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Ojionuka Arinze University of Nigeria Research Publications MGBEMERE, Maxwell O. Author PG/Ph.D/05/39540 The New Testament Religious Intolerance: The Lessons for Contemporary Nigerian Church and Title Society Social Sciences Faculty Religion Department Date November, 2007 Signature TITLE PAGE THE NEW TESTAMENT RELIGIOUS INTOLEUNCE: THE LESSONS FOR CONTEMPORARY NIGERIAN CHURCH AND SOCIETY. A THESIS PRESENTED TO 'THE DEPARTMENT OF RELIGION, UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA. IN PARTIAL FUFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (Ph.D) IN NEW TESTAMENT. 1..* . '3 ' MAXWELL ONYEKAOZUKU MGBEMERE REG. NO- PG/Ph.D/2005/39540 NOVEMBER, 2007. Approval Page This Dissertation report has been approved for the Department of Religion, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. c, Rev. Prof. E.N. Onwu Date Supervisor 1 ........................... Internal Examiner Date External Examiner Date I i .!, Dr.C.0. ,$. : .- .:.. Head of Department Declaration Page The Revd. Maxwell Onyekaozuru Mgbernere, a post-graduate student in the Department of ~eli~ionand with the Reg.No PG/Ph.D12005/39540 has satisfactorily completed the requirements for course and research work for the award of the degree of doctor of philosophy in New Testament. The work embodied in this dissertation report is original and has not been submitted in part or fill1 for any other diploma or degree of this or any other University. ' .. .i.. Rev.Prof. E. N. Onwu Head of ~eparhnent Supervisor Certification Page I hereby certify that Mgbemere, Maxwell Onyekaozuni with Reg. No PG/Ph.D/2005/39540 has satisfactorily carried out all the corrections on this Dissertation Report as suggested by the External Examiner. Supervisor .,,,.,<,w.%" ,,' ,,',.>, ' . Dr.C. Head of dep&ent Dedication page f To his Grace and wife, Most Rev. and Mrs. B.C.I.Okoro (P11.D) JP, The Archbishop, Owerri Ecclesiastical Province and the Bishop of Orlu (Ang) Diocese and to my Lord, Rt. Rev. and Mrs. Henry C. Ndukuba, pioneer Bishop of Goinbe Anglican Diocese for the part they played in my theological training and my ordination including things God is doing through them in their various Dioceses. Preface Religion can be both an integrative and divisive factor in any society. When the divisive elements of religion are not properly handled and brought under strict control, they create tensions and unrest in a society. Just as in New Testament society, Nigerian society is also a victim of religious conflicts. It has been observed that the problem of religious intolerance in Nigeria steins not only froin religious conflicts of Nigerians, but also from the diabolical role of Nigeria's multi-etlxic nature. Whereas in almost all the civilized worlds of Europe and America the government and her citizens have been able to contain the divisive elements of religion, the third world of Afi-ica and some parts of Asia are yet to find lasting formulae for arresting the situation. .' ,* .. 4 wf- ,,. < '>, . Religious uproar, incongruity aid disparity in the New Testament led to riot, division, persecution, imprisonment, dissension and crises, just as we can see in Nigeria today. This involved existmtial differences in cultural behaviour, plilosophy of life and certain attitudes and values, the same is applicable to Nigerian nation. However the religious intolerance witnessed in this nation had caused great havoc and damage both politically, socially and economically that immediate lasting solution is now seriously needed. In the New Testament world there were cases of both intra and inter religious intolerance, not only that this is true in Nigeria but also ethnicity and politics have found religion as veritable instrument for achievement of their ends in Nigeria. I11 Nigeria the government and her citizens are, therefore, yet to accept fully both in theory and practice the stark realities of pluralism of religious beliefs and practices. The waves of religious crises and violences in recent years seem to confirm this observation. They spill over the political, 'economic and social spheres of the country's machinery. The researcher, therefore, presents thirteen chapters in this write up in which the above situation in New Testament and the Nigerian nation are clearly viewed and presented, the lessons derived as well as the formulae or solutions for arresting the situation. In chapter one we discussed the introduction, chapter two treate&tl~e.litmaturereview, chapter three shows New Testament religious intolerance. In chapter four we discussed religious crises in Acts ofthe Apostles: exegesis of related texts. Chapter five I _... discussed religious intolerance: the Nigerian experience. Chapter six is on the spread of religious crises, while chapter seven is on campus religious disturbances. In chapter eight we discussed eschatology in the thee main religions in Nigeria: lessons against religious intolerance. We presented causes of religious intolerance in chapter nine and effects of religious intolerance in b chapter ten. Chapter eleven is on realizing peacefill religious GO-existencein Nigeria :what must be done? We discussed New Testament solutions in chapter tweive and concluded with chapter thirteen which is on sumnary and conclusion. Acknowledgements The approval of this topic exposed me into making a detailed research work on the available materials which the non approval of this topic should have hindered. I thank all of you involved. I am grateful to my thesis supervisor, Rev. Prof. E.N. Onw, a dual academic giant, who shows versatility in various fields of human knowledge. Thank you for your patience and understanding shown in supervising this work mainly on the pains taken to proof read the entire work and the necessary corrections you made. I also thank Sir Emma Obi who paid a session's school fees. My thanks go to his grace, the Most Rev B.C.I.O~O~O,the Archbishop,,. Owem Ecclesiatical Province and the Lord Bishop of Orlu Diocese, Anglican Communion for his prayers, financial support and encouragement, thanks for ., ,, .. ." $* 7,' ,, . ' 8 . your wisdom and understanding. I thank the ~rchbisho~'~wife, Nneoma Dora Okoro for her care and concern, the Lord is your strength. I hereby express my gratitude and joyful thanks to all my lecturers in \ the Department of Religion who taught me various courses and encouraged me in one way or the other, who also made one contribution or the other towards the success of thls work. These include, Dr. S.O. Onyeidu, Rev. Dr. Agha U.Agha, Dr. Ban. Malachy Okwueze and Dr. Ugwu C.O.Tagbo e.t.c. I do not forget my amiable wife, Mrs. Amaka Max Mgbemere, who takes good care of me, thanks for typing this work and your support with all your encouragements. My thanks go to all members of Mgbemere family who sponsored me, the clergy of Orlu Anglican Diocese that gave me some books I needed for this work especially Ven G. N. Nweke, a principal lecturer at Alvan Ikoku College of Education Owerri. I also thank all who prayed for my academic breakthrough.1 also thank Sir and Lady G. Asodike and Dr. and Mrs Victor Asodike for their financial support towards this paper. Above all I thank the triune God who sustained, protected and provided for my school career, to God alone be all glory for ever. Amen. Mgbemere Maxwell 0. *, ,, . ..*. .,. ..,. Department of Religion, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. I' ^. .-. NOVEMBER, 2007. Abstract The religious situation in which the New Testament cllurcll emerged was quite complex, a time of religious unrest. Palestine in the first half of the first century was a meeting place of varied cultural and religious streams. Judaism was the most prominent religion of the Jews .It had various sects that displayed religious intolerance .The world under Roman rule especially as seen in the dissolution of traditional Greek, Homeric religion and the rapid growth of, mystery, cults with their promise of meaningful life and individual immorality ended in religious hostility. This situation of change, hstration, fervour and hope was the matrix for the emergence of a religious community centred on Jesus. This community grew\- . with two centuries into a religious movement of worldwide importance called Christianity. Hence in various cities of the New Testament world, the New .,,,...I..?.. *'XJ ' . Testament Christian religion existed alongside with other religions .This resulted to religious tragedy and intolerance due to their beliefs, practices, ways of life and doctrines. The point isvd1en-clear,in the New Testament there were cases of both intra and inter religious intolerance. Nigeria today is also a victim of similar multiple religious background and experiences. The researcher applied basically the hstorical and form critical methods in the treatment of the entire subject. This is based on the information gathered froin the exegesis of scripture mainly the New Testament literature, write ups by early and modern church fathers.The method of analysis is basically narrative ,descriptive and comparative in style. The researcher also made use of materials relevant for the work gathered from libraries such as publications, journals, newspapers and books available for use. From the research carried out, it was discovered that the New Testament religion emerged in a society which was a victim of religious bigotry, intolerance, chaos and anarchy that had for long disturbed the harmony and peaceful co-existence of the entire citizens. Religion can be both an integrative and divisive factor in any society. The yorld of the New Testament was a pluralistic society. This
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