Minimalism Name: Class: Teacher: Tutor Group

Home , A Rainbow in Curved Air, Harmonium (Adams), In C, Max Richter, Minimalism, Terry Riley

Year 8 Minimalism Name: Class: Teacher: Tutor Group:

Keep this booklet safe and in its plastic book cover. Bring it to all of your music lessons.

1 What will I learn this term?

By the end of this topic, I can: Nearly Got it! there

Theory 1. Understand Minimalist composition techniques

2. Write a Minimalist piece of music 3. Understand key features and cultural context of Minimalist music

Practical 4. Use Minimalist composition techniques to write short pieces

5. Compose my own ostinatos 6. Compose my own Minimalist piece of music 7. Learn to use GarageBand to compose a piece of music Teamwork 8. Work sensibly in a group/pair

9. Think of ways in which my own and other’s work can be improved.

Booklet contents: Page 3—Lesson Overview Pages 4-5: Glossary and musical elements Pages 6—8: Playlist and listening activities Pages 9-21: Do Nows and Exit Tickets Pages 22-28: Classwork Pages 29-32: Glows and improves sheets Pages 33-37: Home learning Page 38: Notation cheat sheet Pages 39-47: AP2 revision Pages 48-54: Notes pages and blank pages

2 Lesson Overview

Here is a rough overview of your lessons this term. You may have more or fewer lessons depending on your class. You can use this overview to help you see what is coming up and to help you catch up if you miss any lessons. Lesson Lesson contents number

1 Learn key elements of Minimalist music Write our own piece of Chance music

2 Consolidate key elements of Minimalist music Learn about Phase Shifting and ‘Clapping Music’ Incorporate Phase Shifting into our ostinatos 3 Review the key elements of Minimalist music Learn to play ‘In C’ and how to vary melodies

4 MID TERM PERFORMANCE Compose our own ostinatos Use features of Minimalist music to create partner compositions

5 Reflect on our mid-term performance Use ideas from our mid-term performance in a composition on GarageBand

6 Add Phase Shifting and texture to our pieces

7 TEST PERFORMANCE Complete the structure for our Minimalist pieces

8 END OF TERM PERFORMANCE Act on feedback from test performances Final performances in on GarageBand (assessed for AP2) EXTRA Minimalist music in groups

3 Glossary

Minimalism:

Ostinato:

20th Century:

Chance music:

Note addition and subtraction:

Phase shifting:

Metamorphosis:

Polyphonic texture:

Monophonic texture:

Pedal note:

Augmentation and diminution:

4 The Elements of Music

We can remember these using DR SMITH

Meaning STRETCH: examples

Dynamics

Rhythm (includes du- ration)

Structure

Metre

Melody

Instrumentation (includes sonority and timbre) Texture

Tempo

Harmony and tonality

5 Minimalism Playlist Here is some suggested listening for this topic. You may be asked to listen to certain songs by your teacher

Piece Composer Year Listened?

1 Metamorphosis 1 Phillip Glass 1988

2 Clapping Music Steve Reich 1972

3 Become Ocean John Luther Adams 2013

4 Music for 18 Musicians Steve Reich 1974

5 Short Ride in a Fast Machine John Adams 1986

6 String Quartet No 3 Philip Glass 1985

7 The Chairman Dances John Adams 1985

8 Shaker Loops John Adams 1978

9 Spiegel im Spiegel Arvo Part 1978

10 Sleep Max Richter 2015

11 Complete Piano Music Michael Nyman 2017

12 The Hours Philip Glass 2002

13 Different Trains Steve Reich 1988

14 Fratres Arvo Part 1977

15 In a Landscape John Cage 1948

16 4’33” John Cage 1952

17 Etudes 1-10 Philip Glass 1994

18 A Rainbow in Curved Air Terry Riley 1969

19 On the Nature of Daylight (Entropy) Max Richter 2018

20 Harmonium John Adams 1981

6 Listening Diary

Instruments Tempo Dynamics Texture Tonality

What instruments What is the speed? Loud/soft? Forte/ Layers? Homophon- Is it major or do you hear? Does it change piano? Do they ic? Polyphonic? minor? Does it When? change? Monophonic? change?

Piece 1

Piece 2

Piece 3

Piece 4

Piece 5

Piece 6

7 Listening Diary 2

Instruments Tempo Dynamics Texture Tonality

What instruments What is the speed? Loud/soft? Forte/ Layers? Homophon- Is it major or do you hear? Does it change piano? Do they ic? Polyphonic? minor? Does it When? change? Monophonic? change?

Piece 7

Piece 8

Piece 9

Piece 10

Piece 11

Piece 12

8 Do Now 1 What do the pictures below make you think of?

STRETCH: If there was music to go along with the pictures, how would it sound?

Minimalism is…

Minimalism is from…

9 Exit Ticket 1 1. What three keywords could you use to describe minimalism?

2. What are the typical features of minimalist music?

STRETCH: What is chance music?

SUPER STRETCH: Practice your note reading skills by labelling the ledger lines below.

10 Do Now 2 Listen to the music played now (Metamorphosis by Philip Glass) and answer the following questions: 1. What is the tempo (speed) of the music?

2. What instruments can you hear?

3. This is a minimalist piece of music. Name 2 features of minimalism.

STRETCH: This piece is called Metamorphosis. Metamorphosis means changing. Why do you think this piece is called that?

Exit Ticket 2 1. What is phase shifting?

2. When did minimalism originate?

3. What is an ostinato?

STRETCH: Why would a minimalist composer want to use phase shifting?

11 Do Now 3 Match up the keywords below to their definitions. Use a pencil and a ruler!

Minimalism A short repeated pattern

20th century Moving a pattern of notes to create an echo

Ostinato The layers of the music

Pedal note Music created using only a few notes and patterns

Phase shifting When minimalism originated

Texture A long held note

STRETCH: Use one of the keywords above in a sentence to describe some music.

Exit Ticket 3 1. What is an ostinato?

2. What is note addition and subtraction?

STRETCH: How could you use these 2 minimalist techniques in your own piece of music?

12 Do Now 4 Listen to the music (Philip Glass String Quartet No. 5) and fill in the chart below:

Family of Instruments heard? What instruments are they?

Texture?

How can you tell this is minimalist music?

STRETCH: What minimalist techniques do you hear?

SUPER STRETCH: What are three ways that we can vary a melody? 1. 2. 3.

13 Exit ticket 4—Mid-Term Assessment Evaluation To do well in this evaluation you will need to: * Talk about specific parts of your composition. * Explain your answers in detail using musical vocabulary. * Make sure that all of your answers refer to the musical outcome.

GLOW: Write down one thing about your minimalist piece which was successful, and explain how you made it successful.

IMPROVE: Write down one thing which you would improve with more time, and how you will work on it.

CHARACTER: Choose one characteristic and describe how you and your pair /group used it effectively to work together. Choose another characteristic that you think you could improve when you work in pairs/groups again.

14 Do Now 5 Match up the keywords below to their definitions. Use a pencil and a ruler!

Diminution A long held note

Augmentation Moving a pattern of notes to create an echo

Ostinato The layers of the music

Pedal note Making notes of an ostinato shorter

Phase shifting Making notes of an ostinato longer

Texture A short repeated pattern

STRETCH: Use one of the keywords above in a sentence to describe some music.

Exit Ticket 5 1. What went well in your composition work today?

2. What do you need to improve on for next week?

STRETCH: What minimalist techniques did you use in your group work today?

15 Do Now 6 Listen to the piece of music and answer the following questions. 1. What is texture?

2. What texture do you hear in the piece of music? Does it change?

STRETCH: What are some musical words we can use to define texture?

Exit Ticket 6 1. How did you vary the texture in your piece during your practice time?

Definitions—Write out the definitions of the following minimalist techniques. Augmentation:

Note addition/subtraction:

STRETCH: What do you need to do next week to have a successful test performance?

16 Do Now 7 Practice your treble and bass clef note reading by labelling the notes below.

17 Exit Ticket 7

Composition Check-up

Give your composition so far a Glow. What is going well?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

What can be improved ? Look at the success criteria to help you.

How will you make this improvement?

2. Match the following keywords with the definitions.

Quantize Transforming performed musical notes to make them completely in time.

Polyphonic Texture where there are lots of layers happening at the same time

Metronome The way the music is laid out/the plan.

Structure The instruments used in a piece of music

Instrumentation A device that marks the tempo by making a regular clicking sound.

STRETCH: Choose one (or more) of the above terms and explain why it is important when creating a composition. For example: ‘structure is important because…… ‘

18 Do Now 8 1. Today is your final AP3 performance. How will you use your composition period effectively to have a great final piece?

2. What do you need to complete to have a successful final composition?

STRETCH: What is your advice to someone who is struggling to complete their computer work?

SUPER STRETCH: Label the notes on the ledger lines below:

19 Exit ticket 8—Final assessment evaluation To do well in this evaluation you will need to: * Talk about specific parts of your composition. * Explain your answers in detail using musical vocabulary. * Make sure that all of your answers refer to the musical outcome.

GLOW: Write down one thing about your minimalist piece which was successful, and explain how you made it successful.

IMPROVE: Write down one thing which you would improve with more time, and how you will work on it.

20 Treble Clef Practice

21 Bass Clef Practice

22 Ledger Line Practice

23 Chance Music

Our chance composition using note addition and subtraction:

24 Phase shifting

A: ‘I like jam in my sandwiches’ B: ‘I like jam in my sandwiches nice’

My team’s rhythm:

Phase shifting at the keyboards:

25 In C—Terry Riley

Below you have all of the ostinatos for In C. You should repeat them multiple times, until you choose to move on to the next one. You do not need to play them in a specific order. You may wish to label the notes before you start playing!

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8

9 10 11

Stretch Ostinatos

12 13 14

15 16 17

26 Augmentation and Diminution

Can you develop this ostinato using diminution?

Can you develop this ostinato using augmentation?

STRETCH: Can you develop this ostinato first with augmentation, then with diminution?

27 Mid-term assessment Success criteria: 1. Create an ostinato using the A minor scale (below). 2. Play this along with your partner playing another ostinato in order to create a polyphonic texture.

STRETCH: 1. Add in a pedal note. 2. Record in another part on the keyboard 3. Use note addition on your ostinato. 4. Can you use a different scale to A minor?

My Ostinato:

My Partner’s Ostinato

THEORY STRETCH: Can you notate your ostinato?

Can you notate your partner’s ostinato?

28 Minimalism on GarageBand

Success Criteria:

Section A Tasks Done? I have recorded in a pedal note on the note A I have recorded in my A minor chord (A C E) I have written an ostinato using the notes A, B, C, D, E I have phase-shifted my ostinato by adding an extra note to my ostinato I have a clear beginning, middle, and end I have chosen appropriate instruments for my piece

Section B Tasks Done? I have recorded in a different pedal note I have recorded in the chord that is based on my pedal note I have written an ostinato using the notes A, B, C, D, E I have phase-shifted my ostinato by adding an extra note to my ostinato I have dragged section A to the end so my structure is ABA

29 End of Term Composition Success Criteria

Success criteria Questions to consider Not Almost Yes, Notes yet. there got it!

Ostinatos Do you have a basic ostinato and one that phase shifts?

Thick and poly- Do you have many layers with lots of phonic texture things happening?

Minimalist Have you used at least one tech- techniques nique (phase shifting, note addition, note subtraction, metamorphosis, pedal notes, augmentation, diminution).

Reflection Have you been working effectively with your partner?

STRETCH Questions to consider Not Almost Yes, Notes Success criteria yet. there got it!

Structure Have you planned your composition to have a clear beginning, middle and end?

Difficulty Have you challenged yourself to create something that challenges you? Have you used more minimalist techniques and created variety in the composition?

30 Peer assessment

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______34 Home Learning 1 Research some information about Minimalism in music and fill in the boxes below.

Suggested websites: https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z99x6sg/revision/1 http://www.princehenrys.co.uk/_files/study%20support/43878ba15fa31017e7f4bc19e560d4f6.pdf

When and where? Musical features?

Minimalism

What was minimalist art like? What else was happening when minimalism began?

35 Home Learning 2

Watch the following video and answer the questions below: Link: https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z99x6sg/video

1. Minimalism brought what 2 genres of music together? and

2. During what 2 decades did Minimalism originate? The and

3. Name 2 American composers who started Minimalist music.

4. Name one musical influence on Steve Reich’s music.

5. Steve Reich used a lot of sampling in his music. What is this and what other genre still uses this technique today? Sampling is

It is still used in music today.

6. Give 2 examples of advances in music technology

36 Home Learning 3 (Page 1/2)

37 Home Learning 3 (Page 2/2)

Green Buses Drive Fast Always

STRETCH: Label the notes that are outside of the staff. Note that the clef changes halfway through!

38 Home Learning 4 Listen to ‘the Hours’ by Philip Glass (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yYuTEcArOr8) and fill in the grid below with what you hear. You should aim to use all of the space below and use musical vocabulary in your answers!

‘The Hours’ by Philip Glass

Instruments

What instruments do you hear? When?

Tempo

What is the speed? Does it change

Dynamics

Loud/soft? Forte/ piano? Do they change?

Texture

Layers? Homo- phonic? Polyphon- ic? Monophonic?

Tonality

Is it major or minor? Does it change?

39 Year 8 AP3 Minimalism Revision

The written section of your examination will test you on everything which you have learnt so far this year. There will be written questions and questions about pieces of music which you will listen to. This revision will help you to review what you have learnt so far and solidify your knowledge, so complete it to the best of your ability!

Section Done? Mark Total marks available 1: Short Answer Listening 9

2: Listening (Long answer) 10

3: Notation 74

4: Keywords (Minimalism) 19

40 Section 1: Listening (short answer) /9

Listen to the first minute of ‘Merry Christmas Mr Lawrence’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LGs_vGt0MY8

1. What instrument is playing? (1)

2. What is the tempo (speed) of the music? (1)

3. Which letter describes the texture of the piece? (1)

a) Thin b) Thick c) Thick, gets thinner. d) Thin, gradually gets slightly thicker.

4. This piece is a minimalist piece. What minimalist feature can’t you hear? (1) a) Uses few notes b) Repetitive c) Phase Shifting d) Simple

5. How do we know this piece is a minimalist piece? Give 2 reasons. (2)

6. Listen again to Merry Christmas Mr. Lawrence and put the sections of music below in the correct order by labelling them 1, 2, 3, and 4. Number 1 has been completed for you. (3)

41 Section 2:Listening (long answer) /10

Listen to the first minute of ‘In C’ by Steve Reich—https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNi0bukYRnA This answer is worth 10 marks and 2 marks will be given for spelling, punctuation and grammar so you should write in full sentences. Complete the planning document below before writing your answer in complete sentences on the next page.

Keyword Terms You Might Use Your Notes

Melody Is it stepwise or leaping? Does it use many or few notes?

It is repetitive or changing?

Is it high or low or changes a lot?

Instruments What instruments do you hear? What do these instruments sound like?

What order do they enter in?

Is this typical of minimalist music?

Texture (layers) Is it monophonic? Homophonic?

Polyphonic?

Does it get thicker or thinner through- out?

How do the layers change? How can you tell What key features of minimalism do you hear in this piece? Use the key- this is a words in your book to help you. minimalist piece?

42 Long Answer Listening—In C You should make at least 2 points for each heading below in full sentences. 8 marks are given for your answers and 2 marks are giving for spelling, grammar, and punctuation.

Melody

Instruments

Texture (layers)

How can you tell this is a minimalist piece of music? (What features of minimalism does In C use?)

43 Section 3: Notation /74

Use FACE in the space and Every Good Boy Deserves Football to help you write the note names under- neath the notes (1/2 mark per correct answer, 36 marks in total).

2. Use All Cows Eat Grass and Green Buses Drive Fast Always to help you fill in the notes below in the Bass clef. (1/2 mark per correct answer, 16 marks in total)

44 3. Label the notes in the Bass clef below. Only look at the blobs (circles/noteheads) for the answer. (1/2 mark per correct answer, total 22 marks).

STRETCH: Read the information below about ledger lines, then fill in the correct answers.

45 Need more practice on notation?

Go to the website below and test yourself: http://musictheory.net/exercises/note Use the settings/controls to change the clef or make it harder/easier.

Record your scores here:

Date Score Notes

46 Section4 —Keywords (Page 1/2)

Pitch:

Tempo:

Texture:

Dynamics:

Treble Clef:

Bass clef:

Major:

Minor:

Minimalism:

Ostinato:

20th Century:

Section4 —Keywords (Page 2/2)

Chance music:

Note addition and subtraction:

Phase shifting:

Metamorphosis:

Polyphonic texture:

Monophonic texture:

Pedal note:

Augmentation and diminution:

Hint: Make flash cards to help you remember the definitions. On one side, write the word, eg. Dynamics. On the other side, write the definition eg. ‘volume of the music’. You can then test yourself easily.

48 49