Should President Obama Be Investigated for War Crimes? Samuel Alexander

Florida Law Review Volume 69 Article 7 Issue 1 Volume 69, Issue 1 (January 2017)

January 2017 Double-Tap Warfare: Should President Obama Be Investigated for War Crimes? Samuel Alexander

Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.ufl.edu/flr Part of the Military, War, and Peace Commons

Recommended Citation Samuel Alexander, Double-Tap Warfare: Should President Obama Be Investigated for War Crimes?, 69 Fla. L. Rev. 261 (2017). Available at: https://scholarship.law.ufl.edu/flr/vol69/iss1/7

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)/25,'$/$:5(9,(: >9RO RUJDQL]HGWKHQ,+5/DQGGRPHVWLFODZDSSO\%RWKDUHPRUHUHVWULFWLYH RQWKHXVHRIIRUFHWKDQ,+/Furthermore, the “default legal regime” is ,+5/DQGRQO\E\GHPRQVWUDWLQJWKDWDQDUPHGFRQIOLFWH[LVWVGRHVWKH “more permissive use of force under international humanLtarian law” JRYHUQVWDWHDFWLRQWhile it is likely the case that “LQWHUQDWLRQDOKXPDQ ULJKWVODZFRQWLQXHVWRDSSO\GXULQJDUPHGFRQIOLFWDVDFRPSOHPHQWWR international humanitarian law,” DQ\WKLQJ PRUH WKDQ D FXUVRU\ H[DPLQDWLRQRIWKHOHJDOLW\RIGRXEOHWDSGURQH VWULNHVXQGHU ,+5/LV EH\RQGWKHVFRSHRIWKLV1RWH 8QGHU ,+5/, “LQWHQWLRQDO IRUFH FDQ EH XVHG RQO\ ZKHUH VWULFWO\ necessary to protect against an imminent threat to life.”)XUWKHUDUUHVW RUFDSWXUHLVUHTXLUHGLISRVVLEOH7KHUHIRUHEDUULQJVRPHWKLQJVXFKDV a hostage situation, under IHRL, “premeditated killingRIDQLQGLYLGXDO would generally be unlawful.”)LQDOO\LWLVLPSRUWDQWWRNQRZWKDWD state cannot “consent to the violation of their obligations” under LQWHUQDWLRQDOODZ (“The armed violence should not be sporadic or isolated, but protracted.”); ,17’/&2002)7+( 5('&5266+2:,67+(7(50“A50('&21)/,&7”'(),1(',1,17(51$7,21$/+80$1,7$5,$1 /$:" VWDWLQJWKDWWKHTadićdefinition “has been adopted by other international bodies since then”); Craig A. Bloom, 6TXDUH3HJVDQG5RXQG+ROHV0H[LFR'UXJVDQG,QWHUQDWLRQDO /DZ+286-,17’//– VWDWLQJWKDWTadić’s “grouQGEUHDNLQJGHILQLWLRQ has been widely used since 1995 as a test for the characterization of armed conflict”). 6HHProsecutor v. Tadić&DVH1R,7$-XGJPHQW(Int’l Crim. Trib. for the )RUPHUrights ODZcontinues to apply in times of armed conflict . . . .”). ,G QRWLQJ WKDW D SUHYLRXV 81 UHSRUW RQ H[WUDMXGLFLDO NLOOLQJV OLNHQHG WKH international human rights proportionality requirement to that of police officers who “shoot to kill RQO\ ZKHQ LW >LV@ FOHDU WKDW DQ LQGLYLGXDO >LV@ DERXW WR NLOO VRPHRQH PDNLQJ OHWKDO IRUFH SURSRUWLRQDWH DQGWKHUH>LV@QRRWKHUDYDLODEOHPHDQVRIGHWDLQLQJWKHVXVSHFW PDNLQJOHWKDO force necessary)”). 0F&DQQY8QLWHG.LQJGRP(XU&W+5 VHU$ DW– KROGLQJWKDW resorting to lethal force rather than arresting or capturing suspected terrorists is “a breach of Article 2 . . . of the Convention”). +H\QVVXSUDQRWH ,G https://scholarship.law.ufl.edu/flr/vol69/iss1/7 14 Alexander: Double-Tap Warfare: Should President Obama Be Investigated for Wa

@ '28%/(7$3:$5)$5( 6RPH JURXSV PDLQWDLQ WKDW WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV LV QRW LQ DQ DUPHG FRQIOLFWDWDOO8QGHUWKDWYLHZ,+5/DQGGRPHVWLFODZDSSO\DQGDV QRWHGDERYHZRXOGVHYHUHO\UHVWULFWWKH8QLWHG6tates’GURQHSURJUDP 7KH 81 6SHFLDO 5DSSRUWHXU RQ ([WUDMXGLFLDO 6XPPDU\ RU $UELWUDU\ ([HFXWLRQV DQG PDQ\ VFKRODUV DQG FRPPHQWDWRUV WDNH WKLV SRVLWLRQ 6RPHFRPPHQWDWRUVFODLPWKDWDOWKRXJKWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVPD\KDYHEHHQ LQDQQRQLQWHUQDWLRQDODUPHGFRQIOLFWZLWK$O4DHGDDIWHU6HSWHPEHU 2001, this status was lost during the organization’s “subsequent WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ LQWR D UDWKHU ORRVHO\ FRQQHFWHG QHWZRUN RI WHUURULVW cells.” Other commentators note that “the relative infUHTXHQF\ RI RUJDQL]HG DUPHG DWWDFNV RQ WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV VLQFH >6HSWHPEHU 2001]” does not satisfy the intensity requirement mandated by Tadić,I WKDWLVWKHFDVHWKHQWKHIDUPRUHFRQVWULFWLYH,+5/DSSOLHVPHDQLQJWKDW WKHXVHRIIRUFHE\WKH8QLWHG6WDWHVZRXOGEHJRYHUQHGE\VRPHWKLQJ DNLQ WR WKH JXLGHOLQHV FLYLOLDQ SROLFH RSHUDWH XQGHU WKH XVH RI IRUFH UHVXOWLQJLQGHDWKZRXOGRQO\EHDFFHSWDEOHLQFDVHVRILPPLQHQWORVVRI OLIHVXFKDVDQRQJRLQJKRVWDJHVLWXDWLRQ 7KH8QLWHG6WDWHVPDLQWDLQVLWLVLQDQRQLQWHUQDWLRQDODUPHGFRQIOLFW ZLWK$O4DHGDDQGDVVRFLDWHGIRUFHVSXUVXDQWWRWKH$XWKRUL]DWLRQIRU 6HH HJ 5HSO\ 0HPRUDQGXP LQ 6XSSRUW RI 3ODLQWLII’V 0RWLRQ IRU D 3UHOLPLQDU\ ,QMXQFWLRQDQGLQ2SSRVLWLRQWR'HIHQGDQW’V0RWLRQWR'LVPLVVDW$O$XODTLY2EDPD1R &9 ''&2FW (“In the face of the evidence provided by the Plaintiffs as WRWKHQRQexistence of an armed conflict, the government’s bald assertion to the contrary cannot stand.”). 6HH+H\QVVXSUDQRWH/HZLVVXSUDQRWHDW +H\QVVXSUDQRWH1RDP /XEHOO 1DWKDQ'HUHMNR$*OREDO%DWWOHILHOG" 'URQHVDQGWKH*HRJUDSKLFDO6FRSHRI$UPHG&RQIOLFW-,17’/&5,0-867 ) (“It LV WKHUHIRUH VXEPLWWHG KHUH WKDW GURQH VWULNHV DORQH DUH XQOLNHO\ WR EH VXIILFLHQW IRU WKH GHWHUPLQDWLRQRID>QRQLQWHUQDWLRQDODUPHGFRQIOLFW@DQGWKHHQVXLQJDSSOLFDELOLW\RI,+/7KH armed group must itself be an active party in the conflict; like a tango, it takes two to war.”). (J (PPHUVRQ VXSUD QRWH , ¶ 66 (“Some argue that the core Al4DLGD JURXS UHVSRQVLEOHIRUDUPHGDWWDFNVRQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVPD\QRORQJHUPHHWWKLVFULWHULRQEHFDXVHLWV OHDGHUVKLSDQGFRPPDQGVWUXFWXUHDSSHDUWRKDYHEHHQVRGHJUDGHGWKDWLWQRORQJHUFRQVWLWXWHV in itself, a sufficiently organized armed group.”) &ODXV .UH 6RPH 5HIOHFWLRQV RQ WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO/HJDO )UDPHZRUN*RYHUQLQJ 7UDQVQDWLRQDO $UPHG &RQIOLFWV - &21)/,&7 6(&85,7

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adić—“protracted armed violence between governmental authorities and organized armed groups”—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’s requirement that a killing be LPPHGLDWHO\QHFHVVDU\WRSUHVHUYH OLIH, with its corresponding obligation that a state “minimize the level of IRUFHXVHGUHJDUGOHVVRIWKHDPRXQWWKDWZRXOGEHSURSRUWLRQDWHWKURXJK for example, the use warnings, restraint and capture.” ,W VKRXOG DOVR EH QRWHG WKDW WKH DVVXPSWLRQ WKDW WKH ODZ RI DUPHG FRQIOLFWDSSOLHVWRHYHU\GURQHVWULNHLVDUHVWULFWLYHRQHLQWKDWQRUPDOO\ LW PXVW EH GHPRQVWUDWHG IRU HDFK VWULNH LQ RWKHU ZRUGV ZKLOH WKH SUHVXPSWLRQ LV JHQHUDOO\ WKDW D VWULNH GRHV QRW WDNH SODFH XQGHU WKH 6HH(PPHUVRQVXSUDQRWH +DPGDQY5XPVIHOG86 (J(PPHUVRQVXSUDQRWH–0LUHUVXSUDQRWH, at 139 (“In Pakistan,

@ '28%/(7$3:$5)$5( FRQGLWLRQV RI DUPHG FRQIOLFW WKLV 1RWH PDNHV WKH RSSRVLWH SUHVXPSWLRQ)LQDOO\LWLVDOVRLPSRUWDQWWRQRWHWKDWZKLOHWKH8QLWHG 6WDWHVDUJXHVWKDWLWVVWULNHVDUHLQVHOIGHIHQVHVHOIGHIHQVHLVQRWD JHQHUDOMXVWLILFDWLRQIRULQGLYLGXDODFWVRIVWDWHYLROHQFHWKDWPD\YLRODWH ,+/—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recognizes two types of armed conflict: Article 2’s “armed FRQIOLFWZKLFKPD\DULVHEHWZHHQWZRRUPRUHRIWKH+LJK&RQWUDFWLQJ Parties,”DQG &RPPRQ $UWLFOH 3’s “conflict not of an international FKDUDFWHU RFFXUULQJ LQ WKH WHUULWRU\ RI RQH RI WKH +LJK &RQWUDFWLQJ Parties.”,Q D QRQLQWHUQDWLRQDO DUPHG FRQIOLFW ,+/ DQG FXVWRPDU\ LQWHUQDWLRQDO ODZ DSSO\ $ FRQIOLFW EHWZHHQ WZR +LJK &RQWUDFWLQJ 3DUWLHV LV DOVR NQRZQ DV DQ LQWHUQDWLRQDO DUPHG FRQIOLFW RU D FRQIOLFW EHWZHHQWZRRSSRVLQJVWDWHVDQGLVJRYHUQHGE\$UWLFOH$“FRQIOLFW QRWRIDQLQWHUQDWLRQDOFKDUDFWHU”LVDOVRNQRZQDVDQRQLQWHUQDWLRQDO

6HH+H\QVVXSUDQRWHVHHDOVRLG¶ 53 (“It is important to emphasize, however, WKDW QRW DOO DSSOLFDWLRQV RI YLROHQFH E\ 6WDWHV DJDLQVW QRQ6WDWH DFWRUV PHHW WKH WKUHVKROG UHTXLUHPHQWVWREHUHJDUGHGDVDQDUPHGFRQIOLFW$FFRUGLQJO\LIWKHUHLVQRDUPHGFRQIOLFWWKHUH FDQEHQRQRQLQWHUQDWLRQDODUPHGFRQIOLFWDQGLQWHUQDWLRQDOKXPDQLWDULDQODZGRHVQRWDSSO\WR such use of force.”); LG¶ 57 (“[T]he intensity of the armed violence is an issue that is determined RQDFDVHE\case basis.”). 6HH0LUHUVXSUDQRWHDW +H\QV .QXFNH\ VXSUD QRWH , at 108 (“The question of the legality of extra WHUULWRULDOXVHRIIRUFHVKRXOGQRWEHFRQIXVHGZLWKWKHTXHVWLRQRIWKHOHJDOLW\RIWKHXVHRIOHWKDO force against a particular target.”). ,G 0LUHUVXSUDQRWHDW)RUDGLVFXVVLRQUHJDUGLQJWKHDSSOLFDELOLW\RI,+5/GXULQJ WLPHVRIDUPHGFRQIOLFWVHH-RUGDQ-3DXVW+XPDQ5LJKWVRQWKH%DWWOHILHOG*(2:$6+ ,17’//5(9509, 510 (2015) (concluding that the “claim that human rights law does not apply GXULQJwar is decidedly false and cannot be taken seriously”). *HQHYD&RQYHQWLRQIRUWKH$PHOLRUDWLRQRIWKH&RQGLWLRQRIWKH:RXQGHGDQG6LFNLQ $UPHG)RUFHVLQWKH)LHOGDUW$XJ867>KHUHLQDIWHU$UWLFOH@ &RPPRQ$UWLFOHVXSUDQRWH 6HH9RJHOVXSUDQRWHDW 6HH+DPGDQY5XPVIHOG86 ,17’/&2002)7+(5('&5266 VXSUDQRWHDW Published by UF Law Scholarship Repository, 2017 17 Florida Law Review, Vol. 69, Iss. 1 [2017], Art. 7

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)/25,'$/$:5(9,(: >9RO 3UHVLGHQW%DUDFN2EDPDSHUVRQDOO\VLJQHGoff on “the more complex and risky strikes in Pakistan.”+HSHUVRQDOO\DSSURYHGHYHU\WDUJHWRQWKH “kill list.”)XUWKHU$UWLFOHRIWKH)LUVW*HQHYD&RQYHQWLRQRI requires that contracting parties “undertake to enact any legislation QHFHVVDU\WRSURYLGHHIIHFWLYHSHQDOVDQFWLRQVIRUSHUVRQVFRPPLWWLQJRU RUGHULQJ WR EH FRPPLWWHG DQ\ RI WKH JUDYH EUHDFKHV RI WKH SUHVHQW Convention defined in the following Article,” namely, Article 50 /LNHZLVHDVQRWHGDERYHMXULVGLFWLRQXQGHUWKH:DU&ULPHV$FWH[WHQGV not only to those who “intentionally kill[],” but also to those who “conspire[] or attempt[] to kill.” %/LDELOLW\8QGHU$UWLFOHVDQG $V PHQWLRQHG HDUOLHU D YLRODWLRQ RI &RPPRQ $UWLFOH KDV IRXU HOHPHQWVDUPHGFRQIOLFWDQH[XVEHWZHHQWKHFRQIOLFWDQGWKHDOOHJHG YLRODWLRQWDUJHWLQJRIQRQFRPEDWDQWVDQGWKHDSSURSULDWHPHQVUHDIRU WKH FULPH 7KH DUPHG FRQIOLFW HOHPHQW GLVFXVVHG DERYH KDV EHHQ VWLSXODWHGE\WKH86 JRYHUQPHQW DQGLV DQDVVXPSWLRQ PDGHE\WKLV 1RWH The nexus element requires that the alleged violation “be ‘closely related’ to the hostilities.”If the term “hostilities” isGHILQHG DVWKHDUPHGFRQIOLFWEHWZHHQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVDQGWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQVDQG DIILOLDWHVGHVFULEHGLQWKH$XWKRUL]DWLRQIRU8VHRI0LOLWDU\)RUFH $80) WKHQDQ\GURQHVWULNHWDNHQSXUVXDQWWRWKH$80)LV“closely related” to the hostilities. FuUWKHUPRUHLIWKH$80)LVZKDWDXWKRUL]HV the President’s current war powers,WKHQHYHU\ GURQHVWULNHLV WDNHQ SXUVXDQWWRWKH$80)DQGLVUHODWHGWRKRVWLOLWLHVEHWZHHQWKH8QLWHG 6WDWHV DQG WKH JURXSV UHIHUHQFHG LQ WKH $80) 7KDW OHDYHV WZR %HFNHU 6KDQHVXSUDQRWH&RUD&XUULHU7KH.LOO&KDLQ7KH/HWKDO%XUHDXFUDF\ Behind Obama’s Drone War,17(5&(37 2FW$0 KWWSVWKHLQWHUFHSWFRPGURQ HSDSHUVWKHNLOOFKDLQ DFFRUGLQJWRWRSVHFUHWVOLGHVSURGXFHGE\WKHPentagon’s ,QWHOOLJHQFH 6XUYHLOODQFH DQG 5HFRQQDLVVDQFH 7DVN )RUFH LQWHOOLJHQFH JDWKHULQJ XOWLPDWHO\ OHDGV WR WKH creation of “a ‘baseball card’ on the target, which [is] ‘staffed up to higher echelons —XOWLPDWHO\ WRWKHpresident’”). %HFNHU 6KDQHVXSUDQRWH $UWLFOHVXSUDQRWH HPSKDVLVDGGHG 86& G ' 6HHVXSUDWH[WDFFRPSDQ\LQJQRWHV– 6HHVXSUDWH[WDFFRPSDQ\LQJQRWH Prosecutor v. Naletilić 0DUWLQRYLć &DVH 1R ,77 -XGJPHQW Int’l &ULP7ULEIRUWKH)RUPHU

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0(/=(5VXSUDQRWHDW +H\QVVXSUDQRWHDFFRUG(PPHUVRQVXSUDQRWH, ¶ 70 (“If the criterion of FRQWLQXRXVFRPEDWIXQFWLRQLVQRWPHWWKHQDQLQGLYLGXDOZKRLVRWKHUZLVHDIILOLDWHGZLWKDQ DUPHGJURXSLVWREHUHJDUGHGDVKDYLQJSURWHFWHGFLYLOLDQVWDWXVDQGPD\EHWDUJHWHGZLWKGHDGO\ force only if and for so long as he or she is directly participating in hostilities.”). +H\QVVXSUDQRWH 0(/=(5VXSUDQRWHDW ,GDW +H\QVVXSUDQRWH (PPHUVRQVXSUDQRWH (J 0LFKDHO 1 6FKPLWW 7KH ,QWHUSUHWLYH *XLGDQFH RQ WKH 1RWLRQ RI 'LUHFW 3DUWLFLSDWLRQLQ+RVWLOLWLHV$&ULWLFDO$QDO\VLV+$591$7’/6(&85,7<-5, 44 (2010) (“In https://scholarship.law.ufl.edu/flr/vol69/iss1/7 24 Alexander: Double-Tap Warfare: Should President Obama Be Investigated for Wa

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)/25,'$/$:5(9,(: >9RO H[LVWHQFH RI VXFK SUHFRQGLWLRQV LV XQGHUFXW E\ UHSRUWV RQ WKH JURXQG ZKLFKFLWHFLYLOLDQFDVXDOW\UDWHVIDUKLJKHUWKDQWKRVHSURYLGHGE\WKH 86 JRYHUQPHQW7KLV WRJHWKHU ZLWK WKH VWDWHG 86 SROLF\ WKDW DOO PLOLWDU\DJHPDOHVLQWKHYLFLQLW\RIDGURQHVWULNHDUHSUHVXPHGPLOLWDQWV XQOHVVSURYHQRWKHUZLVHSRVWKRFSDLQWVDWURXEOLQJSLFWXUHRIWKH8QLWHG States’ targeting policy. 5HFHQW GLVFORVXUHV RI FODVVLILHG JRYHUQPHQW LQIRUPDWLRQ KDYH SURPSWHGDQDWLRQDOGHEDWHRYHUWKHDSSURSULDWHUHDFKRI86HOHFWURQLF VXUYHLOODQFH SURJUDPV $ VLGH HIIHFW RI WKLV GHEDWH KDV EHHQ XQFKDUDFWHULVWLFDOO\ EOXQW REVHUYDWLRQV E\ 86 LQWHOOLJHQFH RIILFLDOV UHJDUGLQJ 86 WDUJHWLQJ SROLFLHV 5HYHDOLQJO\ LQ WKH IRUPHU *HQHUDO&RXQVHORIWKH1DWLRQDO6HFXULW\$JHQF\ 16$ 6WHZDUW%DNHU said, “0HWDGDWD DEVROXWHO\ WHOOV \RX HYerything about somebody’s OLIH If you have enough metadata you don’t really need FRQWHQW.”7KHIRUPHU'LUHFWRURIWKH16$DQGRIWKH&,$*HQHUDO Michael Hayden, responded to Baker’s comments by noting, “We kill people based on metadata.”$QRWKHULVVXHLVWKHLQDELOLW\RI86GURQH RSHUDWRUV WR DFFXUDWHO\ GLVWLQJXLVK EHWZHHQ FRPEDWDQWV DQG QRQFRPEDWDQWVRQWKHVROHEDVLVRIYLVXDOLGHQWLILFDWLRQ,QVRPHDUHDV 7DOLEDQDQGRWKHUPLOLWDQWVPD\ZHDUFORWKLQJLGHQWLFDOWRWKDWRIORFDO WULEHVPHQ 2Q D VXQQ\ GD\ LQ 2FWREHU LQ D UHPRWH ORFDWLRQ LQ 1RUWK :D]LULVWDQQHDUWKH$IJKDQLVWDQ–3DNLVWDQERUGHUD86GURQHILUHGWZR +HOOILUHPLVVLOHVVLPXOWDQHRXVO\DW0DPDQD%LELDVL[W\HLJKW\HDUROG JUDQGPRWKHUZKLOHVKHZDVSLFNLQJRNUDLQKHUJDUGHQ6RPHRIKHU QHDUE\ JUDQGFKLOGUHQ—DJHG WKUHH ILYH VHYHQ HLJKW DQG ILIWHHQ— .,//,1*VXSUDQRWHDW%\GXULQJKLVFRQILUPDWLRQKHDULQJIRU&,$'LUHFWRU KHDFNQRZOHGJHGWKDWPRUHWUDQVSDUHQF\ZDVQHHGHGUHJDUGLQJFLYLOLDQFDVXDOWLHV,GDW $V RI WKHLU ODWHVW HVWLPDWH RQ 0D\ WKH %XUHDX RI ,QYHVWLJDWLYH -RXUQDOLVP HVWLPDWHVWKDW86GURQHVKDYHNLOOHG–FLYLOLDQVLQ3DNLVWDQRXWRIDWRWDORI– SHUVRQV NLOOHG *HW WKH 'DWD 'URQH :DUV %85($8 ,19(67,*$7,9( -2851$/,60 KWWSVZZZWKHEXUHDXLQYHVWLJDWHVFRPFDWHJRU\SURMHFWVGURQHVGURQHVJUDSKV ODVW YLVLWHG $XJ 2IWKHVWULNHVLQ3DNLVWDQVLQFHGURQHRSHUDWLRQVEHJDQWKHUHRIWKHPKDYHWDNHQ SODFHXQGHUWKH2EDPD$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ,G %HFNHU 6KDQHVXSUDQRWH $ODQ 5XVEULGJHU 7KH 6QRZGHQ /HDNV DQG WKH 3XEOLF 1< 5(9 1RY KWWSZZZQ\ERRNVFRPDUWLFOHVVQRZGHQOHDNVDQGSXEOLF 'DYLG&ROH‘We Kill People Based on Metadata’1<5(9 0D\ $0 KWWSZZZQ\ERRNVFRPGDLO\ZHNLOOSHRSOHEDVHGPHWDGDWD 5RVVVXSUDQRWHDW $01(67<,17’/VXSUDQRWHDW-RQ%RRQH86'URQH6WULNHV&RXOG%H&ODVVHG DV :DU &ULPHV 6D\V $PQHVW\ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO *8$5',$1 2FW KWWSVZZZWKHJXDUGLDQFRPZRUOGRFWDPQHVW\XVRIILFLDOVZDUFULPHVGURQHV 7KH 8QLWHG6WDWHVKDV\HWWRDFNQRZOHGJHLWVUROHLQKHUGHDWKRUFRPSHQVDWHWKHIDPLO\$01(67< ,17’/VXSUDQRWHDW https://scholarship.law.ufl.edu/flr/vol69/iss1/7 26 Alexander: Double-Tap Warfare: Should President Obama Be Investigated for Wa

@ '28%/(7$3:$5)$5( ZLWQHVVHG KHU GHDWK DQG GHVSLWH WKHLU RZQ LQMXULHV UXVKHG WR KHOS $OPRVWDOORIWKHJUDQGFKLOGUHQHYHQWKRVHVWDQGLQJDVIDUDVRQHKXQGUHG IHHWDZD\ZHUHLQMXUHG—LQFOXGLQJWKUHH\HDUROG6DIGDUZKRIHOOWHQ IHHWIURPWKHURRIIUDFWXULQJERQHVLQKLVFKHVWDQGVKRXOGHUV“There was a very bad smell” in the air, UHFDOOHGRQHJUDQGFKLOG :KLOH WKH LQMXUHG FKLOGUHQ ZHUH LQ WKH SURFHVV RI UHWULHYLQJ WKHLU grandmother’s body parts, another missile struck, approximately nine IHHWIURPWKHLQLWLDOEODVWHad Mamana Bibi’s grandchildren not been DZDUH RI VHFRQGDU\ VWULNHV LW LV OLNHO\ WKDW D ZRUVH IDWH ZRXOG KDYH EHIDOOHQ WKHP WKH VHFRQG VWULNH LQMXUHG RQO\ RQH JUDQGFKLOG ZKR VXIIHUHGDVKUDSQHOJDVKWRWKHWKLJK,QWRWDOQLQHSHRSOHZHUHLQMXUHG in the two strikes, which occurred within a “few minutes” of each other, DQGODUJHSRUWLRQVRIWKHIDPLO\KRPHZHUHUHQGHUHGXQLQKDELWDEOH According to Pakistani intelligence, “>$@ORFDO7DOLEDQILJKWHUKDGXVHG DVDWHOOLWHSKRQHRQDURDGFORVHWRZKHUH0DPDQD%LELZDVNLOOHGDERXW PLQXWHV EHIRUH WKH VWULNH DQG WKHQ GURYH DZD\” 7RS VHFUHW 3RZHUSRLQWVOLGHVSURGXFHGE\WKH86LQWHOOLJHQFHFRPPXQLW\LQGLFDWH WKDWLQWKH.XQDURISURYLQFHRI$IJKDQLVWDQDOVRDORQJWKH$IJKDQLVWDQ– 3DNLVWDQ ERUGHU DQG QR PRUH WKDQ PLOHV IURP 1RUWK :D]LULVWDQ QHDUO\QLQHW\SHUFHQWRI“SHRSOHZKRGLHGLQDLUVWULNHVZHUHQRWGLUHFW WDUJHWV.” $V816SHFLDORapporteur Christof Heyns has noted, “If a signature strike rests on ‘WDUJHWLQJ ZLWKRXW VXIILFLHQW LQIRUPDWLRQ WR PDNH WKH QHFHVVDU\ GHWHUPLnation, it is clearly unlawful.’” $OWKRXJK HYHU\ GRXEOHWDSGURQHVWULNHLVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\XQLTXHIDFWXDOFLUFXPVWDQFHV LQFOXGLQJZKHWKHUWKRVHZKRUXVKWRWKHVFHQH—RUWKRVHZKRDUHLQLWLDOO\ WDUJHWHG—DUHFLYLOLDQVRUPLOLWDQWVZLWKDFRQWLQXRXVFRPEDWIXQFWLRQ JHQHUDOLWLHV FDQ EH PDGH ,Q JHQHUDO WKH VHFRQG DQG WKLUG URXQGV RI GRXEOHWDS GURQH VWULNHV RFFXU ZLWKLQ ILYH WR WKLUW\ PLQXWHV RI HDFK RWKHU$WLVVXHLVZKHWKHULQWKDWWLPHGURQHRSHUDWRUVKDYHHQRXJK WLPH WR SHUIRUP LQWHOOLJHQFHJDWKHULQJ RSHUDWLRQV WKDW DOORZ WKHP WR GHWHUPLQHZLWK“QHDUFHUWDLQW\”ILUVWZKLFKILUVWUHVSRQGHUVDUHPLOLWDQWV ZLWKD“FRQWLQXRXVFRPEDWIXQFWLRQ”DQGVHFRQGZKHWKHUDVHFRQGRU $01(67<,17’/VXSUDQRWHDW– ,GDW ,GDW ,GDW– 6HHLGDW ,G One grandchild recounted, “I miss my grandmother, she used to give us pocket money and took us with her wherever she went.” ,GDW ,GDW 'HYHUHDX[VXSUDQRWH 6WHYH&ROO7KH8QEOLQNLQJ6WDUH7KH'URQH:DULQ3DNLVWDQ1(:<25.(5 1RY KWWSZZZQHZ\RUNHUFRPPDJD]LQHXQEOLQNLQJVWDUH 6HHVXSUDQRWH

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$UWLFOHVXSUDQRWH 7HUUL-XGGUS ‘Should Hand Over Footage of Drone Strikes or Face UN Inquiry’ ,1'(3(1'(17 $XJ KWWSZZZLQGHSHQGHQWFRXNQHZVZRUOGDVLDXVVKRXOGKDQG RYHUIRRWDJHRIGURQHVWULNHVRUIDFHXQLQTXLU\KWPO ,G 7KH 7XUNHO Commission was responsible for creating a “comprehensive review of ,VUDHOLPHFKDQLVPVIRUH[DPLQLQJDQGLQYHVWLJDWLQJFRPSODLQWVDQGFODLPVRIYLRODWLRQVRIWKH laws of armed conflict according to international law.” Emmerson, VXSUDQRWH ,G DFFRUG 785.(/ &200’1 7+( 38%/,& &200,66,21 72 (;$0,1( 7+( 0$5,7,0( ,1&,'(172)0$<DW (PPHUVRQVXSUDQRWH ,GQ ,G¶ 43 (“Any criminal investigation must meet the core international human rights law VWDQGDUGV RI LQGHSHQGHQFH LPSDUWLDOLW\ SURPSWQHVV HIIHFWLYHQHVV DQG WUDQVSDUHQF\ VXLWDEO\ adapted to the context.”). Published by UF Law Scholarship Repository, 2017 33 Florida Law Review, Vol. 69, Iss. 1 [2017], Art. 7

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Published by UF Law Scholarship Repository, 2017 35 Florida Law Review, Vol. 69, Iss. 1 [2017], Art. 7

https://scholarship.law.ufl.edu/flr/vol69/iss1/7 36