003; Haidle 2006; McBrearty and Brooks 2000; Mellars 2005; Zilhão 2001). Yet, the “human revolu- tion” model is used to explain the success of the Homo sapiens immigrants over the Neanderthals ( Bräuer and Smith 1992; Conard 2006, 2008; Mellars 2005). On the other hand, potential indicators of an earlier and gradually developing cul- tural and cognitive modernity have been seen in African assemblages. The appearance of some modern cognitive traits (e.g., production of projectile points, shell-fishing, personal ornaments, notational or incised pieces, and pigment processing) in Africa has been dated back to the Middle Pleistocene, earlier than the first evidence of ana- tomically modern hominids 200,000 years ago (Henshilwood et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Foods and the Dietary Ecology of Neanderthals and Early Modern Humans
    Journal of Human Evolution xxx (2014) 1e11 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Human Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jhevol Plant foods and the dietary ecology of Neanderthals and early modern humans Amanda G. Henry a,*, Alison S. Brooks b, Dolores R. Piperno c,d a Plant Foods in Hominin Dietary Ecology Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany b Department of Anthropology, Center for Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology, The George Washington University, 2110 G St NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA c Program in Human Ecology and Archaeobiology, Department of Anthropology, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20013- 7012, USA d Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama article info abstract Article history: One of the most important challenges in anthropology is understanding the disappearance of Nean- Received 3 February 2012 derthals. Previous research suggests that Neanderthals had a narrower diet than early modern humans, Accepted 22 December 2013 in part because they lacked various social and technological advances that lead to greater dietary variety, Available online xxx such as a sexual division of labor and the use of complex projectile weapons. The wider diet of early modern humans would have provided more calories and nutrients, increasing fertility, decreasing Keywords: mortality and supporting large population sizes, allowing them to out-compete Neanderthals. However, Phytolith this model for Neanderthal dietary behavior is based on analysis of animal remains, stable isotopes, and Starch grain Microfossil other methods that provide evidence only of animal food in the diet.
    [Show full text]
  • Paleolithic Era Jiùshíqì Shídài ​旧石器时代 C
    ◀ Pakistan-China Relations Comprehensive index starts in volume 5, page 2667. Paleolithic Era Jiùshíqì shídài ​旧石器时代 c. 2 million y.b.p.– c. 10,000 y.b.p. China’s Paleolithic era, also known as the for- in Africa. Slightly later Homo erectus appeared in East aging era, started about 2 million years ago Africa. Their fossils were discovered in Asia as well. The and ended about 10,000 years ago. The large fossils of Homo erectus are the oldest human fossils dis- span of this era can be divided into the Lower, covered beyond Africa. Middle, and Upper periods, each generally correlating with significant change in hu- man evolution. As time went on, human-made​­ The Lower Foraging Era tools became more sophisticated and human Most of the lower foraging-era​­ human fossils and cultural population also increased. layers were found above ground. It is difficult, however, to determine whether stone objects from some early Pleis- tocene sites were human made or natural. he Paleolithic, literally the “Old Stone Age” (also known as the foraging era), is a prehistoric era Model for Banpo, a Neolithic (or New Stone Age) characterized by the use of percussion stone tools village dating to about 4,000 bce. The villagers by humans. In geological terms this period falls within of Banpo, despite their more advanced stage of the Pleistocene period, which began some 3 to 2 million civilization, still used many of the tools con- years ago. Archaeological materials suggest that China’s ceived during the Paleolithic era. Photo by Joan foraging era started some 2 million years ago and ended Lebold Cohen.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of Prehistoric Research in Indonesia to 1950
    The History of Prehistoric Research in Indonesia to 1950 Received 16 January 1968 R. P. SOE]ONO INTRODUCTION HE oldest description of material valuable for prehistoric recording in future times was given by G. E. Rumphius at the beginning of the eighteenth century. Rum­ T phius mentioned the veneration of historical objects by local peoples, and even now survivals of the very remote past retain their respect. On several islands we also notice a continuation of prehistoric traditions and art. Specific prehistoric relics, like many other archaeological remains, are holy to most of the inhabitants because of their quaint, uncommon shapes. As a result, myths are frequently created around these objects. An investigator is not permitted to inspect the bronze kettle­ drum kept in a temple at Pedjeng (Bali) and he must respect the people's devout feelings when he attempts to observe megalithic relics in the Pasemah Plateau (South Sumatra); these facts accentuate the persistence oflocal veneration even today. In spite of the veneration of particular objects, which in turn favors their preservation, many other relics have been lost or destroyed through digging or looting by treasure hunters or other exploiters seeking economic gain. Moreover, unqualified excavators have com­ pounded the problem. P. V. van Stein Callenfels, originally a specialist in Hindu-Indonesian archaeology, be­ came strongly aware of neglect in the field of prehistoric archaeology, and he took steps to begin systematic research. During his visit to kitchen middens in East Sumatra during a tour of inspection in 1920 for the Archaeological Service, he met with the digging of shell heaps for shell for limekilns.
    [Show full text]
  • Stone Age Technology
    World’s Early People DIGGING UP DNA STONE AGE TECHNOLOGY IN PARTNERSHIP WITH Worlds_Early_People_FC.indd 1 2/7/17 11:22 AM 2 Who Lived in the Stone Age? When you think of “old,” what comes to But they helped hominins to thrive. mind? Last year’s shoes? Life before the The first species to make tools is from the Internet? Try a little earlier – 2.5 million genus (category) we call Homo (human). It years earlier! is known as Homo habilis, or “handy That’s about the time some of the first person.” It most likely lived in Africa 1.5 hominins, or humanlike species that walk to 2.4 million years ago. Homo habilis upright, started making tools from rocks. represented a big change. How big? Big Their tools were simple – mainly stones enough that we call its time the Paleolithic split to form a point or a sharp edge. era, or the Old Stone Age. l THE BRAINS ability to make of Homo habilis and use tools. were about Homo habilis’s half the size of tools and brain- present-day human power helped it brains. However, spread. Over the brains of Homo millennia, it habilis were larger adapted, or made than the brains changes that of the hominins helped it survive, to that came before live in regions that it. This may have earlier species had contributed to its found too harsh. d HOMO ERECTUS, or early as 2.5 million communities, hunt “upright person,” years ago, Homo for food, create art, was probably a lot erectus was at its and control fire like Homo habilis, peak about 1.9 for warmth and but taller and thin- million years ago.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Stone Age Technology in India
    Stone AEe Technologv in India K,PADDAYYA ABSTRACT This paper presents a review of various aspects of Stone Age (Palaeolithic and Mesolithic) general technology in lndia. After initial remarks about the history of Prehistoric studies and culture Sequence, detailed observations are made about how changes in raw material of utilization, experienced from time to time, and consequent improvements in techniques tool-manufacture and tooltypes themselves led to changes in subsistence and settlement patterns of Stone Age hunter-gatherer groups. The review concludes with remarks highlighting the need for identification of regional settlement systems, functional interpretation of lithic of non- assemblages, study of present-day use of stone for various purposes, and recognition utilitarian dimensions of Stone Age technology. CONTENTS l.lNTRODUCT10N 2.HISttORY OF PREHISttORiC RESEARCH 3 FIRST PARADIGM 4.PARADIGM SHIFT 5.FRESH FIELD RESEARCH 6.GENERAL CULttURE SEQUENCE 7.USE OF ORCANIC MAttERIALS 8.LITHIC ttECHNOLOGY A.lmprovements in raw mateHal ulllza10n 9.SttUDIES iN TECHNOLOGY A.Lower PalaeolithlC B.Mlddle and Upper Palaeolithic C.Mesolnhic 10 GENERALTRENDS ロ ロ 暉 r‐ ‐ ロ ロ 口 ‐ 甲 甲 ― ― ― ― ― ■ ■ 口 ‐ 口 ‐ 口 甲 暉 "― ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 甲 ・ |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||■ ANCIENT INDiA,NEW SERIES,NO.1 11. TASKS AHEAD A" Regional adaPtive sYstems B. Functional interPretations C. Rspects of non-utilitarian behaviour learning D. Ethnography as a source of 「 IIIiDIDNOTPROGRESSUNIFORMLYORSTEADILYBUTHEDIDPROGRESSONTHE1/VHOLE MAKING AND T00L― USiNG CREATURE WHO FROM A FAIRLY INEFFICIENT AN!MAL TO A T00L― DOMINATED THE VVHOLE PLANET BY HIS NUMBERS AND B漱 ::[:η晏[li:Fギ ∫」][担 ACTIVITY,AND HAS NOⅥ′ONLY TO LEARN TO CONTROL Hい I. INTRODUCTION upon certain aspects a review of the evidence bearing paper I propose to present by H' D' 7futhis This topic was first dealt with ur,d Mesolithic t"tft*togy in lndia' Llof Palaeolithi.
    [Show full text]
  • Prehistoric Britain
    Prehistoric Britain Plated disc brooch Kent, England Late 6th or early 7th century AD Bronze boars from the Hounslow Hoard 1st century BC-1st century AD Hounslow, Middlesex, England Visit resource for teachers Key Stage 2 Prehistoric Britain Contents Before your visit Background information Resources Gallery information Preliminary activities During your visit Gallery activities: introduction for teachers Gallery activities: briefings for adult helpers Gallery activity: Neolithic mystery objects Gallery activity: Looking good in the Neolithic Gallery activity: Neolithic farmers Gallery activity: Bronze Age pot Gallery activity: Iron Age design Gallery activity: An Iron Age hoard After your visit Follow-up activities Prehistoric Britain Before your visit Prehistoric Britain Before your visit Background information Prehistoric Britain Archaeologists and historians use the term ‘Prehistory’ to refer to a time in a people’s history before they used a written language. In Britain the term Prehistory refers to the period before Britain became part of the Roman empire in AD 43. The prehistoric period in Britain lasted for hundreds of thousands of years and this long period of time is usually divided into: Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic (sometimes these three periods are combined and called the Stone Age), Bronze Age and Iron Age. Each of these periods might also be sub-divided into early, middle and late. The Palaeolithic is often divided into lower, middle and upper. Early Britain British Isles: Humans probably first arrived in Britain around 800,000 BC. These early inhabitants had to cope with extreme environmental changes and they left Britain at least seven times when conditions became too bad.
    [Show full text]
  • Overview Life in the Stone Age Hominids and Animals Stone Age
    Overview Life in the Stone Age In the Paleolithic era, humans found their food Fact from the local environment. They mainly used tools The Stone Age Food - Hunter Early humans such as spears and slings to kill and capture were also able Gatherers The Stone Age is the name given to the animals. They moved from site to site depending on to forage for fruit and nuts. earliest period of human culture – from the season, following sources of food as it migrated. the dawn of civilisation 2.5 million years Early hominids (even homo erectus) used tools in Fact ago, to around 5000 years ago, when order to aid everyday life. Many were chopping Oldowan tools, humans began utilising stone to make Tools and cutting tools, although basic spears and hand the earliest tools, tools and objects. The Stone Age is often axes have been found from the era. Tools increased were shaped from rocks. THE in complexity over the Paleolithic era. divided into three periods: PALEOLITHIC Perhaps the most important innovation of the Fact ERA -Paleolithic (Old Stone Age); Paleolithic era was the beginnings of language. Scientists think Language Scientists can infer from cave drawings and the the language -Mesolithic (Mid Stone Age); part of the brain establishment of social structures that Paleolithic developed at humans must have developed language. this time. -Neolithic (New Stone Age); Fact The period also saw the development of religions. Cave paintings The Paleolithic era lasted for such a long Cave paintings suggest that many tribes believed in Religion found in France time that it accounts for 99% of all ‘animism’, or the idea that everything has a spirit, are about human history! including animals, plants and inanimate objects.
    [Show full text]
  • Non-Figurative Cave Art in Northern Spain
    THE CAVES OF CANTABRIA: NON-FIGURATIVE CAVE ART IN NORTHERN SPAIN by Dustin Riley A thesis submitted To the School of Graduate Studies in partial fulfllment of the requirments for the degree of Master of Arts, Department of Archaeology Memorial University of Newfoundland January, 2017 St. John’s Newfoundland and Labrador Abstract This project focuses on non-figurative cave art in Cantabrian (Spain) from the Upper Palaeolithic (ca. 40,000-10,000). With more than 30 decorated caves in the region, it is one of the world’s richest areas in Palaeolithic artwork. My project explores the social and cultural dimensions associated with non-figurative cave images. Non-figurative artwork accounts for any image that does not represent real world objects. My primary objectives are: (1) To produce the first detailed account of non-figurative cave art in Cantabria; (2) To examine the relationships between figurative and non-figurative images; and (3) To analyse the many cultural and symbolic meanings associated to non- figurative images. To do so, I construct a database documenting the various features of non-figurative imagery in Cantabria. The third objective will be accomplished by examining the cultural and social values of non-figurative art through the lens of cognitive archaeology. ii Acknowledgements I would like to thank and express my gratitude to the members of the Department of Archaeology at Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador for giving me the opportunity to conduct research and achieve an advanced degree. In particular I would like to express my upmost appreciation to Dr. Oscar Moro Abadía, whose guidance, critiques, and continued support and confidence in me aided my development as a student and as a person.
    [Show full text]
  • Development of Behavioral Modernity by Hominins Around 70,000 Years Ago Was Associated with Simultaneous Acquisition of a Novel
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/166520; this version posted March 15, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. Development of behavioral modernity by hominins around 70,000 years ago was associated with simultaneous acquisition of a novel component of imagination, called prefrontal synthesis, and conversion of a preexisting rich-vocabulary non-recursive communication system to a fully recursive syntactic language Andrey Vyshedskiy1,2* 1Boston University, Boston, USA; 2ImagiRation LLC, Boston, MA, USA *Corresponding author: Andrey Vyshedskiy, Ph.D., Boston University, Boston, USA, Tel: +1 (617) 433-7724; E-mail: [email protected] Keywords: Language evolution, hominin evolution, human evolution, recursive language, flexible syntax, human language, syntactic language, modern language, Cognitive revolution, Great Leap Forward, Upper Paleolithic Revolution, Neanderthal language, neurolinguistics Abstract There is an overwhelming archeological and genetic evidence that modern speech apparatus was acquired by hominins by 600,000 years ago 1. On the other hand, artifacts signifying modern imagination, such as (1) composite figurative arts, (2) bone needles with an eye, (3) construction of dwellings, and (4) elaborate burials arose only after 70,000 years ago. It remains unclear (1) why there was a long gap between acquisition of modern speech apparatus and modern imagination, (2) what triggered the acquisition of modern imagination 70,000 years ago, and (3) what role language might have played in this process. Our research into evolutionary origin of modern imagination has been driven by the observation of strict dependency between childhood use of full recursive syntactic language and imagination.
    [Show full text]
  • A Stone Age Family by Ushistory.Org, Adapted by Newsela Staff on 03.06.17 Word Count 874 Level 970L
    Prehistoric Times: A Stone Age Family By USHistory.org, adapted by Newsela staff on 03.06.17 Word Count 874 Level 970L An illustration of a Neanderthal family. From the public domain. There was no written language 50,000 years ago, so we do not have much information on how a modern Stone Age family lived. Like the Flintstones, did they have leopard-skin suits, go barefoot and use a boulder for a bowling ball? Archaeologists and anthropologists, who study this time period, do have objects and bones that help them start to draw some conclusions. Scientists have used carbon dating to figure out the age of bones they find. Plants get carbon from the atmosphere, which helps them to grow. Humans eat the plants and get the carbon in their bodies and bones. When people die, their bodies stop taking in carbon and the carbon slowly leaves their bones over time. By measuring how much carbon is left in bones, scientists can tell how old they are. Now scientists measure potassium in the ash from volcanoes that was found alongside the bones. Because potassium is radioactive and decays over time, its age can be figured out as well. This tells scientists that the bones and objects found there can be millions of years old. Cave paintings and information about climate patterns also allow scientists to draw a picture of what life may have been like for Stone Age families. A big finding for the Leakeys This article is available at 5 reading levels at https://newsela.com. Our journey begins with Homo habilis.
    [Show full text]