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Rape in War Is Common, Devastating, and Too Often Ignored the Plos Medicine Editors

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Rape in War Is Common, Devastating, and Too Often Ignored the Plos Medicine Editors Editorial Rape in War Is Common, Devastating, and Too Often Ignored The PLoS Medicine Editors ape in war is by no means a new million displaced people [8], and Health care professionals and phenomenon, but its escalation 500,000 victims of sexual violence humanitarian organizations working Ras a deliberate, strategic, and [9] since 1991. Recent escalation of in conflict zones have long recognized political tactic is now undeniable. Most fighting has fuelled international the use of rape as a weapon of war, of its victims are women and girls, but press reports of a country more lawless providing documentation from the men and boys suffer too. Whether than perhaps anywhere else on earth ground that also reveals the absence isolated or systematic, rape’s effects and where women are frequently and of an adequate international response. are devastating to individuals and systematically victimized [10–13]. This Human Rights Watch reported this damaging to whole communities. The “pandemic of sexual violence,” says year that “women and girls continue physical consequences can include Stephen Lewis, the former United to be brutally beaten and raped” by unwanted pregnancies, sexually Nations special envoy for HIV/AIDS in police, militia, and rebel groups in transmitted infections including HIV, Africa, is “obscene,” “insanely savage,” Darfur [21]. No progress has been and genital injury including fistula, and can only be described as “femicide” made five years after the Sudanese all of which can leave women scarred, [10,14]. Dr. Denis Mukwege, the government promised to combat disabled, unable to conceive, and founder of the Panzi Hospital in sexual violence in the region and the deemed unsuitable for marriage [1,2]. eastern Congo that treats ten women UN–African Union peacekeeping The brutality of war rape is evident in survivors of rape every day, calls this forces were to mobilize security and genital mutilation, forced captivity, war on women “the monstrosity of the protection for women. Médecins Sans gang rapes in public or in front of century” [15]. Nonetheless, in areas Frontières has provided emergency family members, and rape with objects of armed conflict rape is committed care for tens of thousands of victims of such as glass, sticks, gun barrels, mostly with impunity and has been sexual violence in conflict zones, and and machetes [1,3]. Psychologically largely ignored by the international continues to report that most of these the effects are no less devastating. community. attacks are perpetrated with impunity Traumatized by the event, women As a terror tactic, rape aims to by militia or military personnel [19]. are often unable to care for their destroy or expel populations or ethnic Amnesty International has documented children or households, fear leaving groups, impregnate women, intimidate human rights violations occurring in their homes, can become socially civilians, pillage land and resources, conflict zones where perpetrators are ostracized and isolated, and may be and may serve to increase military rarely if ever held accountable, and rejected by their husbands, families, or morale [16–18]. Husbands or family continually laments the international communities [1–3]. members, sometimes forced to watch, community’s lack of response to sexual First recognized as a problem are also traumatized. In refugee camps violence [22]. internationally in the mid-1990s when in Darfur and Chad, where hundreds While international courts now “rape camps” that enslaved women and of thousands of Sudanese people recognize rape as a war crime, a crime girls were discovered in the former are displaced, women are essentially against humanity, a form of torture, Yugoslavia, systematic rape is now imprisoned because they cannot even understood not as an unfortunate travel to get firewood or water without Citation: The PLoS Medicine Editors (2009) Rape in but inevitable by-product of war, but risking being raped [19]. In the DRC, war is common, devastating, and too often ignored. PLoS Med 6(1): e1000021. doi:10.1371/journal. instead as a defining tactic of modern different militia groups have distinct pmed.1000021 conflicts. Following the genocide in and recognizable ways by which they PLoS Medicine Rwanda, where an estimated 500,000 rape women, thus marking women Copyright: © 2009 The Editors. This is an open-access article distributed under women were raped in 1994, a landmark with a signature that often mutilates the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution decision by the International Criminal and scars them for life, but also License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the Tribunal recognized rape as a crime of establishing the armed group’s power original author and source are credited. genocide under international law [4]. and control. During the June 2008 UN Mass rape has been documented for meetings at which rape was classified Abbreviations: DRC, Democratic Republic of the Congo; DWI, Dirty War Index recent conflicts in Bangladesh, Burma, as a weapon of war, the former UN Columbia, Liberia, Sierra Leone, and peacekeeping commander Major E-mail: [email protected] Somalia [5,6]. General Patrick Cammaert summarized The PLoS Medicine Editors are Virginia Barbour, The toll of the ongoing conflict the effect of rape as a war tactic when Jocalyn Clark, Larry Peiperl, Emma Veitch, Mai Wong, in the Democratic Republic of the he reported: “It has probably become and Gavin Yamey. Congo (DRC) is staggering: an more dangerous to be a woman than a Provenance: Written by editorial staff; not externally estimated 5.5 million deaths [7], 1.5 soldier in an armed conflict” [20]. peer reviewed PLoS Medicine | www.plosmedicine.org 0001 January 2009 | Volume 6 | Issue 1 | e1000021 and a constituent act of genocide that emergency contraception, post- 7. Coghlan B, Brennan RJ, Ngoy P, Dofara D, Otto B, et al. (2006) Mortality in the demands international regulation exposure prophylaxis, HIV testing, Democratic Republic of Congo: A nationwide [9], concerns are mounting that due antiretroviral therapy, and counseling. survey. Lancet 367: 44-51. to lack of preparation and political We can lobby to ensure that these 8. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2008) Global appeal 2009 will, the international criminal court efforts to respond medically to sexual update. Democratic Republic of the Congo. is too frequently dropping charges violence be linked to broader justice Available: http://www.unhcr.org/publ/ of sexual violence in their war crimes efforts. As part of the care that is PUBL/4922d4100.pdf. Accessed 22 December 2008. prosecutions [23]. In addition, there is imparted to women, for example, we 9. Turkovich T (2008 June 2004) As DR Congo the deplorable matter of peacekeepers should insist that medical responsibility crisis persists, UN classifies rape as weapon of war. UNICEF. Available: http://www.unicef. themselves raping women and girls include supporting survivors to bring org/infobycountry/drcongo_44598.html. [24,25]. charges if they wish, and advocating Accessed 22 December 2008. Medical professionals are powerful for international courts to investigate 10. Ensler E, Lewis S. The never ending war. Huffington Post. Available: http://www. lobbyists whose recognition of the and prosecute perpetrators of huffingtonpost.com/eve-ensler-and-stephen- devastation could galvanize support for sexual violence. But because these lewis/the-never-ending-war_b_150668.html. the work of humanitarian organizations prosecutorial efforts are reactive Accessed 29 December 2008. 11. Goodspeed P (2008 December 1) Rape now and advocacy groups in documenting and involve only a small fraction of war strategy in Congo, doctor says. National sexual atrocities and holding states the perpetrators, they are limited in Post. Available: http://www.nationalpost.com/ news/world/story.html?id=1015611. Accessed accountable when human rights holding those responsible accountable 22 December 2008. and international law are violated. and in protecting potential victims. 12. Holmes J (2007 October 11) Congo’s rape Together with medical journalists and Thus our support must also emphasize war—Savage sexual violence is sweeping the troubled nation, demanding a global response. editors they have done much to try that justice work be twinned with Los Angeles Times. Available: http://articles. to expose the devastation of sexual preventative efforts such that latimes.com/2007/oct/11/opinion/oe- violence during conflict [26–28], but protecting women and girls from holmes11. Accessed 22 December 2008. 13. The Guardian (2008) World News: Democratic we can all do more to document and sexual violence becomes a central part Republic of the Congo. Available: http://www. disseminate the research and accounts of peacekeeping and security efforts guardian.co.uk/world/congo. Accessed 22 December 2008. of health workers, nongovernmental [21]. 14. The Stephen Lewis Foundation (2007 organizations, and survivors. Rape as a weapon of war is September 13) Stephen Lewis calls for a new A recent set of articles in PLoS unconscionable. Medical journalists UN initiative to end sexual violence in the Medicine eastern region of the DRC. Available: http:// [29–31] introduced a new and editors, along with health care www.stephenlewisfoundation.org/news_item. tool called the Dirty War Index (DWI) professionals, have the authority, the cfm?news=1988&year=2007. Accessed 22 that can distinguish highly undesirable skills, and the audience to
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