Bernhard Roloff-Georg Seefilen Polisiye Sinemasının Tarihi Ve Mitolojisi Sinemanın Temelleri

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Bernhard Roloff-Georg Seefilen Polisiye Sinemasının Tarihi Ve Mitolojisi Sinemanın Temelleri Bernhard Roloff-Georg Seefilen Polisiye Sinemasının Tarihi ve Mitolojisi Almancadan Çeviren: Süheyla - Saliha N. Kaya Derleyen: Veysel Atayman Sinemanın Temelleri ALAN YAYINCILIK: 171 Sanat Dizisi: 4 Sinemanın Temel Dizisi: 3 Mord im Kino Geschichte und Mythologie des Dedektiv - films CİNAYET SİNEMASI Dedektif Sinemasının Tarihi ve Mitolojisi Bemhard Roloff - Georg SeeBlen Çevirenler: Süheyla - Saliha N. Kaya Derleyen: Veysel Atayman Yayına Hazırlayan: Zeynep Atayman Birinci Baskı Haziran 1997 Kapak Arslan Kahraman Baskı Mart Matbaacılık ve Sanatları (0 212)212 03 39-212 03 40 ISBN 975-7414-62-X atan yaymcMt Çatalçeşme Sok. Torun Han. No. 40 K. 3 Cağaloğlu-İST. Tel: (0 212) 511 26 00 • Fax: (0 212) 528 00 69 Bernhard Roloff - Georg SeelBIen CİNAYET SİNEMASI Dedektif Sinemasının Tarihi ve Mitolojisi alan yayıncılık Çevirenler: Süheyla - Saliha N. Kaya Derleme - Düzenleme: Veysel Atayman " Cinayet Sineması ", dedektifliğin tarihini, geçmişte ve şimdi çözmek zorunda olduğu muammaları anlatıyor. Dedektifliğin, poli­ siye edebiyatında "doğum"undan itibaren gelişmesi izleniyor; ses­ siz sinemada ilk ortaya çıkışı, otuzlu yılların filmlerinde ilişkileri aydınlatmadaki bağımsız tarzı, Kara-Dizi filmlerindeki psikolojik boyut kazanma eğilimi, ellili yıllardaki meşruiyet ve ahlaki doku­ nulmazlık elde etme mücadelesi ve son yıllarda geçmişe yaptığı nostaljik gezileri gözler önüne seriyor. Dedektif filmi, —bir cinaye­ tin, o cinayetin aydınlatılma süreci üzerinden gidilerek an­ latıldığı— özel bir sinema türüdür. Bu kitabı dostlarıma, polislere ithaf ediyorum. ÖNSÖZ Dedektif filmi, popüler filmin, malzemesini ağırlıklı olarak edebi­ yattan alan, bu nedenle de hep biraz dedektif ve polisiye türünün edebiyattaki gelişiminin gerisinden geldiği için edebiyat uzmanları tarafından, aynı bilim-kurgu gibi, çoğunlukla hor görülen türlerin­ den biridir. Ne var ki sinema, dedektif türüne kesinlikle kendi tipik ve özgün unsurlarını kazandırmıştır; bu özellik sadece, Hollywo- od'da gangster, gerilim ve dedektif filminin, kara dizilerde bunlar­ dan ne daha önce ne de daha sonra benzer biçimde bir daha birara- ya gelmemiş anlatım biçimleri bulduğu dönemde iyice belirginleşmekle kalmaz; gerek Bulldog-Drummond ya da Sher­ lock Holmes romanlarının filme çekilmesinde, gerek alçakgönüllü denemeler olan Charlie Chan ya da Philo Vance tarzında seri film­ lerin üretiminde ve gerekse de zamanında basında övgüye değer görülmeyerek küçümsenen Alman Edgar Wallace filmlerinde, de­ dektif ve polisiye türü kendi düşüncelerini ve anlatım tarzını ge­ liştirmiştir. Gene de, popüler edebiyatın nicelik ve nitelik olarak en verimli türlerinden biri olan polisiye edebiyatı olmaksızın dedektif filmi düşünülemez. Bu yüzden bu kitapta, türün yazınsal kaynaklarının anlatılmasına, dizinin diğer kitaplarında olduğundan daha fazla yer ayrılmıştır. Dedektif filmi, cinayete, cinayetin ortaya çıkarılması­ na, ahlâk ve cezaya ilişkin düşüncelerin, önce edebiyat olarak orta­ ya çıkmalarının ardından, deyim yerindeyse, ikinci bir dönüştürme olan sinema düzleminde bunlara ilişkin kendi yorumunu iletir. Böyle olunca da dedektif (polisiye ve polis) sinemasının tarihi an­ latılırken, sürekli olarak yazınsal kaynaklara işaret edilir. Dedektif filmleri senaryoya temel aldıkları yazınsal metinleri 5 ya da örnekleri basitleştirmek zorundadırlar; ayrıca bu filmlerin na- if nitelikleri, değişmeyen anlatım biçimleri, stereotip klişe yapıları eleştirilirken, bir dedektif bilmecesi kurmanın ve çözmenin vaz­ geçilmez unsurlarını oluşturmada kendi anlatım biçimlerini bul­ dukları gerçeği kolayca gözden kaçırılmaktadır: (dedektifin suçluya ilişkin sonuçlar çıkarabileceği sinemaya özgü ipuçları, be­ lirgin, kesin görünmekle birlikte yanlış yöne sevkeden izler an­ lamındaki reci herrings'ler ve bilmecenin nihai çözüm biçimleri ve benzer öğeler gibi.) Ve sinemadaki dedektif, çoğunlukla edebiyat- takinden farklı olarak -orada olduğu gibi- büyülenmiş izleyicilere, akıl yürütmelerinin yanlış (ya da doğru) olduğunu ve bunun nede­ nini açıklayan salt bir "düşünce makinesi" olmaktan çok, ete ke­ miğe bürünmüş bir insandır. Filmde edebiyattan farklı olarak "olay"ın büyüsü azalsa da, bu azalan miktar, dedektifin kişiliğine duyulan merak ve ilgi olarak geri döner. Dedektif filmi, gangster ve gerilim filminden, sadece olayların merkezinde bir dedektifin bulunmasıyla, yani mantıksal kombinas­ yonlarla, gözlem ve saptamalarla ve ipuçlarını ısrarla izleyerek so­ nunda, işlenmiş bir suçun (sinemada bu suç neredeyse sadece cina­ yettir), koşullarını ve durumunu aydınlatan ve suçluyu ya da suçlu­ ları ortaya çıkaran bir insanın yer alışıyla değil, aynı zamanda "at­ mosferiyle" ve de suça, cinayete ve şiddete karşı tavrıyla da ayrılır. Private ey e s denen, hırpani, serseri tipli özel dedektifleri ve po­ lisleri konu alan filmler, her zaman ve mutlaka, dedeksiyon dediği­ miz aydınlatma, meydana çıkarma oyununun kurallarına uymadık­ ları gibi, içerdikleri şiddet, bunların toplumsal kaynaklarına işaret etmekte, dolayısıyla sosyal bir boyut olarak klasik polisiyeye aykı­ rı özellikler içerebilmektedirler; ama gene de tipik polisiye filmi­ nin mantıksal devamıdır bunlar. Biz de bu yüzden, neredeyse her bir filmi ayrı birer tür olan private eyes türünü de, bu türe dahil et­ tik. "Cinayet Sineması", popüler sinema tarihinin ortaya çıkardığı 6 bütün polisiye film türlerini ve alt türlerini ayrıntılı olarak gözler önüne serme iddiasında değildir. Daha çok, türün bileşeni olan tüm unsurlar ve gelişiminin ana hatları gösterilecektir. Komiser- Maigret filmleri, veya altmışlı yıllarda "Jerry Cottori" veya "Komi­ ser X" gibi Alman roman dizilerine dayanılarak yapılmış filmler, veya başrolünde Eddie Constantine'in oynadığı serüvenler incele­ memizin dışında bırakılmıştır. 7 İÇİNDEKİLER ÖNSÖZ "DEDEKTİF" MİTOLOJİSİ......................................................11 KİMDİ, NASIL YAPTI ve NEDEN YAPTI? ................................13 Dedektif Edebiyatının Değişmez Temel Özellikleri.....................13 Olayın Figürlerinin Konumu ........................................................ 18 S ettin g ................................................................................................... 19 W ho-H ow -W hy 19 Katil Oyunun Psikolojisi................................................................ 31 Meşum - Olanın ve Burjuva İnsanın Yaşadığı Odalar 44 Dedektif Romanının Sosyal Coğrafyası...................................48 İç Düzenden Dış Düzene ............................................................... 56 Yeni Kahramanların Doğuşu ........................................................62 (suç, polis, dedektif, tarihsel örnekler) Mit Olarak Kriminoloji...................................................................79 DEDEKTİF EDEBİYATININ EVRELERİ.........................87 Dedektif Edebiyatının İlk Adımları...................................................87 Dedektif Edebiyatının "Babası": Edgar Allan Poe ............... 95 Sherlock Holmes............................................................................. 100 8 Kitle Edebiyatını Kahramanı Olarak Dedektif.................. 110 Bayağılıktan Kaçma Çabası........................................................ 121 Agatha Christie'den Edgar W allace'a ......................................129 Philio Vance'den Ellery Queen'e ...............................................135 "Private Eyes" 139 H am m et ve C h an d ler.....................................................................144 DEDEKTİF FİLMİNİN TARİHİ................................................153 1902'DEN 1920'YE KADAR SHERLOCK HOLMES 155 FEVİLAD’İN DİZİLERİ......................................................................160 1922'DEN 1943'E KADAR SHERLOCK HOLMES 163 OTUZLU KIRKLI YILLARDA ALMANYA'DA POLİSİYE FİLMLER ........................................ 174 SİNEMADA AGATHA CHRİSTİE ................................................179 ROMANDAN BEYAZ PERDEYE DEDEKTİF ....................... 191 Philo Vance.......................................................................................191 Bulldog Drummond .......................................................................200 DOĞULU DEDEKTİFLER ............................................................... 206 Charlie Chan .................................................................................... 206 M r. M o to ........................................................................................... 219 M r. W o n g .......................................................................................... 222 "SERİAL" DEDEKTİFLERİ.............................................................225 SCREWBALL - INTERMEZZO: "TH IN M A N " ...................... 235 ELLİLİ YILLARDA POLİSİYE FİLMLER ............................... 242 GEORGO POLLOCK VE İN G İL İZ M İSS M A R PLE F İL M L E R İ...........................................253 9 ÖZEL DEDEKTİFİN DEĞİŞİMİ "PRIVATE EYE"IN DOĞUŞU ....................................................... 259 "PRIVATE EYE"IN ÇÖKÜŞÜ ....................................................... 283 "PRIVATE EYE’ IN YENİDEN DOĞUŞU ................................ 287 1959-79 SHERLOCK HOLMES FİLMLERİ.............................302 A M E R İK A N PO L İSİY E F İL M L E R İ.............................................309 FRANSIZ (POPÜLER) POLİSİYE SİNEMASINA GENEL BAKIŞ ...................................................... 348 - Franısız Popüler Sinemasında Polisiye Film Roman ve Edebiyat........................................................................349 -T arihçe............................................................................................
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