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Water in the Humboldt River Valley Near Winnemucca, Nevada

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Water in the Humboldt River Valley Near Winnemucca, Nevada Water in the Humboldt River Valley Near Winnemucca, Nevada By PHILIP COHEN GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1816 Prepared in cooperation with the Nevada Department of Conservation and Natural Resources A summary of the water-resources studies of the interagency Humboldt River Research Project in the Winnemucca area UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1966 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY William T. Pecora, Director Library of Congress catalog-card No. GS 65-411 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 CONTENTS Page Abstract__ _____________________________________________________ 1 Introduction.------_--__-_-____--__________-_______--_-_-___--_._- 2 The Humboldt River Research Project-------.------.------------ 2 Choice of the area to be studied and objectives of the study.._-_ 3 Organization of the study_________________________________ 3 Reasons for report; its content..__..__.._.._.___________________ 4 General geographic features..____-_._____.___________.____-_-_-___-- 7 Landforms and drainage___-__________-____-______-____----_-_ 8 Mountains__ -___-_____-__.__-_______--_--.__-_-----_---- 8 Paradise and Grass Valleys.________________________________ 8 Alluvial apron___________________________________________ 9 Streams and related landforrns._____________-_-____-_-_--_-_ 9 Climate.._________--..-._________-__________-______-___-___-- 10 Vegetation___ _ -_______--___.-_______-_-__-_-_-__-_-_-------. 11 Man and his activities.______-______-__________-_____------_--- 12 How and where the water occurs.___________________-__--------_---- 13 Subsurface water___-_-_______________-_______-______-_-_---__- 13 Geologic environment-_-______________-_-______-_-_-_-_---- 13 Water in the zone of saturation.____________________________ 16 Water in the zone of aeration.______________-_-__------_---- 16 Surface water._--___-____-__-______________--_------_----_---- 17 Atmospheric water__________________________________________ 17 Where the water comes from____________.___________________________ 18 Streamflow.____-___---___-____.________-_-_-_____-__-_------- 18 Humboldt River______-____________-____-_-_^.-_-------- 18 Tributary streams.________________________________________ 21 Precipitation_ _______________________________-__---_-^---_-_. 23 Ground-water inflow___-__-__________-____-___--_-------_-.-- 24 Summary of total inflow____-_____________-_-_-___-_---------- 25 Movement and storage of water.______________________-_----_-_--_-_ 25 Humboldt River streamflow.____.______________--__-___---_-_-- 25 Variations in the rate and quantity of flow_______-_______--- 26 Variations in channel storage__-_____-_--_---------------- 27 Tributary streamflow-_________________________---_------------ 27 Precipitation_-__________________.._._._______._______---___- 28 Ground water..--___-___-___________________________-_----_--_ 29 Direction and rate of movement.._________-___------_------- 29 Storage________________________________________________ 30 Vadose water.________________________________________________ 32 in IV CONTENTS Page Discharge of water___--__________-___-__---_-____----______--_--_ 33 Humboldt River streamflow near Rose Creek gaging station. _______ 33 Evapotranspiration of precipitation.______-___-____-_---____--_-- 36 Transpiration by phreatophytes and evaporation from bare soil. _ _ _ _ 37 Evaporation from open bodies of water_________________________ 37 Ground-water outflow.________________ ________________________ 40 Pumpage and spring flow______--_____-__-______-___----_____--_ 41 Summary of total outflow._______________---___-_------__-_-_-_ 41 Chemical quality of the water___________-_____-_____--_-___-___-_-_- 42 Definition of terms.___________________________________________ 42 Variations in water quality.___________-_-_-__-_----_----_-_____ 43 Ground water___________________________----___---____--__ 43 Surface water,____________________________________________ 44 Suitability for use.___----_-_________---______-_--_-_-___-_---_ 47 Summary of the flow system._______________________________________ 49 Concept of dynamic equilibrium.._____________-__-___-__-____--_ 50 Water-budget analysis.________________________________________ 50 How man has modified the natural flow system._____________________ 51 Diversions of Humboldt River streamflow._______________________ 51 Ground-water development..___________________________________ 53 Effects of man's modifications of the flow system__________________ 53 Legal aspects of the modifications of the flow system.._____________ 54 Achievement of the most effective use of water resources.____--____-___ 55 Changes upstream from the Winnemucca area._____---_---------__ 56 Increased precipitation and runoff.__________-_-_-_--_--___-_ 56 Upstream storage facilities_________________----_--_--_---_ 56 Changes in the Winnemucca area________--_-__-_-_--_-___-____ 57 Decreased evapotranspiration losses_____.__-_-_--_-_______. 57 Increased ground-water development._______________________ 58 Development in tributary areas.________________________ 58 Development from the medial gravel subunit.___--,______-_ 59 Need for additional studies.____________________________________ 60 Summary__ ______________ ___________________________^___._______ 61 Selected bibliography._____________________________________________ 67 CONTENTS V ILLUSTRATIONS Page PLATE 1. Maps showing hydrologic characteristics of the Humboldt River valley____-_---------__________________ In pocket FIGURE 1. Index map of Nevada_--------___------------------- 4 2. Generalized flow diagram showing movement of water in the Humboldt River valley. _______________________ 6 3. Diagram showing the divisions of subsurface water______ 14 4-8. Graphs showing: 4. Annual flow of the Humboldt River at the Comus gaging station._____________________________ 19 5. Average monthly flow of the Humboldt River at the Comus gaging station______________________ 21 6. Duration of daily mean streamflow, Humboldt River at the Comus gaging station._-.--__--__ 22 7. Representative streamflow measurements of the Humboldt River__..__._.._____--_--___---__ 26 8. Relation of the channel storage between the Comus and Rose Creek gaging stations to the average of streamflow at the two gaging stations._________ 28 9. Schematic cross section showing the direction of ground- water movement when the stage and flow of the river are low____-__________-_______-____-_-___----_- 29 10. Schematic cross section showing the direction of ground- water movement when the stage and flow of the river are high_-_---_--_-_------_-___----___--_-------- 30 11. Hydrographs of the stage of the Humboldt River at the Winnemucca gaging station and the water level in a nearby well-_____________________________________ 31 12-16. Graphs showing: 12. Annual flow of the Humboldt River at the Rose Creek gaging station._______________________ 34 13. Gains and losses in streamflow between the Comus and Rose Creek gaging stations.________--.-__ 35 14. Relation of the total free-water-surf ace area of the Humboldt River between the Comus and Rose Creek gaging stations to the average of stream- flow at the two stations___________________ 38 15. Relation of annual streamflow at the Comus gaging station to annual free-water-surface evaporation losses between the Comus and Rose Creek gaging stations.___________________________________ 39 16. Relation between specific conductance and gage height of the Humboldt River at the Winne­ mucca gaging station._______________________ 45 VI CONTENTS TABLES Page TABLE 1. Organizations participating in the Humboldt River Re­ search Project_ _-----___--__-----___-__---_--_-_ 5 2. Smaller streams tributary to the Humboldt River valley- 10 3. Summary of climatological data, 1871-1962_____--__- 11 4. Summary of streamflow of the Humboldt River at the Comus gaging station for the period of record and for water years 1949-62____---------_------_--------- 20 5. Estimated average annual ground-water inflow to the storage area_____________-_-_-_..-__--__----_____ 25 6. Estimated net increase of ground water in storage for four selected time intervals,________---__-_--______ 32 7. Estimated net increase in moisture content in the zone of aeration in the storage area for three selected time intervals__ _ _____..__________-___--___-_------_-- 33 8. Average decrease in flow of the Humboldt River between the Comus and Rose Creek gaging stations, February- June of water years 1949-62. ______________________ 34 9. Average increase in flow of the Humboldt River between the Comus and Rose Creek gaging stations, July- January of water years 1949-621______-___---__-__- 36 10. Preliminary estimates of evapotranspiration losses from areas covered by phreatophytes in the storage area___ 37 11. Evaporation loss from the free-water surface of the HumboIdt River in the storage area.________________ 39 12. Principal sources and significance with respect to suita­ bility for use of selected chemical constituents in the water of the Humboldt River valley________________ 47 13. Three water budgets for the storage area._____________ 49 WATER IN THE HUMBOLDT RIVER VALLEY NEAR WINNEMUGGA, NEVADA By PHILIP COHEN ABSTRACT Most of the work of the interagency Humboldt River Research Project in the Winnemucca reach of the Humboldt River valley has been completed. More than a dozen State and Federal agencies and several private organizations and individuals participated
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