Neue Beiträge Zur Phylogenie Und Systematik Der Miriden, Nebst Einleitenden Bemerkungen Über Die Phylogenie Der Heteropteren-F

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Neue Beiträge Zur Phylogenie Und Systematik Der Miriden, Nebst Einleitenden Bemerkungen Über Die Phylogenie Der Heteropteren-F aCTA SOCIETATIS ^itNTIARUM FENNi TOM. XXXVII. N:0 3. Ak NEUE BEITRÄGE ZUR PHYLOGENIE und SYSTEMATIK DER MIRIDEN NEBST EINLEITENDEN BEMERKUNGEN ÜBER DIE PHYLOGENIE DER HETEROPTEREN-FAMILIEN I wo«»" ** ^ AMERICAN ETHNOLOCY. 1910 O. M. REUTER. MIT EINER STAMMBAUMSTAFEL. I V ^10NAIW&&%? HELSINGFORS 1910, DRUCKEREI DER FINNISCHEN UTERATURGESELLSCIIAFT. ACTA SOCIETATIS SCIENTIARUM FENNICiE TOM. XXXVII. N:o 3. MM NEUE BEITRÄGE ZUH PHYLOGENIE und SYSTEMATIK DER MIRIDEN NEBST EINLEITENDEN REM K 1! K V X li l'.N i'r.i i: DIE PHYLOOEXIE DER HETEROPTEREX-FA.MILIEX •VON O. M. REUTER. MIT EINER STAMMRAUMSTAFEL. HELSINGFORS 1910. DRL'CKEREl DER FINNISCHEN LITERATURGESELLSCHAFT. Inhalt. I. Übersicht der bisher veröffentlichten Heteropteren Systeme S. 1. II. Die Körperteile der Heteropteren in phylogenetischer und systematischer Hinsicht S. 23. III. Bemerkungen über die Phylogenie der Heteropteren-Familien S. 37. IV. Charakteristik der Superfamilien und Familien nebst historischem Rückblick über frühere Ansichten .. S. 60. V. Charakteristik der Familie Miridae S. 84. VI. Phylogenie der Minden. Herstammung der Miriden von mit Ozellen verse- henen Vorfahren S. 98. VII. Systematik der Miriden. Historik. Gründe des Systemes S. 103. Vni. Neues System der Miriden S. 107. IX. Zusammenfassung. Phylogenie der Unterfamilien uud Divisionen S. 136. X. Verzeichnis der hisher beschriebenen Miriden-Gattungen . « S. 141. Anhang I. Beschreibung einer mit Flügel-Hamus versehenen Heterotominen-Gattung • von 0. M. "Reuter .. S. 168. Anhang IL Beschreibung einer neuen Bothyuotinen-Gattung von B. Poppius . S. 170. I. Übersicht der "bisher veröffentlichten Heteropteren-Systeme. Keinem der bisher veröffentlichten Heteropteren-Systeme scheint es mir gelungen zu sein, die wahren Verwandtschaftbeziehungen der Miriden und verwandter Familien vollständig zu ergründen. Überhaupt ist das System der Hemipteren und besonders die Auffassung der Phylo- genie der einzelnen^ Familien derselben noch sehr schwankend. Das Studium der inneren Ana- tomie und der postembryonalen Entwickelung ist noch gar zu sehr vernachlässigt worden. Die wenigen Dokumente, die hierüber veröffentlicht worden, sind noch so lückenhaft, unvoll- ständig und wenig umfassend, dass es meistens unmöglich ist, sie für die Zwecke der Syste- matik zu verwerten und zu verwenden. Wir sind darum im allgemeinen fortwährend dazu ge- nötigt, unsere Systematik auf die verhältnismässig genauere Kenntnis des Hautskelettes zu stützen. Doch muss zugestanden werden, dass auch dieses in manchen Fällen nur ungenügend und gar nicht so eingehend und metodisch, wie es nötig gewesen wäre, studiert worden ist. Ich bedaure sehr, dass ich stets solche Untersuchungen aufgeschoben habe, bis sie nun- mehr, meiner Blindheit wegen, mir unmöglich geworden sind. Wenn ich trotzdem "die Frage von der Phylogenie der Miriden und verwandter Fa- milien hier nicht stillschweigend übergehe, geschieht es darum, weil ich einige Umstände beob- achtet habe, die vielleicht zu einer richtigeren Auffassung derselben beitragen können. Ich be- nutze gleichzeitig die Gelegenheit, um einige Bemerkungen über die bisherigen Ansichten hin- sichtlich der Phylogenie auch der übrigen Heteropteren-Familien und meine von diesen ab- weichende Auffassung zu veröffentlichen. Um die Frage näher diskutieren zu können, wäre es indessen vielleicht nicht unnütz erst die bisher veröffentlichten Systeme kurz zu rekapitulieren. Indem ich in chronologischer Ordnung einen Überblick derselben gebe, erlaube ich mir 'dabei schon hie und da im Vorüber- gehen einige Bemerkungen, besonders über den Platz, den die resp. Verfasser solchen Fami- lien im Systeme gegeben haben, die dem Verwandtschaftskreise der Miriden anzugehören schei- nen, wie auch solchen die meiner Meinung nach unrichtig mit jenen als verwandt betrachtet worden sind. Die eigentliche Diskussion über die Phylogenie der Familien wird im zweiten Kapitel folgen. • Was die Benennung der gegenwärtig angenommenen, unten erörterten Familien be- trifft, mag hier erwähnt werden, dass ich nunmehr mich den Ansichten anschliesse, die von zahlreichen Verfassern auf verschiedenen Gebieten der Entomologie vertreten werden, dass der Name einer grösseren systematischen Gruppe (Familie, Unterfamilie, Division) vom Namen 2 0. M. Reuter. der Gattung zu derivieren ist, die zuerst von sämtlichen dem Komplexe angehörigen Gattungen beschrieben worden ist, und brauche darum nachher meistens die von Kirkaldy festgestell- l ten Namen . Übersicht der bisherigen Systeme. Latreille führt in „Histoire naturelle, generale et particuliere des Crustaces et des Insectes" (1802) p. 240 ff. von seiner ersten Section der Hemipteren, welche den Heteropteren entspricht, zwei Familien an: Cimicides und Punaise d'eau (Hydrocorisae), die er durch den Bau der Fühler unterscheidet. Die erste zerfällt ferner auf Grund der Struktur der Schna- belscheide (vier- oder dreigliedrig) in zwei Divisionen, denen er keinen Namen giebt, von wel- chen aber die erste die gegenwärtigen Familien Pentatomidae sensu latissimo, Pyrrhocoridae, Myodochidae, Coreidae, Aradidae, Tingididae, Neididae und Miridae, die zweite: die Macro- cephalidae, Acanthiadae, Cimicidae, Nabidae, Reduviidae, Gerridae und Hydrometridae umfasst. Der Verf. hat, scheint es mir, mit sicherem Blicke die Verwandtschaft der in der zweiten Di- vision untergebrachten Hemipteren entdeckt. Zu bemerken ist z. B., dass er zu dieser Divi- sion die Macrocephaliden und Cimiciden (Phymata und Cimex) rechnet, die von mehreren spä- teren Autoren als mit den Aradiden verwandt betrachtet werden. Dem von de^m Verfasser gewählten Einteilungsgrunde zufolge werden die Miriden noch aus der Reihe dieser ihrer Verwandten entfeint. Die Hydrocorisae werden auf Grunde des Baues der Fühler, des Ro- strums und der Beine in zwei Divisionen eingeteilt: Nepariae (= Nepidae) und Notonectariae ( = Nerthidae, Naucoridae, Notonectidae und Corixidae). Dumeril teilt in „Zoologie Analytique" (1806) die gesammten Hemipteren (Rhynchoten) in sechs Familien ein, von denen die drei ersten den Heteropteren entsprechen. Diese, die durch den verschiedenen Bau der Fühler 2 charakterisiert werden, nennt er Bhinostomcs (Pentatome, Scutellaire, Coree, Acanthie, Lygee. Gerre, Podicere), Zoadelyes (Miride, Punaise, Reduve, Ploiere, Hydrometre), Hydrocorees (Ranatre, Nepe, Naucore, Notonecte, Sigare). Diese alte Gruppierung stimmt im allgemeinen besser als mehrere neue mit den Ansichten über die Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen der Hemipteren-Familien überein, hier von Gattungen representiert, die nunmehr von Handlirsch und dem Verfasser vertreten synd. — Zu bemerken ist, dass hier schon die Neididen (= Podicere) von den Coreiden (= Coree) getrennt sind. Latreille führt in „Genera Insectorum et Crustaceorum" III (1807), p. 108— 152, 1 Das Prinzip auch die Priorität der Familien-Namen ausnahmslos zu verfechten, könnte zu solchen Absurditeten führen, dass man z. ß. die Familie Myodochidae mit den Namen Lygaeidae. bezeichnen müsste, während jedoch die Gattung Lygaeus Fabr. eine Coreiden-Gattung ist. In einem Falle kann ich jedoch nicht den Ansichten Kirkaldy's beistimmen, in der Auffassung von der Type der LiNNE'ischen Gattung Ci- mex, sondern bin ganz der Ansicht, die von Freund Bergroth in einem Briefe vom 10 August 1909 ver- treten ist, aus welchem ich mir erlaube folgendes in Übersetzung zu citieren : „Ich kann mich nicht der Auffassung Kirkaldy's anschliessend dass die Bettwanze Clinocoris Fall, und nicht Cimex benannt werden sollte. Für die Nomenclatur der Pflanzen hat Linne folgendes Gesetz aufgestellt: „Si genus receptum, se- cundum jus naturae et artis, in plura dirimi debet, tunc nomen antea commune manebit vulgatissimae et officinali plantae". Es ist unzweifelhaft, dass er dasselbe Gesetz als geltend für die Nomenclatur des Tier- reiches angesehen hat. Wenn Linne selbst seine Gattung Cimex in mehrere geteilt hätte, hätte er ganz sicher den Namen lectularius für Cimex behalten". Ich nenne darum die Farn. Cimicidae Kirk. fortwährend Pentatomidae und die Farn. Clinocoridae Kirk. Cimieidae. - „Autennes larges, longues, en fil ou en masse" (Rhinostomes); „larges, longues, en soie" (Zoadel- ges), „larges, tres-courtes, en soie" (Hydrocore'es). Tom. XXXVII. Neue Beiträge zur Phylogenie und Systematik der Miriden. 3 von seiner ersten Hemipteren-Section, die mit den Heteropteren identisch ist, folgende drei Familien an: Corisiae (= Pentatomidae sensu latissimo, Coreidae, Neididae, Myodochidae und Miridae), Cimicides und Hydrocorisiae. Die Cimicides zerfallen ferner in drei Gruppen: Reduvini (= Nabidae und Eeduviidae), Ploteres (= Hydroinetridae, Veliadae und Gerridae), Achantiliae (= Cimicidae, Macrocephalidae, Tingididae und Aradidae). Die Hydrocorisae ent- sprechen den gegenwärtigen Ochteridae, Nerthridae, Belostornatidae, Naucoridae, Nepidae, Notonectidae und Corixidae. Die zu den Corisiae gebrachten Miriden werden nach dieser Einteilung von ihren wahren Verwandten, welche sich in der Familie Cimicides befinden, ge- trennt. Dagegen stehen die Tingididen und Aradiden in der Tat in keiner näheren Verwandt- schaft zu den übrigen Mitgliedern der zuletzt genannten Familie. Fallen veröffentlichte (1814) „Specimen novum Hemiptera disponendi methodum ex- hibens", welche Classification er in „Hemiptera Sveciae" (1829) beibehält. Die Frontirostres (= Heteroptera) werden in drei Familien eingeteilt: Cimicides, welche die gegenwärtigen Gym- noceraten (Geocorisen) umfassen, Hydrocorides (= Nepidae) und Naucorides (= Naucoridae, Notonectidae und Corixidae). Die Cimiciden
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