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IMPLICACIÓN EPIDEMIOLÓGICA DE CARNÍVOROS SILVESTRES DE AMBIENTES ATLÁNTICOS EN EL MANTENIMIENTO Y DISPERSIÓN DE Escherichia Coli, Trichinella Spp

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IMPLICACIÓN EPIDEMIOLÓGICA DE CARNÍVOROS SILVESTRES DE AMBIENTES ATLÁNTICOS EN EL MANTENIMIENTO Y DISPERSIÓN DE Escherichia Coli, Trichinella Spp UNIVERSIDAD DE MURCIA FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA IMPLICACIÓN EPIDEMIOLÓGICA DE CARNÍVOROS SILVESTRES DE AMBIENTES ATLÁNTICOS EN EL MANTENIMIENTO Y DISPERSIÓN DE Escherichia coli, Trichinella spp. Y ECTOPARÁSITOS Eduardo Alfonso Díaz Alcázar 2015 UNIVERSIDAD DE MURCIA Facultad de Veterinaria IMPLICACIÓN EPIDEMIOLÓGICA DE CARNÍVOROS SILVESTRES DE AMBIENTES ATLÁNTICOS EN EL MANTENIMIENTO Y DISPERSIÓN DE Escherichia coli, Trichinella spp. Y ECTOPARÁSITOS Eduardo Alfonso Díaz Alcázar 2015 AGRADECIMIENTOS A mi director, Carlos Martínez-Carrasco Pleite, por su honestidad, paciencia y amistad, cualidades sin las que esta empresa no hubiera llegado a término. A mis directoras, Ana Mª López Beceiro y Azucena Mora Gutiérrez, por su tiempo y experiencia. Al resto de personas que, de alguna manera u otra, han colaborado en este trabajo. ÍNDICE Índice 1. INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................................................... 7 2. OBJETIVOS ....................................................................................................................... 11 3. REVISIÓN BIBLIOGRÁFICA ......................................................................................... 13 3.1. Los carnívoros silvestres en el norte de la Península Ibérica ...................................... 14 3.1.1. El lobo ibérico (Canis lupus signatus) .................................................................. 14 3.1.2. El zorro rojo (Vulpes vulpes) ................................................................................. 16 3.1.3. Aspectos biológicos de los carnívoros con implicaciones en la epidemiología de los agentes infectocontagiosos ............................................................................................ 17 3.2. Agentes infectocontagiosos en los carnívoros silvestres ............................................. 21 3.2.1. Interacción entre las especies silvestres y domésticas ......................................... 21 3.2.2. El papel de los carnívoros como reservorio de agentes zoonósicos ...................... 22 3.2.3. Escherichia coli ..................................................................................................... 26 3.2.3.1. Escherichia coli verotoxigénicos .................................................................. 28 3.2.4. Trichinella spp ...................................................................................................... 33 3.2.5. Ectoparásitos vectores ........................................................................................... 41 3.2.5.1. Garrapatas ...................................................................................................... 43 3.2.5.2. Pulgas ............................................................................................................ 49 3.3. Cambios en la epidemiología de agentes infectocontagiosos asociados a carnívoros alóctonos ............................................................................................................................. 53 4. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS .............................................................................................. 56 4.1. Aislamiento y caracterización de cepas ECVT en zorros ............................................ 57 4.1.1. Área de estudio ..................................................................................................... 57 4.1.2. Animales muestreados ........................................................................................... 58 4.1.3. Toma de muestras, cultivo, aislamiento y detección de cepas STEC .................. 59 4.1.4. Tipificación de antígenos O y H .......................................................................... 61 4.1.5. Clasificación de los seropatotipos ........................................................................ 61 4.1.6. Análisis filogenético ............................................................................................. 61 4.1.7. Clasificación de los subtipos Toxina Shiga ......................................................... 61 4.1.8. Tipificado de la Intimina ....................................................................................... 62 4.1.9. Electroforesis en gel de campo pulsado (PFGE) ................................................... 62 4.1.10. Análisis estadístico ............................................................................................ 62 4.2. Trichinella spp ............................................................................................................ 62 4.2.1. Área de estudio ..................................................................................................... 62 4.2.2. Animales muestreados .......................................................................................... 63 Índice 4.2.3. Toma de muestras ................................................................................................ 65 4.3. Ectoparásitos vectores en carnívoros autóctonos ........................................................ 67 4.3.1. Área de estudio .................................................................................................... 67 4.3.2. Animales muestreados .......................................................................................... 68 4.3.3. Recolección de ectoparásitos ................................................................................ 68 4.4. Ectoparásitos vectores en carnívoros alóctonos .......................................................... 71 4.4.1. Área de estudio .................................................................................................... 71 4.4.2. Animales muestreados ........................................................................................... 74 4.4.3. Recolección de ectoparásitos ............................................................................... 75 4.4.4. Análisis genético de los gatos muestreados .......................................................... 76 5. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN ....................................................................................... 78 5.1. Escherichia coli .......................................................................................................... 79 5.2. Trichinella spp ............................................................................................................. 85 5.3. Ectoparásitos vectores en carnívoros autóctonos: el zorro en el noroeste peninsular 94 5.4. Ectoparásitos vectores en carnívoros alóctonos: el gato en la Isla de Corvo ............ 110 6. CONCLUSIONES ........................................................................................................... 126 7. RESUMEN ....................................................................................................................... 129 8. SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................... 132 9. ANEXOS .......................................................................................................................... 135 10. BIBLIOGRAFÍA ............................................................................................................ 138 1. INTRODUCCIÓN Introducción La fauna silvestre es uno de los componentes bióticos que forman parte del medio ambiente que nos rodea pero, al mismo tiempo, es portadora de agentes infecciosos y parasitarios de gran interés, tanto por su acción directa sobre el estado sanitario de las mismas poblaciones silvestres, como por su efecto indirecto sobre la salud del ser humano y de los animales domésticos, de producción y compañía (Daszak et al. 2000, Gerrikagoitia 2010). El ritmo vertiginoso al que el ser humano está transformando su entorno en las últimas décadas conlleva graves consecuencias epidemiológicas, siendo varios los autores que afirman que el incremento actual de los brotes de enfermedades emergentes y reemergentes son el resultado de una serie de factores antropogénicos (Daszak et al. 2000, Slingenbergh et al. 2004, Macpherson 2005, De Meneghi 2006, Chomel et al. 2007, Gortázar et al. 2007, Jones et al. 2008). Así por ejemplo, el crecimiento exponencial de la población humana y la cada vez mayor necesidad de recursos (Tilman et al. 2001) han provocado su expansión hacia ecosistemas naturales (Sutherst 2004), incrementado el contacto entre los seres humanos y la fauna silvestre, y con ello el número de casos de zoonosis (Chomel et al. 2007). En general, el cambio del uso del suelo aumenta el área de ecotonos, zonas de transición entre dos sistemas ecológicos adyacentes, ofreciendo nuevas oportunidades de transmisión de agentes infectocontagiosos entre asentamientos humanos, terrenos agropecuarios y hábitats naturales (Despommier et al. 2006). De esta manera, se incrementa la propagación de patógenos interespecíficos entre los seres humanos, los animales domésticos y la fauna silvestre, poniendo en peligro no solo la salud de las distintas especies implicadas, sino también la viabilidad de algunas especies que, de esta manera, pueden llegar a extinguirse (Pedersen y Feten 2007, Pedersen et al. 2007). 8 Introducción Esta interacción se ha visto especialmente favorecida en el caso de las especies de animales silvestres generalistas, capaces de aprovechar nuevos recursos, aumentando su distribución y densidades en entornos humanizados (Gibb y Hochuli 2002, Devictor et al. 2006, Chevin et al. 2010, Clavel et al. 2011, Le Viol et al. 2012, Lowry et
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