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Christian Missionaries and Korean Christians in Colonial Korea Church over Nation: Christian Missionaries and Korean Christians in Colonial Korea The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Matsutani, Motokazu. 2012. Church over Nation: Christian Missionaries and Korean Christians in Colonial Korea. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:9882530 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA © 2012 - Motokazu Matsutani All rights reserved. Dissertation Advisor: Professor Carter J. Eckert Motokazu Matsutani Church over Nation: Christian Missionaries and Korean Christians in Colonial Korea Abstract This dissertation examines the interrelationships between the foreign Missions and the Korean Church in colonial Korea. In contrast to previous scholarship that assumes a necessary link between the Korean Church and Korean nationalism, this study focuses on the foreign Mission’s predominance over the Korean Church as a major obstacle in the Korean Church’s adoption of nationalism as part of its Christian vision. The foreign Missions established controlling power over the Korean Christians by relying on colonial privileges such as extraterritoriality and financial wealth, and perpetuated their power over local Christians through Church and mission schools. By insisting on the separation of Church from politics as an ecclesiastical principle, the Missions prevented iii Korean Christians from engaging in nationalist politics. Therefore, Korean Christian nationalists who joined the Korean Church with the intent of making the Church a nationalist center were constantly checked by the mission-dominated Church authority and forced to leave the Church to pursue their nationalist aims, while the majority of Korean Christians stayed in the Church, remaining loyal to the ecclesiastical order. The increasing frustration of nationalist Christians eventually exploded in the 1919 March First Movement, the greatest nationalist uprising of Korea’s colonial period. Many Christians participated in the political demonstrations of March First in protest not only to Japanese colonial rule but also against the ecclesiastical principle that prohibited Christian engagement in secular politics. By highlighting the constant struggle that existed between the Protestant Church and Korean nationalism, this study argues that being a loyal Church member and being a Korean nationalist were incompatible roles in the mission-dominated Korean Church where the Church held primacy over the nation. iv Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 1 Catholic Tradition in Korea ..................................................................................... 28 Chapter 2 Protestant Missions and Power ................................................................................ 57 Chapter 3 Church Formation under Missionary Control ........................................................ 110 Chapter 4 Mission School Management .................................................................................. 149 Chapter 5 Church and Korean Politics ................................................................................... 185 Chapter 6 Korean Christian Revolts against Ecclesiastical Authority ..................................... 218 Chapter 7 Korean Intellectual Revolts against Ecclesiastical Authority .................................. 249 Chapter 8 Korean Church and Independence Movement ....................................................... 282 Epilogue .................................................................................................................................... 336 Bibliography.............................................................................................................................. 368 v List of Figures Tables Table 1 Breakdown of a Single Male Missionary’s Annual Expenditure ······ 120 Table 2 Christians who prepared the Declaration of Independence ············ 328 Table 3 Prosecuted Koreans by Region and Religion····························· 332 Figures Figure 1 Map of Territorial Division ·················································144 vi Acknowledgement This dissertation is my individual work, but I could not have been able to complete it without the many people who provided me with continuous, timely and generous support. First, I would like to offer my deepest thanks to my advisor, Professor Carter Eckert. His support, inspiration, and encouragement were always the driving force in my academic endeavors. He has guided me not only with his expertise in colonial Korean history but also with his embracing smile. His mentorship will remain forever my model. I thank Professor Andrew Gordon for his thought-provoking seminars on Japanese history and helpful tutoring during my doctoral years. It was his excellence in teaching and generosity toward students that inspired me when I first met him at the University of Tokyo, where he was teaching as a visiting professor, and eventually led me to pursue my academic goals at his home institution of Harvard. I cherish my encounter with Gordon-sensei as a turning point in my life. Professor Sun Joo Kim taught me the importance of pre-modern Korean history in understanding its modern history. She also taught me to direct my attention toward local society and culture. Outside the classroom, she was always understanding and supportive of my child-rearing responsibilities and I vividly recall her kind invitation to my family to visit her home, where she treated us to her Korean cooking. Besides my dissertation committee members, there are a number of faculty members who gave me the benefit of their inexhaustible knowledge, deep insight and kind encouragement. It was such a privilege for me to learn from them as a student and work with them as a research or teaching assistant. I regret that I cannot list all of their names here but I want to mention Helen Hardacre, Henrietta Harrison, Daniel Botsman, Mark Elliot, Peter Bol, Mary Brington and Wesley Jacobsen for their direct and indirect support. I would like to thank all staff members in the administrative office of the Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations who helped me at every important juncture throughout the years. Special thanks are due to Jim Zigo, Gus Espada, Susan vii Kashiwa and Denise Oberdan. At the Harvard-Yenching Library, I was always assisted by Mikyung Kang, Hyang Lee, and now-retired Chung-nam Yun in the Korean section, and by Kuniko McVey in the Japanese section. It was their devoted, professional and timely service that navigated me so efficiently through what seemed like an ocean of books. I also greatly benefited from personal and institutional support of the Korea Institute. I thank Susan Lawrence, Myong Chandra, and Catherine Glover for their kindness and continuous assistance to Korean studies students. Likewise, I received kind assistance from Ted Gilman, Stacie Matsumoto and Margot Chamberlain of the Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies. These two institutions also provided me with generous funding for my research and writing. I received a Fulbright Scholarship for my first two years in the graduate program and I thank the Japan-U.S. Educational Committee and its staff members, especially Iwata-san for her kind assistance. I was also generously funded by the Korea Foundation in the latter half of my graduate program for which I am most grateful. I extend my gratitude to my colleagues and friends who have enriched my life in both academically and personally --- Chong Bum Kim, Kyong-mi Kwon, Maria Sibau, Nick Kapur, Konrad Lawson, Hwansoo Kim, Denise Ho, Eunjoo Kim, Hiromu Nagahara, Fabian Drixler, Jeremy Yellen, Hyung-gu Lynn, Yunju and Satoru Hashimoto. I also benefited from meeting many visiting scholars who readily shared their knowledge and insights with me to facilitate my intellectual pursuits. I would especially like to thank Koji Nakakita, Koji Suga, Tae-gyun Park, Mariko Naito, Fumitaka Yamauchi, Ryuta Itagaki. Prior to my years at Harvard, I had been nurtured by many mentors in Japan. I thank Professor Makoto Kurozumi for his incredible generosity. Without his academic guidance and personal care during my graduate years at University of Tokyo, I might have quit school at one point and abandoned my pursuit of an academic career entirely. I also thank his wife, Keiko-san, for the same generosity and warmth. I was also privileged to share with Professor Mitsuhiko Kimura at Aoyama Gakuin University my interest in Korean history and Christianity. He was also considerate of my welfare as a parenting student and introduced some academic-related part-time jobs to alleviate my financial viii constraints. A list of all my mentors would be far too extensive, but I would also like to extend special thanks to Yong-jak Kim, In-ho Lee, Takahiro Nakajima, Takashi Oka, Setsuko Miyata, the late Shozo and Yasuko Miyake, the late Akiyuki and Tamiko Watanabe. In my last three years of writing, I was privileged to be a research associate at the Institute of Asian Studies at Waseda University. I am grateful for the mentorship of Lee Sung-si, Umemori Naoyuki, Ito
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