World Bank Document

E-380 VOL. 1

Public Disclosure Authorized Consolidated Environment Assessment for the Huai River Water Pollution Control Project

Anhui Component Public Disclosure Authorized (Final)

August 2000 Public Disclosure Authorized

Hefei Design Institute, Ministry of Coal Industry

with assistance from Mott MacDonald/ERM Public Disclosure Authorized EASUR AUG2 4 2000 REEIE

I-luaiRiver Water PollutionControl Project EnvironmentalAssessment Report Anhui Province

Table of Contents

EXECUTIVESUMMARY I INTRODUCTION...... 1-1 1.1 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project (HRWPCP) Background ...... 1-1 1.2 Description of the Study Area ...... 1-7 1.3 Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework ...... 1-20 1.4 Scope and Standards of Environmental Assessment ...... 1-22 1.5 The Need for the Project ...... 1-25 1.6 Assessment Objectives, Criteria, Parameters ...... 1-25 1.7 World Bank EA Preparation Requirements ...... 1-25 1.8 EA Participants ...... 1-26 1.9 EA Organisation ...... 1-27 2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT ...... 2-1 2.1 Overview of Huai River ...... 2-1 2.2 HRWPCP Project Components ...... 2-1 2.3 Project Formulation and Development ...... 2-3 2.4 Details of Anhui Huai River HRWPCP Component Projects ...... 2-5 2.5 Cost Estimates for Proposed Projects ...... 2-11 2.6 Implementation Schedule ...... 2-13 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT (PROVINCIAL OVERVIEW) .. 3-1 3.1 Physical Environment ...... 3-1 3.2 Biological Environment ...... 3-9 3.3 Socio-cultural Environment ...... 3-9 3.4 Areas of Special Designation ...... 3-10 4 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND PROBLEMS ...... 4-1 4.1 Water and Environmental Institutional Arrangements ...... 4-1 4.2 Attainment of Goals, Standards, Regulations ...... 4-6 4.3 River Systems...... 4-15 5 DETERMINATION OF THE POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT ...... 5-1 5.1 Typical Impacts of Water Pollution Control Projects ...... 5-1 5.2 Positive Impacts of the Specific HRWPCP Components ...... 5-4 5.3 Potential Short Term Construction Impacts ...... 5-13 5.4 Potential Operational Phase Impacts ...... 5-18 5.5 Potential Project Risks ...... , , 5-29 5.6 Cumulative HRWPCP Impacts ...... 5-31 6 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED PROJECT ...... 6-1 6.1 Introduction ...... 6-1 6.2 Alternatives Reviewed in Project Development ...... 6-1 6.3 No Project Alternatives ...... 6-8 7 MITIGATION AND MONITORING MANAGEMENT PLANS ...... 7-1 7.1 Mitigation and Monitoring of the Implementation of Mitigation ...... 7-1 7.2 Institutional Responsibilities ...... 7-7 7.3 Equipment and Training Requirements ...... 7-10 7.4 Impacts and Costs of Plan ...... 7-10 7.5 Long-term Monitoring of the Performance of HRWPCP ...... 7-11 7.6 Annual Environmental Quality Report ...... , 7-13 8 PUBLIC PROCESS AND EA PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ...... 8-1 8.1 Meetings with Public Officials in Developing Project and EA ...... 8-1 8.2 Survey of Public Officials and Citizens in Project Area ...... ,...... 8-2 8.3 EA Publication and Review ...... _....._...... 8-4

August2000 HuaiRiver Water Pollution Control Project EnvironmentalAssessment Report AnhuiProvince

8.4 Summary of Public Input...... 8-5 9 SUMMARYAND CONCLUSIONS...... 9-1 9.1 General Conclusions...... 9-1 9.2 Existing EnvironmentalConditions, Huai River Basin...... 9-1 9.3 Positive Impacts ...... 9-1 9.4 PotentialNegative Impacts and Mitigation...... 9-3 9.5 Total Water PollutantsRemoved ...... 9-6 9.6 ResettlementPlan ...... 9-9 9.7 EnvironmentalManagement and MonitoringPlan ...... 9-9 9.8 HDI Suggestions...... 9-9 9.9 Conclusionsand Recommendations...... 9-10

List of Tables

Table ES-4: Estimated CODReductions for HRWPCPWwTWs . 12 Table ES-5: Estimated COD Reductions for HRWPCPand Bi-LateralProjects in the Future. 12 Table 1.1:Polluted Water Type Categorizationin Huai Basin . 1-3 Table 1.2: PollutionTrend in Huai River Basin. 1-4 Table 1.3: Changesin PollutionLoads in Henan and Anhui . 1-4 Table 1.4:Environmental Background Problems, China (1994) . 1-6 Table 1.5: Characteristicsof Anhui Surface Waters, Huai River Basin. 1-11 Table 1.6:Anhui Project Cities, ReceivingWaters of WastewaterEffluent . 1-12 Table 1.7:Distance from the Outfall of WwTWto CorrespondingSection . 1-12 Table 1.8:Number of CurrentSeptic Tanks in Anhui ProvinceHRWPCP Cities . 1-19 Table 1.9:Population and WastewaterProjections;. . 1-20 Table 1.10:Summary of the HDI EA Classification. 1-23 TableI.1I1: EA Scope . 1-24 Table 1.12:EA StandardsSummary . 1-24 Table 1.13:Applicability of World Bank SafeguardPolicy Documentsto this EA . 1-26 Table 1.14:Hefei Design Institute EA Staff. 1-27 Table 2.1: HRWPCP- Anhui Project Components. 2-1 Table 2.2: Overall MunicipalWwTW Needs in Basin. 2-3 Table 2.3: World Bank Water ResourcesManagement Principles and Issues . 2-4 Table 2.4: Summary of ProposedAnhui HRWPCPComponents . 2-6 Table 2.5: Cost Estimates for HRWPCPWastewater Schemes . 2-12 Table 2.6: HRWPCPImplementation Programme . 2-14 Table3.1: MeteorologicalSummary, HRWPCP Project Cities. 3-4 Table 3.2: HydrologicParameters of HRWPCPProject Area . 3-6 Table 4.1: National Water and EnvironmentalLaws Importantto HRWPCP. 4-1 Table 4.2: Sections/Objectivesof Total DischargeAmount ControlProgram for Rivers in Anhui. 4-3 Table 4.3: EnvironmentalQuality Standardfor Surface Water GHZB-1 1999, issued 20 July 1999, effective 01 Jan2000 .. 4-4 Table 4.4: Standardsof SpecificIndices in Lakes and Reservoirs. 4-5 Table 4.5: Standardsof SpecificIndices in Class I, II and III SurfaceWaters . 4-5 Table 4.6: IndustrialWastewater Effluent Data . 4-10 Table 4.7: Industry Categoriesand PollutionLoads in Huai River Basin. 4-11 Table 4.8: Industriesin Each AdministrativeDistrict in Huai River Basin. 4-12 Table 4.9: Paper Industryand PollutionLoads in Huai RiverBasin . 4-13 Table 4.10: Major Brewing and Food Industriesin Huai River Basin. 4-13 Table 4.1 1: EPB, Bozhou - Guo River Water Quality Monitoring. 4-15 Table 4.12: Huaibei River HydrologicalData . 4-16 Table 4.13: EPB, Huaibei - Sui River Water Quality Monitoring. 4-16

ii August2000 Huai River Water PollutionControl Project EnvironmentalAssessment Report Anhui Province

Table 4.14: Guoyang -Water flow (m3/s) in Guo (zero flow due to closing of gates) ...... 4-17 Table 4.15: EPB, Guoyang - Water Quality (mg/1) of Guo River ...... 4-17 Table 4.16: EPB, Suzhou - Water quality (mg/I) of the Huihe River, downstream of Qixian Sluice ...... 4-18 Table 4.17: EPB, Suzhou - Water quality (mg/I) of the Tuo River, lower reaches near Luling ...... 4-18 Table 4.18: EPB, Suzhou - Water quality (mg/I) ofthe Tuo River, upper reaches near Qilijing ...... 4-18 Table 4.19: EPB, Suzhou - Water quality (mg/I) of the Bian River, lower reaches near Sixian ...... 4-19 Table 4.20: Suzhou - Water quality (mg/l) of the Bian River, upper reaches near Qilijing ...... 4-19 Table 4.21 EPB, Fuyang - Water Quality (mg/I) of Quan River, upstream ...... 4-19 Table 4.22: EPB, Fuyang - Water Quality (mg/I) of Ying River ...... 4-20 Table 4.23 EPB, Bengbu, Water Quality Data, Huai River ...... 4-20 Table 4.24: EPB, Huainan - Water Quality (mg/l) of the Huai River ...... 4-22 Table 4.25: EPB, Lu'an - Water Quality (mg/I) of Old Pi River ...... 4-23 Table 4.26: EPB, Lu'an - Water Quality (mg/I) of Pihe Main Canal ...... 4-23 Table 4.27: Huai River Control Sections Monitoring ...... 4-24 Table 4.28: Water Quality Monitoring Data on Tributary Control Sections ...... 4-25 Table 5.1: Improved Water Resources by Component City ...... 5-5 Table 5.2: Sanitary Protection Distances ...... 5-6 Table 5.3: increased Tourism by Component City...... 5-7 Table 5.4: Increased Real Estate Areas by Project Component .5-8 Table 5.5: DHV Assumed Project Load Reduction .5-8 Table 5.6: Other Assumptions in DHV MIKE 11 Model.5-9 Table 5.7: Water Quality Forecast of Luan Portion in Pi River ...... 5-11 Table 5.8: Water Quality Forecast of Guoyang Portion in Guo River in Dry Period ...... 5-11 Table 5.9: Water Quality Forecast of Guoyang Portion in Guo River ...... 5-12 Table 5.10: Project Affected Land Sta:istics ...... 5-14 Table 5.11: HRWPCP Component RAP Summmary...... 5-15 Table 5.12: Estimated Spoils Generation By Project Component ...... 5-16 Table 5.13: HRWPCP WwTW Scheduling ...... 5-18 Table 5.14: Industrial Water Use And Wastewater Data In Guoyang ...... 5-20 Table 5.15: Industrial Water Use And Wastewater Data In Luan ...... 5-21 Table 5.16: Ambient Noise Monitoring Data ...... 5-23 Table 5.17: Predicted Noise Levels At HRWPCP Sensitive Locations ...... 5-24 Table 5.18: Estimated Noise Levels Adjacent To Proposed WwTW ...... 5-24 Table 5.19: HDI Recommendations for Odour Protection ...... 5-25 Table 5.20: Theoretical Heavy Metal Accumulation ...... 5-26 Table 5.21: Theoretical Time Limit for Applying Sludge to Farmland Based on Heavy Metals ...... 5-26 Table 7.1: Wastewater Sewerage and Pumping ...... 7-2 Table 7.2: Wastewater Treatment Works (WwTW) ...... 7-2 Table 7.3: Sludge Management System ...... 7-3 Table 7.4: Construction Debris Disposal ...... 7-3 Table 7.5: Solid Waste, Septage, and Direct Discharge Sources ...... 7-4 Table 7.6: Raw Sewage, Domestic and Industrial Sources to Sewer Systems ...... 7-4 Table 7.7: Raw Sewage Overflows, Various Locations ...... 7-5 Table 7.8: Wastewater Sewerage and Pumping ...... 7-5 Table 7.9: Wastewater Treatment Works (WwTW) ...... 7-6 Table 7.10: Sludge Management System ...... 7-6 Table 7.11: Receiving Water Issues ...... 7-7 Table 7.12: Wastewater Reuse and Downstream Users ...... 7-7 Table 7.13: APMO Environmental Monitoring Costs...... 7-11 Table 7.14: Minimum Monitoring Data in Annual Environmental Quality Report ...... 7-14 Table 8.1: Form for Public Participation Survey ...... 8-3 Table 8.2: Statistics of Public Participation Survey ...... 8-6 Table 8.3: Anhui EA - Public Consultation and Information Disclosure ...... 8-8 Table 9.1: Estimated COD Reductions for HRWPCP WwTWs ...... 9-6 Table 9.2: Estimated COD Reductions for HRWPCP and Bi-Lateral Projects in the Future ...... 9-7

iii August2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Prolect Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

List of Figures Figure 1.1 Location Plan Showing Project Provinces Figure 1.2 Anhui - Shandong Province Area Figure 1.3 Project Sub-componts and 1995 river Quality in Anhui Figure 1.4 Anhui Monitoring Sections Figure 2.1 Sewer Systems in Bozhou Figure 2.2 Bozhou Wastewater Project - Schematic Figure 2.3 Sewer Systems in Huaibei Figure 2.4 Huaibei Wastewater Project - Schematic Figuer 2.5 Sewer Systems in Guoyang Figure 2.6 Guoyang Wastewater Project - Schematic Figure 2.7 Sewer System in Suzhou Figure 2.8 Suzhou Wastewater Project - Schematic Figure 2.9 Sewer Systems in Fuyang Figure 2.10 Fuyang Wastewater Project - Schematic Figure 2.11 Sewer System in Bengbu FIigure2.12 Bengbu Wastewater Project - Schematic Figure 2.13 Sewer Systems in Huainan Figure 2.14 Huainan Wastewater Project - Schematic Figure 2.15 Sewer System in Lu'an Figure 2.16 Lu'an Wastewater Project - Schematic Figure 4.1 Huai River Basin - Environmental Protection Organisations

List of Plates Plate 1: Bengbu - Collapsed sewer downstream of chemical factory discharging pollution near Ba Li Gou stream Plate 2: Sewer to be laid along the bank of the Long Zi Lake (Bengbu sub-project). The river bank will be improved at the same time. Plate 3: Route of interceptor (Bengbu sub-project) and wall of the WwTW site currently under construction. Interceptor is located along road and does not impact permanently on any privately used land Plate 4: Bozhou - Urban watercourse receiving wastewater discharge from outfall in foreground Plate 5: Bozhou - Guo River at Bozhou showing fish farming Plate 6: Proposed site of Guoyang WwTW Plate 7: Huaibei - Open channel sewer to be replaced by piped sewer. Plate 8: Huaibei - Polluted stream near proposed Pumping Nr. 5 Plate 9: Huainan - Polluted stream to be intercepted Plate 10: Huainan - Polluted pond / stream Plate 11: Huainan - Sewer under construction Plate 12: Site of Lu'an WwTW, land affected is used for agricultural purposes and no houses will require relocation. Plate 13: Suzhou - Collecting washing water from polluted Ring Canal Plate 14: Suzhou - Abattoir Outfall to stream near proposed pump station Nr. 3. Outfall will be intercepted Plate 15: Outfall discharging to Ring Canal

iv August 2000 Huai River Water PollutionControl Project EnvironmentalAssessment Anhui Province

Currency Equivalents (Exchange Rate Effective October 1999) Currency Name: Renminbi Currency Unit: RMB RMB 8.3 US$1.00

US$0.12 =RMB 1.0 Abbreviations and Acronyms AC AdvisoryConsultant PAD Project Appraisal Document(WB) AIC Average IncrementalCost PAP Project Affected Person AP Action Plan for IDP PIP Project ImplementationPlan ATP Ability to Pay PIU Project ImplementationUnit (Municipal) BOD BiochemicalOxygen Demand PMO Project ManagementOffice (Provincial) COD ChemicalOxygen Demand PPP Project ProcurementPlan CRAES China ResearchAcademy for Environmental PRC People's Republic of China Sciences PS Pumping Station DHV Consult.BV/D&J Eng Consult. Co PV Present Value DO DissolvedOxygen RAP ResettlementAction Plan DWF Dry Weather Flow (sewage) RMC Resident Missionin China DI Hefei Design Institute,Ministry of Coal Industry SDPC State Developmentand Planning Commission EA EnvironmentalAssessment SEPA State EnvironmentalPlanning Agency EIRR Economic Internal Rate of Return SPG ShandongProvincial Govemment EMP EnvironmentalManagement Plan SS Suspended Solids EPB EnvironmentalProtection Bureau ToR Terms of Reference ERM EnvironmentalResource Management TVE Town and VillageEnterprises FIRR Financial Internal Rate of Return WB World Bank (InternationalBank for FSR FeasibilityStudy Report Reconstructionand Development)

HRBC Huai River Basin Commission WPCP Water Pollution ControlPlan for Huai River Basin HRWPCP Huai River Water PollutionControl Project WRB Water Resources Bureau IDP InstitutionalDevelopment Plan WSC Water SupplyCompany IST InstitutionalStrengthening and Training WTP Willingnessto Pay IWHR China Instituteof Water Resources and Hydropower WTW Water Treatment Works Research LG LeadingGroup WWE Water and WastewaterEnterprise hel/d Litresper capita per day WwTE WastewaterTreatment Enterprise LIBOR London Inter-bankBorrowing Rate WwTW WastewaterTreatment Works MLG MunicipalLocal Government 3H Study Hai, Huai and Huang River Action Program Study for Water Resources,Water PollutionControl, MWR/WB MoF State Ministryof Finance 1999 NCMEDI North China Mun Eng Design Institute OD Oxygen Demand NB: SI units of measurement have been used throughout this report

August2000

Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

EXECUTIVESUMMARY

EnvironmentalAssessment of the Huai River Water PollutionControl Project (HRWPCP),Anhui Province

This report provides a summary of the EnvironmentalAssessment Report - Main Report and Appendices, for the Anhui Province portion of the Huai River Water Pollution Control Project (HRWPCP). A separate Environmental Assessment Report covers the Shandong Province portion of the HRWPCP.The full reports cover the assessment of the environment impactsof the project componentsto be developed under the HRWPCP, Anhui Province.The Provincial EA for Anhui Province was conducted by the Hefei Design Institute (HDI), under the Ministry of Coal Industry, with the assistance of Mott MacDonaldand ERM International.

Huai River Basin

The Huai River Basin lies across four provinces in the centre of China, covering an area of 270,000 km2 between the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers. The Basin is divided into two major systems: The Huai River System (190,000 km2) originating in the west and about 1,000 km long with 120 tributaries flows east-south through Hongze Lake and discharges into the Yangtze River. The Yi-Shu-Si River System (80,000 kmi2) originates in the north, flows south-west and discharges into the Yellow Sea. The Grand Canal in the east connects the Huai and Yi-Shu-Si systems as well as the Yangtze and Yellow rivers.

The economic and environmental impacts of water pollution on the Huai River Basin area are widespreadand acute. In 1994, severe water pollutioncaused temporaryproduction stoppage at many factories and drinking water problems for many inhabitants in the Huai River Basin. The cause of the 1994 Huai River Pollution Incidentwas discharge of significantpolluted wastewater from many straw pulp factories, paper mills, and tanneries in Henan Provinceand Anhui Province located the upstreamportion of the Ying He River. These industriesdischarged a great quantityof polluted wastewater during the dry season when the River course operates with closed gates. Since 60-70 % of the annual river flow occurs during May-Augusttime period, the gates maintain surface water levels but also store the incoming pollution. This stored polluted wastewater discharged during the flood season when the gates opened, resulting in significant downstream pollution. The pollution caused the power station to malfunction causing major impactsto the Hua Dong power network. Fishery resources were destroyed and an agricultural and industrial damagewas widespread. Water supplies were all affected resulting in significant impacts on the people of the downstream cities. Direct economic damages were estimated at over one billion RMB.

S-1 August 2000 l-luai River Water PollutionControl Project EnvironmentalAssessment Report AnhuiProvince

* By 1997, all the wastewater discharges from industrial pollution sources should meet standards for effluent and the total COD should be reduced from 1.5 million tons in 1993 to 0.89 million tons (0.207 million tons from Anhui Province.); * By 2000, the total COD should be reduced to 0.368 million tons (0.077 million tons from Anhui Province.); * By 2000, the Huai River mainstream, main tributaries, and rivers that are sources for urban water supplies, should reach the Class III of the National Surface Water Standard. (Anhui Province goal is Class III for Huai River mainstream only, Class IV for tributaries)

As part of these efforts of the State Council and the four Huai basin provinces (i.e. Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu and Shandong Provinces) to meet water pollution control targets, the Huai River Water Pollution Control Project (HRWPCP) is currently being prepared for Anhui and Shandong Provinces. At the request of PRC, the World Bank has listed the proposed project in the lending programme for WB fiscal year 2000/2001. Water pollution control in Henan and Jiangsu is being dealt with under a separate programme.

Anhui Province

Anhui Province extends over the centre of the Huai River Basin. The mainstream of the Huai River in the province reaches 420 km and the length of the tributaries is 1,580 km. River pollution is mainly organic, with sections in urban reaches being more polluted than rural reaches, and pollution in tributaries is more serious than in the mainstream reaches.

Within this area, the Anhui Province is approximately 139,427 kmi2 , of which 66,940 km2 is located within the Huai River Basin. The 1998 population of Anhui Province was 61.3 million, with 11.2 million in urban areas. The portion of Anhui Province population within the Huai River Basin was 34.7 million in total including 4.6 million in urban areas.

HRWPCPProject Goalsand Objectives

In order to fully solve the pollution problems in Anhui province major pollution control works will need to be developed for most of the cities in the province. It is not possible to finance all necessary works in one step. It is therefore foreseen that further phases of the HRWPCP will continue over many years.

In accordance with the national and World Bank (WB) policies and priorities, the Anhui Provincial Government (APG) has requested WB and bi-lateral donor support for the Huai River Water Pollution Control Project. The HRWPCP is also a key element of China's Agenda 21 programme. The sector-related goal for the project is: * Improve quality of water for the entire basin by providing environmental infrastructure operated in a sustainable manner

S-2 August2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

The HRWPCP objectives are to:

1. Upgrade water quality in the Huai River (Class III target) and its tributaries (Class IV target) within the two provinces.

2. Establish performing and efficient wastewater agencies.

3. Consolidate water quality monitoring system and procedures.

To accomplish this goal and objectives, the outputs for each project component are:

1. Increase in municipal wastewater collection.

2. Increase in quantity of wastewater treatment.

3. Implementation of cost-recovery for wastewater operations.

RegionalWater Resources

The Huai River mainstream flows through the centre of Anhui Province with major tributaries on both the north and south entering the River. It originates from Mt.Tongbo in Tongbo County, Henan Province. It flows through Henan, Anhui and Jiangsu from west to east and the mainstream covers 1000 km. Anhui is located in the middle of Huai River, and the total Anhui portion is 430 km from Honghekou in Funan down to Hongsantou in Mingguan. The elevation difference is 13m with a ratio of 0.03%. See Figure 1.3 for the locations of the Huai River mainstream and major tributaries in Anhui Province.

The main tributaries of the Huai River in Anhui Province are the Sui, Ying, Guo, Kuai and Pi Rivers. The new Sui River covers about 290 km, and the drainage area is 2015 km2. Because the average yearly rainfall is 847.3 mm in this region and concentrated in wet season, the surface runoff is fairly non-existent except during the wet season. It is necessary to close the gate to retain water for irrigation. There are two check gates: Huangqiao Gate (4 km from Sui County) and Fuliji Gate on the new Sui River. Investigation indicates that the gates are closed about 90% of the year.

The Ying River is the largest tributary of Huai River. It originates from Mt. Funiu in Henan Province and flows into the Huai River at Mohekou in Yingshang in Anhui Province. It covers 585 km and the drainage area is 41230 km2 . On the Ying River there are 4 key water control projects for storing water. Ying River is the major surface water source of Fuyang.

The Guo River originates from Wangfuzhai on the south bank of Huang River in Henan Province. It covers about 320 km and the drainage area is 11,000 km2. There are 6 large tributaries of Guo River in the upper reaches of north-west Guoyang. The length of the Guo River from Guoyang to Huainan (outlet to Huai River) is about 110 km.

The Kuai River originates from east suburb of Shangqu in Henan Province. It is called the Dongsha River in Henan and the Kuai River at Wangji in Henan, on the Anhui boundary. The

S-3 August2000 HuaiRiver Water Pollution Control Project EnvironmentalAssessment Report AnhuiProvince total length of Kuai River is 265 km (including Dongsha River), and the drainage area is 4,580 km2. It flows from north-west to south-east through Suixi, Suzhou, Guzheng in Anhui and into the Huai River in Wuhe County. Its major functions are flood discharge, irrigation and shipping.

The Pi River originates from Mt. Dabi and is a major tributary. It passes by the west boundary of Lu'an and flows to Zhengyangguan, on the mainstream of Huai River. The Pishihuan Irrigation Project, built in 1958, modified the natural flows of the river. In the wet, medium and dry periods of the year, the water flow is significantly decreased and the dry period has been extended. The Pi River is 253 km long and is used to irrigate an area of 6,000 kM2 , in which an area of 4,920 km2 is upstream of Lu'an. Its major functions are flood discharge, receiving wastewater and supplying water for the mainstream of Huai River.

CurrentWPCP ComplianceStatus

In 1999, the Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (CRAES) selected 45 major stations to investigate the current water quality of the Huai River Basin. Data from national environmental water quality reports between 1986 to 1993, 1994 for the Huai mainstream, 1995 to 1996 for trans-boundary assessments and some incomplete data from 1997 and 1998 were used by CRAES to determine the existing water quality of the river basin. CRAES (1999) reported that of the 45 sections, only 4 reached their designated beneficial use classification.

Need for the Project

According to the draft "3H Basins Action Program Study for Water Resources, Water Pollution Control" prepared in November 1999 for the Ministry of Water Resources and the World Bank (known as the '3H Study since it covers the Hai, Huai, and Huang rivers), the Plan goals have not been met in the Huai River Basin. This report indicates that significant additional resources are required to meet the proposed Class IIIIV standards of the Basin Plan, and that rural sources such as uncontrolled township and village enterprises (TVEs) and non-point source pollution (mainly polluted agricultural and urban runoff) will remain a problem even after implementation of industrial controls and domestic wastewater treatment.

Implementation of industrial and domestic wastewater treatment lags behind the proposed implementation schedule due to funding problems. The main pollutants are unionised ammonia, BOD, COD and bacteria levels, and the problems are especially acute in the dry seasons when background flows are reduced to zero or near zero levels. As such, the water quality problems in the Huai River Basin remain severe, the implementation of municipal WwTW has been slow, and the HRWPCP is targeted to support a major need. It is the national goal to have wastewater collection and secondary treatment facilities constructed in all cities within the Huai River Basin. Many of the cities in the basin have already been building wastewater collection and treatment facilities with international and bilateral assistance. The HRWPCP is designed to complement the overall basin objectives by supporting ongoing efforts in the major cities of the Anhui Province that have not been addressed by other projects.

S-4 August2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

EA Preparation Requirements

The Environmental Assessment (EA) for this project was based on the following directives and guidance documents: * World Bank Operational Directives:

Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01, BP 4.01, GP 4.01) Natural habitats (OP 4.04, BP 4.04, GP 4.04) - n/a Forestry (OP 4.36, GP 4.36) - n/a Pest Management (OP 4.09) - n/a Cultural Property (OPN 11.03) Indigenous Peoples (OD 4.20) - none in project areas Involuntary Resettlement (OD 4.30) Safety of Dams (OP 4.37, BP 4.37) - n/a Projects in International Waters (OP 7.50, BP 7.50, GP 7.50) - n/a Projects in Disputed Areas (OP 7.60, BP 7.60, GP 7.60)- n/a * World Bank Environmental Assessment Sourcebooks, Volumes 1-3, Technical Papers 139, 140, and 154. * World Bank Environmental Assessment Updates 1-21, to December 1997. • World Bank HRWPCP Project Aide Memoirs (dated 23 Nov 98, 06-14 May 99, 26 June 99, 17 Nov 99, 9 May 00, 18 July 2000) - SEPA Standard HJ/T 2.1-2.3, 1993, Technical Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment, 1993-09-18 published, 1994-04-01 in effect. - Class B project determination by World Bank

The Prioritisationof Schemes

Provision of wastewater collection and treatment facilities in the cities of the Huai River Basin is a priority action item in the Basin Control Plan, and a critical component shown in the 3H Rivers Action Plan ('3H' is 3 basins - Hai, Huai and Huang). The Ninth Five-Year Plan (1996-2000) of Water Pollution Control in the Huai River Basin anticipated that much of the construction of wastewater collection and WwTWs would be completed by the year 2000, but the programme is running well behind schedule. The HRWPCP has been designed to complement the activities already underway including a variety of bi-laterally supported projects in the basin to move quickly toward meeting the Basin goals. Comprehensive municipal and industrial wastewater treatment as well as agricultural and urban nonpoint source controls are necessary to allow the Basin to meet these goals, and the HRWPCP fosters these efforts.

S-5 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

Overviewof HRWPCPPhase I ProjectComponents

The HRWPCP is designed to complement the overall basin objectives by supplementing these ongoing efforts in the major cities of the Anhui Province that have not been addressed by other projects. Table ES-1 shows the projects that are proposed for the HRWPCP in Anhui Province:

Table ES-1: HRWPCP-Anhui Project Components

Sewerage Sewerage Sewerage Pump Treatment plant Project Main-pipe Sub-pipe Pumping Mains station capacity City (km) (km) (km) (No.) (10,000/m3 ) Bozhou 56.3 50.0 4 Bi-lateral Huaibei 63.8 35.0 5 Bi-lateral Guoyang 37.3 35.0 1 4 Suzhou 52 22.0 3 Bi-lateral Fuyang 81.7 50.0 3 4 Bi-lateral Bengbu 78.9 60.0 1.61 3 Bi-lateral Huainan 48.6 39.0 2.6 4 Bi-lateral Lu'an 3 2.5 5 2.4 3 4 Total 451.1 296 9.61 27 8

TechnicalAssistance

The WB considers it critical that institutions responsible for implementing and managing HIRWPCP sub-projects are equipped with the management and technical knowledge, skills and equipment necessary to carry out their mandates. A technical assistance (TA) needs assessment is scheduled and this will form the basis for an institutional programme which will provide training and equipment to the provincial and city PMO/PIUs, Provincial and City EPBs, and the wastewater operating companies or departments.

Of particular relevance to the EA, the project includes an overall environmental strengthening component in the area of environmental monitoring. This strengthening is aimed at improving the city and provincial ability to monitor and report on environmental conditions under stress, as well as providing the means to better assess the environmental performance of the project.

Water and EnvironmentalObjectives

The Constitution of the People's Republic of China (1982) provides the framework for environmental protection law in China. Article 26 of the Constitution stipulates that the "the State protects and improves the living environment and the ecological environment, prevents and remedies pollution and other public hazards." National legislation is comprehensive and appears to cover most areas of environmental concern. However, the level of enforcement in Anhui (as in the rest of China) is clearly often less than satisfactory. The Chinese economy continues to grow rapidly and there is often a trade-off between the strict enforcement of environmental legislation and promoting economic growth and employment.

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All surface waters in China have been classified according to these ambient stream standards. The following is a general translation of the surface water classes:

Class Description

I used for water sources and state nature reserves

IL used for class I protection areas for drinking water sources, protection zones for valuable fish, spawning grounds of fish and shrimps

III used for class II protection areas for drinking water sources, general protection zones for fish and bathing areas

IV used for general industrial water areas and water recreation areas where no direct contact with humans occurs

V used for agricultural water areas and scenic water areas.

Project Benefits

Public health projects like the HRWPCP carry many general benefits to the citizens of the project cities. The project reports outline specific and quantified benefits in the areas of: • Increased domestic output due to improved water resources - Public health improvements * Increased revenue from tourism - Increased real estate values - Improved surface water quality, Guoyang and Luan

Other additional potential benefits might include: * Reduced risk of groundwater contamination in the service areas. * The impact of making realistic charges for wastewater services, should help to encourage waste minimisation at source, and intemalise the costs of pollution control. * Amenity benefits to the population of project cities are likely to accrue as the quality of the adjacent rivers improve. This could include use of the river for recreational purposes and the development of riverside walks and parks for public use.

Social Impacts

Resettlement and compensation plans have been prepared and are covered in a separate "Resettlement Action Plan" (RAP). The final RAP has been prepared for the World Bank at the same time as this EA and the summary is shown in Table ES-2.

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Table ES-2: Project Affected Land Statistics

Cit. PermanentLand Acquisition (Miu) TemporaryLand (hlu j City Irrig. Dry Veget. Fish State- Other Sub- Affected Veget. Fruit Sub- Affected Land land plots ponds owned lInd total people plots orchard total people land l Huaibei 0 5.175 1.075 0 0 0 6.25 31 32.8 4.29 37.09 155 _Bengbu 4.1 1.6 3.5 0 0 0 9.2 28 0° 0 0 0 Huainan 3 0 0 1.3 9 I.1 14.4 7 0 Q 0 0 Fuyang 0 0 0 0 0.48 1.826 2.306 21 0 0 0 0 Bozhou 0 4.3 0 0 0 3.85 8.15 17 0 0 0 0 Lu'an 1.25 39.35 0 0 0 32.6 73.2 135 0 0 0 0 Guoyang O 78 0 0 I 50 129 190 0 0 0 0

Total 8.35 128.425 4.575 1.3 10.48 89.376 242.506 429 32.8 4.29 37.09 155 Note: Suzhou sub-projectdose not require any resettlement,as the land for the sub-project is governmentland which is reservedfor landscapeworks in the city. The governmenthas agreedthat this land is used for the project and as such a resettlementaction plan for Suzhou is are not requiredas there are no affected people.

EnvironmentalImpacts

Potential construction phase impacts are relatively minor and easily mitigated. These construction impacts have been sorted according to their geographic location within the overall project scheme. Details of mitigation measures, the monitoring required to ensure that mitigation measures are effectively implemented, and responsibilities are provided in detailed charts. HRWPCP PMO/PIUs will have an ongoing responsibility to track and report the monitoring work of all the identified agencies, in addition to their own direct monitoring activities.

The potential operational phase impacts are relatively minor and easily mitigated. Many of the concerns, including effluent discharge and sludge disposal, have been addressed in the course of the design of the wastewater collection and wastewater treatment facilities. Details of mitigation measures, a programme for monitoring mitigation measures and responsibilities are provided in detailed charts in this EA.

The financial and economic analysis for HRWPCP component projects indicates that they are needed and affordable for the population of the cities.

In accordance with World Bank practice, detailed financial projections have been prepared for the proposed wastewater companies being established under this project to operate the planned sewerage and wastewater treatment facilities. These projections take into account the need for the new wastewater companies to be financially sustainable for the foreseeable future. Thus sources of income, including tariffs charged to users, have been assessed to ensure that they will be sufficient to cover operation and maintenance expenses and planned expansion of facilities in the future.

This project is meeting a "backlog" need for environmental infrastructure and should not induce adverse extensive growth or secondary impacts. The present environmental problems are serious and the provision of this environmental infrastructure is necessary for current needs and to mitigate current problems. Future problems without the project would become even more critical.

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Mitigation and Monitoring Budget

The capital budgets prepared for all HRWPCP component projects include allowances for necessary laboratory construction and equipment. Use of this equipment to perform the necessary and required testing by the new wastewater company is also included in the operating budget for the project. Environmental strengthening is considered a critical component of the HRWPCP project and a detailed Technical Assistance (TA) programme is being developed to address the needs. This includes training in management and operations for the PMO/PIUs and the utility companies, in a wide variety of disciplines. There is also a component for an Environmental Monitoring Centre in the project to provide both equipment and training for city EPBs and the provincial EPBs.

These facilities and the training planned will greatly facilitate the monitoring of the environmental impact mitigation measures proposed. Furthermore, accomplishing the specified monitoring and reporting outlined in this mitigation plan will be greatly enhanced by the TA program. This TA program will also allow for improved overall performance assessment of the HRWPCP programme relative to meeting the project objectives. Future Phases of the HRWPCP will benefit from such assessments.

Despite the above facilities and training the implementation of the mitigation monitoring programme will require additional funding. Cost estimates to cover both the short-term and long- term environmental monitoring have been estimated. In this context "Short-term" has been defined as the 5-year construction phase plus 2-year initial start-up and environmental performance verification. "Long-term" is defined as annual monitoring required to verify the environmental performance and other operational mitigation measures previously outlined.

These mitigation monitoring costs are being added into the utility operational cost estimates. Costs for mitigation measures that relate to the management of construction will be included in the tender documents and responsibility passed on to the construction contractors.

Table ES-3 summarises the monitoring cost estimates:

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Table ES-3: APMO Environmental Monitoring Costs

Environmental Monitoring Cost Estimates (10' Yuan/Year) HRWPCP World Bank Projects Bi-Lateral Projects Total, WB and Bi-Lateral City Project ShrTemhotem Short Term Long Term Short Term Long Term Short Term Long Term ( years)S Long Term ( 5 years) Long Term ( 5 years) Bozhou 7.24 8.10 36.16 5.40 43.40 13.50 Huaibei 7.24 8.10 39.16 5.40 46.40 13.50 Guoyang 27.00 7.50 N/a N/a 27.00 7.50 Suzhou 8.24 8.10 40.16 5.40 48.40 13.50 Fuyang 8.24 8. 10 46.16 5.40 54.40 13.50 Bengbu 8.24 8.10 46.16 5.40 54.40 13.50 Huainan 8.24 8.10 46.16 5.40 54.40 13.50 Lu'an 27.00 7.50 N/a N/a 27.00 7.50 Anhul Total 101.44 63.6 253.96 32.4 355.4 96 Annual Cost

Options Reviewedin Project Development

The evaluation of options for individual project components covered issues such as: * Sewerage system interception ratio;

e Pipe materials; * Pipeline construction;

* Layout of sewer systems including different combinations of PS and WwTW locations;

* Optimisation of pump characteristics and pressure main diameter; * Number of WwTWs; * WwTW site selection; * Wastewater flows and capacity of the WwTWs; * The quality of wastewater to be treated; * The use of septic tanks; * Treated effluent standards; * The degree of treatment; • Wastewater treatment process options; * Variants of the oxidation ditch; * Sludge disposal; * "Without Project" alternatives.

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Public Participationin the EA

During the 8-month project development time leading up to pre-appraisal and this EA, there have been many meetings with the city PlUs, utility companies, city EPBs and other affected city organisations to discuss the proposed projects and environmental assessments. These meetings have occurred monthly at a minimum and have resulted in full collaboration with local officials and full support of the project and the EA process.

It is estimated that in total 30-40 meetings have been held with the public and over 50 meetings have been held with local government officials during the development of the EA.

HDI also prepared a survey form to gauge the public perception of the positive and negative impacts of each of the proposed projects in Anhui Province. The investigation was made with representatives of the local government sectors, people's congress, political consultative conference, women's federation, communist youth league, trade union and other organisations, as well as urban residents' committee. The survey results showed widespread support for the HRWPCP in all project cities.

The many meetings with public officials in the province coupled with the HDI surveys of public support show that these projects are extremely positive and well received by the public. No objections have been received by the city PIUs and there is no indication that there is anyone that is not is support of these projects or would try to stop their completion.

Overall HRWPCPProject Assessment

The HRWPCP projects have been properly formulated and they will form an important contribution to the achievement of the goals of the WPCP. Significant progress has been made in regard to the control of industrial pollution since the WPCP was formulated. However, domestic wastewater collection and treatment is well behind the WPCP schedule. The construction of WwTWs in the Huai River Basin has lagged behind the planned schedule of the WPCP, making it more important than ever to accelerate sewerage and WwTW construction.

Total Water PollutantsRemoved

HDI predicted the COD reductions to the Huai River Basin as shown in Table ES-4 for the two HRWPCP WwTWs and for all project cities in Table ES-5 for all HRWPCP cities, both in the "near future" (with existing World Bank and bi-lateral WwTW) and the "further future" (assuming all municipal WwTW needs have been met in the cities.

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Table ES-4: EstimatedCOD Reductionsfor HRWPCPWwTWs

Wastewater Amount of Amount of R Total Controlled Sub-components Quantity Discharge before Discharge after Reduction Amount of CODcr (lI0,000t1d) Treatment(t/a) Treatment(t/a) (la) Discharge (t/a) Lu'an WwTW 8 10804 3504 7300 3600 (nearfuture) Guoyang WwTW 5 6388 2190 4198 2190 (near future) - I --- I -_ I

Note that HDI analyses in the Chinese EA used the ultimate WwTW capacities for the two WwTWs at Guoyang and Luan. The Phase I HRWPCP WwTWs are actually both 40,000 m3/day, which reduces the COD removal rate to 3,650 t/a at Luan and 3,358 t/a at Guoyang, or 7,008 t/a after implementation of the Phase I WwTWs. Similarly, Table ES-5 uses the ultimate WwTW capacities in these cities, reducing the short-term COD removal in the Province by about 4,400 t/a.

Table ES-5: EstimatedCOD Reductionsfor HRWPCPand Bi-LateralProjects in the Future

Unit: tta (except items remarked)

Project Sub- Discharge Discharge Reduction component Wastewater Quantity (I0,000td) Quantity before Quantity after) componet XTreatment Treatment Huaibei Ding Lou WwTW 8(near future) 9198 3504 5694 12(further future) 13797 5252 8541 Xi Jia Gou WwTW 10(near future) 10950 2190 8760 Bengbu 20(further future) 21900 4380 17520 Yang Taizi WwTW 20(further future) 25550 4380 21170 Huainan Nr. I WwTW 10(near future) 10366 2190 8176 20(further future) 20732 4380 16352 I 0(near future) 15184 4380 10804 Ying Nan WwTWt2 ) Fuyang 20(further future) 30368 8760 21608 Ying Bei WwTWt2) 15(further future) 22776 6570 16206 Bozouoz8(near future)W 10512 3504 7008 Bozhou Bozhou WwTW 8na uue 01 20(further future) 26280 8760 17520 Suzhou Cheng Nan WwTW(3) 8(near future) 11680 3504 8176 16(further future) 23360 7008 16352 Lu'nChengBei WwTW 8(near future) 10804 3504 7300 Lu 'an 25(further future) 33763 10950 22813 Cheng Dong WwTW 8(near future) 10804 3504 7300 5(near future) 6388 2190 4198 Guoyang Cheng Dong WwTW 10(furtherfuture) 12775 4380 8395 The HDI used three simple forecasting models to predict potential water quality improvements in the surface water of Anhui province after completion of the HRWPCP projects. The results were not based on statistically evaluated hydrology or water quality trends. They merely used the

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current conditions of the past few years relative to the dry, wet and average condition. These models included: * One dimensionalsteady state mixing model * Black box empirical coefficient model (empirical K coefficient related to starting sections to forecast control section changes) * Narrow and long-lakemodel for Guoyang section, since the Guo River is controlled by sluices and operates more as a reservoirthrough the city.

Conclusionsand Recommendations

1. The environmentalconditions are serious and the environmental infrastructureneeds of Anhui Province are high, and expandingrapidly.

2. The HRWPCP projects have emerged from a basin-wide prioritisation process, are well formulated,and have detailed and completepreliminary designs and cost estimates.

3. There is good public support for the projects based on meetings in the project cities and public opinion surveys.

4. The proposed projects can meet financial and economic tests of sustainability and are affordableto the local citizens.

5. Social impacts, consistingmainly of land acquisitionand resettlement,are addressed by a detailed RAP, and, in any case, are not significantlyadverse.

6. The potential environmental benefits of the Phase HRWPCP projects are large, as reported in the previous sections. However,there are significant additionalwater quality controls necessary beforethe WPCP goals can be realised.

7. Potential constructionand operationalphase impacts of the proposed HRWPCP projects have been adequately assessed and no major issues have been identified. Detailed mitigation and monitoring procedures have been prepared which should adequately lessen the overall effect of these potential impacts. Monitoring costs have been included for this work and assignments detailed.

8. The recommendations included herein by the Hefei Design Institute are rational and should be considered in the design and construction of these projects. These recommendations included:

* HDI suggests that the related sectors relax the phosphorus discharge standards of the two proposed WwTWs. [The Anhui Provincial EPB have agreed to the proposed effluent standards without phosphorus removal.]

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HDI initially recommended that sludge disinfectioll Lising lime stabilisation be considered before applying WwTW sludge to farmland. Specific types of crops were recommended as well as a four-year time limit for applying sludge to any particular parcel of land, due to concerns about heavy metal build-up. [However, this recommendation was modified to require that WwTW sludge be landfilled at this time at existing city landfills.] HDI recommends that disinfection of effluent be considered before the effluent is used for agricultural irrigation water supply. [The HRWPCP projects are designed for direct discharge, so this recommendation is considered one for the future if direct land application of effluent is proposed by the project cities.]

9. The overall conclusion is that the potential positive impacts are large, the potential negative construction and operation impacts can be successfully mitigated, and the projects contain no serious problems or "fatal flaws" in its formulation. The project components are essentially environmentally positive and should be approved..

OngoingActivities

As shown in Chapter 1, Pacific Consultants and the Danish Hydraulic Institute in 1999 estimated the total COD loading in Anhui Province as of 1997 at over 363,000 t/a. Data on year 2000 loading is difficult to obtain and verify, but it is likely closer to this 1997 estimate than the WPCP goal for 2000 in Anhui Province of 64,700 t/a. The Phase I HRWPCP WwTWs will remove approximately 7,008 t/a of COD (HDI used ultimate WwTW sizing with removal of 11,498 t/a of COD), while the related bi-lateral WwTWs will remove an additional 48,618 t/a of COD. This total ultimate COD removal of 60,116 t/a can be seen to be a good start in Anhui Province, but far short of the overall WPCP needs in the province.

The enormous pollution loads, both point and non-point, in the Huai River Basin, coupled with the monsoon rain pattern that causes little stream baseflow during the dry season, make the realisation of the national goals for the Basin difficult. The HRWPCP is a critical step on the road to making these goals a reality, but a wide range of additional activities and interventions will be necessary in conjunction with, or following the HRWPCP. The 3H Action Plan is an ongoing effort to develop "big-picture" planning for the Huai River Basin, along with the Hai and Huang River Basins. Basin-wide water quality modelling efforts are also underway to provide better predictive tools to assess the impacts and cost-effectiveness of proposed interventions. Future phases of the HRWPCP are likely.

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1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Huai River Water PollutionControl Project (HRWPCP)Background

1.1.1 Pollutionin the Huai River Basin

The Huai River Basin lies across four provinces in the centre of China, covering an area of 270,000 km2 between the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers. The Basin is divided into two major systems: The Huai River System (190,000 km2) originating in the west and about 1,000 km long with 120 tributaries flows east-south through Hongze Lake and discharges into the Yangtze River. The Yi-Shu-Si River System (80,000 km2) originates in the north, flows south-west and discharges into the Yellow Sea. The Grand Canal in the east connects the Huai and Yi-Shu-Si systems as well as the Yangtze and Yellow rivers.

The economic and environmental impacts of water pollution on the Huai River Basin area are widespread and acute. In 1994, severe water pollution caused temporary production stoppage at many factories and drinking water problems for many inhabitants in the Huai River Basin. The cause of the 1994 Huai River Pollution Incident was discharge of significantly polluted wastewater from many straw pulp factories, paper mills, and tanneries in Henan Province and Anhui Province located in the upstream portion of the Ying He River. These industries discharged a great quantity of polluted wastewater during the dry season when the flow control gates and barrages are predominantly closed. Since 60-70 % of the annual river flow occurs during May-August time period, the gates maintain surface water levels but also store the incoming pollution. This accumulated polluted wastewater discharged during the flood season when the gates opened, resulting in significant downstream pollution. The pollution caused power stations to malfunction causing major impacts on the Hua Dong power network. Fishery resources were destroyed and agricultural and industrial damage was widespread. Water supplies were all affected resulting in significant impacts on the people of the downstream cities. Direct economic damages were estimated at over one billion Yuan.

Consequently the State Council has authorised various actions to combat water pollution and prevent future pollution disasters in the Huai River Basin. The central government approved the "Ninth Five-Year Plan (1996-2000) of Water Pollution Control (WPCP) in June of 1996. The WPCP indicated that most of the stream segments in Anhui Province exceeded Class V standards in the dry season and it listed both natural and social elements as causing the serious pollution in the Huai River Basin as follows: * Rapid development of townships and village enterprises but with out-of-date technologies. Most of those town/village enterprises (TVE) utilise simple equipment with backward technologies which are no longer used by urban industries and no pollution control facilities are used. Wastewater with highly concentrated pollutant loads is drained directly into rivers.

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* Unreasonable industrial structure which produces high pollution but low output. Traditionally, the agricultural development is high in the Basin while the industry base was very weak. However, industry is developing quickly. In particular, those processing enterprises with low technical requirements, using the local agricultural products as raw materials are developing most quickly, such as the light industries of paper making and wine-making. * Rapid urbanisation with large increase in sewage production. The sewage quantity from the middle and small size cities/townships increased several times from 1984 to 1993, and the direct result was that the water quality in many rivers in the Basin decreased by one level.

i Shortage of funds for environmental protection. According to the statistics in 1993, 730 million tons industrial wastewater are treated which is only 31.7% of the total in the whole Basin, and, only 12.4% of the treated wastewater reaches the standards while the average rate in the whole country is around 50%. The increase of investment for water pollution control is not keeping pace with the economic development speed.

* Serious seasonal shortages of water. The water resources in the Basin is in shortage and the proportion of water flow to sewage discharge in many rivers in dry season is under 10:1, that means not enough water to dilute the sewage. Even the discharge treated by the secondary stage treatment plant needs 6 - 10 times water for dilution and then can reach the water quality standard class III for mainstream and standard class IV for tributary streams (based on GHZB 1-99 Water Quality Standard). * Incomplete Environment Protection Organisation, Failure in Compliance with Environmental Laws. At the time, no independent Environment Protection agency was available in many counties and cities, and, there was not enough workers or management staff with high qualifications.

As a result of these evaluations, the WPCP for the Huai River Basin defined the targets for the Basin as follows: * By 1997, all the wastewater discharges from industrial pollution sources should meet standards for effluent and the total COD should be reduced from 1.5 million tons in 1993 to 0.89 million tons (0.207 million tons from Anhui Province.); * By 2000, the total COD should be reduced to 0.368 million tons (0.077 million tons from Anhui Province.); * By 2000, the Huai River main stream, main tributaries, and rivers that are sources for urban water supplies, should reach the Class III of the National Surface Water Standard. (Anhui Province goal is Class III for Huai River main stream only, Class IV for tributaries)

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uncontrolled township and village enterprises (TVEs) and non-point source pollution (mainly polluted agricultural and urban runoff) will remain a problem even after implementation of industrialcontrols and domestic wastewatertreatment. Implementation of industrialand domestic wastewater treatment lags behind the proposed implementation schedule due to funding problems. The main pollutants are unionised ammonia, BOD, COD and bacteria levels, and the problems are especiallyacute in the dry seasonswhen backgroundflows are reduced to at or near zero levels.

There is a system of 82 water quality control sectionsestablished in the Huai basin. Of these, 29 are trans-provincial stations that are monitored by the Huai River Basin Commission (HRBC). The remainderare monitoredby local EPBs.

In 1999, the Chinese Research Academyof EnvironmentalSciences (CRAES) selected 45 major stations to investigate the current water quality of the Huai River Basin. Data from national environmentalwater quality reports between 1986to 1993, 1994for the Huai main stream, 1995 to 1996for trans-boundaryassessments and some incomplete data from 1997and 1998were used by CRAES to determinethe existing water quality of the river basin.

CRAES (1999) reported that of the 45 sections, only 4 reached their designated beneficial use classification. These were Bantai on the Hong River, Shakouon the Ru River, Baoying on the Li Canal and Jin Lake. The 41 sections which fail to meet the designated beneficial use classificationwere categorisedin CRAES(1999) into 5 types as shown in Table 1.1.

Table 1.1: PollutedWater Type Categorizationin Huai Basin

Type Comment 1 Water unsuitable as drinking water source. Mainly Anhui Control area in middle reaches of Huai system. 2 Polluted water crossing 2 or more Provinces. Mainly in Henan control area and Yi- shu-si River control area. 3 Pollution in shallow groundwater aquifers and of drinking water sources. Mainly Anhui control area. 4 Pollution of enclosed water bodies such as lakes and reservoirs. Hongze Lake control area and Nansi Lakes. 5 Polluted industrial and agricultural water in urban areas and waters that, in addition, are aesthetically impaired. This category applies to all sub-basins. Source: CRAES (1999).

The main pollutants identified were organic such as BOD, COD and ammonia nitrogen. Sections downstream of industry also showed elevated heavy metal pollution. Monitoring is undertaken on the stream flow and bottom sediments were not sampled. It is therefore probable that toxicity is understated in the sampling because of the transitory nature of stream flow pollution and industrial discharges.

The Huai River also experiences seasonal low flow conditions, though they are not as severe as in the Hai Basin. The combination of low flow and gross pollution of the river system leads to

1-3 August2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province environmental and public health problems such as over exploitation of groundwater resoLircesand inappropriate use of wastewater.

In addition, the Ministry of Water Resources monitors stations in the Basin. Work by the China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research (IWHR) shows a long-term trend of degradation in the river system, both in terms of increased wastewater volumes and (consequentially) degraded water quality. IWHR (1999) provides the information shown in Table 1.2.

Table 1.2: PollutionTrend in Huai River Basin

Parameter Unit 1980 1991 1995 Polluted Length (Class 2 IV) % 45.0 72.6 88.1 Total Wastewater Volume Mm3/a 2550 3740 3600

Industrial Wastewater Mm3/a 2116 2955 - 2592 Domestic Wastewater Mm3/a 434 785 1008 Source: IWHR (1999). Mm3/a = million cubic metres per annum

Some recent data was provided by Pacific Consultants with Danish Hydraulic Institute (PC/DHI) (1999) for the provinces of Henan and Anhui for the years 1996 and 1997. The industrial component of this information was provided by the provincial Environmental Protection Bureaux (EPBs) and the municipal component was calculated by PC/DHI from water consumption and per capita COD figures.

The municipal waste load shows an annual increase as may be expected however the industrial COD loads show dramatic decreases in both provinces, a result claimed as the effect of industrial discharge enforcement. The data is shown in Table 1.3. The "other" categories contributing pollution loads are agriculture and livestock of which the livestock is the larger by a factor of about 10 times.

Table 1.3: Changesin PollutionLoads in Henan and Anhui

Henan Anhui COD % Total COD % Total Categories (tons/year) (tons/year) 1996 Municipal 147094 11.3 62927 11.3 Industrial 709058 54.7 258760 46.5 Other 441289 34.0 234376 42.2 Total 1297441 100.0 556063 100.0 1997 Municipal 156110 20.9 63739 17.0 Industrial 170457 22.8 73840 _ 19.8 Other 421292 56.3 236371 63.2 Total 747860 100.0 373949 100.0 Source: Pacific Consultants and Danish Hydraulic Institute (1999).

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It can be seen that the total COD loading estimated for 1997 in Anhui Province was 373,949 tons compared to the WPCP goal of 207,700 tons. Although the municipal and industrial loading was under the plan goal for 1997, the WPCP did not account for the "other" sources of COD in the basin. In addition, the municipal and industrial progress since 1997 lagged behind plan goals so that the year 2000 goals of 77,000 tons for Anlhui province have not been met.

1.1.2 Anhui ProvinceOverview

Anhui Province extends over the centre of the Huai River Basin. The mainstream of the Huai River in the province reaches 420 km and the length of the tributaries is 1,580 km. River pollution is mainly organic, with sections in urban reaches being more polluted than rural reaches and pollution in tributaries is more serious than in the mainstream reaches.

By December 1996 to control pollution in the Basin and in accordance with stipulation of "Ninth Five-Year Plan," the province had closed approximately 460 small enterprises causing serious pollution. Other small and medium polluting enterprises have continued to be closed in the basin, and other polluting enterprises have their production curtailed in the dry season to reduce wastewater discharges.

The general location of Anhui Province is shown in Figure 1.1. (Note that all figures in this report are located at the end of the respective chapters.)

1.1.3 ProvincialGovernment

Anhui Province and its municipalities address environmental problems within the same institutional and regulatory framework found elsewhere in China. The provincial and municipal Environmental Protection Bureaux (EPBs) and the Urban Construction Commissions (UCCs) and their agencies share regulatory powers. The central government's general strategy for urban development has been to develop mechanisms for planning and management at the local level that will reduce waste and enable cities to function effectively using local resources.

To arrive at the "best practices," local governments are encouraged to try new approaches. The results are then readily disseminated through the press, professional associations, technical intermediaries, and national ministries. Cities of moderate population size are often good testing grounds for bold experimentation and the largest cities serve best as national demonstration models. The HRWPCP has been formulated by the national government, local officials and the World Bank in a manner consistent with this approach by targeting a combination of large and moderate population sized cities for selected interventions.

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1.1.4 Huai River Water PollutionControl Project (HRWPCP) and the World Bank

The background and overall World Bank policies related to the urban environment in China are reported in the China Urban Environment Service report of December 1994.

Table 1.4 gives a brief summary of the key issues and challenges, as presented in this report:

Table 1.4: EnvironmentalBackground Problems, China (1994)

Key Issue Items of Concern Water Demand High per capita water demandand new strategies must accord with reformed market organisationof the economyand rely more on price to guide enterpriseand consumerchoices.

Currentdemand policy sets quotas for industrialwater use and recyclingbut Chinese industries are consumingfar above internationalbest practicelevels.

There is a reported very low unaccounted-for-water(Ufw) of 8.4% which is questionable comparedto reported pipe breakagerates and pipejoint quality.

Currentwater prices are far below the level required to encouragewater conservation.

Wastewater Presentlow treatment coverageand design and managementproblems. All cities should treatment expandthe seweragecoverage for a minimum90% of the build up areas within five years. Mediumand large cities shouldprovide a minimumof primary WwTW in a phased 10-year programme.

Industrial Only 4.5% of industrialwastewater is treated but EPBs reportthat 50% of the industrial Wastewater wastewatermeets effluentstandards, which is seeminglyinconsistent or indicativeof inadequatedischarge standards and enforcement.

Solid Waste Landfillsare poorly controlledand the provisionof adequatelyengineered and managed landfillswould provide the largest single improvementin solid waste handling in China.

Environmental The chief managementobstacle is the significantgaps in reguLiatorycontrol and problemsin Mianagement implementationof existingregulations. A combinationof infrequentmonitoring and low fines Management for violationsencourages non-compliance. Incentives for saving costs are much stronger than incentivesfor strongenvironmental performance.

Tariffs Tariffsshould be designedto allow full cost recovery. China has adopted the "polluter pays" principlebut price settingis still politicised. Financialarrangements to cover operationscost shall be established.

Affordability There does not appear to be a general affordabilityissue but the urban poor (probably0.5% of the population)need to be protectedfrom cost of living increases.

In response to deteriorating water pollution conditions in the Huai River Basin, the national government in April 1996 produced the "Water Pollution Control Program and Ninth Five-Year Plan for the Huaihe River Basin, Working Group for Water Pollution Control Plan. The Program contained definitive water pollution reduction targets for municipal and industrial waste discharges in the basin.

However, the Program does not include consideration of rural sources such as TVEs and non- point pollutant loading to the rivers, which appears to be over 50% of the overall 1997 COD

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loading in the basin (3H Action Plan). Implementationof the plan, nevertheless,is considered a big step forward toward acceptable levels of river water quality in the basin.

The Huai River Water Pollution Control Project (HRWPCP) is also a key element of China's Agenda 21 programme. The sector-relatedgoal for.the project is: Improve quality of water for the entire basin by providingenvironmental infrastructure operated in a sustainablemanner

The HRWPCPobjectives are to:

4. Upgrade water quality in the Huai River (Class III target) and its tributaries (Class IV target) within the two provinces.

5. Establish performingand efficient wastewateragencies.

6. Consolidatewater quality monitoringsystem and procedures.

To accomplishthis goal and objectives,the outputs for each project componentare:

1. Increase in municipalwastewater collection.

2. Increase in quantityof wastewatertreatment.

3. Implementationof cost-recoveryfor wastewateroperations.

1.2 Descriptionof the StudyArea

1.2.1 Project Area and Population

Within the overall Basin pollution control area, the Anhui-Shandong"project area", considered for the HRWPCP projects and EA, is shown in Figure 1.2. It comprises an area of about 187 thousand km2 and is heavily populated with almost 110 million people and contains many medium-size urban areas with an agricultural base growing cotton and grains. The area also contains some 150 major industrial plants manufacturing pulp and paper, beverages, food processing, tanneries, chemicals, fertilizer, etc, and about 3,000 small paper mills, tanneries and breweries.

Within this area, Anhui Province is approximately 139,427km2, of which 66,940 km2 is located within the Huai River Basin. The 1998population of the Anhui Province was 61.3 million, with 11.2 million in urban areas. The portion of Anhui Provincewithin the Huai River Basin was 34.7 million total, and 4.6 million in urban areas. This EA covers all HRWPCP component projects contained in Anhui province, and a separate provincial level EA covers HRWPCP component projects located in Shandongprovince.

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1.2.2 Economyof AnhuiProvince

Anhui province is one of the inland provinces in central China and is located in thle upper and mid stream section of the Huai River Basin. Anhui Province has been considered a poor province in the past, however, average annual income per family has gradually increased to an average of RMB 4,770 in the year 1998. Projections undertaken by the Advisory Consultant (AC, 2000) estimate the yearly per capita income to be RMB 6,507 in the year 2000.

The main industrial sectors in the Province are coal mining, machinery manufacturing, chemicals, construction material, and food industries. The main agricultural products grown are rice, wheat, sweet potato, and cotton. The main local cash crops are tea, cured tobacco, cotton, peanuts, and fruit and vegetables.

The transportation networks in Anhui include Provincial highways and secondary road and the waterways of Yangtze River, Huai River, and the Great Canal. In addition, the main railway route between Beijing and Shanghai passes through the Province.

About 45 to 55% of land in the project area is used for residential and industrial purposes. Other land uses include warehouses, education, public facilities, transportation, and cultivated land. Land use throughout the Province depends on the degree of urbanisation in each city.

Based on site visits and discussions it can be inferred that the Anhui project cities are similar to many of the other Provincial cities in China. Although the area is still very rural, many of the people are involved in agricultural activities but supplement their incomes through being involved in either small businesses (private such as restaurants, bike shops, etc) or transportation of goods or involvement in industries. In 1997 the PRC Government developed an urban poverty standard and the threshold was set at RMB 1700/year, which correlates to 33% of the per capita average urban yearly income of RMB5160.3. By comparison between the urban and rural poverty standards it is shown that the urban poverty standard is three times as high as the rural one (Year 2000 Chinese poverty standard is 640 RMB/year, the Anhui Rural Poverty Standard is 730 RMB/year for year 2000).

The project cities covered in the HRWPCP within Anhui Province are shown in Figure 1.3. The following sections provide brief backgrounds into these project cities.

Bozhou:

Bozhou is a famous historical town and is also famous as a centre of Chinese traditional medicine. Recent developments are light industry, trade and tourism, which are becoming more important. In 1998, the total population of Bozhou municipality was 1.62 million, and the urban population was 234,800.

Based on projections undertaken in the economic analysis average living income in Bozhou is RMB6151/person/year, with the low living income being RMB4058/person/year. Bozhou's average and low living income is above the poverty line for urban and rural areas.

1-8 August 2000 Huai River Water PollutionControl Project EnvironmentalAssessment Report Anhui Province

Huaibei:

Huaibei is relatively new, established in 1959, due to coal mining and electric power generation. More recently light industry, textiles and construction have made inroads. A'railway line from Hefei-Bengbu runs almost from south to north, and bends north-eastern in front of some hills. The urban areas of the city are mainly located between the railway line and the hills. The total population of the city was about 1,846,000 in 1997, with 562,405 listed as urban population, and 241,400 in the project study area portion of the urban area.

Based on projections undertaken in the economic analysis average living income in Huaibei is RMB6851/person/year, with the low living income being RMB4520/person/year. Huaibei average and low living income is above the poverty line for urban and rural areas

Guoyang:

The city of Guoyang is located in the north-west of the Anhui Province, astride the Guohe River, an important tributary of the Huai River. In 1998, the total population of Guoyang municipality was 1.3 million, with the urban population at 107,940, and most lives in the old city, the present city centre and the built up areas on the south bank.

Based on projections undertaken in the economic analysis average living income in Guoyang is RMB 6,455/person/year, with the low living income being RMB 3,765/person/year. Guoyang average and low living income is above the poverty line for urban and rural areas.

Suzhou:

Suzhou can be characterised as a coal mining and industrial area. Industrial areas are in textile, food processing, chemical and other light industries. The areas in between the newly developed residential and commercial areas are still used for agriculture. The total population in 1998 of Suzhou municipality in 1998 was about three million, with the urban area population at 272,700.

Based on projections undertaken in the economic analysis average living income in Suzhou is RMB4844/person/year, with the low living income being RMB2825/person/year. Suzhou average and low living income is above the poverty line for urban and rural areas.

Fuyang:

The municipality of Fuyang is located at the confluence of the Quan River and the Ying (often referred to as Shaying) river in the north-western part of Anhui province. It consists of three districts that form the town proper, namely Yin Zhou, Yin Dong, and Yin Quan. Further, there are seven counties covering the outlying rural areas. The 1997 population of the municipality was 1.25 million, of which approximately 425,000 were inhabitants of Fuyang urban areas.

1-9 August 2000 Huai River Water PollutionControl Project EnvironmentalAssessment Report Anhui Province

Bengbu:

Bengbu is the largest city in Anhui province located in the Huai river basin. It is a major urban centre and the railway from Shanghaito Beijing passesthrough the city. Bengbu is situatedalong the south bank of the Huai River. A small part (about 15%) lives along the north bank of the river. The old town also borders a large lake on the east side, the Longzi Lake. This lake is important for recreation, and as a water supply for irrigation and industry. A smaller lake is located on the south-westside of the city.

Bengbu municipalityconsists of three counties and a rural area, with a total 1998 populationof 3.27 million. Approximately20% of the total population,or around 750,000 people live within Bengbu city itself and its suburbs, mostly along the south bankof the Huai River.

Based on projections undertaken in the economic analysis average living income in Bengbu is RMB 6673/person/year, with the low living income being RMB4402/person/year.Bengbu's average and low living income is above the poverty line for urban and rural areas.

Huainan:

The total municipal populationof the city was about two million in 1998, with about half of the populationlives in the old city, which is located in the eastern districts. The main industryis the coal industry in the city. Other industries include electric generation, chemical, machinery, papermaking,light textile, and food.

Based on projections undertaken in the economic analysis average living income in Huainan is RMB4965/person/year,with the low living income being RMB3276/person/year. Huainan average and low living income is above the poverty line for urban and rural areas.

Lu'an:

The city of Lu'an lies in an important agriculturaland industrial developmentarea and as such, agriculture and industry are important sources of employment and income for its inhabitants. Most industries are located in the north and north-east part of the city. The total population of Lu'an municipalitywas 1.72million in 1998,with about 220,000 in the urban areas.

Based on projections undertaken in the economic analysis average living income in Lu'an is RMB6596/person/year,with the low living income being RMB3998/person/year.Lu'an average and low living income is above the poverty line for urban and rural areas.

1.2.3 RegionalWater Resources

An understandingof the regional water resource managementin the Anhui Provinceis necessary in order to better appreciate the water quality issues of the study area. The significant urbanisation and industrialisation in the Huai River Water Pollution Control Project cities is putting extreme pressure on surfacewaters. It is importantto realise that, in additionto the main

1-10 August 2000 Huai River Water Poliution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province rivers flowing through the cities, there are many small drainage channels and tributaries in these urban areas that receive much of the domestic and industrial wastewater discharges, so the environmental needs extend well beyond the larger, classified surface waters.

The Huai River lies between 3l°-36° north latitude, 1 12°-121° east longitude. The basin has Mt. Tongbo and Mt. Funiu in the west, Huang (Yellow) Sea in the east, Mt. Dabi and Mt. Wan and the Changjiang (Yangtze) River far to the south, and the south bank of Huang (Yellow) River in the nortlh.The area is 210,000 km2 (excluding Yi and Shu River).

Anhui Province is located in the middle of Huai River. Within the boundary, the length of the mainstream reaches 430 kin, and the basin area is 66,941 km2, or 48.15 % of the total area. Anhui Huai River Basin covers the cities of Bengbu, Huainan, Huaibei, Bozhou, Suzhou and Fuyang; the counties of Dingyuan, Fengyang, Mingguang and Tianchang of Chuzhou; the counties Luan, Shouxian, Hoqiu, Jingzhai and Hoshan of Luan;, the counties Changfeng, Feidong and Feixi of Hefei; and part of Yuexi of Anqing.

The river systems of the Huai River Basin are shown in Figure 1.4. The EPB water quality control sections are shown on this figure, with Class III being the water quality goal for the Huai River mainstream, and Class IV for tributaries. The current dry-season water quality of these segments fails to reach this the classification goal the majority of the season, and many times during the average seasonal flow. As described earlier, the closing of the many river gates during the dry season can have serious pollution concentrating effects, causing potentially serious downstream consequences when the wet season arrives (May-August).

Table 1.5 provides the basic characteristics of the surface waters in Anhui province in the Huai River Basin.

Table 1.5: Characteristicsof AnhuiSurface Waters, Huai River Basin

Name of Rivers Origin End (otai Length Area (knm2) Remarks

Old Sui River Xiangshan Channel Huangqiao Gate 10.6 58 To New Sui River Huaibei New Sui River DongluVillage, Eastof Suzhou 290 1562(above o New Sui River XiaoCounty HuangqiaoGate) Bengbu Mainstreamof Huainan HuaiRiver ongboMountain SanJiang Ying 1000 21000 Fuyang YingRiver uninMountain, Yingshang 619 39877 ClassI tributary, Henan Mohekou HuaiRiver Huaiyuan 66(withinthe 1881(withinthe ClassI tributary, County boundary) boundary) HuaiRiver Yunliang Southof Suzhou 20 o KuaiRiver iver Suzhou Cstia uai River ShangQiu, Henan WuheCounty 4580 Cuai River Guuaiyuan 50(withinthe 1268(withinthe ClassI tributary, County boundary) boundary) HuaiRiver

1-11 August2000 Huai River Water PollutionControl Project EnvironmentalAssessment Report Anhui Province

Table 1.6 provides the connaection between wastewater discharges in the Anhlui River project areas and the receiving waters and Huai River mainstream.

Table 1.6: Anhui ProjectCities, Receiving Waters of WastewaterEffluent

River Receiving WwTW Rivers which Effluent River which Effluent Distance berveenoutfall and Effluent passes through flowsinto finally (kmin)

Huaibei Old Sui River ew Sui River long Ze Lake 175 ______(Sui R iver)______

Benabu Huai River Huai River Huai River Discharge to Huai River D______Directly

Huainan Huai River Huai River Huai River Discharge to Huai River Directly Fuyang Ying River Ying River Huai River 130 Bozhou Guo River Guo River Huai River 170 Suzhou Yun Liang River Kuai River Huai River 105 Lu'an Pi River Pi River Huai River 100 Guoyang Guo River Guo River Huai River 110 Table 1.7 provides the distances from the Anhui province HRWPCP project cities and the Huai River Basin control sections.

Table 1.7: Distancefrom the Outfall of WwTW to CorrespondingSection

Name of Rivers Outfall and Junction ControlSection Distance Total Distance ______~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~(kin)(kmn) Sui River Huaibei Dinglou WwTW Bali Bridge, Si County 150

Ying River Fuyang Yingnan WwTW Ying Shang Fantaizi 110 Class I Guoyang ChengdongWwTW Meng Cheng 60 Tributary Guo River Bozhou WwTW Meng Cheng 120 Kuai River Suzhou ChengnanWwTW Gu County 60 Pi River Lu'an ChengbeiWwTW Da Dian Gang Section 80 Junctionof Pi and Huai Conjunctionof Ying to Huai 5 5 Junctionof Ying and Huai HuainanWwTW Outfall 69 74 . Huainan WwTWOutfall Hu Da Jian 1 75 Misre Hu Da Jian Conjunctionof Guo and Huai 29 104 River ______Junctionof Guo and Huai Outfall of Bengbu WwTW 10 114 Bengbu WwTW Outfall Mo He Kou 20 134 Mohekou Xiaoliuxiang 78

The following sections provide brief introductions to the mainstream and major tributary systems:

Huai River

The Huai River originates from Mt.Tongbo in Tongbo County, Henan Province. It flows through Henan, Anhui and Jiangsu from west to east and the mainstream covers 1000 km. Anhui is located in the middle of Huai River, and the total Anhui portion is 430 km from Honghekou in Funan down to Hongsantou in Mingguan. The elevation difference is 13m with a ratio of 0.03%.

1-12 August2000 fluaiRiver Water Pollution Control Project EnvironmentalAssessment Report Anhui Province

There are numbers of tributaries in the upper and middle reaches of Huai River. There are 29 larger tributaries directly flowing into Huai River in Anhui and Henan. There are more than 180 small tributaries. The major tributaries on the north bank are Hong River, Yiig River, Heici River, Fenquan River, Baokuai River, Tuo River, Guo River, Kuaisui River and so on, which go across provinces; and Gu River, Run River, Bali River, Nihei River Ci River, Beifei River, which r-uInin Anhui Province. The tributaries on1the south bank of Huai River are Shi River, Pi River Feng River, Ji River, Dongfei River, Yao River Tian River, Chi River, Baita River and etc., which originate from Anhui and flow into Huai River within the boundary of Anhui Province.

Sui River

The new Sui River covers about 290 kin, and the drainage area is 2015 km2. Because the average yearly rainfall is 847.3 mm in this region and concentrates in rain season, the surface runoff is fairly non-existent except during the wet season. It is necessary to close the gate to retain water for irrigation. There are two check gates: Huangqiao Gate (4 km from Sui County) and Fuliji Gate on the new Sui River. Investigation by HDI indicates that the gates are closed about 90% of the year.

The effluent of the Huaibei WwTW is first discharged into the old Sui River, then into the new Sui River. The old Sui River is about 10 km long. The water sources come from the industrial and residential wastewater of Xiangcheng Industrial Zone and part of the residential wastewater of the old districts. In fact, the old Sui River is a discharge channel of urban wastewater.

Ying River

The Ying River is the largest tributary of Huai River. It originates from Mt. Funiu in Henan Province and flows into the Huai River at Mohekou in Yingshang in Anhui Province. It covers 585 km and the drainage area is 41230 km2. On the Ying River there are 4 key water control projects for storing water. The Ying River is the major surface water source of Fuyang. The effluent of Fuyang WwTW will be discharged directly into Ying River, and that of Bozhou WwTW through Wanfutgou into Ying River.

Guo River

The Guo River originates from Wangfuzhai on the south bank of Huang River in Henan Province. It covers about 320 km and the drainage area is 11,000 km2. There are 6 large tributaries of Guo River in the upper reaches of north-west Guoyang. The Guo River from Guoyang to Huainan (outlet to Huai River) is about 110 km.

Guo River is a main river passing through Guoyang. Within the boundary it covers 50 km and the drainage area is 1,200 krn2. Usually the water level is 24-25 m. In the plentiful period, under the yearly runoff of 20% guarantee rate, the largest (July) average monthly flow is 247 m3/s. The flow in dry period is nearly zero, because of the artificial check gate control. In winter dry period,

1-13 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

the storage quantity is 50 million m3 with the Guoyang Chengbei Gate closed. At present, the wastewater discharge of Guoyang and the effluent of the WwTW flows into the Guo River.

Kuai River

The Kuai River originates from east suburb of Shangqiu in Henan Province. It is called Dongsha River in Henan, and it is called Kuai River at Wangji in Henan, on the Anhui boundary. The total length of Kuai River is 265 km (including Dongsha River), and the drainage area is 4,580 km2. It flows from north-west to south-east through Suixi, Suzhou, Guzheng in Anhui and into Huai River in Wuhe County. It is 15 km long within the boundary of Suzhou. Its major functions are flood discharge, irrigation and shipping.

The effluent of Suzhou WwTW will be discharged into Yunliang River and then into Kuai River. Yunliang River lies in the south of Suzhou, and connected separately with Huancheng River in Suzhou and Kuai River. It is 20 km long from north to south and 15 m wide. It has an average depth of 1.0 m and average flow of 1.0 m/s with the gate open. Its major functions are to discharge and receive wastewater of Chengnan District, and convey the water from Sanba River and Huangcheng River to Kuai River.

Pi River

The Pi River originates from Mt. Dabi and is a major tributary. It passes by the west boundary of Lu'an and goes to Zhengyangguan, an outlet to the mainstream of Huai River. The Pishihuan Irrigation Project, built in 1958, modified the natural flows of the river. In the plentiful, medium and dry periods of the year, the water is distinctly decreased and the dry period has been extended. The Pi River covers 253 km long and irrigation area 6,000 km2, in which an area of 4,920 km2 is above Lu'an. Over many years, the average yearly runoff is about 1.303 billion m3. The yearly runoff of 20%, 50%, 75%, 90% guarantee rate is 42.7, 27.2, 12.8, 397 million m3 separately. Its major functions are flood discharge, receiving wastewater and supplying water for the mainstream of Huai River.

1.2.4 Water Resourcesof ProjectCities

Bozhou:

The town of Bozhou is located in the north-west of Anhui Province. It sits adjacent to the Guo River, an important tributary to the Huai River, just downstream of the confluence of the Guo and Hong rivers. The main town, as well as the old town historical section is Guonan (south, right river bank). The other part of the town is Guobei (north, left river bank) that has a semi-urban character. Two bridges, the Han and the Peoples Bridges, join the old town sections, while a third bridge is under construction. In addition, there is one railway bridge, and the railway Fuyang-Beijing runs approximately north-south along the eastern part of the town.

1-14 August2000 Huai River Water PollutionControl Project EnvironmentalAssessment Report Anhui Province

The project area is the urban area on both riverbanks,including those areas earmarkedas future urban area and any industrialarea in the city or the immediatevicinity. The World Bank project sewerage is concentratedon the Guonan area on the right riverbank.

The Guobei area is cut in two by a small tributary of the Guo river. This small tributary flows north-south and discharges into the Guo river just east of the confluenceof the Guo and Gong rivers. The waterways in the southern part, the Guonanarea, are characterisedby the vestiges of the moat of the historical city. Just west of the old town there is the Chai Jia Channel, which flows into the Guo River near the Han Bridge.

The distinctivechannel in the southern part of the town is the SongtangheChannel, which flows south-northto the old town area. It then curves around the eastern side of the old town area and discharges into the Guo River just upstream of the Peoples Bridge. Several small lakes are located in the north-westernpart of the Guonan area near the confluenceof the two main rivers.

Huaibei:

On the western side of Huaibei is the Sui river, a main tributaryof the Huai river. It runs virtually north-south,parallel to the railway line. Supposedlyto reduce flooding,and possibly becauseof heavy pollution from upstream,a diversion of the Sui river was made. The diverted Sui river is called the "main Sui river" or "new Sui river," to distinguishit fromthe "old Sui river."

The northern part of the old Sui river now functions as a pond, and the city tries to ensure that wastewater avoids this pond. Immediately south of the dam, large amounts of municipal and industrial wastewater are discharged into the old Sui river. A new 80,000 m3/day WwTW is being constructednear this location.

A smaller river, the Dai, is in the north-east of the city. The Dai river flows in a south-eastemto southern direction to its confluencewith the Sui river. The area is slated for industrial expansion and the future sewerage of the area will be directedto the WwTW. Both of the rivers in the city have minimal flow during the dry season.

Guoyang:

There are three waterwaysthat cross the city. The Guochu channelis located along the Xihuan road, flowing from south to north towards the Guo river. The Xiang Yang channel is located south of the city, flowing from west (starting at the Guochu Channel)to east and dischargesto the Guo river. The third channel, Ge channel, is located west of the central station. This channel flows from south (startingat XiangyangChannel) to north, towards the Guo river.

Suzhou:

In the north, forming the border of the present town developmentis the Xinbian River, main source of all surface water in the city, which flows west-east. Just south of this river a canal (river) has been dug, called the Xiaohong River. It flows parallel to the Xinbian but is not

1-15 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution ControlProject EnvironmentalAssessment Report Anhui Province

connected to the river. The water source to this river is mainly wastewater and stormwater from the residential and industrial areas on the right and left bank.

In the south flows the Tuo River and it takes water from the Xinbian River north-west of the city and flows approximately west-east in the northern part of the city. Then it curves and flows almost due south-east.

The Sanban canal takes its water from the Xinbian River north-west of the city and this canal discharges into the ring canal of the old city area. The ring canal, the remains of the old city moat, surrounds the area of the old historic area. All waste and storm water from the adjacent area discharge into this canal. In the northern part, a short connection to the Tuo River provides some additional inflow into the ring canal.

The outflow of the ring canal is located in the southern part, and is called the Yunliang irrigation canal that flows due south through the new city area. This canal feeds several other canals outside of the city and then eventually discharges into the Huai River that flows south of the town.

Fuyang:

A large number of waterways, channels and small rivers cross the various town areas. On the left bank, the town area is cut into two by the Yi River which in this part flows almost parallel with the Ying River but only joins this river much further downstream.

On the right bank of the Quan river, upstream of the confluence Quan and Ying rivers, a number of interconnected surface water bodies stand at right angle to this river. The waterways form the drainage system for the evacuation of the rainwater from the build-up areas. In addition, the sewer system discharges wastewater into these water bodies. Outside the city area there are other rivers such as the Ci, Xi Fei, Ci Huai Xin, and the Xiao Run Rivers.

Bengbu:

Bengbu is situated along the south bank of the Huai River. A small part (about 15%) lives along the north bank of the river. The old town also borders a large lake on the east side, the Longzi Lake. This lake is important for recreation, and as a water supply for irrigation and industry. A smaller lake is located on the south-west side of the city.

Bengbu developed along the Huai river and the river dominates the scenery of the area. Just upstream of the city is located the only gate on the mainstream of the river. Within the boundary of the city, the average runoff of the Huai river is 1.82 x 1010 m3/year. Approximately 75% of the river runoff occurs during a short period, from May to August each year. There are plans to widen the riverbed of the Huai river within the Bengbu urban area to ensure the drainage of river flow.

The minimum runoff of the Huai in dry seasons is 20-50 m3/s. During these low-flow periods, the gates are closed and only small amounts of water reach the downstream part of the river.

1-16 August2000 HuaiRiver Water Pollution Control Project EnvironmentalAssessment Report AnhuiProvince

Since most of the domestic and industrial wastewater is discharged downstream of the city, the river flow is dominated by effluent in the dry season.

The Longzi lake, east of the city, receives its water from the Longzi river. The small lake, more or less in the centre of the city and just west of the old city, forms part of the Xi Jia Gou river. Finally, a small river discharges into the Huai, just west of the city and upstream the Bengbu gates in the Huai.

Huainan:

The main waterway in the city is the Huai river, and there are about 7 canals in the city. The canals function as combined sewers and discharge the collected rainwater and wastewater in the south-north direction into the Huai river.

Lu'an:

The project area is the urban area along the old Pi River and Pihe Main canal, including those areas earmarked as future urban area and any industrial area in the city or the immediate vicinity.

The Pihe Main canal crosses the city from south to north. This canal is an artificial made waterway to transport water for irrigation and drinking purposes. The Pihe Main canal starts approximately 30km south of Lu'an where an inlet gate is constructed in the old Pi River.

Almost all of the water from the Foziling reservoir upstream is diverted to the Pihe Main canal. The flow in the old Pi river, especially in dry season, is very low. At the north side of the city, the Pihe Main canal is divided into two parts, one of which flows to the north and the other to the east towards Hefei.

The second waterway in the city is a drain, which is situated between the Old Pi River and Pihe Main Canal. This drain flows south-east to north-west directly into the old Pi River.

1.2.5 DomesticWater Suppliesand Utilisation

Bozhou:

The water supply company (WSC) is in charge of the distribution of the water to the various types of consumers in the town. The large industries have their own deepwells and in some cases supply water to the employees living in company housing. The WSC uses groundwater exclusively for water supply and groundwater is abstracted by means of tubewells from two aquifers present at depths of 40-50m and 200-260m. Combined production from two wellfields is about 26,000 m3/day. A third wellfield is scheduled for operation by 2000, with production of additional 30,000 m3/day. By the year 2010, two additional wellfields are scheduled with a production of about 25,000 m3/day.

1-17 August 2000 HuaiRiver Water Pollution Control Project EnvironmentalAssessment Report AnhuiProvince

Huaibei:

The WSC had a 1992 groundwater production capacity of 68,000 m3/day with 41 wells and 19 pumping stations, supplying 125,000 persons.

Guoyang:

The WSC had a 1998 capacity of 3.6M t/day with 2.OM t/day sold to domestic users and O.5M t/day sold to commercial users. The water source for the WSC is 14 deepwells, with depths between 190 and 230m, and two water works treat the supply.

Suzhou:

WSC has a capacity of 2.9M t/day, with 0.7M sold to domestic, 0.5M sold to industry, and 0.234M sold to commercial users. The water source is entirely deep groundwater.

Fuyang:

The WSC obtains raw water from groundwater, using 52 production wells. The production wells are scattered over the city area and discharge directly to the water supply network. Chlorination takes place at the well sites. The wells tap aquifers between 118 to 216 metres.

A surface water treatment plant of capacity 100,000 m3/day is being constructed by the city, and they plan to eventually move away from their groundwater wells entirely.

Bengbu:

There are three existing water plants operated by the WSC. The first plant, constructed in 1954, has a capacity of 80,000 m3/d, and uses the downstream Huai as the water source. The 2nd plant, in the west of the city, has a capacity of 50,000 m3/d and also draws water from the downstream Huai river. The 3rd WTW is located in the utmost west part of the city near the Bengbu gate, and extracts water from this upstream reach of the Huai river. With bilateral assistance, WTW 3 was recently enlarged and upgraded to 400,000 m3/d.

Huainan:

WSC provides 82.7M tons/year of water, using surface water treatment plants with a capacity of 270,000 t/day. Water sources are lakes adjacent to the Huai river.

Lu'an:

The WSC obtains surface water from the Pihe Main Canal, which receives water from the reservoirs, south of Lu'an in the mountains.

1-18 August2000 Huai River Water PollutionControl Project EnvironmentalAssessment Report Anhui Province

1.2.6 SewerageSystems

All project cities in Anhui province operate mainly combined sewer systems, with separate systems being constructed in thie newer areas. In the system, sewerage and rainwater flows through drains, covered by concrete slabs and partially by sewers along the road to the nearest surface drainage, and onward to the adjacent rivers.

Most houses in the city have septic tanks but many are too small and regular maintenanceis not usually performed. The goal of all Anhui province cities is the completeseparation of all sanitary sewers but funding limitationswill mean that combinedsewers with septic tanks will be utilised for many years. The cities are purchasingvacuum trucks to maintain the tanks in the long period of time it takes to separate the entire sewer system. The current sewerage design is based on intercepting up to twice the average dry weather flow in the system, and overflowing the remainder to surface water during storm events. Table 1.8 is a listing of current estimated septic tanks and populationserved from the project feasibilityreports.

Table1.8: Number of CurrentSeptic Tanks in AnhuiProvince HRWPCP Cities

Project City Number of Tanks Population Served Bozhou: 560 60,000 Huaibei: 929 100,000 Guoyang: 186 20,000 Suzhou: 1500 160,000 Fuyang: 1579 170,000 Bengbu: 836 90,000 Huainan: 3700 400,000 Lu'an: 325 35,000

1.2.7 SolidWaste and Sludge Disposal Systems in Place

There was little informationregarding existing solid waste managementsystems in place in the HRWPCP project cities, in the Chinese EAs or the FSRs. Of particular interest, landfill conditions and capacities are important for the two cities with World Bank assisted WwTWs relative to a potentialneed for use as a sludge disposalalternative.

Based on experience elsewhere in China, it is expected that the landfills operate in less than sanitary design practice and the addition of sludge could exacerbate already problematic operations.The landfillsusually operate more as an open waste dumps,filling available valleys. Of particular interest, the sludge could cause a small increase in leachate production, and the operation of successful leachatetreatment facilities has again been problematicin most Chinese landfills.

However,the disposalof sludge to landfill still needs to be considereda viable alternativeto land application,especially if the WwTW sludge has problems with heavymetal concentrationsand/or high concentrationsof pathogenicbacteria. It was noted that the HDI did provide recommended design criteria for dedicated sludge landfills to serve WwTWs, and this may be more viable than hauling to municipal landfills.

1-19 August2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

HDI has confirmed that the existing landfills in Guoyang and Luan will accept tlle WwTW sludge (certificates provided by landfill operators), and that botlh of these landfills have or will have leachate control facilities by the time that sludge is produced by thie new WwTWs in these cities.

1.2.8 Populationand WastewaterProjections

Table 1.9 shows the medium growth scenario population and wastewater projections for the Anhui HRWPCP cities.

Table 1.9: Populationand WastewaterProjections

Project City PopulationProjection WastewaterProjection (m3/d) 2000 2010 2020 2000 2010 2020 Huaibei 269,730 358,800 460,800 65,300 115,100 171,200 Bengbu 569,720 655,900 702,100 155:600 236,200 286,000 Huainan 409,860 438,300 458,600 125,500 158,100 199,800 Fuyang 446,380 604,600 869,200 77,700 150,300 254,500 Bozhou 241,800 314,300 403,400 40,600 78,100 128,800 Suzhou 290,060 397,200 550,200 70,600 121,100 188,100 Lu'an 228,320 400,000 498,400 83,200 159,300 229,300 Guoyang 114,340 156,700 196,200 35,900 66,000 96,800 Total 2,572,210 3,327,810 4,140,920 656,400 1,086,210 1,556,520

1.3 Policy, Legal and AdministrativeFramework

Laws and Regulations of Environmental Protection that were important to the performance of this EA included:

* Constitution of P. R. China (December 4, 1982);

* Environmental Protection Law of P. R. China (December 12, 1989); * Law of P. R. China on the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution (August 29, 1995). * Law of P. R. China on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution (May 15, 1996); * Water Law of P. R. China (January 21, 1988); * Water and Soil Conservation Law of P. R. China (June 29, 1991). * Wild Animal Protection Law of P. R. China (November 8, 1988); * Law of P. R. China on the Prevention and Control of Solid Wastes Contamination (October 30, 1995); * Law of the P.R. China on the Prevention and Control of Noise Pollution (October 1996) * Law of the P.R. of China on the Protection of Cultural Relics (Nov 19, 1982). * Regulations on Administration for Environmental Protection of Construction Projects (GHZ 1986) No. 003 issued by National EP Commission, National Planning Commission (NPC) and National Economic Commission);

1-20 August2000 l-Llai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessmcnt Report AnhuLiProvince

* Enviroilmental Protection Management Regulations for Construction Projects (National Council Commands [1998] No. 253)

* Temporary Regulation of Water Pollution Prevention and Control in the Huai River Basin (National Council, Aug., 1995)

* Environmental Protection Management based on1the List of Project Categories (SEPA, Trial Document, April 1999, No. 99) Notification on Strengthening EIA Management Concerning International Banking Organization Loan Project (SEPA, NPC, Revenue Ministry and PBC, [1993] 324) * National Council Approval on the Plan of the Huai River Basin Water Pollution Control, and '95' Plan of National Council, Doc. [1996] No. 52. * 1996-2000 Plan on the Huai River Basin Water Pollution Control in Anhui Province (PC, EPB and HB of Anhui Province, Aug., 1995) * Notification on the Implementation of 'Environmental Protection Management Regulation for Construction Projects' (SEPA, Huanfa [1996] No. 61.

Guidelines and Recommendations important to the conduct of this EA included: * A Number of Suggestions about the Environmental Management Problems of the Construction Projects (HJ(88) No.117 issued by SEPA). a Some Suggestions of Further Doing Management Work on the Construction Projects Well (HJ(93)No.015 issued by SEPA); * Notice of Strengthening the EA Management Work of the Construction Projects financed by Loans of International Financial Organisations (HJ(1993) No. 324 issued by SEPA, NPC, Ministry of Finance, and Bank of China); * Decisions of the State Council on a Number of Problems of Environmental Protection (GF (1996) No.3 1).

Technical Guidance for the conduct of this EA included: * Technical Regulation of Ecological Impact Assessment of the Construction Projects Concerning Natural Resources Exploitation (Draft-December, 1995); * Technical Guidelines of EA (HJ/T2.1-2.4-93); * Operational Directory for World Bank Financed Projects -- Environmental Assessment (OD4.01 issued by W.B. in July 1992). * Data Collection of EA (W. B. Document No.139, October 1993);

The following documents were also used as data sources relative to the performance of this EA: * Technical Outline for EA (HJ/T2.1-2.3-93);

1-21 August2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

1.4 Scope and Standards of EnvironmentalAssessment

In view of the nature of the proposed projects, the EA scope was divided into two time periods, construction phase and operational phase. In both of these phases, the scope included the necessary treatment and disposal systems as well as the related collection system, pipeline and other project facilities. The standards for the EA of the projects were identified by the Provincial and City Environmental Protection Bureaux and they included: * Ambient air: Class B of Ambient Air Quality Standard, GB3095-1996; * Surface Water Environment: Categories III and IV of State Environmental Protection Standard, GHZB I - 1999 (effective 01-01-2000)

[Note that some of the EA work was based on previous standard GB3838-88, but the change to the new standards on 01-01-2000 does not impact the conclusions] * Acoustic Environment: Class B of Urban Regional Noise Standard, GB3096-93

The appropriate discharge standards for use in this EA included: • Air pollutants: Class B of Integrated Emission Standard for Air Pollutants, GB16297- 1996; Class B of Emission Standard for Offensive Odour Pollutant GB 14554-93; * Water pollutants: Class of Integrated Discharge Standard for Wastewater, GB8978-96; * Noise: Class B of Boundary Noise Standard for Industrial Enterprises, GB 12348-90. * Solid wastes: Pollutant Control Standard for Agricultural Sludge GB4284-8; Technical Standard for Sanitary Landfill of Municipal Refuse (CJJ17-88)

Environment assessment classifications during the project operation period were defined on the base of the drainage output, pollutants, receiver volume and water quality from the wastewater treatment works in line with the related classification requirements found in the Chinese "Technical Guidelines of Environment Impact Assessment". Table 1.10 provides a summary of the HIDIEA classification according to SEPA standard classifications.

1-22 August2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

Table 1.10: Summaryof the HDI EA Classification

Environment Issues and Relevant Components Classification used in EA Foul Smell Air Both WwTW Topography Complicated (Urban area) Environrnent Class Below Class 3 (resembling project analysis) Quantity of Wastewater 40000m3 /d Discharge Complexity of Wastewater Simple Lu'an WwTW Receiving Water and Water Pi River, Class IV Quality Requirement Surface Water Assessment Class 2 Environment Quantity of Wastewater 40000m'/d Discharge __ _ Complexity of Wastewater Medium (contain Class 2 Pollutants) Guoyang WwTW Receiving Water and Water Guo River, Class IV Quality Requirement Assessment Class 2 Noise Predicted Noise Increment Value 3-5dB(A) Environment Assessment Class 3 Note: The classification of Surface water impact assessment is base on the class set in corresponding sub-project EIS.

The scopes of pollution sources, existing environment situation and forecasted assessment scope of environment impact were defined in accords with EIA reports of subprojects and pollutant characteristics and actual impact scopes. Table 1.11 provides the EA Scope, while Table 1.12 summarises the EA standards.

1-23 August2000 Huai River Water PollutionControl Project EnvironmentalAssessment Report Anhui Province

Table 1.11: EA Scope

Contents of EA Assessment Scope Baseline Survey Baseline Monitoring Impact Prediction Sewers Social Environment Project Affected City / Project Affected City Surface Water / / Environment Air Environment 500m Noise Environment / / 200m Lu'an WwTW Social Environment Lu'an / Surface Water Lu'an Pi River (Yao Gangzui Pi River Environment - Da Diangang) (Outfall - Da Diangang) Air Environment / / 500m out of WwTW Walls Noise Environment / / 200m out of the WwTW Walls Guoyang WwTW Social Environment Guoyang / Surface Water Guoyang Guoyang Segment of 12km of Downstream of Environment Guo River Outfall Air Environment 500m out of WwTW Walls Noise Environment / / 200m out of the WwTW Walls Water Quality Improvement Project / / Impact Analysis Huai River Basin Water Quality The main stream of Huai River and water quality control section at the Class in Anhui Improvement I tributary concerning sewerage projects Province Total Discharge The mainstream of Huai River in Anhui and the Class I tributary conceming Amount Control sewerage projects Note: Assessment Scope in the mainstream of the Huai River in Anhui is from Zheng Yang Guan to Xiao Liu Xiang. The total length is 223km.

Table 1.12: EA StandardsSummary

Type Name of Standard Code of Standard Class Scope Air Quality Standard GB3095-1996 II All Sub-components III Huai River . Surface Water Quality Standard GB3838-88 Guo River, Ying River, Pi River, Xin Sui Quality IV River, Hui River, Tuo River Standard

Noise Standard in Urban Area GB3096-93 [I Huaibei, Lu'an, Guoyang IV Bozhou Sewer Odour pollutant Drainage Standard GB 14554-93 II All Sub-components Wastewater Comprehensive GB8978E 1996 II Bozhou, Lu'an, Guoyang, Drainage Standard III Hualbel and Huainan Sewer Noise Standard at the Border of GB 12348-90 Guoyang, Bengbu, Suzhou Drainage Factories III Bozhou, Lu'an Standard Noise Limit in Construction Areas GB 12523790 All Sub-components Industrial "Three Wastes" GBJ4-73 Huainan Sewers Discharge Standards Pollutant Control Standard for GB4284-84 Guoyang WwTW, Bozhou Sewers Sludge Applied on Farmland Total Allowable Amount of CODcr 3600t/a Lu'an WwTW (near future) Amount from WwTW 2190t/a Guoyang WwTW (near future) Index

1-24 August2000 FIluaiRiver Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

Assessment standards were defined on the base of environment functional area of the project locations and the environment quality standard and pollutioni discharge standard and pollution discharge mass target confirmed by local EPB in written forms

1.5 The Needfor the Project

The overall HRWPCP is described in Section 2.1. The HRWPCP project benefits are fully described in Section 5.1.

1.6 AssessmentObjectives, Criteria, Parameters

The EA work for the proposed project was undertaken in four steps: * Preparatory Work: On the basis of the sub-project EAs approved by the Provincial EPB, this work included additional field survey, relevant data collection, investigation and evidence gathering for the compilation of the EA outline. - Compilation of the EA Outline: Based on the preparatory work and in terms of the characteristics of the project, specialists compiled the EA Outline, and then submitted it to SEPA for examination.

* Field Sampling and Monitoring: After the EA Outline was approved by SEPA, the EA team went to the project sites to conduct sampling, monitoring, public investigation and expert consultation.

* Compilation of the EA Report: The EA Report was drawn upon the basis of previous work. The main guidelines for the compilation of the EA Reports were: (a) Notice of Strengthening the EA Management Work of the Construction Projects Financed by Loans of International Financial Organizations, issued by SEPA, NPC, Ministry of Finance, and Bank of China; (b) Technical Guidelines of EA, HJ/T2.1-2.3-93 issued by SEPA; (c) The EA Outline and its Written Reply.

(d) The relevant data provided by the cities, city EPBs and design institutes in the pre- feasibility design reports.

1.7 WorldBank EA PreparationRequirements

The Environmental Assessment (EA) for this project was based on the following directives and guidance documents: * World Bank Operational Directives - see Table 1.13 for applicability:

1-25 August2000 Huai River Water PollutionControl Project EnvironmentalAssessment Report Anhui Province

Table 1.13: Applicabilityof World Bank SafeguardPolicy Documentsto this EA

WB DocumentSubject Reference Applicability EnvironmentalAssessment OP 4.01, BP 4.01, GP 4.01 Yes Natural habitats OP 4.04, BP 4.04, GP 4.04 N/a

Forestry OP 4.36, GP 4.36 N/a

Pest Management OP 4.09 N/a

Cultural Property OPN 11.03

Indigenous Peoples OD 4.20 None in project areas - verified in RAP InvoluntaryResettlement OD 4.30 SeparateRAP repared Safety of Dams OP 4.37, BP 4.37 N/a

Projects in InternationalWaters OP 7.50, BP 7.50,GP 7.50 N/a

Projects in DisputedAreas OP 7.60,BP 7.60,GP 7.60 N/a World Bank Environmental Assessment Sourcebooks, Volumes 1-3, Technical Papers 139, 140, and 154. * World Bank Environmental Assessment Updates 1-21, to December 1997. World Bank HRWPCP Project Aide Memoirs (dated 23 Nov 98, 06-14 May 99, 26 June 99, 17 Nov 99, 9 May 00, 18 July 00) * SEPA Standard HJ/T 2.1-2.3, 1993, Technical Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment, 1993-09-18 published, 1994-04-01 in effect. * Class B project determination by World Bank

1.8 EA Participants

The Provincial EA for Anhui Province was conducted by the Hefei Design Institute (HDI), under the Ministry of Coal Industry, in Hefei. Overall supervision of the conduct of this work is under the control of the following:

Legal Person: Kang Zhongjia

Technology in Charge: Chen Jingquan, Professor, Senior Engineer

The staff who participated in this EA are shown in Table 1.14.

1-26 August2000 Huai River Water PollutionControl Project EnvironmentalAssessment Report Anhui Province

Table 1.14: Hefei Design Institute EA Staff

Name Item Speciality Title Certification

Chen Jingquan Technologyin Charge Environmental Professor AD Bank, China EPB Assessment Senior Engineer Senior Training Class Certification Chen jinru Project in Charge Environmental Senior Engineer (EIA) 01 167 Assessment Xiao Huashan Project in Charge Environmental Engineer (EIA) 01166 Engineering Analysis Assessment Liu Shishui Surface Water Environment Environmental Senior Engineer (EIA) 01165 Assessment Guo Qixiang AtmosphereEnvironment Environmental Senior Engineer (EIA) 01166 Assessment Ren Jianfeng Total DischargeControl Environmental Engineer (EIA) 01170 EnvironmentalMgmt. Assessment Huang Shuqin EnvironmentalEconomy Environmental Senior Engineer (EIA) 01173 Assessment Yan Detian EnvironmentalNoise Environmental Senior Engineer (EIA) 01169 Public Participation Assessment Shao Ziyan Design Replacement Environmental Senior Engineer (EIA) 01172 In Construction Assessment Jin Yi Solid Waste Disposal Environmental Engineer (EIA) 01168 Resettlement Assessment Zhang Huifen ExistingEnvironmental Situation Environmental Engineer (EIA) 08858 ______A ssessm ent

1.9 EA Organisation

The HRWPCP Consolidated EA contains information regarding the entire Phase I program carried out with funding assistance from the WB, including summary information on the EAs prepared for the individual component projects.

1-27 August2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Anhui Province

Figure 1.1 Location Plan Showing Project Provinces

> uai River Water PollItion Control Project Environmental Assesment Anlhui Proviice

Figure 1.2 AnHui-ShanDong Province Area

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August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project EnvironmentalAssessrnent Anhui Province

Figure 1.3 Project Sub-components and 1995 River Quality in Anhui

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Figure 1.4 Anhui Monitoring Sections

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Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui l'rovince

2 DESCRIPTIONOF THE PROPOSEDPROJECT

2.1 Overviewof Huai River

The mainstream of the Huai River in Anhui province reaches 420 km and the length of the tributaries is 1,580 km. River pollution is mainly organic (BOD, COD, unionised ammonia), with sections in urban reaches being more polluted than rural reaches, and pollution in tributaries is more serious than in the mainstream reaches. The dry season base-flows in the province are at or near zero, which means there is little dilution capability for the variety of point and non-point sources of pollution. The mainstream and tributary reaches are very flat with little dilution capability for much of the year. Environmental resources are minimal and re-aeration and recovery is minimal in most of the basin.

2.2 HRWPCPProject Components

2.2.1 ComponentSummary

The goal, objectives and outputs of the Huai River Water Pollution Control Project (HRWPCP) were discussed in detail in Chapter 1. It is the national goal to have wastewater collection and secondary treatment facilities constructed in all cities within the Huai River Basin, according to the 1996 WPCP. Many of the cities in the basin have already been building wastewater collection and treatment facilities with bilateral assistance or local funds. The HRWPCP is designed to complement the overall basin objectives by supplementing these ongoing efforts in the major cities of the Anhui Province that have not been addressed by other projects. Table 2.1 shows the projects that are proposed for the HRWPCP in Anhui Province:

Table 2.1: HRWPCP- Anhui ProjectComponents

Sewerage Sewerage Sewerage Pump Treatment plant Project Main-pipe Sub-pipe Pumping Mains station (10,000/m3) City (km) (km) (km) Bozhou 56.3 50.0 4 Bi-lateral Huaibei 63.8 35.0 5 Bi-lateral Guoyang 37.3 35.0 1 4 Suzhou 52 22.0 3 Bi-lateral Fuyang 81.7 50.0 3 4 Bi-lateral Bengbu 78.9 60.0 1.6 3 Bi-lateral Huainan 48.6 39.0 2.6 4 Bi-lateral Lu'an 30.1 5 2.4 3 4 Total 448.7 296 9.6 27 8

2-1 August2000 Huai River Water Pollution ControlProject EnvironmentalAssessment Report Anhui Province

2.2.2 Bi-LateralProjects

As indicated in Table 2.1, most of the HRWPCPproject cities are having WwTWs constructed with bi-lateral assistance. EAs for all of these bi-lateral WwTWs have been approved by the Anhui ProvincialEPB. Since thieseprojects were under 200 million RMB limit, the EAs did not need SEPA approval.

HDI has reviewed all these bi-lateral project EAs and incorporatedthe requirementsof these EAs into the consolidatedprovincial EA. The following is a list of the subproject EAs reviewedand incorporatedby HDI: * Anhui ProvinceTechnical ConsultingCenter: "EIA of Huaibei Sewer Network Project matching the WastewaterTreatment Plant" 1999. * Coal Industry Hefei DesignInstitute: "Bengbu Sewer Network" 1999. * Anhui ProvinceTechnical ConsultantCenter: "EIA of HuainanEast Region Phase One SewerNetwork" 1999. - Anhui Province Environment Protection Research Institute: EIA of Fuyang Sewer Network" 1999. - Anhui Province Environment Protection Research Institute: EIA of Bozhou Sewer Network" 1999. * Anhui Province Environment Protection Research Institute: "EIA of Suzhou Sewer Network" 2000. : Environment Technical Development Company of China Environment Science Research Institute "EIA of Luan Sewer Network and Chengbei WastewaterTreatment Plant" 1999. * Anhui Province Environment Protection Research Institute: "EIA of Chengdong WastewaterTreatment Plant and SewerNetwork" 1999. - Anhui Province Technical Consulting Center: "EIA of Huaibei Dinglou Wastewater TreatmentPlant (PhaseOne) " 1998. * Coal Industry Hefei Design Institute: "EIA of Bengbu No.1 Wastewater Treatment Plant" 1999. * EnvironmentAssessment Departmentof Anhui ProvinceTechnical ConsultingCenter: "HuainanWastewater Treatment Plant Phase One Project(100,000m3/d)" 1997. * Anhui Province Environment Protection Research Institute: EIA of Fuyang Yinnan WastewaterTreatment Plant Phase One Project" 1998. * Anhui ProvinceEnvironment Protection Research Institute: EIA of Bozhou Wastewater TreatmentPlant" 1999. * Anhui Province EnvironmentProtection Research Institute: EIA of Suzhou Wastewater TreatmentPlant" 1999.

2-2 August2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

2.3 Project Formulationand Development

2.3.1 Project Inventoriesand Ranking

As described in Clhapter 1, the 3H Action Plan is under review which addresses the overall water quality problems and priority actions for the Hai, Huai and Huang river basins. Provision of wastewater collection and treatment facilities in the cities of the Huai river basin is a priority action item in the Basin Control Plan, and a critical component shown in the 3H Action Plan. The Ninth Five-Year Plan (1996-2000) of Water Pollution Control in the Huai River Basin anticipated that much of the construction of wastewater collection and WwTWs would be completed by the year 2000, but the programme is running behind schedule.

Table 2.2 provides a listing of the cities and overall municipal WwTW needs in the Huai River Basin, as shown in the 3H Action Plan, and the project cities supported by the current HRWPCP in Anhui and Shandong provinces are flagged. This table illustrates the enormous backlog of municipal wastewater treatment needs in the Basin that requires additional funding.

Table 2.2: OverallMunicipal WwTW Needsin Basin

WwTW Capital No. of WwTW Capital No. of WwTW Capital No. of City/Country Cost (RMB WwTWs City/County Cost (RMB WwTWs City/Country Cost (RMB WwTWs million) million) million) _Baofeng 45 I_ Linguan 58 1 Wugang 90 1 Bengbu* 150I Linyi* 154 1 Xiangcheng 191 2 Bozhou* 60 1 Lingying 45 1 Xiaoxian 16 1 Cangshan 60 1 Lu'an** 50 1 Xinmi 18 1 Changgg 65 1 Luohe 114 i Xinyang 70 Chuzhou 80 I Mengcheng 42 1 Xinyang 44.5 2 Dengfen 63 I Mengyin 49 1 Xinyi 7 I Feixian 54 1 Mingguang 60 1 Xinzheng 25.5 1 Fengtai 32 1 Minguan 20 1 Xiping 50 1 Fengxian 10 1 Peizhou 6 1 Xuchang 127 I Feicheng*- 50 i Pingdingshan 228 1 Xuecheng 50 I Fuyang* 80 1 Qufu i1 I Xuzhou 100 2 Gansu 53 1 Rizhao*** 36 1 Yancheng 150 1 Guoyang** 50 1 Shangiu 144 1 Yangzhou 160 I Guanyuanxian 52 1 Shanqui 74 2 Yanzhou 132 1 Guozhenxian 28 1 Sihong 8 1 Yinan 50 I Haian 100 1 Sishui** 50 I Yishui 95 Huaibei* 60 1 Suiping 50 i Yantai 32 2 Huaiyin 45 1 Suqian 53 1 Yuzhou 60 I Huainan* 48 1 Suzhou* 50 1 Zaozhuang 105 1 Heze** I Taihe 34 1 Zhengzhou 640 I Jieshou 70 I Tengzhou 186 1 Zhumadian 170 1 iining 426 1 Tainchang 60 I Zhuokou 100 I Kaifeng 165 i Tongshan 3 1 Zoucheng 97 Lianyunggang 136 2 Woyang 60 I Note: * HRWPCP Project City, Anhui/Shandong Provinces, in 3H Action Plan

** HRWPCP Project City, Anhui/Shandong Provinces, not in 3H Action Plan *8* Rizhao contains Ju County Project Area

2-3 August2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

2.3.2 World Bank Water Resources Principles

Table 2.3 provides an outline of generic principles and ,ssues followed by the World Bank in the development and assessment of water resources needs and projects.

Table 2.3: World Bank Water Resources Management Principles and Issues

Principles Issues Potential Tools

Developmentshall be basedon a sustainable Waterconservation Moderntechnology use of resources. Recyclingand re4se Quality objectives

Water as a social and economicgood with Valueof t Tariffs value consistent with its most valuable Value ofwater Incentives potential use. Subsidies Water management at the lowest Decentralisation Appropriatelevels. Privatesector involvement Institutionalstrengthening Autonomyto institutions Supplydriven development Investmentcapital/planning Governmentsshall play an enablingrole. Demanddriven development Publicawareness Resourceprotection Environmentalstandards Monitoringand enforcement Water managementshall be based on a Conflictresolution Cat simentcommittees holistic approach Cnlc eouinCthetcmite Managementdata and informationsystems

2.3.3 Final Component Selection and EA Categorisation

The HRWPCP was originally formulated as an industrial waste control project, but was re- formulated due to financial problems associated with the industrial pollution control projects. On November 23, 1998 the World Bank provided formal notification to the Huai River projects that they would not proceed with appraisal of the industrial control project, and that the HRWPCP would now be addressing mainly municipal wastewater needs.

The revised HRWPCP project initially covered three provinces, Jiangsu, Anhui and Shandong provinces. However, in September of 1999, Jiangsu Province decided to drop out of the HRWPCP and use other funding sources for the province's wastewater facilities.

On June 26, 1999, the World Bank HRWPCP Coordinating Unit in Beijing informed the provinces that a Category "B" EA would be required, along with a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) and Environmental Management Plan (EMP). Due to the fairly significant resettlement issues, the WB requested during subsequent missions that the EA should be prepared with full detail similar to a Category A project, although based on the environmental issues involved normally a "B" categorisation would have sufficed. The WB also emphasised the following points related to the EA: * Rigorous public disclosure should be carried out; i Significant issues for the EAs included level of WwTW treatment, and the disposal of WwTW sludge and septage;

24 August2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

* EA submitted to the World Bank needs to clearly show that all proposed WwTW, including bilateral and other WwTW for project cities which are outside of the WB project, meet Chinese regulations; * Project component EAs, required by Chinese regulations, would not be required by the World Bank.

Due to internal reviews and the World Bank review mission of March-April 2000 and July 2000, the list of approved project components has been reduced to those shown in this EA. Further reductions could occur after this EA is completed, but this should not affect the conclusions of the report.

2.3.4 OngoingActivities

The 3H Action Plan, as previously described in detail, has recently been completed and the recommendations are currently under review. In addition, DHI is preparing a basin-wide water quality model that should greatly assist in resolving some of the past confusion on overall basin- wide loads and potential water quality improvements associated with project implementation. The proposed improved water quality monitoring program can provide a better basis for evaluation and review, and assist with the formulation of better strategic plans for the basin and stream segments.

The bi-lateral WwTW projects are being implemented to coincide with the sewerage systems being implemented with the HRWPCP.

2.3.5 Future Phasesof HRWPCP

Due to the large backlog of water pollution control needs shown in the 3H Action Plan, it is likely that the HRWPCP will be only the beginning of a long-term investment programme for environmental infrastructure in the Basin. Future phases of the HRWPCP will benefit from the work contained in the 3H Action Plan, the DHI water quality modelling work, the improved water quality monitoring program, and the project preparation work for this project. Some of the priorities that may be considered are the backlog municipal and industrial projects, the TVEs and other rural sources including non-point source pollution, as well as water use management and other methods to improve the low-flow problems in the basin.

2.4 Detailsof Anhui Huai River HRWPCPComponent Projects

Outline details of the main components of the Anhui project components are shown in Table 2.4. Some of the engineering details quoted in the table and repeated below may be expected to change a little in the course of the detailed design. Such changes are not expected to effect this EA but if radical changes occur these will be re-evaluated.

As shown in Chapter 1, Pacific Consultants and the Danish Hydraulic Institute in 1999 estimated the total COD loading in Anhui Province as of 1997 at over 363,000 t/a. Data on year 2000

2-5 August2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province loading is difficult to obtain and verify, but it is likely closer to this 1997 estimate than the WPCP goal for 2000 in Anhui Province of 64,700 t/a. The Phase I HRWPCP WwTWs will remove approximately 7,008 t/a of COD (HDI used ultimate WwTW sizing with removal of 11,498 t/a of COD), while the related bi-lateral WwTWs will remove an additional 48,618 t/a of COD. This total ultimate COD removal of 60,116 t/a can be seen to be a good start in Anhui Province, but far short of the overall WPCP needs in the province.

Table 2.4: Summaryof ProposedAnhui HRWPCP Components

Component Name Project Scale Remarks Bozhou Sewer Network 106.3 km, DN300 - 1600mm, 4 For capacity 80,000tId, pumping stations Bi-Lateral WwTW

Huaibei Sewer Network 98.8 km, DN200 - 1600mm, For capacity 80,000t/d, 5 pumping stations Bi-Lateral WwTW

Guoyang Sewer Network and 72.3 km, DN300 - 1500mm, 1 For capacity 40,000t/d WwTW pumping stations, I WwTW capacity 40,000tld

Suzhou Sewer Network 74.1 km, DN200 - 1500mm, 3 For capacity 80,000t/d, pumping stations Bi-Lateral WwTW

Fuyang Sewer Network 134.7km, DN200 - 1500mm, 4 For capacity I 00,OOOt/d, pumping stations Bi-Lateral WwTW

Bengbu Sewer Network 140.5 km, DN200 - 2000mm, 3 For capacity I 00,000t1d, pumping stations Bi-Lateral WwTW

Huainan Sewer Network 90.2 km, DN200 - 1800mm, 4 For capacity 100,OOOt/d pumping stations Bi-Lateral WwTW

Lu'an Sewer Network, 37.5km, DN300 - 1600mm, 3 For capacity 40,000t/d and WwTW pumping stations, I WwTW

2.4.1 Bozhou

Using national funding sources, a WwTW of 80,000 m3/d is under construction and is due for completion by the end of year 2000. A second phase works is foreseen and an additional WwTW, to the north of the river, in Guobei is anticipated.

The scheme proposed for World Bank funding comprises provision of the sewerage necessary to supply the WwTW, an office building and operational equipment comprising vacuum trucks for septic tank emptying. It will include wastewater drainage in the area south of Guohe River. The collected wastewater will flow into the new WwTW. In short-term (year 2000), the old city will be changed into an intercepted combined system, and all will be a separated system in long-term (year 2001).

In south of Guohe River, the main pipeline will lie in Yaodu Avenue from east to west, conveying the intercepted wastewater to the WwTW in a shortest way. In east of Songtang River, the main pipelines will be distributed in Qiaolin Avenue and Weiwu Avenue from north to south

2-6 August 2000 Huai River Water PollutionControl Project EnvironmentalAssessment Report Anhui Province to carry the wastewater. In west of Songtang River, the main pipelines will be distributed in Gujin Avenue, Mulan Street and Yuanhua Street from north to south. The wastewater will meet at Qianjin Road and cross the Songtang River, then it will be connected to the main pipeline in Weiwu Avenue. The wastewater in south of Yaodu Avenue and west of Songtang River will get together in Yaodu Avenue and go across Songtang River, then meet Yaodu Avenue in the east of the railway. The wastewater in the east and south-east of the city will go through ditches into the main pipeline at the cross of Yaodu Avenue and East Outside Circle Road, then to WwTW.

Figure 2.1 shows the sewerage systems of Bozhou from the HDI EA and Figure 2.2 shows the proposed wastewater facilities in schematic for the World Bank assisted project.

2.4.2 Huaibei

The German Government has recently made funds available for the construction of a WwTW of 80,000 m3/d capacity. The site has been purchased and construction was started at the end of 1998. Tendering for the design and supply of equipment is in progress.

The WwTW site is located in the south where the railway line crosses the Old Sui River. A second phase is planned, which will add a further 40,000 m3/d to the WwTW capacity by the year 20 10.

The scheme proposed for World Bank funding comprises provision of the sewerage necessary to supply the WwTW and operational equipment including vacuum trucks for septic tank emptying. It covers the Xiangcheng District (including the 3 towns of Gaoyue, Qugou and Renwei), and will collect all the residential and part of industrial wastewater to the WwTW.

North of the railway in Xiangcheng is located a built-up district. It is a combined wastewater system with wastewater discharged into Xiangyang Canal by pipelines and ditches. The project will upgrade it to a separate wastewater system, with wastewater intercepted at a time after flowing into Xiangyang Canal in short-term, and intercepted in several parts in the built-up district in long-term. South of the railway in Xiangcheng is a newly-built district, with wastewater drainage separated.

Figure 2.3 shows the sewerage systems of Huaibei from the HDI EA and Figure 2.4 shows the proposed wastewater facilities in schematic for the World Bank assisted project.

2.4.3 Guoyang

The scheme proposed for World Bank funding comprises new sewerage, a 40,000 m3/d WwTW and operational equipment (including vacuum trucks for septic tank emptying). A second phase for the WwTW is anticipated but there are no firm plans as to the timing of this. The service area of this project covers the whole County, conveying the wastewater in south and north of Guoyang to Chengdong WwTW. The Chengdong WwTW will be on the south bank of Guohe River, near Yinzhuang, east of Mazhai Street and south of Zhanqian Road.

2-7 August2000 Huai River Water PollutionControl Project EnvironmentalAssessment Report Anhui Province

Figure 2.5 shows the sewerage systems of Guoyang from the HDI EA and Figure 2.6 shows the proposed wastewater facilities in schematic for the World Bank assisted project.

2.4.4 Suzhou

The proposed scheme comprises new sewerage including both interceptor sewers and wastewater only sewers. All works will be located to serve the established urban areas of Suzhou lying on either side of the Tuo River.

The proposed sewers will intercept flows from existing combined sewers in the older part of the city and also link secondary sewers being constructed in the newer urban areas. Wastewater will then be conveyed to the to the new 80,000 t/d WwTW (being constructed with Norwegian bilateral funding assistance) in the south of the city. Three intermediate pumping stations will be required to lift flows in the sewer system.

The project covers the Old City, Tuobei District, West City, Hexi District, Daodong District and Daoxi District, collecting the residential and industrial wastewater to the Chengnan WwTW. With respect to the practical conditions, the Old City remains the combined system.

Figure 2.7 shows the sewerage systems of Suzhou from the HDI EA and Figure 2.8 shows the proposed wastewater facilities in schematic for the World Bank assisted project.

2.4.5 Fuyang

Under Spanish Government funding a WwTW of 100,000 m3/d is to be built. Construction is scheduled to start in late 1999 and is due for completion by early 2001. A second phase WwTW is foreseen, with a capacity of 100,000 to 150,000 m3/d but the time of construction for this later phase has not yet been finalised. The scheme proposed for World Bank funding provides the sewerage necessary to supply this WwTW and operational equipment including vacuum trucks for septic tank emptying.

The project includes the drainage of Hexi District, Hedong District and Quanbei District. Hexi District will be upgraded to intercepted combined system, with the intercepted wastewater flowing into Fuyang WwTW. This WwTW is located in the south-east of Fuyang, on the lower reaches of the Yinghe River.

Figure 2.9 shows the sewerage systems of Fuyang from the HDI EA and Figure 2.10 shows the proposed wastewater facilities in schematic for the World Bank assisted project.

2.4.6 Bengbu

The proposed scheme comprises new sewerage including both interceptor sewers and wastewater only sewers. All works will be located to serve the established urban areas of Bengbu lying along the right bank of the Huai River.

2-8 August2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

The proposed sewers will intercept flows from existing combined sewers in the older part of the city and also link secondarysewers being constructedin the newer uLrbanareas. Wastewaterwill tlhen be conveyed to the sites of two new treatment works, one at 100,000t/d under construction at Xi Jia Gou (with Spanish bilateral funding assistance) and one proposed for 2005 to 2010 at Yang Tai Zi, to the west and east of the old city, respectively. Tlhreeintermediate pumping stations will be required to lift flows in the sewer system.

Bengbu City wastewater drainage is comprised of west city drainage and east city drainage. The west includes West District sewerage, Xijiagou sewerage, South Chaoyang Road sewerage and Gaoxin District sewerage. A combined system will be used in West District sewerage and Xijiagou sewerage, with intercepting pipelines laid; a separation system will be used in South Chaoyang Road sewerage and Gaoxin District sewerage, with 2 pump stations built. The wastewater collected in West District goes into Xijiagou WwTW.

The east city drainage involves in Qingnian Street sewerage, Jiaotong Road sewerage, Longzihe sewerage and Longhu District sewerage. A separated system will be used in Longhu District; and an intercepted combined system will be used in other sewerage, with 3 pump stations built in Jiaotong Road, Longzihe and Yinghu Road. The wastewater collected in East District will be pumped into Yangtaizi WwTW later, and dumped into the Long Zi River in the short-term.

Figure 2.11 shows the sewerage systems of Bengbu from the HDI EA and Figure 2.12 shows the proposed wastewater facilities in schematic for the World Bank assisted project.

2.4.7 Huainan

The Dutch Government has recently made funds available for the construction of a WwTW of 100,000 m3/d capacity. The site has been purchased and prepared for construction of start at the end of 1999. It is anticipated that the works will be ready for operation by the end of the year 2000. The scheme proposed for World Bank funding provides the sewerage necessary to supply this WwTW and operational equipment including vacuum trucks for septic tank emptying.

The project is to build the West Huainan drainage. The collected wastewater will flow into the Huainan WwTW. A combined system is now used in East Huainan. Rainfall and sewage is discharged into the Huai River through 7 flood ditches from south to north. The short-term project is to lay intercepting pipelines along Hubin Road and the 7 flood ditches, and build 5 pump stations. The long-term project is to transform the other parts to a separated system and improve the drainage, except the old city of Tianjiaan remains a combined system.

Figure 2.13 shows the sewerage systems of Huainan from the HDI EA and Figure 2.14 shows the proposed wastewater facilities in schematic for the World Bank assisted project.

2-9 August2000 Huai River Water PollutionControl Project EnvironmentalAssessment Report Anhui Province

2.4.8 Lu'an

The proposed scheme comprises new sewerage including both interceptor sewers and wastewater only sewers. All works will be located to serve the established urban areas of Lu'an lying along the right bank of the Pi River.

The proposed sewers will intercept flows from existing combined sewers in the older part of the city and also link secondary sewers being constructed in the newer urban areas. Wastewater will then be conveyed to the to the new WwTW in the north-east of the city. Three intermediate pumping stations will be required to lift flows in the sewer system.

Current Luan City wastewater drainage is divided into Chengnan, Chengdong and Changzhong. Chengnan and Chengdong will use a separated system; an intercepted combined system will be used in the Old City of Chengzhong and the rest also a separated system. The wastewater in Chengnan and Chengzhong flows into Chengbei WwTW, and that of Chengdong into Chengdong WwTW. Luan Chengbei WwTW is planned at the Northern part of the City, north of the Electrical Machinery Plant and east of Jiefang Road.

Figure 2.15 shows the sewerage systems of Lu'an from the HDI EA and Figure 2.16 shows the proposed wastewater facilities in schematic for the World Bank assisted project.

2.4.9 Anhui MonitoringCenter

This component aims to improve the capacity of Provincial and municipal EPBs in Anhui to carry out effective monitoring of water quality in the Huai River and major tributaries in Anhui.

The water quality monitoring and improving project will involve survey and analysis of the existing ability of water quality monitoring, the necessary on-the-spot sampling and analysis instruments for the sections, point sources and monitoring posts, a modern analysis lab in Anhui Environmental Monitoring Center, and a computer network to transmit data in time and share information.

The water quality monitoring and improving project involves the following tasks: * To investigate the existing water quality monitoring capability of the Anhui Monitoring Center and define future monitoring objectives and tasks; * To establish a modem environmental analysis lab in the Anhui Monitoring Center. * To provide necessary monitoring and power supply equipment to the 7 municipal environmental monitoring stations at the monitoring sections and sites. * To develop a computer network to transmit data and share information. * To train staff of EPBs.

2-10 August2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

This component involves the refurbishment of existing laboratory or monitoring structures and provision of additional monitoring or analytical equipment and training. As such, implementation of this component will not have significant environmental impact and hence it is not discussed in detail in subsequent chapters of this EA. During the operational phase it is hoped that this component will have a significant positive environmental impact through improved monitoring and hence, improved decision making, for future environmental improvement planning. It will also be helpful in the mitigation monitoring program outlined in this EA.

2.4.10 Technical Assistance

New municipal wastewater companies are being set up under the project to operate the sewerage and wastewater treatment facilities being provided under the project and any existing systems as appropriate. The World Bank is supporting the development of a needs-orientated institutional strengthening and training (IST) program comprising a training schedule, equipment purchase and Technical Assistance support to the new wastewater companies and the EPB (under the Anhui Monitoring Centers component) to encourage sustainable growth.

2.5 Cost Estimates for ProposedProjects

2.5.1 General

Project cost estimates were prepared by the AC for all HRWPCP projects in accordance with World Bank requirements. The cost estimates have been based on the feasibility studies prepared by DHV and local specialists with subsequent clarifications and minor amendments as necessary. Where available, preliminary design documents prepared by the local design institutes have also been used. This costing exercise serves to verify the cost estimates prepared by the local design institutes and provides the basis of the subsequent financial and economic analysis of the viability of the scheme and the size of the World Bank loan that will be needed.

Cost estimates for the proposed scheme have been determined by the AC using the following data:

* unit rates for common elements of civil works derived specifically for this project; * empirical cost functions for treatment works, previously used on other World Bank projects in China and calibrated for use on this project; and * Chinese assessments of the costs of land acquisition, resettlement and compensation checked by the design consultants.

2.5.2 Capital Costs

Cost estimates are the subject of continuous updating and the data included here is that presented for Pre-appraisal and some modification are to be expected.

2-1 1 August2000 Hluai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

A summary of the capital costs for the proposed schemes is shown in Table 2.5. Power connection and land and resettlement costs are based on rates provided by the design institutes (DI) and extent of the works identified in the preliminary design documents.

The capital costs exclude any customs duties and taxes on1items expected to be imported directly for the project. The Chinese Government made significant changes to the levels of such duties and taxes at the end of 1997 and the revised rates have been used in this estimate.

Table 2.5: Cost Estimatesfor HRWPCPWastewater Schemes

Project Sewerage Sewerage Sewerage PS, Pump Treatment plant Cost City Main-pipe Sub-pipe Pumping station (10,000/m3) (RMB Million) (______kin) (km) Mains (#, kn) (#) Bozhou 56.3 50.0 4 Bi-lateral 135.06 Huaibei 63.8 35.0 5 Bi-lateral 156.42 Guoyang 37.3 35.0 1 4 157.13 Suzhou 52 22.0 3 Bi-lateral 104.34 Fuyang 81.7 50.0 3 4 Bi-lateral 193.26 Bengbu 78.9 60.0 1.6 3 Bi-lateral 176.62 Huainan 48.6 39 0 2.6 4 Bi-lateral 138.56 Lu'an 30.1 5 2.4 3 4 163.7 Total 448.7 296 9.6 27 8 1225.09

2.5.3 Operating Costs

Projected operating costs for HRWPCP projects have been prepared and can be found in the individual feasibility study reports (issued February 2000). Civil and M&E maintenance costs were based on percentages of the base costs for constructing the works. Power, chemical and sludge transport costs were based on the predicted performance of the works as determined for the preliminary design. Staffing costs were based on those advised by the PIUs.

2.5.4 Financeand Economics

Detailed economic and financial evaluations of the proposed projects were conducted. The following provides a summary of the conclusions of these evaluations: * The AC has undertaken a financial and economic analysis in real terms 2000 prices at the sub-component level, using a discounted cash flow approach (completely separate from all other wastewater developments in the municipality) to determine inter sub- component comparisons of costs, capacities, AICs etc. using cost and benefit streams specifically associated with the World Bank funded sub-component. The projects have been found to be economically and financially viable.

2-12 August2000 Fluai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

a A second financial analysis at the utility or enterprise level, in nominal terms and including the value of any existing assets, their depreciation and operating costs (which will be transferred to the new wastewater enterprise or division) has also been uLndertaken. The purpose of this analysis is to model the performance of the enterprise so as to determine the tariff level required to meet its objectives and to meet all debt service requirements. The affordability of the required tariff from the domestic and other customer point of view has also been assessed.

2.5.5 InstitutionalIssues

The World Bank has asked the project cities to prepare individual Institutional Development Plans (IDP) and Action Plans (AP) showing the practical steps to be taken to establish self- financing and sustainable wastewater utility companies. In addition, the Provincial PMO and the municipal PIUs have been requested to prepare similar documents for the institutional arrangements during project implementation. These are being prepared with the assistance of the AC.

The documents are based on the World Bank requirements for IDP/APs and Individual IDP/APs will be prepared as draft stand-alone documents, which will evolve as the project cycle progresses. Specific responsibility for regular updating of each document will be identified in the AP.

The draft IDP will detail the arrangements and details presently known, and the draft AP will give timeframes for the finalisation of outstanding information. In particular, the timeframes for the legal establishment of the companies, the human resource requirements, the training needs assessment and for the terms of reference for TA commissions will be identified.

2.6 Implementation Schedule

An overall Phase I HRWPCP implementation program is shown in Table 2.6, based on the timetable for appraisal in late 2000. Individual component implementation programmes can be found in the sub-component PIPs and PPP.

2-13 August 2000 Huai River Water PollutionControl Project EnvironmentalAssessment Report Anhui Province

Table 2.6: HRWPCPImplementation Programme

Activi Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Final design and bid document preparation

Pre-qualification (NCB contracts only)

Bidding and Award process

Construction and commissioning -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Commence operation (all WwTW)

Technical assistance (supervision, studies and training) - -

2-14 August2000 luai River Water PollutionControl Project EnvironmentalAssessment Anhui Province

Figure 2.1 Sewer Systems in Bozhou

a . . -' 'i ' Ii'''4t

/ IIt-ost1

Fj|. ; 'j*--~ X | 0

~~~i PuSaon. GuoRiver A .N WwTW~~Y

II~~~~~~~~~~~~~%~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~%.

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t~~~ * r L, M.~~~~~~~~~~~~~. L~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.. ~ HluaiRiver Water PollutionControl Project EnvironmentalAssessment AniluiProvince

Figure 2.2 Bozhou Wastewater Project - Schematic

/ . ,. KEY

Urban Area ProposedNr t LiftPurnping'Station itngi-u PhaseTCdapacity :l50dts j f Railway WwTW Project WwTW

i / \3Ri.e Pumps 2rHedu± :=1ndbi m ._ / ,XeRiv,e-N/'\g: Pum,ps-2du:t,y, 1 standby. . i? <'/ WwTW Built by

/ Others (now/future) S \ ? Guo Rivr {}< PS : 0, "Ps' Project PS PS Built by Others (now or future) Project Interceptor/ Main Sewer River - - - Stream/Channel . : _ - : :Bridge Note: Only principal

- ::: :-, g , IV S :0:: ; i ' proposed sewers shown

ProposWd.Nr2 U nPuminrgStati' Phine t Capa ' Z I s: :

Punps:I (dupy.Vstandby I _|______.___

Ch:t CanaTI:-ia A-; _i ;: 4 , 01i7; ;; #; #; #;;;; #; ;;##;:;+ PraposgdNr31LiftPurping Station CMhrJiv-a:CanaT" 3 0fS| -0 | 00::i: : ;:.;4 :--i1ff:::-:PhascTh4 I Capaity= 450il)s ProposedNr4Lit PumpingStattonii f mps-d[tI stsndby Phase tCaP.aC1Ey,ttA I/ at esig Eead.. . lrsi -Nrl WwTW 3 Pumps Lduty; I stanidby . t g -; : Phatse I.Papacty (200t) = 80,000 nm/d -iunderconstruction)

LogFang.~ ChanneI .{1hengNew SongTaInu t He RivewN

:S t;;; :f-~~ B. .z ...... :S;: fS :.:; : ;:. :3 (1998 urbai: pop. was ,241 00. Existmig combined sewer system, approx. 154 km long, comprises pipes and ditches discharging 1) 106.3 km of new Concrete and PVC sewers untretedtoriversystm) ffluet i comprising 56.3 km of interceptor and main sewers, untreated effluent to river system) DN 300 to DN1600, and 50 km of secondary sewers with diameters less than DN 300; 2) Four intermediate pumping stations;

tt...; = ;'- , f HLuaiRiver Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Anhui Province Figure 2.3 Sewer Systems in Huaibei

Dai River

I |I Pump Station

NewSui River

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n~~~~~~~' ' <1 Ij I" 1d

Pum station,.} ; .ui Si I i f wN~~~lI._fj K. -I *f

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-* i - ii \&wTvV'. . 41 P p Stltions ,fj~~~~~ " jj I.

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*A I il 7 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Anhui Province

N Figure 2.4 ,- Huaibei Wastewater Project /i.." \0 aZi,.\ - Schematic

Dai River\

/ : } t 1 Railway

/Huaibei City ProposedNr 2 -J ~~~~~~~~~~~~LiftPumpingStation New Sui River (1998 urban pop. was 250,650. Phase I Capacity= 120 I/s Existing combined sewer system * Design Head = 10 m / Existing =I duty,I standby comprisespipes and ditches) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Pumps

I f-;: d '00 dff 0\, ffA0'!\.;D 0 f: ,X' S- 0 0f

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\S.00 !E;\5::9002 ';; 0 t -i 0 0 0 0 t:00 -: aPIDpose,,.d.,:NrLift.Pumping Station / baseCapaetty= I/s /

j.unps : dutv I standby /

ProposedNr 3 I ____Design Head tO10m Lift PumpingStation j-1 Pumps 2 duty, 1 standby PhaseI Capacity= 320 I/sN .. / DesignHead' 1COm J N Pumps=2 duty, I standby \ L P in to ld Sui RiverN Pas P Capacitytoo I/s 00 KEY Pr oposedNead _O = m ,,p--. Pess;psi~duty, I standby . Urban Area

I :;: . . W Project WwTW Nr I WwTW (DingLou) A WwTW - by Others 3 Phase I capacity (2001) = 80,000 m /d . - W (now/future) (underconstruction) r. /PS :; |Project PS PS Built by Others Scheme Proposed for WB Fndin PS\ (now or future) 1) 98.8 km of new PVC and concrete sewers ( Project Interceptor! comprises 63.8 km of interceptor and main - InS er sewers, DN 400 to DN 1600, and 35 km of Main Sewer secondary sewers with diameters of DN 300 - - Sewer not included or smaller; - River 2) 5 Nr intermediate pumping stations - Stream/Channel Note: Only principal proposed sewers shown . Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Anhui Province

Figure 2.5 Sewer Systems in Guoyang

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jj= i / ,--_i .s~. I .' _, > -- - 0G iver

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.i' I' -I.\W Huai River Water Pollution Control Project EnvironmentalAssessment Anhui Province

Figure 2.6 N Guoyang Wastewater Project - Schematic

Wu Jia River :: iity

(1998 urban pop.' was :107,940. Existimg ..combined: sewersystm approxp 44 km-long, compqses i.s and ditches) i

GuoRiver 0t t000t000;0;:-10

re _= \'mp000 0 :0:s;t Railway

KEY

UrbanArea ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ProposedNr I WwTWV

Project WwTW . Pos r- Phase Capacity(2003) = 4 m:/: PhaseIC~pacity>740lts .: *.; Coprises preliminarytreatment (tine WwTW Built by DesignHead= torn f -sennd grit removal),biological WwTW -secondaryV Pumps= 2 duty,I standby treatment(conventional Others (now/future) f oxidationditch process with settlement tanks),gravity sludge thickening and ~~~ Project PS ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~sludge dewateringusing belt presses.

/. PS Built by Others ______'S (now or future) SchemeProposed for WB Funding Project Interceptor/ Main 1) 72.3 km of new concrete or PVC sewers

Sewer -:comprising 37.3 km of interceptor and main sewers,

- - uExistingsewers DN 300 to DNI 500, and 35 km of secondary sewers River with diameters DN 300 or less; St0-:UrbanAream hn 1 - i0Ti;/i;|00Tif ;02) One intermediate pumping station; ProjectWwTW Briwsed Netaii-cnt : 1 iiPuntg:New :3) 40,000 M3/d WwTW (Phase i).

Note: Only principal proposed - sd d usin b presse sewers show ..(noworutes\ - Environmental Assessment IlLiai River Water Pollution Control Project Anhui Province

Figure 2.7 Sewer Systems in Suzhou

Pump Station J is Tuot River--QA

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- .. . _ _-- -4 _. . l ' ~~~~~~~~Pmpta io\,t i if 9 |sX ¢ i=- FL-I____

1,;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Bi LATERALw l Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Anhui Province N , Suzhou Figure 2.8 . ' Suzhou Wastewater Project - Schematic Railway Xian Bian River

I~~~ :XiaoHdn:g.River Il Suzhou City TuoRiver I (1998 urban pop. was 272,670. Existing I.ui:ai: :~ !PS\ ;0 t :f: f : ,combined system, approx. 92km long R ;--ingCan - al:;:- -.i--- ' I comprises pipes and ditches.) ProposedP3p Nr$ : Ltft -tat :P6oposen:2-PS

arYaiaanCWnal ui. by

WwTW Othe\TuoRiver

t j;: 0f 0;; 0 t;:: 00007X; Phze-iiCapacit/yPhase-Capacity= 425 I/ : ..;; . i. ri .000: t- .... -....-.- :-:0 00Desiga"N 10M~P'~- 00t:i0X00007 d: 0;tT; -f Deig Had= Or

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l ! ii 004A ~~~~UrbanArea ProposddN~ ift~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~g ~ ~~~~Nr ~I WwTWV~ ~ ~ ~~~~~Po... etInecetr Phais'e~~ ~ ~ IPhase ~Icapacity (2001)~ = 80,000~ m31d PoetWT~ MinSee YunLin aal w-w (underconstructin YunLiangCanal/WwTW> [ / WwTW Built by: I / ~ ~~~~~Note:sOnlOthers (now/future) Cpricipal45 /

Scheme Prooosed forW3udn Project PS - 1 1) 74.1 ktn of new PVC and concrete sewers A PSBuilt by Others j comprises 52.1 km of interceptor and main W/S |sewers, DN 300 to DN 1500, and 22 km of g/ X(o rftr) :: Isecondary sewers with diameters of DN 300 Project Interceptor/ or smaller; Mai See 2) 3 Nr intermediate pumping stations. Sewer by others # _ _ ~~~~~~~River/Strean/Channel.

Note: Only principal . proposed sewers shown s. Huai River Water PollutionControl Project Environmental Assessment Anhui Province

Figure 2.9 Sewer Systems in Fuyang

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Qua n River~

p p Station~ ~

P Station J~~~~

Pum~~~~~~~~~~~

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/~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Yn Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Anhui Province

Figure 2.10 Fuvang Wastewater Project FuyangCity N - Schematic (1998 urban pop.428,000. Existing combined sewer system comprises pipes and ditches)

Yihg River

ProposedNr 4 Pu n rpgStation : :-0:0i0 ;\\0000 t4QuanIieQiaoPS) 75 Phase; Capacty =250 I/st . esign t-ead~ l l in Pumps Idiity. Ista- P0utai R:od PS^j:0\ :f ;-i05lm

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pan bf7Phs 2cpait'2Q.QQ20 0 m/

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Schieme Proposed for WB Fundine ? KEY I1) t31.7 km of new PVC and concrete W-I~ sewers comprises 81.7 km of interceptor and g Project WwTW Urban Area main sewers, DN 400 to DN 1500, and 50 5.i WwTW Built by _ Project interceptor/ km of secondarysewers with diameters ofWwW Ohr(n /fte)miswr DN 300 or smaller;5 DN300 or smaller, > ~~~~~~~~~~Others(now/future) main sewer 2) 4 Nr intermediate pumping stations; r . - Project pumping main /P\ Project PS 3) 3.0 km of pumping main, DN600 to River DN900. PS Built by Others (now or future) Note: Only principal proposed sewers shown HluaiRiver Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Anhuli Province

Figure 2.11 Sewer Systems in Bengbu

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|- Q tt 0 y000t-;i;0 0;T$0PS t | \ i; $ 0;: t \Lo~~ng ZiRiver / f

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Proposed Yang Tai Zi WwTW BaG Li otereptor SIn F. P-AW apcty(00)10,00m/ Ba /:;PhaseLi Go 2 Capacity(2015) 200,000m 3/d

1 St|ea /dS PPhasee2apapaiy(2001)110,000m 2

-apIfy-V ~ ~ t ~ ~ ~ PtstICaictytl / J Phase24~aety (2010)"2000 mot,:3dEi:t Proposed t'J2::LiftPumpingaStasuon; t00

-ProposedNr 3*Li Pumpingl ; 0 Q Pumps I4uty. -1 5 idh . ... : i; t0:0 . P;6 posed Nr I Lift PLi ping Station f S; CPhasem,[pa:ty '420IIs ase Capacity;-0:Ejsa 1000 I/s 40 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~DesignHead 20 m a-Gong Pumps 2 duty, standyi

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Scheme Proposed for WB Funding< 1) 138.9km of new PVC and concrete sewers comprises 78.9 km of interceptor and main sewers, DN 300 to DN 2000, and 60 Bengbu City km of secondary sewers with diameters of 1.' (1998 urban pop. was 540,000. Existing combined sewer e DN 300 or smaller; ... system, approx. 163 km long, comprises pipes and 2) 3 Nr intermediate pumping stations; :X. ditches, discharging untreated effluent to Huai River) . 3) 1.61 km of DN 800 pumping main. ¢ -R Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Anhui Province

Figure 2.13 Sewer Systems in Huainan

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-- V X ' _ '1/' 14, < II. Huainan City (1998 urban pop. 404,900. Existing combined sewer/ _ ~~~~~~~system,approx. 260 km long, comprises pipcs a d n / ttches, discharging t~~~~~~~o Huai Rivr / ;;

N -/Nr I WwTW;i:0 Huai Rlver Phase ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I capacity (2001: I 1Q0003m3dc ~0 ! / ' _ 0000 0 ; -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- (unldercensrsruction) ;. WwTW 0 Proposed Nr I Lift Pumping Station , Phase I Capacity=240 /s 7: ProposedNr3Lit PunpingStatio/n Design I-lead = 1Omr S : pha a::apcity=232 I/s .o Pumps= 2 duty, I standby: Design Head'- ni:s

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Proposed Nr 2 Lift Pumping Station Phase I Capacity= 26.0 Design I-lead= 1 Au Pumps 2 dII1 I1Mfaiioy p 'j0fi;0AE.:lEi:...... ::; 0TV!j:X-:ij4t LEifiSfS2f-;

P1roposedNre 4Lift Puimping Station * - - - ~~PhdseI C'apaity =1251/s :Desigiead= 20 m Pt,umps 2duty, I standby

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______WwTW/ Project WwTW Urban Area SchiemeProposed for WB Fundin2i.g WwTW Built by Project Initerceptor 1) 87.6 km of new PVC and concrete gravity sewers WwTW Others (now/futuire) Sewer comprises 48.6 km of interceptor sewers, DN 400 to : P DN ,-: - -, _Project puiilpina m-nain ° 1800, and 39 km of secondary sewers with -'PS Project PS River diameters of DN 300 or smaller; River 2) 4 Nr intermediate pumping stations; PS Built by Others Stream/Channel ' 3) 2.6 km of DN 400 pumping main. Y . (now or future) Note: Only principal proposed sewers shown f D _ _-m ______. _ . ._ . _ .,_ _, __ :.. : ::, ..... : .- 1'77 -:777-.,i ,,.:., _ __ _ ..._.,.___._ __~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~e I-luai River Water Pollution Control Project EnvironmentalAssessment Anhui Province

Figure 2.15 Sewer Systems in Lu'An

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Xyr>2[;So xJ) L1//(4 ro lHuai 4 Rive T'o Pi River l >\ ~~~~~~~~Canal River M' INpN ProposedNr I WwTW Lu'n Cit3 ZPhase 3 Lu'an City I Capacity(2003) = 40,000m /d . I < Comprisespreliminary treatment (1998 urban pop. was 217,000. Existing (fine WwTWX *S0sen5 ndgritrNemoval), ioogical combined sewer system, approx. 145 km Iecondaichtreatmentw(conventional long, - comprises pipes and ditches.) Pi River tfinks),xldeainich l sludgethickening t. andMstidgitadewatering.

/ I 71i:iV0:/Stt ; SX ,- sI o ProposedNr I L.iftPumping Station / ...., d PhaseI DutyCapacity = 208 I/s DesignHead =7.5in /D Pumps-2 duty, 2 standby / / :: 'PS :s E1s / / - ff-44 S d~~~~~~~~jPdM

Proposed Nr:2(South City) - Pumpi -gs on ;A PhaseI DutyCiiapaity,: 2?24If PS / /P Design iead=29-m Pumps= 2 duty, I standby

Pi Main_ KEY ______- - Scheme ~~~~~ ~ ~~~~Canal Proposed for WB Fundin CWwTW P Project WwTW Urban Area 1) 34.9 km of new gravity sewers comprises 29.9 km of interceptor and main sewers, DN 300 :WPc to DN Wv> WtW But bointerceptor 1800, and 5 km of secondary sewers with diameters Others (niow/future) main sewer of DN 300 or smaller; P Project PS - -- Poject pumping main 2) 2.4 km of pumping main, DN 300 to DN 600; > River 3) 3 Nr intermediate pumping stations; c> ,, PS Built by Others 4) One wastewater treatment works with capacity of 3 PA'(now or future) 40,000 m /d. _ Note: Only principal proposed sewers shownG Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Anhui Province

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Plate 1: Bengbu - Collapsed sewer downstream of chemical factory discharging pollution near Ba Li Gou stream

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Plate 2: Sewer to be laid along the bank of the Long Zi Lake (Bengbu sub-project). The river bank will be improved at the same time.

AuIgust2000

Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Anhui Province

Plate 3: Route of interceptor (Bengbu sub-project) and wall of the WwTW site currently under conistruction. Interceptoi is located along road and does not impact permanently on1any privately used land

Plate 4: Bozhou - Urban watercourse receiving wastewater discharge from outfall in foreground

ALugUst2000

Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Anhui Province

Plate 5: Bozhou - Guo River at Bozhou showing fish farming

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Plate 6: Proposed site of Guoyang WwTW

August 2000

Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Anhui Province

Plate 7: Huaibei - Open channel sewer to be replaced by piped sewer.

Plate 8: Huaibei - Polluted stream near proposed Pumping Nr. 5

August 2000

Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Anhui Province

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Plate 9: Huainan-Polluted stream to be intercepted.

Plate 10: Huainan - Polluted pond streamb

August 2000

Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Anhui Province

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Plate 11: Huainani - Sewer under construction

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Plate 12: Site of Lu'ai WwTWe land affected is used for agricultural purposes and no houses will require relocationi.

AUguIst2000

Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Anhui Province

Plate 13: Suzl-iou-Collecting washinlgwater from POIllutedRin]g Canal

Plate 14: SuzhoLu- Abattoir outfall to stream nlear proposed puIMP station Nr. 3, Outfall will1be jintercepted,

AuPst 2000

Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Anhui Province

Plate 15: Outfall dischiarginigto Ring Canial

ALugust2000

Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

3 DESCRIPTIONOF THE ENVIRONMENT(PROVINCIAL OVERVIEW)

3.1 PhysicalEnvironment

3.1.1 Geology

There was little information available on the geological conditions of the project cities but the following information was received for Lu'an: * Located at edge of Huaiyin Structure and east of Huaiyin Backbone * City is inclined to the north side, oblique angle 100 - 15° Terrain slopes gently from west to the east * In the north-west of the city, subsurface is river alluvium and sand * In the south-east of the city, subsurface is limestone and sandy loam * Bearing capacity of the surface soil is normally 1.5-2.0 kg/cm2

a The basic earthquake intensity is level 6.

3.1.2 Topography

The Huai River Basin is mainly made up of plain, occupying 58.4 % of the area of the basin, while hills occupy 34.5 % and lakes and depressions occupy 7.1 %. All of the northern part of Huai River in Anhui and a 10-60 km wide belt south of Huai River are plain with few hills and tablelands. In the south of the plain and the north of Dabaiban-Siqiao-Huagang-Shuanggang- Huangji-Laian line, the terrain is largely composed of hills and platforms, with hills in the east and platforms in the west. In the other parts of Anhui Huai River Basin, the terrain is hilly area, with medium mountains in the core and low mountains and hills in various locations. The following sections relate the proposed project areas:

Bozhou:

The area of Bozhou can be characterized as relatively flat. The northern area is slightly higher than the southern area. Bozhou is situated in the plain. The terrain is gently inclined to the south. The height of the north of Guo River is over 38 m and the south 36-38 m. The overall elevation is approximately 36 to 38 m above sea level. The project area is the urban area on both riverbanks, including those areas earmarked as future urban area and any industrial area in the city or the immediate vicinity. The project sewerage is concentrated on the town area on the right riverbank, the Guonan area.

3-1 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

Huaibei:

Huaibei belongs to part of the plain, gently inclined to south-east with 1/10000 slope. There is a small hilly area in the city with a height of 220 m (Huang Sea system). Most of the city ranges iii elevation between 20 and 40m above sea level. A railway line ritns from Hefei-Bengbu runs almost from south to north, and bends north-eastern in front of some hills. The urban areas of the city are mainly squeezed between the railway line and the hills.

Guoyang:

The city of Guoyang is located in the north-west of the Anhui Province, astride the Guo River, an important tributary of the Huai River. At this location, the river flows west-east. The largest part of the city is located on the south bank, while small urbanl areas are located on the north bank. The project area is the urban area on the south riverbank, including those earmarked as future urban area and any industrial area in the city or the immediate vicinity.

Guoyang is in the middle of the plain. The terrain is smooth and gently inclined to south-east with a 1/10000 slope and a height of 30.0-32.5 m. The Guo River flows through the planned district and divides the city into two districts, Guonan and Guobei. HDI have verified the elevation of the Guo River dyke at 34.5m, which protects the city and the WwTW to the 50-year flood level.

Suzhou:

The town of Suzhou is located in the north-west of the Anhui Province. The main part of the town is located on the right bank of the Tuo River. The old city is encircled by the old moat that is part of the Sam Ba Canal and discharges into the Yun Liang Canal. The project area is the urban area on both riverbanks, including those areas earmarked as future urban area and any industrial area in the city or the immediate vicinity.

The terrain of Suzhou is smooth and low in the south-east with a 1/1000 slope and an altitude of 26-29 m. The water system is abundant in the city and connected with Kuai River, Tuo River and Xinbian River.

Fuyang:

The municipality of Fuyang is located at the confluence of the Quan river and the Ying (often referred to as Shaying) river in the north-western part of Anhui province. The project area is the urban area on both riverbanks, including those earmarked as future urban area and any industrial area in the city or the immediate vicinity. Fuyang lies in the south of the plain. The terrain is even and wide, inclined to south-east with a 1/8000 slope and an elevation of 17.5-42.5 m.

3-2 August2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

Bengbu:

Bengbu is in the middle of Huai River. The north area of Huai River is alluvial flatlands and smooth. The south area of Huai River is the edge of hills and undulating. The old districts and the planned district are on the south bank of Huai River, in the service area of the drainage project. The terrain is high in the south and low in the north, with the altitude of 17.5-24 m.

Huainan:

The city of Huainan is located in the central part of Anhui Province, approximately 200 km north of Hefei. It is divided into five districts and one county. Four of the districts are located south of the Huai river, while the last district is located north of the Huai river. The project area is the main residential area in the eastern districts Tian Jia An and Da Tong.

The terrain of Huainan is complicated, with hills, mounds, flatlands and lakes. The landforn can be divided into hills and plain. Hills are in the south of Huai River and the plain is in the north of Huai River. Mt. Shangyao, Mt. Shungen and Mt. Bagong forms a curve in the city with a height of 150-200 m.

Lu'an:

The town of Lu'an is located in the west of the Anhui province, aside the Old Pihe river. The old Pihe river is a main tributary of the Huai river, and flows to the north at this point. The city is divided by the Pihe Main canal, which enters the city in the south and bends to the east toward Hefei. The old downtown is located between the right bank of the old Pihe River and the Pihe Main canal. Recent extensions are located east of the Pihe Main canal. The project area is the urban area along the old Pihe River and Pihe Main canal, including those areas earmarked as future urban area and any industrial area in the city or the immediate vicinity.

Luan is at the north foot of Mt. Dabie. As a result of the extension of the chain, the terrain is high in the south-east and low in the north-west. The south and east of the city are complicated erosion hills. The highest altitude is 104.3 m and the lowest 35.0 m. Pi River is to the west of Luan and Pihe Canal goes through the city from south to north.

The WwTW is located at elevation 36.2m. There is a flood protection dike along the river with elevation at 41.0m, and the relevant 50-year return flood elevation is 40.5. As such, the WwTW is protected from flooding to greater than the 50-year return period. The WwTW will be equipped with effluent pumping to allow discharge during high river flows at the dike, and to discharge by gravity during low river flows.

3-3 August2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environrnental Assessment Report Anhui Province

3.1.3 Soils

Soil stability is reported by HDI to be good for the WwTW construction in Lu'an and Guoyang and generally the soil is erosion resistant, and not causing problems in the surface waters of the province. Additional information is shown in Section 3.1.1 on1geology.

3.1.4 Climate and meteorology

The Huai River basin is in the transition between the south and north climate of China. The north of Anhui Huai River belongs to warm temperate zone with semi-humid seasonal wind; the south belongs to north subtropical zone with humid seasonal wind. The climate characters are typical seasonal winds, distinct seasons, warm climate, proper rainfalls, changeable spring, clear autumn, steady spring rains and strong monsoon rainstorms.

In the Huai river basin, rainfall is not evenly distributed in time and place. The yearly average rainfall is 600-1400 mm and average evaporating volume is 1211 mm, which in general is high in the south, along the sea and in the mountains, and low in the north, inland and in the plain. The average rainfall is 947.6 mm, 60 % in July to September the flood season. Moreover, the yearly rainfall varies 2-6 times from maximum to minimum. Table 3.1 provides a summary of climatic conditions in the HRWPCP project cities.

Table 3.1: MeteorologicalSummary, HRWPCP ProjectCities

Name of Annual Maximum Minimum Annual Annual Annual Non-frost Annual Annual City Average Temperature Temperature Average Average Sunshine Period Windward Average Temperature Precipitation Humidity Hours wind speed ('C) (IC) (IC) (mm) (%) (h) (d) (m/s) Huaibei 14.5 41.0 -23.0 847.3 71 2267.2 202 NE 1.9 Bengbu 15.2 44.5 -19.4 901.0 71 2031 220 ENE 2.7 Huainan 15.3 41.2 -22.2 926.4 71 2279.2 225 SE 2.9 Fuyang 14.9 41.4 -20.4 907.6 73 2292 216 E 2.7 Bozhou 14.5 42.1 -20.6 811.2 71 2507.6 209 SE 2.7 Suzhou 14.4 40.3 -23.4 891.0 71 2365.2 210 NE 2.4 Lu'an 15.5 41.0 -18.9 1089.4 79 2225.6 220 SE 2.7 Guoyang 14.6 41.2 -24.0 813.9 73 2337 214 SE 3.1

A similar rainfall pattern is experienced for all project cities with the wet season occurring in July, August and September and the dry season from October to June. The dry season river flows are highly correlated to the rainfall patterns, with flows approaching or at zero during the dry season. Since there are thousands of control structures in the basin, the concentration of pollutants during the dry season and release during the wet season has been serious.

3.1.5 Air Quality

The ambient air quality is generally better in HRWPCP cities than Chinese large urban areas with some variation due to topography and pollutant source mix, but air quality can still be characterised as intermittently poor. Relative to the Class II standard of GB3095-1996, TSP,

3-4 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

NOx and S02 are the main pollutants of concern and standards are exceeded for varying parts of the year.

There is some concern that these conditions will cause problems related to odour from the proposed HRWPCP WwTWs, especially since some existing WwTWs in Chlina have experienced severe odour problems, usually due to inadequate O&M. This odour potential is more fully discussed in the impacts and mitigation section. It is expected that proper design and operation of the WwTWs will greatly reduce odour problems. There are few residences or sensitive receptors in the project areas and appropriate mitigation measures are proposed.

3.1.6 Noise

All major urban areas in the province have locations that exceed ambient noise standards. Monitoring of ambient noise levels has been conducted at the proposed project sites, especially pump stations and WwTWs, and used in detailed noise modelling by the design institute. Details of this modelling and recommended mitigation measures can be found in Chapters 5 and 7.

3.1.7 Surface and GroundwaterHydrology

The Huai River is one of the five major river systems in China. It originates from Mt.Tongbo in Tongbo County, Henan Province. It flows through Henan, Anhui and Jiangsu from west to east. In history, Huai River flowed into the sea. In 1194, the 4th dyke of the Huang River burst, and the flood overflowed southern to the Huai River. In 1855, the Huang River changed its way passing Lijin of Tianjin into the sea. As a result, sand blocked the Huai's entrance to the sea. This diverted the Huai River towards Sanhe, Gaobao Lake, the Canal and Sanjiangying into Changjiang River.

The mainstream of Huai River covers 1,000 km, and the drop difference is 200m with a slope of 0.2 %o.The upper reaches are above Honghekou and are 364 km long, with 177m slope of 0.5 %o. The middle reaches are from Honghekou to Sanhe Gate of Hongzhe Lake and are 490 km long, with the elevation difference of 16m. Under the control of Sanhe Gate, the average slope is only 0.027 %o. Beneath Hongze Lake to Changjiang is the lower reaches, 156 km long with a slope of 0.036 %o.

The total Anhui portion of the mainstream of Huai River is 430 km from Honghekou in Funan down to Hongsantou in Mingguan. It contains large quantity of swift water from Henan and is stored by Hongzhe Lake. In the middle, the 3 natural canyons (Xiasankou, Jinsan Canyon and Fusan Canyon) block the water. The width of the river in dry period is 260-320 m, and the average depth is 3-6 m. The width of the river in flood period is 1000-1250 m around Bengbu, only 400 m at Hongsankou, and the average depth is 6.5-7.5 m.

The terrain in Anhui portion of the Huai River is even and poor in water storage characteristics. In the flood period, the river rises suddenly, overflows easily, while it drops to at or near zero flows in the dry period. In 1949-1999, there were over 10 years when it suffered from flood in an area of 10 million mu, and also there were over 10 years when it suffered from drought in an area

3-5 August2000 Huai River Water PollutionControl Project EnvironmentalAssessment Report Anhui Province of 10 million mu. Table 3.2 summarises the hydrological parameters of rivers affected by HRWPCP project cities. The locations of the rivers are shown in Figure 1.3 in Chapter 1.

Table3.2: HydrologicParameters of HRWPCPProject Area

River Section Flow Season Flowm Velocity(m/s) Depth(m) Width(m) (M'S Bengbu Dry 150.0 0.15 _ Mainstreamof (basedon recent t0 years Normal 340.4 0.183 Huai River data in Wu Jia Du ______HydrometricStation) Wet 1932.6 0.587 Dry 36.4 0.074 5.5 90 Ying River Fuyang Normal 148 0.093 10.0 160 Wet 859 0.38 12.0 190 Dry 20.6- 4.3 Pi River Lu'an Normal 82.8 - 20.6 Wet 169 - 82.8 Dry 4.96 0.012 Bozhou Normal 19.0 0.033 GuoRiver Wet 38.5 0.0760 Dry 0.45 0.003 j 0.83 145 Guoyang Normal 19.2 0.032 2.18 170 Wet 66.7 0.090 3.18 194 Kuai River Suzhou C.L.: 90% 11.1 0.5 1.13 19.7 Huaibei Dry (sluiceclosed) 1.25 40 New Sui River (based on recent30 years Normal 5 0 05 2.0 60 data) Wet 15 0.06 3.5 80 The 1996 WPCP defines target water quality in the river basin in terms of reductions in chemical oxygen demand (COD), selected as the pollutant parameter of control. For planning purposes, this is considered to be a reasonable assumption for reduction of gross pollution since the WPCP first targeted industrial pollution with a requirement to have each major industry conform to the "Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard" (GB8978) by year 1997.

The WPCP listed the principlesupon which it will rely as follows: = based on the assimilative capacity of the river, acceptable pollution discharges are calculated and distributed throughout the basin such that water classifications are commensuratewith the beneficialuses of the river reaches; * industrial pollution was targeted and the policy, paraphrased as "closing, ceasing, forbidding,changing and transferring",was to be strictly enforced; * beneficial uses of the rivers are to be protected against spills and pollution accidents. Management of riverine infrastructureis to be strengthenedand the security of key beneficialuses such as water supply is to be emphasised; * pollution control is to be enhanced by means such as cleaner industrial production and by the constructionof municipal sewagetreatment plants; * the regulatorysystem is to be reviewedalong with enhancementof technical, legal and scientific managementand practice.

The WPCP identifieda number of causes for the heavy and increasingpollution in the Huai Basin at the time of the survey. These were:

3-6 August 2000 I HuaiRiver Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

* rapid development of township and village enterprises which use outdated equipment discarded by urban industry and operate it without any pollution control. The report states that the number of such enterprises is rising at a rate greater than the urban industrial growth rate; * with increased urbanisation, industrial development is increasing rapidly, often based on products from the traditional agricultural base. Such industries often have a low teclhnology content and little or no pollution control. They are also often only marginally profitable however they consume large quantities of water and are large polluters of the environment; rapid urbanisation also brings a large increase in domestic sewage pollution; * investment in pollution control is inadequate and has historically been less in the Huai Basin Provinces than the national average. Investment in pollution control has not kept pace with the GNP output for the basin; seasonal water shortages result in low river flows in the dry seasons and inadequate dilution of wastewaters entering the system. The Huai Basin has a large requirement for irrigation water and has more than 4200 manual control structures which, in the dry season store available flow which is largely wastewater. This has led in the past to frequent downstream pollution following release of such accumulated water; * inadequate environmental protection agency strength and facilities combined with an inability to enforce standards and compliance requirements.

The 3H Action Plan indicated that significant improvement was made in many of the polluting industries from 1992 to 1997, but that only 7 of 63 planned municipal WwTWs were constructed during this period. In addition, the assimilative capacity of the receiving streams during the dry season is essentially zero, with minimal or no inflow, flat and channelised stream reaches, and minimal environmental resources.

The assimilative, or "carrying", capacity of any river is a complex function of natural and regulated water flows, background water quality, water quality alterations through reservoirs and other regulating structures, added waste loads from human activities (rural and urban) and natural re-aeration ability. The ability of a river to naturally recover its dissolved oxygen concentration is a function of its width, depth, gradient, mixing capacity, temperature, light penetration and the length of reach available for re-aeration. The benthal deposits (quantity and type) also affects the ability of a river to recover since oxygen-consuming substances re-solubilise from them and re- enter the stream flow.

Each river reach has quite specific factors which allow the decay rate of BOD or COD to be estimated. The assimilative capacity of a river or river reach is therefore very site specific and its calculation requires good data. The definition of the beneficial use(s) of the river reaches is necessary, with the assignment to each of a "standard" value for one or more quality parameters. The assimilative capacity can then be calculated in terms of the mass load of pollutants that can be carried by the river without loss of the defined beneficial use.

3-7 August2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhuli Province

Sufficient and reliable data to perform calculations of the assimilative capacity of the stream reaches at the HRWPCP project sites was not available at this time. However, based on the 1996 WPCP and the 1999 3H Action Plan, one can assume virtually zero assimilative capacity in the dry season for all project sites.

Chapter 4.3 provides detailed information on provincial river systems as well as EPB surface water quality monitoring data on the surface streams in the HRWPCP project cities.

3.1.8 Non-Point Pollution,Agricultural and Urban Runoff

With respect to agricultural non-point source pollution, two factors are of key importance to the pollution of watercourses; the use of fertiliser for arable farming and the disposal of animal waste. One pig generates approximately 5 times the waste of a human so this is a significant source of organic pollutants. In following phases of the HRWPCP the following investigations should be carried out and a strategy for dealing with these pollution sources developed. * Estimates of pollution loads generated within the river basins from fertiliser run-off, animal wastes and the rural population should be estimated. • By examination of nutrient balances within the river systems, estimates should be prepared of the percentage of BOD, N and P washed into the rivers from the rural pollution loads. These estimates should be compared with data from elsewhere. * The estimated loads washed into the rivers should be compared with the loads generated from urban residential and industrial activities in order to determine the significance of the non-point discharges. * Arable farming practice should be examined to determine means by which fertiliser use can be reduced and the wash-off of nutrients can be controlled. The economic impacts of such interventions should be evaluated and compared with the costs of pollution reduction by urban wastewater treatment. * The disposal and reuse practice as applied to animal waste should be studied with a view to establishing improved practices to minimise wash-off. Again costs should be compared with alternative urban control altematives. * Recommendations should be prepared for discussion at provincial and state levels for changes to agricultural practices in order to reduce water pollution in a cost-effective way.

Urban runoff non-point source pollution is also a significant source of pollutants in the urban areas of the HRWPCP cities. It will be difficult to develop significant interest in this area, until the sewerage and point source pollution problems have been addressed and solved over the next few years. Many of the recommended studies in the previous sections for agricultural areas can be performed with slight variation for urban runoff. Chemical fertiliser is less of a concern but transport issues such as oil and gas contamination become more of a concern. Until vehicle fuels are improved, lead pollution can also be a major concern.

3-8 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project EnvironmentalAssessment Report Anhui Province

3.2 Biological Environment

The individual HRWPCP project component EAs included general information about the flora and fauna of the Anhui Province and HRWPCP cities. The project areas are a combination of urban and intensive agricultural areas with no undeveloped land affected. As such, native species of flora and fauna are few. The polluted levels of the watercourses limit aquatic life to a great degree.

3.2.1 Flora

The rural HRWPCP WwTW sites and project areas contain only crops used for agriculture. In Lu'an the agricultural area consists of rice crops and in Guoyang, wheat. There are no undeveloped areas affected. In the urban areas where sewerage is to be constructed, there is no native vegetation of any significance.

3.2.2 Fauna

There are only domestic poultry and other farm animals located in the study areas and no wild animals are located in the vicinity of any HRWPCP projects.

3.2.3 Special Issues

There were no special issues noted in the project areas such as sensitive plant or aquatic species, wetlands or wildlife habitat, cultural or historic sites except as noted in Section 3.4, or sensitive receptor groups.

3.3 Socio-culturalEnvironment

3.3.1 ProjectArea Overview

Anhui province is one of the inland provinces in central China and is located in the upper and mid stream section of the Huai River Basin. Anhui Province has been considered a poor province in the past, however, average annual income per family has gradually increased to an average of RMB 4,770 in the year 1998. Projections undertaken by the AC estimate the yearly per capita income to be RMB 6,507 in the year 2000.

About 45 to 55% of land in the project areas is used for residential and industrial purposes. Other land uses include warehouses, education, public facilities, transportation, and cultivated land. Land use throughout the Province depends on the degree of urbanisation in each city.

3-9 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

3.3.2 Social and Public HealthIssues

Water-borne diseases are reported in the feasibility study reports to account for about 20% of all diseases in the project areas. Most of the diseases are spread by hand contact, or through the soil, food or flies. For these diseases, the proper disposal of faeces and personal hygiene practices are most important. This reinforces the need for the sewerage and treatment facilities.

Water quality data indicates that the Huai River and tributaries frequently have levels of pollutants in excess of standards set for their intended purpose. Of greater concern to human health is the faecal contamination of the rivers, and the presence of chemicals from industrial wastewater. Eutrophication can lead to toxic algal blooms posing an additional threat.

These water quality problems pose not only a potential health risk to the local communities but present significant environmental threat for the local rivers and marine environment. The public health and environmental impacts provide justification for providing sewerage and treatment facilities in Anhui province HRWPCP project cities to protect water sources.

The level of treatment proposed by the project at the WwTWs and associated protection of the drinking water sources will improve the current situation and provide a more acceptable margin of safety for drinking water. A "do nothing" situation would see an increase in environmental problems and degradation of the water sources, with consequential negative health impacts, as well as the further over-exploitation of groundwater sources in an attempt to avoid using polluted surface water sources.

The public health condition in the region is very much related to the water quality of the Huai River. It is expected that water quality improvement will lead to a reduction in the need for and expenditures on medical care. The existing water quality problem poses not only a potential health risk to the local communities but presents a significant environmental threat for the local rivers and marine environment.

Despite the difficulty of measuring the precise health impact of improved water supply and quality, some benefits can be observed. More abundant water of better quality (resulting from parallel water treatment improvement programs), improved sanitation and greater awareness of the water/sanitation/disease chain can lead to a reduction in sickness. Better health in turn diminishes the social and economic cost of low productivity and human suffering.

The data indicates there are potential health benefits that can be derived from improvements in drainage and sanitation throughout the project areas in HRWPCP project cities in Anhui province, and in reducing the risk to the safety of the public water supply. Health improvements gained by the project will reduce family health costs, which in turn will contribute to poverty reduction for the low income groups and elderly.

3.4 Areas of Special Designation

HDI attempted to verify that all project components in all HRWPCP project cities had no effect on areas of special designation. They noted that the local EPBs have approved all individual

3-10 August2000 Hluai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province project components, and they noted that the local EPBs have the detailed information on sensitive areas under their jurisdiction. In addition, HDI visited the sites of all proposed HRWPCP facilities and verified that the projects will have no effect on areas of special designation.

3.4.1 EndangeredFlora and Fauna

In 1986, the Environmental Protection Committee of the State Council published a "Chinese Rare and In Severe Danger Protection Plant List". It was subsequently revised in 1987 by NEPA. In addition, a "State Key Protection Wildlife List" was published and approved by the State Council in 1988.

HDI consulted local EPBs and scientific research institutes, and found that there are no listed species in the project area that could be affected by the HRWPCP project construction. Also, none were found during site visits.

3.4.2 Historic and CulturalSites

A state law called the "Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Cultural Relics" was adopted by the 25th Meeting of the Standing Committee of the Fifth National People's Congress and promulgated by Order No. II of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on November 19, 1982.

HDI consulted with the scientific research institutes and found that no protected sites were affected by HRWPCP components. Also, none were found during site visits.

3.4.3 Parklandsor Other SpecialSites

There were only a few sensitive areas or receptors noted in any of the HRWPCP project areas such as parklands, schools, hospitals or others that needed special protection from the proposed HRWPCP construction or operational impacts. These have been identified and mainly additional noise mitigation measures proposed.

According to HDI, there are no natural reserves in the project areas that will be adversely affected by the HRWPCP.

3.4.4 WatershedProtection Zones

The national and provincial authorities have made significant strides toward protecting watersheds, especially those related to municipal water supplies. Industries are directed away from these watershed protection zones and existing polluting industries are given incentives to close and/or relocate. However, there is enormous competition for the water resources of the province.

3-11 August2000 Huai River Water PollutionControl Project EnvironmentalAssessment Report Anhui Province

There are no identified Watershed Protection Zones in the project cities. HDI have noted the nearest downstream water supplies in all project cities and have proposed appropriate mitigation measures to protect these supplies. The HRWPCP component projects will have positive impacts on these intakes under normal operating circumstances.

3-12 August2000 Huai River Water PollutionControl Project EnvironmentalAssessment Report Anhui Province

4 ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT AND PROBLEMS

4.1 Water and Environmental Institutional Arrangements

The Constitution of the People's Republic of China (1982) provides the framework for environmental protection law in China. Article 26 of the ConstitLtion stipulates that the "the State protects and improves the living environment and the ecological environment, prevents and remedies pollution and other public hazards." National legislation is comprehensive and appears to cover most areas of environmental concern. However, the level of enforcement in Anhui Province, as the rest of China, is often less than satisfactory. The Chinese economy continues to grow rapidly and there is often a trade-off between the strict enforcement of environmental legislation and promoting economic growth and employment.

4.1.1 The National Level

Table 4.1 shows the national water and environmental laws that are relevant to the HRWPCP projects.

Table 4.1: National Water and Environmental Laws Important to HRWPCP

SECTOR LAW Water Law of the PRC Water PollutionPrevention Law of the PRC ImplementingRegulations for Water PollutionPrevention Law of the PRC Water PollutionControl Technical Strategyissued by the People's State Council, PRC Water and TemporaryManaging Method for Water Pollution(license for discharging water pollution) Wastewater EnvironmentalProtection SupervisionManagement Method for Sewage Treatment Facilities Pollution Control ManagementRegulation for Water Sources, Protection Zones for Drinking Water Temporary Method for CollectingDischarge Fees FinancialManagement and Accountingof Collectionof DischargeFees

SECTOR LAW EnvironmentalProtection Law of PRC EnvironmentalProtection Law and regulationof the atmosphere Environmental Regulationfor Noise controls Protection National EnvironmentalMonitoring Management Regulation EnvironmentalProtection Law and Regulationfor EnterprisesOwned by Street Commission

SECTOR LAW Protection Law and Regulationfor the Natural Environment Natural Resources Land ManagementLaw of the PRC ForestLaw of thePRC

4-1 August2000 Huai River Water Pollution ControlProject EnvironmentalAssessment Report Anhui Province

All surface waters in China have been classified according to these ambient stream standards. The following is a general translation of the surface water classes:

Class Description

I used for water sources and state nature reserves

II used for class I protection areas for drinking water sources, protection zones for valuable fish, spawning grounds of fish and shrimps

III used for class II protection areas for drinking water sources, general protection zones for fish and bathing areas

IV used for general industrial water areas and water recreation areas where no direct contact with humans occurs

V used for agricultural water areas and scenic water areas.

Note that multi-purpose water areas are classified according to their highest function. To achieve a particular water quality class the following ten indices should all meet the target standards for the class (ie 100% compliance) in wet, normal and dry seasons: * dissolved oxygen * COD * volatile phenol * ammonia nitrate * cyanide

a total mercury * total arsenic * total lead • chromium (Cr6+) * total cadmium.

To achieve a particular water quality class 80% of the remaining indices should meet the target standard in wet, normal and dry seasons. In Anhui Province, the provincial goal is Class III for the Huai River mainstream and Class IV for tributary reaches, as shown in Table 4.2.

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Table 4.2: Sections/Objectivesof Total DischargeAmount ControlProgram for Rivers in Anhui

Rivers Control Section Related City or County Control Targets(l) Mainstream of Huainan Da Jian Gou Feng Tai, Huainan Huai River Bengbu Xiao Liu Xiang Huai Yuan, Bengbu, Wu He 111 Sui River Si County Ba Li Qiao Huaibei, Xiao County, Sui Xi, Si County IV Ying River Ying Shang Fan Tai Zi Fuyang, Ying Shang IV Guo River Meng Cheng Bozhou, Guoyang, Men gcheng IV Tuo River Suzhou Xi Shang, Huaibei, Suzhou IV Kuai River Gu County Gu County IV Pi River Jiu Li Gou Huo Shan, Lu'an IV Note: (I) The water quality control objectives are based on GB 3838-88 (No change to GHZB-1 1999) (2) The effluent from Suzhou WwTW will be discharged to Kuai River

A new EnvironmentalQuality Standardfor Surface Water, GHZB-1 1999, was issued on July 20, 1999, and effective on January 1, 2000. This new standard replaced GB3838-88. The design institute provincialEA and componentcity EAs were prepared prior to this standardtaking effect and they used GB3838-88 for their evaluations. However, the changes from GB3838-88 to the new standardare not significantin the parametersutilised, and the EA evaluationsare considered valid.

The parameters of most significance to the HRWPCP wastewater schemes are shown below:

Parameter (mg/1) Class III Class IV

Non-ionic ammonia 0.02 0.2

D.O. (Min.) 5.0 3.0

CODcr 20 30

BOD5 4.0 6.0

Tables 4.3 - 4.5 provides the full set of numerical standards associated with these classifications:

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Table 4.3: EnvironmentalQuality Standard for SurfaceWater GHZB-1 1999, issued 20 July 1999, effective01 Jan 2000

Unit: mg/l No. Indices Class I |Class 1 Class Ill Class IV I Class V Water bodies should not contain the following man-made substances: a. offensive deposits b. unpleasant floating matter such as fragments, scum, oil and other such . . ~~~~~~~~~materials Basic Requirementsmaeil c. offensive colors, smells or turbidity d- substances that are harmful, toxic or cause unhealthy physiological reactions in humans, animals or plants e. substances that cause the proliferation of offensive aquatic organisms Man-made water temperature variations should be limited below: I Water temperature (°C) Maximum weekly average increase S I Maximum weekly average decrease s 2 2 pH 6.5 - 8.5 6 - 9 2 3 Sulfate (SO4 -) s <250 250 250 250 250 4 Chloride (CL-) < <250 250 250 250 250 5 Dissolved iron S <0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 1.0 6 Total manganese < <0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 1.0 1.0 (0.01- 1.0 (0. 01- 10 1.0 7_Ttalcoper____0fishery) fishery) ______8 Total zinc s 0-05 1.0 (0.1- 1.0 (0.1- 2.0 2.0 fishery) fishery) 9 Nitrate (N) S < 10 10 20 20 25 10 Nitrite (N) s 0.06 0.1 0.15 1.0 1.0 11 Non-ionic ammonia < 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.2 0.2 12 Kjeldahl nitrogen S 0.5 0.5 (0.05- 1.0 (0.05- 2 3 fishery) fishery) ______13 Total phosphorus (P) S 0.02 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 14 Permanganate index S 2 4 8 10 15 90°/ 15 Dissolved oxygen S o 6 5 3 2 (saturation) 16 CODcr s <15 15 20 30 40

17 BOD5 < <3 3 4 6 10 18 Fluoride (F-) S <1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 4 19 Selenium(Se +) S <0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 20 Total arsenic S 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.1 21 Total mercury S 0.00005 0.00005 0.0001 0.001 0.001 22 Total cadmium S 0.001 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.01 23 Chromium(Cr 6+) s 0.01 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.1 24 Total lead s 0.01 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.1 25 Total cyanide s 0.005 0.05 (0.005 0.2 (0.005 - 0.2 0.2 - fishery) fishery) ______26 Volatile phenol s 0.002 0.002 0.005 0.01 0.1 27 Oil (extractedfrom petroleumether) s 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.5 1.0 28 Anionic surfactant S <0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0,3 29 e-coli (number/L) S 200 1000 2000 5000 10000 30 Ammoniumnitrate S 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.5 3 1 Sulphide s 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0

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Table4.4: Standards of SpecificIndices in Lakes and Reservoirs

Unit: mgfL No. Indices Class I Class 11 Class III Class IV Class V I Total Phosphorus(P) < 0.002 0.01 0.025 0.06 0.12 2 Total Nitrate < 0.04 0.15 0.3 0.7 1.2 3 Chlorophylla < 0.001 0.004 0.01 0.03 0.065 4 Transparency < 54 2.5 1.5 0.5

Table4.5: Standardsof SpecificIndices in Class1,11 and III SurfaceWaters

No. Indices Standard Values No. Indices Standard Values I Benzo (a) pyrene 2.8*10-6 21 Hexachlorobenzene 0.05 2 Methyl mercury 1.0*10- 22 Polychlorization 8.0*10.6 3 Chloroform 0.06 23 2,4-dichlorophenol 0.093 4 Carbon tetrachloride 0.003 24 2,4,6-trichlorophenol 0.0012 5 Chlorylene 0.005 25 Pentaphenol 0.00028 6 Carbon dichloride 0.005 26 Mirbane oil 0.017 7 Bromoform 0.04 27 2,4-dinitrotoluene 0.0003 8 Dichloromethane 0.005 28 Phthalate 0.003 9 1,2-dichloroethane 0.005 29 Acrylonitrile 0.000058 10 1,1,2-trichloroethane 0.003 30 Benzidine 0.0002 11 Vinylidene chloride 0.007 31 DDT 0.001 12 Chloroethylene 0.002 32 BHC 0.005 13 Hexachlorobutadiene 0.0006 33 Lindane 0.000019 14 Benzene 0.005 34 Ecatox 0.003 15 Toluene 0.1 35 Methylecatox 0.0005 16 Ethylbenzene 0.01 36 Carbofos 0.005 17 Aminodimethylbenzene 0.5 37 Dimethoate 0.0001 18 Chlorobenzene 0.03 38 DDVP 0.0001 19 1,2-benzenedichloride 0.085 39 Dipterex 0.0001 20 1,4-benzenedichloride 0.005 40 Atrazine 0.003

Other standardsthat are particularlyrelevant to HRWPCPEAs include: * CJ 3020-93 Water Quality Standardfor Drinking Water Sources * CJ 3025-93 Water and Sludge DisposalStandards for DomesticWwTW * GB 8979-96 ComprehensiveDischarge Standard for Wastewater(All) * GB 5084-92 AgricultureIrrigation Water Quality * GB 11607-89 Fishery Waters QualityStandard * GB 3097-82 Marine Water Quality Standard

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GB 4284-84 Agricultural Use of Sludge GB 3096-93 Standard for Environmental Noise of Urban Area * GB 3095-96 Ambient Air QLialityStandard

4.1.2 The ProvincialLevel

Environmental management at the provincial level is performed in accordance with an integrated system of environmental control from the national to local levels. Figure 4.1 shows the general relationships of the provincial level EPB in relation to the other levels.

The provincial level EPB can exercise certain powers through the Legal Systems Bureau to assist in the drafting of legislation and regulations that are produced at the provincial and municipal levels. According to HDI, there are no other significant provincial laws that are concerned with water and wastewater management.

4.1.3 The City and County Level

The City and County level EPBs are mainly involved in monitoring and enforcing standards and regulations set by the national level (SEPA) or the Provincial EPB. There is, however, some local level planning for environmental management such as city-wide master planning which generally includes river enhancement work for aesthetics, recreation and tourism. This work includes riverside parks and walkways.

4.2 Attainmentof Goals, Standards,Regulations

China has made the issue of environmental protection as one of its fundamental policies for the country's sustainable development. It is the national goal that the present pollution situation shall be alleviated so that all the major cities shall be improved in terms of environmental quality by the year 2000.

One of the main policy statements is the so called "three at the same time" which means that planning, implementing and progressing shall be achieved simultaneously with economic development, urban/rural development and environmental improvements. Other main policy statements include: * prevention combined with mitigation and prevention is preferred; * pollution shall be mitigated by the one who has generated the pollution (polluter pays).

Concerning water quality, focus is on the following issues: * control of industrial discharge of heavy metals, organic and chemical pollutants; * introduction of clean technology, updating of production procedures to conserve water and to increase production efficiency;

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* construction of centralised domestic wastewater treatment works to improve the environmental quality in urban areas and to reduce the pollution of rivers. * improvement of surface water quality by means of river pollution mitigation, water resource conservation, and enhanced management of the water sector

China has set national policies for environmental protection, and had set the following year- 2000 targets for its provinces:

1. the domestic unit water supplies should increase from 160 lcd to 210 lcd by 2000;

2. centralised systems for treatment of domestic wastewater shall be constructed in all large and middle size cities;

3. with regard to industrial wastewater, the national target for wastewater treated shall be 60% compared to 48% as at present;

4. the total amount of heavy metals in industrial wastewater shall not exceed and preferably be less than 1995 levels;

5. the seriously increasing pollution situation in the Huai River shall be alleviated significantly;

6. the quality of surface water in all major cities shall be improved and shall meet relevant national standards.

Whilst the above objectives are sound there is doubt whether targets can be achieved by the year 2000 (in the Huai River basin as well as in much of China). Certainly, the HRWPCP will provide a significant step towards these objectives.

4.2.1 Surface Water Quality

The Anhui streams of the Huai River Basin are classified according to the Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Waters, National Standard GHZB-1 1999, as follows: * Huai Mainstream, target - Class III * Tributaries, target - Class IV

Many of these stream sections may not realistically reach Class III/IV objectives due to the very low dry season flows. Additional flow augmentation, transfer of agricultural water, and/or downgrading of objectives during seasonal low-flow periods will all have to be considered in detail.

4.2.2 Groundwater Quality

There was little available data on groundwater quality, but some limited information regarding polluted shallow wells along rivers. There is also general information that groundwater over-

4-7 August 2000 Huai River Water PollutionControl Project EnvironmentalAssessment Report Anhui Province extraction is causing major drops in the groundwater table in many locations. The basin cities are looking at new surface water supplies in many cases because of this groundwater problem.

4.2.3 Water Supplies,Treatment and Distribution

Water Treatment Works (WTW) in HRWPCP cities generally use groundwater for their water supply sources due to poor quality and unreliable quantity of surface waters. In the case of Bengbu, their water source is well upstream of the city, and therefore unaffected by the local pollution sources. There are some other communities downstream of these cities using surface water sources that will benefit directly by the improved water quality in the surface waters. The improvement in quality of raw water abstracted for potable and irrigation water will be one of the main benefits of such interventions. There is a general over-exploitation of groundwater in the province from municipal, industrial and agricultural pumping. This situation will continue and grow in magnitude without the provision of additional surface water supply sources.

Another factor that greatly affects some WTW performance is the high solids contents of the source waters at times of high river flow. Solids are relatively simple to remove but the high raw water solids concentrations, coupled with the use of somewhat antiquated water treatment technologies cause turbidity problems in finished supplies at some sites.

The natural and man-made problems in the raw water used by WTWs in the study area result in many cases in treated water that fails to meet Chinese standards for part of the time. Furthermore, these standards are somewhat less stringent than those used in most developed countries. Water supplied at the tap is considered non-potable in all HRWPCP cities and bottled or boiled water is used for domestic purposes.

4.2.4 WastewaterCollection and SepticTanks

Sewerage systems in the project area are usually combined in the older areas and separate in the new development areas. The policy in China is to gradually separate existing combined systems and in several of the cities there are plans for rehabilitation of existing sewerage systems, changing to separate systems in the process.

Treatment of wastewater starts at the housing blocks where the wastewater passes through a septic tank before discharge to the public sewer system. This treatment reduces the suspended solids and also, to a varying degree, the level of BOD and nutrients. If these septic tanks are abandoned after construction of treatment works, the load estimates to the WwTW would increase by about 10% for BOD and 30% for suspended solids if it is assumed that the existing tanks are working effectively. In practice one finds that the tanks are emptied infrequently, in many cases once in three years. In practice therefore one would expect the concentrations of BOD and SS to rise by only small amounts. The cities intend to maintain these septic tanks in areas served by combined sewer systems. In existing and proposed separate sewer areas it is planned to phase out septic tanks and house connections will be diverted directly to the separate sewers.

4-8 August 2000 Huai River Water PollutionControl Project EnvironmentalAssessment Repor Anhui Province

Wastewater collection has been steadily improving in the area, considering that open storm water drains were widely used in most areas a few years ago. Urban areas have required the use of septic tanks in homes and other buildings for many years with the overflow to the storm or separate sewer systems. The early sewerage was usually a combined system that conveyed stormwater plus sanitary wastewater. The new areas of the cities are being builit with separated sewer systems to keep stormwater out of the sanitary wastewater.

There is no common timetable for the construction of separate sewers, WwTWs and the elimination of septic tanks. There is a provincial goal that all medium cities and larger should have WwTWs constructed by the year 2000, but this is a rather unattainable target, given the immensity of the task and limited funding. It would appear that septic tanks will continue to be used in the HRWPCP study area for at least another decade.

4.2.5 WastewaterDischarges - Domestic

Hefei completed the first major WwTW in Anhui province in 1999, and many other projects are currently under design, construction or initial commissioning. There is, therefore, little experience with WwTW operation and performance. Experience in other parts of China indicate that operation and maintenance of WwTWs can be problematic due to operational inexperience and a local desire to save on operation costs, especially power and chemicals.

The problems at similar WwTWs in China provide an added level of "need" for the HRWPCP wastewater facilities to be adequately designed and operated, for the provincial EPB to have enforcement mechanisms in place to ensure adequate operations and also to train a cadre of professionals in the proper operation and maintenance of WwTWs for the province.

4.2.6 WastewaterDischarges - Industrialand Non-pointSource Pollution

Wastewater flows and effluent loadings contained in the feasibility reports and HDI EA indicates that modern and clean technology industries are not widespread in Anhui province. Many of the older factories, especially State Owned Enterprises (SOEs) are being closed down for both economic and environmental reasons, especially to meet the goals of pollution reduction in the Huai Basin WPCP. In fact, the CRAES data in 1999 indicated a significant reduction in industrial loading to 1997, mainly from the closing of the most polluting industries. Table 4.6 provides a summary of industrial waste effluent data from the HRWPCP project cities.

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Table 4.6: IndustrialWastewater Effluent Data

City Name of Factory Quantity Effluent Quality (mg/1) Wastewater Quality (mg/I) City Name of Factory ( 0,000m3/d) COD,, BODs SS CODc, BODs SS Holton Bre-weryFactory 160 875 500 125 500 300 125 Lu'an Textile Factory 180 69 27 73 69 27 73 Lu'an Knitting Factory 18 495 164 413 495 164 400 Xinyuan Textile 50 60 18 42 60 18 42 Lu'an Perfumery 4.5 395 158 164 395 158 164 Lu'an(l) Lu'an Paper Mil1 1099 1445 406 664 1000 406 400 Lu'an Fertiliser Factory 1100 82 17 113 82 17 113 Chaoyang 120 253 140 254 253 ]40 254 Pharmaceuticals Factory 2 2 Lu'an Chemical Factory 3 60 14 350 60 14 350 Lu'an Tractor Factory 21 95 24 69 95 24 69 Sub-total 2755.5 681 (2) 204 (2) 338 (2) 481.9 (2) 195.8() 232.3 (3) Guoyang Chaolun Papcr 0.924 500 400 400 500 400 400

Guoyang Chemical 0.7465 115 46 56 I / / Factory Guoyang Yumei Beef& Mutton 0.01 500 300 350 500 300 350 Processing Factory Shuanglun 0.026 500 300 400 500 300 400 Pharmaceutical Factory .0 Others 1.5586 500 160 200 500 160 200 Sub-total 32651 42T.1(4) 203.4 (4) 225.7 (4) 500 (5) 250.1 (5) 276.0 5 Note: I The quantityof wastewateris the data in 1997 2. The quality of raw wastewateris the weightedaverage of measuredquantity and qualitydata. 3. The quality of wastewaterinto WwTWis the productof industrialeffluent standardvalue and the wastewaterquantity. 4. Includingindustrial wastewater from GuoyangFertiliser 5. Excluding industrialwastewater from GuoyangFertiliser Only limited data was presentedon agriculturaland urban pollution, but the 3H Action Plan has indicated that rural sources, including non-point source pollution is likely to cause a greater pollutant load in the Basin than the point sources (municipal sewage and industrial wastewater).

4.2.7 Industrial Dischargesto SewerageSystems

A limited review of the major industries in the project cities indicates that organic wastes are likely to be the predominant pollution type and that industrial processes using heavy metals or toxic substances are not common in the province. However, even small neighbourhood industries such as plating shops discharging to sewers can cause dangerous problems in the collection systems, the wastewater treatment process, and the resulting sludge quality. A rigorous approach to industrial monitoring and pre-treatment is a necessity for any comprehensive municipal wastewater scheme.

HDI performed an investigation on industrial pollutants within the service areas of Luan Chenbei WwTW and Guoyang Chendong WwTW. The finding shows that physical methods for pre- treatment and biological methods for secondary treatment are commonly used in the industrial enterprises aiming to reach the WPCP industrial targets for 1997. Table 4.6 indicates that some industries meet the discharge standard and some do not.

4-10 August2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

From the 3H Action plan, Tables 4.7 and Table 4.8 below present data on the number and pollution load status of industries in the Huai River Basin, and their distribuLtionin regard to each administrative district.

Table 4.7: IndustryCategories and PollutionLoads in Huai River Basin

No. Industry Type Ww % of COD % of Nr of Ave Ww Ave COD Volume Total Load Total fat per Ind. Load per 3 3 3 3 (10 m /a) WW (t/a) COD aclities (10 m /a) Ind. I Paper 537,353 37.9 1,120,656 56.9 463 3.41 2420 2 Brewing 103,137 7.3 377,235 19.2 171 1.77 2206 3 Food 54,763 3.9 149,250 7.6 177 0.91 843 4 Chemical 196,062 13.8 77,715 3.9 147 3.92 529 5 Pharmaceutical 43,434 3.1 49,533 2.5 49 2.61 1011 6 Textile 71,033 5.0 45,174 2.3 194 1.08 233 7 Fertilizer 273,884 19.3 37,652 1.9 91 8.85 414 8 Leather/Tannery 14,149 1.0 20,643 1.0 63 0.66 328 9 Power 38,235 2.7 8,611 0.4 20 5.62 431 10 Steel/Metallurgy 5,738 0.4 4,040 0.2 15 1.13 269 1 I Other light Ind. 6,842 0.5 3,943 0.2 18 1.12 219 12 Machine 19,776 1.4 2,263 0.1 54 1.08 42 13 Mining 15,033 1.1 2,029 0.1 30 1.47 68 14 Build. Materials 6,037 0.4 1,008 0.1 27 0.66 37 15 Coking 3,189 0.2 792 0.0 7 1.34 113 16 Others* 27,689 2.0 67,924 3.5 36 2.26 1887 Total 1,416,356 100.0 1,968,471 100.0 1,562 Source: Zeng, C., (1999).Annex II

4-11 August 2000 Huai River Water PollutionControl Project EnvironmentalAssessment Report Anhui Province

Table 4.8: Industriesin Each AdministrativeDistrict in Huai River Basin

No.city total City total COD Nr of Poic No. City ~~~City(10OOm1/a)* (t/a) Industries Province

I Kaifeng 59,633 51,300 42 Henan 2 Nanyang 1,685 0 7 Henan 3 Pingdingshan 42,233 56,110 64 Henan 4 Shangqiu 25,230 66,660 48 Henan S Xinyang 47,450 28,706 28 Henan 6 Xuchang 25,019 17,453 74 Henan 7 Zhoukou 31,095 100,620 43 Henan 8 Zhumadian 70,577 157,460 52 Henan 9 Luohe 52,578 79,204 34 Henan 10 Zhenzhou 40,674 30,665 174 Henan 11 Bengpu 50,672 37,762 62 Anhui 12 Chuzhou 22,648 7,983 23 Anhui 13 Liuan 72,161 41,051 63 Anhui 14 Huaibei 14,830 17,376 22 Anhui 15 Huainan 77,430 25,473 22 Anhui 16 Fuyang 50,755 37,697 58 Anhui 17 Suxian 65,094 88,414 58 Anhui 18 Lianyungang 98,920 33,164 68 Jiangsu 19 Huaiyin 67,284 46,265 72 Jiangsu 20 Suqian 23,913 15,792 22 Jiangsu 21 Xuzhou 77,386 194,542 80 Jiangsu 22 Yancheng 48,833 37,713 59 Jiangsu 23 Yangzhou 32,902 20,321 31 Jiangsu 24 Taizhou 24,101 23,929 49 Jiangsu 25 Haian 410 1,031 4 Jiangsu 26 Zibo 6,261 21,225 14 Shandong 27 Rizhao 4,099 11,182 11 Shandong 28 Linyi 97,273 289,812 108 Shandong 29 Zaozhuang 48,179 50,223 32 Shandong 30 Jining 94,163 244,654 94 Shandong 31 Taian 7,655 17,403 8 Shandong 32 Hezhe 35,214 117,281 36 Shandong Total 1,416,356 1,968,471 1,562 Source: Zeng, C., (1999). Annex 11 * Raw data presented on a daily or annual basis has been converted assuming 340 operational days per annum

As indicated in Table 4.9, paper industries are evidently the most polluting. The paper industry produces the greatest volume of wastewater, the greatest absolute COD load, and COD load per industry, as well as being the most abundant type of industry in the basin.

4-12 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

Table 4.9: Paper Industry and Pollution Loads in Huai River Basin

Items where ranked highest in Basin Quantity Percentage of total COD load 1,120,656t/a 56.9% Wastewater volume 537,353,000 m3 /a 37.9% Average COD load per industry 2,420 tla/industry Count of industries 463 24.8% In the Huai Basin, the brewing industry (beer brewery and alcohol distillation) is ranked second highest polluter in the basin, with the food industry ranked third and the chemical industry ranked forth (in terms of COD load). See Table 4.10.

Table 4.10: Major Brewing and Food Industries in Huai River Basin

Industry Wastewater Ww percentage of COD load COD percentage of Nr of industries 3 3 categories (10 m /a) total for Ind. (%) (ta) total for Ind. (%) Alcohol 68,351 4.83 310,460 15.77 126 (8.1%) Beer 23,920 1.69 24,778 1.26 32 MSG 15,869 1.12 112,785 5.73 5 (0.3%) Citric 7,047 0.50 15,783 0.80 8 Starch 6,228 .0.44 12,252 0.62 35 Total 121,415 8.57 476,058 24.18 206

The brewing and food industries are representative of the industry types in the basin; low capital investment, highly labor intensive and highly polluting. The paper, brewing and food industry categories together form 76.1% of total industrial COD load, 45.2% of total industrial wastewater volume and 40.6% of total industry numbers in the Huai River Basin. Priority attention should be paid to the paper and brewing industries, as in each individual enterprise pollution control measures may gain a much higher environmental benefit than for other categories.

There are significant industrial waste contributions to the proposed HRWPCP WwTWs and the staff of these WwTWs will require training in the testing of raw sewage quality and the detection of wastes that could cause problems in the operations of the WwTWs. It will be particularly important to eliminate any potential sources of hazardous or toxic wastes that are both difficult to handle in the WwTWs, but also could present a safety hazard to sewer and sewage treatment workers. As seen in the previous tables, organic wastes predominate and hazardous materials and heavy metals would be expected to be a minor problem, but rigorous pre-treatment and monitoring will still be required.

4.2.8 Sludge Disposal for Septic Tanks and WwTW

Nightsoil and septic tank sludge has historically been applied directly to agricultural land. The public health problems associated with these practices, in direct contact as well as potential crop contamination, have been well documented. Local officials are moving to eliminate these practices as soon as practicable.

4-13 August 2000 Huai River Water PollutionControl Project EnvironmentalAssessment Report Anhui Province

The construction of WwTW and the production of sludge from WwTWs is a relatively new issue in the province. The Hefei WwTW is dewatering sludge and hauling it in open trucks to a fertiliser plant, where it is mixed with chemicals and prepared in a heat process for land application. Up to now, in rnost cases, sludge from WwTWs in Chinla has been applied directly to agricultural land, either with or without dewatering.

Based on the assumption of low heavy metal content in the influent wastewater and a well operated extended aeration WwTW, it had been proposed in the draft Chinese EA that sludge from the WwTWs could be approved for land application providing that the sludge was first stabilised/disinfected (by using lime stabilisation). The EA also provides design criteria for a dedicated sludge landfill operation on the assumption that sludge woLild be disposed of to landfill at all proposed WwTWs until there was evidence that the proposed sludge stabilisation process was fully effective and the sludge quality can be evaluated for conformance with land application guide-lines.

However, due to a lack of disinfection/stabilisation facilities in the project as designed, as well as a lack of a proven market for sludge fertiliser or even composted sludge, HDI has now modified the EA to require landfilling of the WwTW sludge from Luan and Guoyang. HDI have provided certificates from the city landfill authorities that they are willing to accept the WwTW sludge and that the proposed landfills are engineered with leachate control facilities.

4.2.9 Solid Waste Collectionand Disposal

In general, the urban core areas appear to have fairly good MSW collection systems, but the present disposal practice is hardly adequate. Areas of lesser density, surrounding the urban core areas, suffer from random dumping and inadequate collection and disposal. Surface water systems in the province, like most areas of China, suffer from significant solid waste accumulation since rainwater runoff conveys much of this MSW into nearly streams and watercourses.

As noted above, the sludge from Lu'an and Guoyang WwTWs will be sent to specific engineered landfills located near the cities.

4.2.10 Health and Safety

The health statistics for some urban areas in the HRWPCP area indicate that the incidence rate for infectious and parasitic diseases in Anhui is up to double the national average of about 180 per 100,000. This indicates that infectious diseases, many of which originate from water related diseases, are a key issue for the province both in the present and future.

Health statistics that were available (such as infant mortality rates) are described in the Feasibility Reports for all HRWPCP project components. It was essentially impossible to gather information on safety and accident rates, etc. Initial observation leads one to the conclusion that construction is dangerous and the accident rates must be quite high. This is probably also related to the fact

4-14 August2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province that a large amount of work, that would normally performed by machinery in western countries, is undertaken by human power in China.

4.3 River Systems

The Huai River Basin, covering the provinces of Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu and Shandong, has a drainage area of 270,000 km2 and a population of 154 million. The national policy is to clean up the Huai River to Class III by the year 2000, while the tributaries are to reach Class IV by 2000. Although this is an important goal, it is impossible to attain for most stream segments in the basin, especially during critical seasonal low-flow periods.

The following data was extracted from the DHV feasibility reports for each city.

4.3.1 Bozhou

Table 4.11 shows EPB monitoring of Guo River is performed upstream near the Han Bridge, in the middle section near the Peoples Bridge, and the downstream area near the railway bridge. (Monitoring includes dry, average and wet season flow periods).

Table 4.11: EPB, Bozhou- Guo RiverWater Quality Monitoring

a) Han Bridg e: Parameter 1995 1996 1997 GHZB I - 1999 Std. Class III/IV Water Avg [wet dry avg wet dry Av wet Temp.,°C 22.5 28.6 2.0 18.2 6 1.8 21.2 26.5 WeeklyInc <1, Weekly Dec <2 PH 8.36 8.21 8.42 8.42 7.54 8.30 8.44 8.30 6.5-8.5 DO 1.71 4.38 10.1 7.54 14.1 4.7 6.37 5. /3.0 min. CODC, . 107 121 73 20/ 30 COD,,, 14.3 - 16.1 4.0 10.5 4.0 29.4 32.8 21.4 Note - DO levels in 1996seem unrealisticallyhigh.

b)Peoples Bridge: Parameter 1995 1996 1997 GHZB I - 1999 Std. ______Class III/IV Water avg wet dry avg wet dry Avg wet Temp., °C 23.3 29.0 7.8 22.4 26.6 WeeklyInc <1, Weekly Dec <2 PH 8.46 8.23 _ 8.29 7.83 7.97 6.5-8.5 DO 0 4.97 3.3 5.44 4.81 5.0 /3.0 CODC, ______115 134 87 20/ 30 COD,, 17.8 15.1 31.3 29.9 22.7

4-15 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province c) Railway Bridge: Parameter 1995 1996 1997 GHZB I - 1999 Std. ______Class 11I/IVWater avg wet dry avg wet dry avg wet Temp., °C 22.2 28.8 7.8 22.5 26.8 Weekly Inc <1, Weekly Dec <2 PH 8.54 8.22 8.41 8.36 8.37 6.5-8.5 DO 0 2.42 2.8 3.02 3.79 5.0 /3.0 min. COD, _ 129 141 98 20/30 CODm, 19.7 12.5 _ 33.7 34.6 24.3

4.3.2 Huaibei

Table 4.12 provides hydrological data for the Huaibei area rivers and Table 4.13 provides EPB monitoring data.

Table 4.12: HuaibeiRiver HydrologicalData

3 River Basin Area, Max Flow m /s Dimensions (krn') (5 years) (20 years) Width (m) Depth (m) New Sui River 1562 359.8 687 75 4.5 Dai River 115 88.2 15.9 34 3.7 Long River 258 146.1 239 41 4.1 Zha River 466 325 579 42 5.2

Table 4.13: EPB, Huaibei- Sui RiverWater QualityMonitoring

Parameter 1990 1995 1997 GHZB 1 - 1999 Std. Class III/IV Water dry Wet dry Wet dry Wet DO <0.4 6-12 <0.4 2-7 5.0 /3.0 min. CODr 9-16 5-7 52-116 9-28 34-48 5-10 20 / 30 BOD 9-51 10-25 13-39 4-7 4/6 Note: 1997 DO levels are unrealistically high in wet season.

No actual measurements are available of the Old Sui River but the water is a mixture of untreated wastewater and effluents from a number of industrial treatment plants. It can be assumed that BOD levels are about 50-100 mg/l and COD is about 125-300 mg/l and DO is essentially zero.

4.3.3 Guoyang

Table 4.14 provides flow data for the Guo River at Guoyang and Table 4.15 provides EPB monitoring data for the Guo River.

4-16 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

3 Table 4.14: Guoyang -Water flow (m /s) in Guo (zero flow due to closingof gates)

Year First Quarter Second Third Fourth Quarter Quarter Quarter 1985 13.9 32.1 143.3 79.0 1990 1.7 40.4 0 1995 0 0 4.39 0 1997 0 0 7.67 3.51 1998 0.75 19.2 66.7 0

Table 4.15: EPB, Guoyang- Water Quality (mg/I) of Guo River

a) Upstream: Param. 1985 1990 1995 1997 GHZB 1- 1999 Std. Class IIUIIV Dry avg wet dry avg wet dry avg wet dry Avg wet Temp., 'C _ 29 0 22 30 6 25 32 Inc <1, Dec <2 7.87 8.00 8.34 8.96 8.65 8.15 8.69 8.69 8.98 8.36 8.24 7.88 6.5-8.5 DO 1.2 8.11 6.61 9.98 8.08 5.75 10.9 7.4 6.90 8.10 5.29 4.89 5.0/3.0 mi. BOD5 11.2 1.4 2.91 1.50 1.90 3.85 10 6.58 12.0 10.64 7.2 4.0 4 6 CODC, 64.6 3.54 4.49 1 22 3.90 5.57 10.5 12.4 26.8 17.82 11.8 6.5 20/30 b)_Downstream: Param. 1985 1990 1995 1997 GHZB 1 - 1999 Std. Class III/IV Dry avg wet dry avg wet dry avg l wet dry Avg wet Temp., JC 29 0 22 30 8 25 32 Inc <1, Dec <2 PH 8.44 8.02 8.39 9.32 8.72 8.18 9.33 9.06 9.04 8.74 8.33 8.22 6.5-8.5 DO 6.60 6.43 5.65 8.48 4.46 9.2 4.2 4.10 5.40 2.90 2.81 5.0/ 3.0 min. BOD5 1.49 1.26 2.71 7.0 3.33 , 3.24 12 13.6 . 14.1 12.85 11.0 4.8 4 / 6 CODc, 0.99 3.77 3.32 7.57 5.26 l 6.63 12.6 28.4 30.8 21.34 l 19.0 7.6 20/30

4.3.4 Suzhou

There are several EPB monitoring sections in the Suzhou area. Table 4.16 provides EPB water quality monitoring data for the Hui River, downstream of the Qixian Sluice. Table 4.17 provides water quality monitoring data for the Tuo River, lower reaches near Luling, Table 4.18 provides EPB water quality monitoring data for the Tuo River, upper reaches near Qilijing, Table 4.19 provides EPB water quality monitoring data for the Bian River, lower reaches near Sixian, Table 4.20 provides EPB water quality monitoring data for the Bian River, upper reaches near Qilijing.

4-17 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

Table 4.16: EPB, Suzhou -Water quality (mg/i) of the Huihe River, downstream of Qixian Sluice

Param. 1995 1997 GHZB 1 - 1999 Std. Class III/IV dry avg wet dry Avg wet Temp., 'C 25 25 29 20.5 5 Inc <1, Dec <2 PH 7.8 8.2 8.4 7.8 7.9 8.1 6.5-8.5 DO 4.0 2.2 0 5.2 3.7 2.7 5.0 /3.0 min. CODcr 21 117.8 122.6 3.4 13 55.2 20/30 BOD5 15.7 38.5 70.4 2.7 6.4 24.3 4/6 TSS 10 28 33 5 30 58 n-a

Table 4.17: EPB, Suzhou -Water quality (mg/l) of the Tuo River, lower reaches near Luling

Param. 1995 1997 GHZB 1- 1999 Std. ______~~~ClassIII/IV ||ry avg wet dry Avg wet Temp., 'C 21 19 17 29.9 25.5 10 Inc <1, Dec <2 PH 7.5 8.4 7.8 7.9 7.8 7.4 6.5-8.5 DO 7 5.8 8.5 8.4 1.2 5.0 /3.0 min. CODC, 82.5 64.3 43.7 5.7 13.4 63.2 20 /30 BOD5 20.5 12.3 25.2 11.2 6.2 25.3 4 / 6 TSS 6 35 24.1 38 8 67 n/a

Table 4.18: EPB, Suzhou -Water quality (mg/1)of the Tuo River, upper reaches near Qilijing

Param. 1995 1997 GHZB 1 - 1999 Std. Class III/IV d ry avg wet dry Avg wet Temp., °C 25 23 19 31 22 5 Inc <1, Dec <2 PH 8.0 7.7 7.9 8.3 7.8 7.8 6.5-8.5 DO 9.4 8.6 7.5 7.3 2.4 5.0/3.0 min. CODcr 16 29 51.3 5.2 15.2 34.3 20 /30 BOD5 2.7 3.9 21.2 14.9 7.1 9.8 4 / 6 TSS 16 9 12 14 8 2.5 n/a

4-18 August2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

Table 4.19: EPB, Suzhou- Water quality (mgI1)of the Bian River, lower reaches near Sixian

Param. 1995 1997 GHZB I - 1999 Std. Class IIVIV dry avg wet dry Avg wet Temp., °C 23 19 5 30 22.6 5 Inc <1, Dec <2 PH 8 7.8 7.9 8 8,7 7.7 6.5-8.5 DO 5.1 3.8 0.7 4.1 8.2 1.9 5.0/3.0 min. CODC, 30 52.8 50.4 6.5 22.8 58.6 20/ 30 BOD5 13.1 9.6 26.4 2.4 4.5 23.4 4 / 6 TSS 10 16 11 8 n/a

Table 4.20: Suzhou -Water quality(mg/l) of the Bian River, upper reaches near Qilijing

Param. 1995 1997 GHZB1.-1999 Std. Class III/IV dry avg wet dry -Ag wet Temp., °C 25 23 19 31 22 5 Inc <1, Dec <2 PH 8 7.7 7.9 8.3 7.8 7.8 6.5-8.5 DO 9.4 8.6 T75 7.3 2.4 5.0/3.0 min. CODcr 16 29 51.3 5.2 15.2 34.3 20 /30 BOD5 2.7 3.9 21.2 14.9 7.1 9.8 4 / 6 TSS 16 9 12 14 8 2.5 n/a

4.3.5 Fuyang

Table 4.21 provides EPB water quality monitoring data of the Quan River near Fuyang, and Table 4.22 provides EPB water quality monitoring data for the Ying River near the city.

Table 4.21: EPB, Fuyang- Water Quality (mg/l) of Quan River, upstream

Param. 1985 1990 1995 1997 GHZB 1 -1999 Std. ______Class III/IV

Dry_ _ avgI wet dry avg Wet dry avg wet dry avg wet Temp., °C _ _ _ I1 20 30 8 26 32 Inc<1, Dec <2 pH 7.87 7.23 8.27 7.55 8.24 8.1 8.08 8.24 7.99 8.24 7.88 7.8 6.5-8.5 DO 6.4 5.61 6.58 4.01 6.7 4.27 0.1 0.1 7.9 6.52 4.42 6.1 5.0/3.0 min. BOD5 5.72 1.4 4.4 6.21 7.4 4.48 14 28.5 9.31 8.45 L4.2 4.7 4 / 6 CODcr 6.36 5.15 4.12 10.1 12.3 5.18 25.4 56.7 _ 14.4 6.2 , 7.7 20/30

4-19 August2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

Table 4.22: EPB, Fuyang- Water Quality (mg/l) of Ying River a) Upstream of the city: Param. 1985 1990 1995 1997 GHZB I - 1999 Std. Class III/IV Dry avg wet dry avg Wet dry avg wet dry avg wet Temp, °C 10 19 30 7 24 29 Inc <1, Dec <2 pH 7.84 8.45 8.38 7.26 8.31 8.32 8.08 8.24 7.6 8.26 8.05 7.67 6.5-8.5 DO 6.7 4.86 6.28 4.75 6.6 4.79 4.6 0.6 3.4 8.36 4.47 1.45 5.0/ 3.0 min. BOD5 1.74 13.6 2.89 10.0 7.28 2.44 10 25.5 50.8 7.65 4.4 5.6 4 / 6 CODC, 3.26 18.0 3.74 14.4 9.21 3.43 15.6 50.6 51.0 113 6.9 9.07 20/ 30

b) Downstream of the city: Param. 1985 1990 1995 1997 GHZB1- 1999 Std.

______I_ _ _ .______Class III/IV Dry avg wet Dry avg Wet dry avg wet dry avg wet Temp., °C _ 19 30 7 24 32 Inc <1, Dec <2 pH 7.96 8.39 8.38 7.5 8.15 8.07 8.02 7.89 7.66 8.52 8.01 7.81 6.5-8.5 DO 6.95 5.1 6.03 4.15 6.3 7.22 1.3 0.6 3.55 9.07 6.76 5.9 5.0/3.0 min. BOD5 2.36 2.36 3.81 10 7.72 2.82 12 30.3 7.6 7.99 4.5 6.8 4/ 6 CODCr 4.26 3.9 3.49 13.4 11.8 4.09 18.6 57.2 59.3 14.8 6.7 11.2 20/30

4.3.6 Bengbu

Table 4.23 provides EPB water quality monitoring data for the Huai River near Bengbu.

Table 4.23: EPB, Bengbu,Water QualityData, Huai River

(a) Upstream of Bengbu Gate Year Month Permang DO BOD5 Non-ionic GHZB I - 1999 Std. anate ammonia Class III/IV 1997 5 6.17 4.92 3.8 1.36 PerrnanganateIndex 8/10 6 6.2 5.69 3.7 0.166 Dissolved OxygenMin: 7 6.42 3.14 9.3 0.25 5.0/3.0 8 6.08 3.74 6 0.051 BOD5 Max: 4/6 9 6.22 4.04 0.225 Non-ionicamrnmonia Max: 10 4.93 4.3 0.084 0.02/0.02 11 7.07 0.021 12 6.67 0.073 1998 1 6.67 3.8 0.04 2 5.38 0.005

4 5 5.52 0.037 6 7.75 0.073 7 8 5.29 0.054 9 4.77 0.024 10 0.012 1 1 6.29 5.83 0.012 12 4.7 8.83 0.017

4-20 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

(b) At Xiao Liu Xiang, 80km downstream:

Year Month Perman DO BOD5 Non-ionic GHZB I - 1999 Std. ganate ammonia Class III/IV 1997 5 5.63 2.48 9.8 0.003 Permanganate Index 8/10 6 4.27 3.52 4.4 0.012 Dissolved Oxygen Min: 7 6.87 2.05 4.6 0.003 5.0/3.0 8 3.74 2.75 4.1 0.007 BOD5 Max: 4/6 9 4.42 4.65 0.016 Non-ionic ammonia Max: 10 5.55 2.25 0.016 0.02/0.02 11 4 12 0.008 12 6.8 6.6 0.064 1998 1 7.1 4.3 0.047 2 10.1 1 0.034 3 4 5 4.6 5.5 0.012 6 4.4 5.4 0.002 7 6 5.3 0.003 8 4 5.5 0.002 9 5 5.1 0.007 10 5.3 7.4 1 1 3.4 6.9 0.001 12 3.7 9.16 0.003

c) At Railway Bridge:

Year 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 GHZB I - 1999 Std. Parameter Class III/IV PH 7.38 7.08 7.48 7.52 7.71 7.6 7.46 6.5 - 8.5 TSS 25.33 12 113.33 173.67 50 28.33 109 Alkalinity 5.52 4.87 4.39 3.28 126.8 80.08 170.35 DO 6.73 6.23 4.23 5.25 5.2 1.45 8.2 5/3 min. Permanganate 4.1 4.02 4.36 5.56 14.84 11.21 8.79 8/10 BOD5 1.93 4.23 2.68 1.12 4.52 1.81 10.02 4/6 NH4-N 1.05 2.16 1.48 0.63 9.1 9.28 5.22 1/2 Nitrate Nitrogen 0.14 0.15 0.175 0.235 0.481 0.468 0.443 20/20 NitriteNitrogen 0.073 0.75 0.061 0.503 0.51 0.68 2.54 0.15/1.0 Phenol <0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.0063 0.0025 <0.002 0.005/0.01 Cyanide <0.004 0.002 0.002 0.002 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 0.2/0.2 (0.005 fishery) As <0.007 0.004 0.004 0.004 <0.007 <0.007 <0.007 0.0510.1 Hg <0.0001 0.00002 0.00002 <0.00005 <0.00005 0.0001/0.001 Cr6+ 0.002 0.002 0.002 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 0.05/0.05 Pb <0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 0.05J0.05 Cd <0.005 0.0025 0.0025 0.0025 0.0025 <0.005 <0.005 0.005/0.005 Cu 0.0025 1.0 (0.1 fishery)

4.3.7 Huainan

Table 4.24 provides EPB water quality monitoring data for the Huai River near Huainan.

4-21 August2000 liuai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

Table 4.24: EPB, Huainan - Water Quality (mg/1)of the Huai River

a) At Feng Tai Ferry upstream:

Param. 1985 1990 1995 1997 GHZB 1- 1999 Std. ______.______Class III/IV Dry avg wet dry avg wet dry avg wet dry avg wet Temp., °C 4.5 22.4 26.2 3.6 16.4 26.8 - - - - - Inc <1, Dec <2 pH 7.7 8.0 7.9 8.7 8.2 8.1 7.97 7.19 7.55 8.18 8.24 7.42 6.5-8.5 DO 12.2 6.8 7.8 9.2 5.2 5.6 10.2 3.3 6.2 10.3 5.8 4.2 5.0!3.0 min. CODC, 2.7 4.7 3.1 5.9 1.8 4.4 ------30 BOD5 3.8 3.4 3.1 2.6 0.2 0.6 4.0 13.0 6.0 4.0 5.0 3.0 4 / 6 Note: DO levels are too high.

b) At Da Jian Guo, downstream:

Param. 1985 1990 1995 1997 GHZB 1- 1999 Std. .______,_ _ _Class III/IV .______Dry avg wet dry avg wet dry avg wet dry - avg wet 0 Temp., C 6.0 23.1 27.3 9.4 29.0 27.1 ------Inc <1, Dec <2 pH -7.7 8.1 7.8 8.7 8.8 7.6 8.06 7.08 7.81 7.77 7.90 7.51 6.5-8.5 DO 11.8 6.2 5.0 6.2 3.2 5.2 8.7 1.8 5.1 9.5 5.4 13.9 5.013.0 min. CODCr 4.0 4.5 6.7 6.0 3.6 7.8 - - - - 20 / 30 BOD5 4.2 5.6 4.6 2.4 2.8 4.2 4.0 15.0 9.0 3.0 4.0 7.0 4/ 6 Note - DO levels are too high.

c)Near Xin Cheng Kou, further downstream of city:

Param. 1985 1990 1995 1997 GHZB 1- 1999 Std. ______~~~~~~ClassIII/IV dr a wet dry avI wet dry avg wet dry avgL wet

Temp.,°C 10 __ |_32 _ 21 31 8 24 32 Inc

4.3.8 Lu'an

Table 4.25 provides EPB water quality monitoring data of the Old Pi River near Lu'an, and Table 4.26 provides EPB water quality monitoring data of the Pihe Main Canal.

4-22 August2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Repori Anhui Province

Table 4.25: EPB, Lu'an -Water Quality(mg/I) of Old Pi River

(a) Upstreamof the city: Param. 1985 1990 1995 1997 f GHZB I - 1999 Std. ______- -______- ~~~ClassIII/IV Dry avg wet dry avy wet dry avg wet dry avg wet Temp.,°C_ 9.0 22.5 3.5 13.0 31.0 4.0 24.0 30.0 2.0 24.0 27.2 Inc <1, Dec <2 1-1 7.7 7.7 7.92 7.18 7.65 8.12 8.32 7.24 8.12 7.76 7.95 6.5-8.5 DO 7.23 5.2 10.4 9.15 6.47 12.1 8.2 5.8 11.3 7.9 6.5 5.0/ 3.0 min. BOD5 0.4 1.6 1.54 1.5 11.2 1.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 4 / 6 CODcr 1.92 2.67 2.17 3.19 4.94 4.20 3.0 5.4 2.7 3.0 7.5 L20/30

(b) Downstreamof the city: Param. 1985 1990 1995 1997 GHZB I- 1999 Std.

______~~~~~~~ClassIII/IV Dry avg wet Dry avg wet dry avg wet dry avg wet Temp., °C 9.0 23.0 .0 15.0 29.0 5.5 24.0 30.0 2.0 24.0 26.8 Inc <1, Dec <2 PH 7.55 7.55 8.13 7.19 7.34 8.82 7.5 7.12 7.89 7.55 7.7 6.5-8.5 DO 7.38 3.03 927 6.29 3.92 2-2 0.2 1.4 7.4 0 1.5 5.0/ 3.0 min. BOD5 1.4353.93 11.0 3.9 56 9 4 9 10 5 4/ 6 CODcr 5.42 12.3 8.33 14.4 11.1 62.2 24.6 11.6 i5 11.7 17.6 20/30

Table 4.26: EPB, Lu'an -Water Quality(mgIl) of Pihe Main Canal

(a) Upstream of the city: Param. 1985 1990 1995 1997 GHZB1 - 1999 Std. _____ I______l | Class III/IV | Dry | avg | wet dry avg wet dry avg wet .dry avg wet Temp.,°C 9 19 11 16 26 4.5 24 28 8 19 24.7 Inc<1,Dec<2 pH 7.7 - 7.37 - 7.37 7.87 7.85 7.66 7.92 7.46 7.58 7.69 6.75 8.12 6.5-8.5 DO 7.0 6.3 6.92 8.7 9.97 6.38 11.6 7.9 6.2 11.0 8.6 6.3 5.0/ 3.0 min. I BOOS 1 1.5 1 0.78 0.67 1.12 0.7 0.74 2 1 0 2 I 1 4/6 CODcr 2.07 2.24 2.3 1.68 2.93 2.89 5.0 3.1 2.6 2.4 2.0 2.1 20/30

(b) Downstreamof the city: Param. 1985 1990 1995 1997 GHZB1 - 1999 Std. l____ l____l_l_ l____ l Class III/IV Dry avg wet Dry avg wet dry avg | wet dry | avg | wet ITemp., °C 9 19 111 16 32.5 5.0 23.0 28.0 7.0 2.0 26.0 Inc <1, Dec <2 pH 7.8 7.35 | 7.41 7.66 | 7.62 | 7.86 8.26 7.53 | 7.59 8.78 6.89 8.45 6.5-8.5 DO l 8.07 6.92 7.56 9.41 6.49 11.1 7.9 6.3 11.0 8.4 6.4 5.0/ 3.0 mi. BOD5 l 0.77 0.57 0.67 1.2 1.15 0.7 2 1 0 1.0 1.0 1.0 4 / 6 CODcr 1.79 2.14 2.3 2.24 3.74A 2.36 3.8 3.1 2.5 2.5 1.7 2.20/30

4.3.9 Summary

The surface water systems in Anhui Province will be unlikely to meet the Class III or Class IV WPCP targets during the dry season for the foreseeable future. There is very little assimilative capacity in these surface waters due to inflows approaching zero in the dry season, canalised stream segments with very flat slopes, and minimal environmental resources.

4-23 August2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

The major industrial dischargers have reduced their basin wide COD impacts to a great extent, but expanding urbanisation in the cities is causing increasing domestic sewage impacts, while construction of proposed WwTWs lags far behind the WPCP planned schedule.

In addition, the 3H Action Plan indicates that the overall COD loading in the basin may be over twice the WPCP estimates, due to TVEs, non-point source pollution and other miscellaneous sources. The HRWPCP project and related bi-lateral WwTWs will improve the COD loading in the province, but overall COD loading will remain much greater than WPCP targets.

Unless ways can be found to increase the dry season base flows there is little hope of meeting river water quality objectives for much of the length of the rivers in the Huai River Basin.

Table 4.27 provides some monitoring data on the control sections of the Huai River mainstream.

Table4.27: Huai RiverControl SectionsMonitoring

Unit: mr L (except pH)

Sections Year PWerd pH CODM. BODs Ammnonia Wet 7.76 5.1 4.3 0.173 1996 Dry 8.01 7.7 4.3 0.306 Normal 7.54 8.8 0.163 Wet 7.61 5.8 6.7 0.573 Hudajian 1997 Dry 7.76 7.9 3 0.047 (Dajiangou) Normal 7.9 5.8 3.8 0.197 Wet 7.13 5.4 3.7 0.032 1998 Dry 7.64 7 4.7 0.046 Normal 7.38 4.5 4 0.032 Wet 7.49 5.8 1.2 0.071 1996 Dry 7.98 10.4 6.5 0.1 Normal 7.42 8.9 10 0.054 Wet 7.48 5.2 3.7 0.006 Mohekou 1997 Dry 8.02 7.1 1.8 0.049 Normal 7.35 5.6 9.7 0.003 Wet 7.35 4.7 3.3 0.025 1998 Dry 8 5.3 4 0.046 Normal 7.32 6.7 5 0.02 Wet 6.91 5.8 2 0.002 1996 Dry 8.14 3.4 2 0.097 Normal 7.26 4.8 0.5 0.002 Wet 7.91 1.6 1.5 0.005 Xiaoliuxiang 1997 Dry 7.88 4.8 3 0.029 Normal 7.83 4.2 4 0.043 Wet 7.69 5.8 0.5 0.003 1998 Dry 8.04 6.8 4.5 0.043 Normal 7.62 4.5 2 0.005

Table 4.28 provides recent EPB monitoring statistics on the main tributary control sections.

4-24 August2000 Huai River Water PollutionControl Project EnvironmentalAssessment Report Anhui Province

Table4.28: Water Quality Monitoring Data on Tributary Control Sections

Unit: mg/L (exept pH)

Sections Year Water Period pH COD,,, BODs AmmoniaNon-ionic Wet 7.81 11.7 3.8 0.143 1996 Dry 6.92 92.2 49.0 0.469 Normal 7.77 42.6 19.3 0.324 Wet 7.70 17.6 4.7 0.032 Xinan Ferry 1997 Dry 7.89 15.0 8.8 0.018 Normal 7.55 11.7 9.7 0.075 Wet 7.48 4.7 1.0 0.036 1998 Dry 7.93 6.2 4.2 0.002 Normal 7.69 3.0 1.5 0.020 Wet 8.14 10.4 5.5 0.281 1996 Dry 7.93 57.0 30.0 0.830 Normal 8.39 62.7 32.3 8.262 Yingshang Wet 7.60 10.7 7.2 0.265 Fantaizi 1997 Dry 7.34 17.8 10.5 0.037 (Ying River) Normal 7.91 8.8 5.8 0.546 Wet 7.75 6.4 5.0 0.068 1998 Dry 7.92 21.4 11.0 0.120 Normal 8.00 10.1 8.5 1.456 Wet 8.12 14.3 7.8 0.88 1996 Dry 8.00 24.9 13.5 0.338 Normal 8.48 34.2 16.8 5.511 Wet 7.83 8.4 5.5 0.167 Mengcheng 1997 Dry 8.43 13.3 10.0 0.459 County Normal 8.18 15.9 9.5 1.449 Wet 7.90 6.6 6.2 0.04 1998 Dry 8.02 16.7 9.5 0.292 ______Normal 8.21 7.5 7.3 1.166 Wet 8.16 6.7 7.0 0.080 1996 Dry 7.67 51.5 34.0 0.126 Normal 8.12 52.6 29.5 0.474 Wet 8.36 9.6 6.0 0.363 Gu Rao 1997 Dry 8.02 33.5 14.5 0.172 (New Sui River) Normal 8.11 47.8 19.0 0.606 Wet 8.06 9.1 4.0 0.625 1998 Dry 8.38 20.3 7.5 0.083 Normal 8.70 7.5 5.0 0.585 Wet 7.21 8.0 0.011 1996 Dry 8.36 70.0 0.036 Normal 8.23 11.0 0.144 Wet 7.76 3.4 3.0 0.020 Qi XianGate 1997 Dry 8.05 55.2 24.0 0.058 Normal 7.91 13.0 6.0 1.298 Wet 8.03 6.1 6.0 0.053 1998 Dry 8.08 12.3 13.0 0.062 Normal 8.67 8.2 7.0 0.289

4-25 August2000 Chinese Government National State Environmental National Environmental __ ProtectionAgency _ _ _ _ Environmental Research Institute (SEPA) MonitoringStation

National Environmental National Environmental I Monitoring Guidance Policies Standards A Provincial A Environmental i Provincial ProtectionBureau Provincial Environmental J (PEPB) Environmental

ResearchInstitute - Monitoring Station Provincial Monitoring (PERI) Research and Monitoring Division Information Center (PEMS) Data Submitted to NEPA ;ii"t*i l ^--2t; : Control..... :5*. Division 1: :PollutionAssessment Center Scientific Studies Exploitation/Devel. Division (EA Approvals to NEPA) I Environmental Monitoring, Environrmental Natural Conservation Division Publicity and Education Center I All Media Assessments Publicity and Education Division Environmental Industry Association International Cooperation Division Society for Environmental Sciences Accounting Division Law and Regulatory Division

I Monitoring Guidance

City Environmental ProtectionBureau v City Environmental (CEPB) City Environmental ResearchInstitute Monitoring Station l (not all cities)

Environmental Compliance City/County Monitoring Assessments and I MoniitoringGuidance Data Submzittedto PEMS Monitoring, All Media l

Figure 4.1 Huai River Basin EnvironmentalProtection Organisations CountyEnvironmental _ CountyEnvironmental ProtectionBureau MonitoringStation Huai River Water PollutionControl Project EnvironmentalAssessment Report Anhui Province

5 DETERMINATIONOF THE POTENTIALIMPACTS OF THE PROPOSEDPROJECT

The HRWPCP in Anhui Province will involve the implementation of municipal wastewater programs in eight cities, including collection only in six cities, and collection and treatment facilities in the other two cities. In China, as elsewhere in the world, these types of scheme normally create a common series of impacts, both positive and negative. * In Section 5.1, the typical positive and negative impacts are presented for the construction and operation of water pollution control projects. * In Section 5.2, the positive impacts of the individual project components are summarised.

* In Section 5.3, the short-term negative impacts arising from construction are presented for each of the project components.

* In Section 5.4, the potential longer-term impacts that can occur during operation are presented for each scheme.

In Chapter 7, a series of generic mitigation measures, to counteract the adverse impacts identified, are presented. Also presented are proposals for the monitoring of the implementation of the generic mitigation measures and details of the organisations responsible. These are presented as schedules in tabular form.

Also included in Chapter 7, are proposals for the long term monitoring of the success of the project. The main Performance Indicator is the quality of the river waters and sampling and analytical programmes are proposed. Other Performance Indicators to be monitored relate to the effective operation of the component engineering works.

5.1 Typical Impacts of Water PollutionControl Projects

5.1.1 Positive Impacts

The normal positive impacts one expects for water pollution control schemes, which also relate to the HRWPCP schemes are summarised below: * Connection of household foul drains to effective, enclosed sewers creates a range of benefits: (e) Contact with sanitary waste within the home is reduced (f) Contact with infectious waste in open sewers/drains/streams is reduced. (g) Odour problems are reduced or eliminated. (h) Contamination of foodstuffs is reduced. (i) The general environment of those living close to open drains is improved.

5-1 August2000 Huai River Water PollutionControl Project EnvironmentalAssessment Report Anhui Province

(j) Amenity is improved and exposure to harmful materials is reduced, particularly or the more vulnerable members of the communities (e.g. the young and the old.) (k) The handling of nightsoil is eliminated. This is believed to be one of the major sources of illness from waterborne diseases. * The discharge of treated or untreated wastewater at a point downstream of the project area removes the possibility of access by project area citizens to the harmful constituents of the wastewater.

* The biological treatment of wastewater before discharge to adjacent surface waters has many benefits:

I . The concentration of pathogenic organisms in the wastewater is greatly reduced.

2. The concentrations of BOD and ammonia are reduced thereby reducing the oxygen demand in rivers and making the rivers "healthier."

3. The Suspended Solids content of the wastewater is reduced and therefore the general appearance and amenity value of the river can be improved.

4. Ammonia is toxic to fish and therefore the removal of ammonia encourages fishing and fishery development.

5. When removal of nutrients is practised, the risk of algae development in downstream lakes or slow flowing water is reduced. * Good public health facilities have been found worldwide to increase the feeling of well- being in those served and to create an environment conducive to effective development, and social and environmental well-being.

5.1.2 NegativeImpacts

There are a range of potential negative impacts that arise from the implementation of water pollution control projects. These are summarised below:

General

* The construction and operation of environmental works costs money that must be repaid by the beneficiaries. It is necessary to ensure that the project can be afforded and that the public consider the improved services to be worth the price to be paid. Such checks have been made in the case of the HRWPCP components and these have been found to be affordable and receiving high degrees of public support.

5-2 August 2000 HluaiRiver Water PollutionControl Project EnvironmentalAssessment Report Anhui Province

* Land has to be acquired for the construction of the project and therefore those at present using the land must be cared for. Similarly where people are to lose their homes and/or have to change their jobs, it is necessary to ensure that satisfactory arrangements are made for those affected. For the HRWPCP, all of those who will be affected by the construction of the component projects have been identified and compensation has been planned in detail. These plans are covered in a "Resettlement Action Plan" which has been approved in China and forwarded to the World Bank. It is worthy of note that in China the means and levels of compensation paid are laid down under State laws and directives and the terms are widely accepted as generous. So much so that problems are frequently experienced where people try to illegally move into an area immediately prior to the development of a scheme in order to take advantage of the generous compensation. Compensation in China is well-organised and more generous than in most other countries. * The construction of civil engineering structures cannot be conducted without creating a number of negative impacts. These are principally concerned with; noise, dust, increasing transport, disposal of spoil from excavations and risks to construction staff. The HRWPCP components will all create such impacts. Mitigation methods are proposed to limit these impacts to levels that are generally acceptable in China. Such levels might not be acceptable to all countries in the west since in some cases a different approach is adopted. It has been considered to be important that the EA mitigation measures proposed should reflect expectations in China. * Spoil disposal creates little problem in China. In most cases there is a demand for spoil and often spoil from a construction site even can be sold. * Higher risks during construction are experienced in China than in the west. This is due in part to the greater use of manual labour as opposed to mechanical assistance in construction. For the HRWPCP, where a number of international contracts are likely to be let, risks are likely to be less than normal. * Risks occur mainly due to working in deep excavations and at height. Standard mitigation measures can be applied to minimise such risks. * Standard mitigation measures such as water spraying are effective in controlling dust on construction sites. * In sensitive areas construction noise can be limited by reasonable working hours and the adoption of quiet practices although it appears that, throughout daily life, the Chinese are less sensitive to excessive noise than those in the west.

Negative impacts particularly related to the construction and operation of wastewater works are as follows: * Sewerage pipework and channels are installed or constructed below ground. Negative impacts can arise from dust produced during excavation, the removal of spoil from the site, the provision of access for site equipment and machinery and the hazards of working below ground level. These impacts are minimised by good engineering design and the use of sound construction practices.

5-3 August2000 Huai River Water PollutionControl Project EnvironmentalAssessment Report Anhui Province

* The construction of WwTWs have similar negative impacts including; noise, dust, interference of transport by site equipment, and the lhazards referred to above of working in deep excavations or at height. * Adverse operational aspects of wastewater treatment are commonly: o Excessive noise o Unacceptable odour generation o Health and aesthetic impacts associated with the disposal of sludges o The adverse effects on treatment performance that can be created by the disposal of toxic industrial discharges to the sewers.

The above generic impacts are relevant to the HRWPCP components but as elsewhere the adverse impacts can all be minimised by good design and construction practice, and the application of specific mitigation measures, as have been detailed case by case in Chapter 7.

5.2 PositiveImpacts of the SpecificHRWPCP Components

5.2.1 IncreasedDomestic Output Due To ImprovedWater Resources

The goals of the WPCP are to restore the Huai River mainstream to Class III, and the tributary streams to Class IV. As has been outlined previously in the EA, there are a wide variety of point and non-point sources of pollution in the basin that will need to be controlled to meet these goals, and the dry season low-flows will remain problematic even when these sources have been controlled. As such, it will be unlikely that the surface streams will be able to be used reliably for additional water supply sources in the near future. However, water is a very scarce resource and any improvement in water quality resulting from implementation of the HRWPCP components will undoubtedly result in improved economic activity in the cities and downstream communities.

The principal benefits associated improved water resources with each sub-component are shown in Table 5.1:

5-4 August2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

Table 5.1: Improved Water Resources by Component City

HRWPCP Project Improved Water Resources for HRWPCP Project City Componelt Bozhou Water resourcesare scarce in Bozhou. The Bozhou reachof theGuo River is badlypolluted and cannotbe utilisedas a source of water for municipal purposes. ConsequentlyBozhou is completelyreliant on groundwaterfor it's municipal and industrialwater requirements. The sLib-componentwill lead to significant improvementin the quality of water in the Guo River, which if accompaniedby other pollition control actions in the GLIo catchment(eg for pollution from non-pointsources and industry)will make the river a potential water source. This improvedwater supply situation will createthe potential for increasedeconomic activity in Bozhou.

Huaibei The sub-componentwill contributeto improvementin the qualityof water in the Sui River and Xiang Yang Canal. both of which are heavily polluted This improvedsurface water situation will create the potential for increasedeconomic activity in Huaibeidue to the improvedenvironment.

Guoyang Water resourcesare scarce in Guoyang.The Guoyangreach of the GuoheRiver is badly polluted and cannot be utilised as a source of water for municipal purposes. Consequently Guoyang is completely reliant on groundwaterfor it's municipaland industrialwater requirements. The sub-componentwill lead to significantimprovement in the quality of water in the GuoheRiver which, if accompaniedby other pollution control actions in the Guo catchment (eg for pollution from non-pointsources and industry), will make the river a potential water source. This improved water supply situation will create the potentialfor increasedeconomic activity in Guoyang.It is anticipatedthat followingthe commissioningof the new WwTW, the water quality in the rivers being used for irrigation, fishing and livestock productionin Guoyangand MengchenCounties will improve. Productivitywill therefore increasethrough time as will the value of the productionoutput.

Suzhou Water treatment costs will be reduced as the quality of the Tuo River and Xinbian River Rivers improves and this improvedwater resourceis anticipatedto result in higher levels of economicactivity.

Fuyang The sub-componentwill lead to significant improvementin the quality of water in the Ying River that will make it possibleto utilise the river as a potential water source. This improved water supply situation will create the potential for increased economic activity in Fuyang. Water treatment costs will be reduced as the quality of the Ying River improvesand this improvedwater resourceis anticipatedto result in higher levels of economicactivity.

Bengbu The sub-componentwill contributeto improvementin the quality of water in the Huai River. Although this will not have an impact on the cost of water treatmentin Bengbu (the water intakes for the WTW are upstream of the Bengbu gates on the Huai River), it will have a beneficial impact on water treatment costs for towns in Wuhe and Fengyang Counties,However, the improved surface water situation will create the potential for increasedeconomic activity in Bengbu due to the improvedriver water quality.

Huainan Water treatmentcosts will be reduced as the quality of the Tuo River and Xinbian Rivers improvesand this improved water resourceis anticipatedto result in higher levels of economicactivity.

Lu'an Water treatmentcosts will be reducedas the qualityof the Pi River and main channel improvesand this improvedwater resourceis anticipatedto result in higher levels of economicactivity. It is anticipatedthat followingthe commissioning of the new WwTW, the water quality in the rivers being used for irrigation, fishing and livestock production in Lu'an City, ChangfengCounty, FeixiCounty and the suburbs of Hefei City will improve. Productivitywill therefore increase throughtime as will the valueof the productionoutput.

5-5 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

In support of these improvements,Table 5.2 providesthe "sanitary protectiondistances" (SPD) from the HRWPCPpump stations and WwTWdischarge locations to a watersupply source.

Table 5.2: Sanitary Protection Distances

Sub-components SPD (m) Sub-components SPD (m) Lu'an WwTW 90.2 Fuyang PS 280 Guoyang WwTW 72.7 Bozhou PS 215 Huaibei PS 231 Suzhou PS 166 Bengbu PS 228 Lu'an PS 242 Huainan PS 230 Guoyang PS 205

5.2.2 Public Health Improvements

It is estimatedthat around 20% of diseasesin all HRWPCPproject cities are water borne. The sub-component projects are expected to contribute to a significant reduction in water borne health problems. This will reduce the cost of medical care and increase output as fewer employees will fall sick each year.

5.2.3 IncreasedRevenue From Tourism

The principal benefits associated increased tourism with each sub-component are shown in Table 5.3:

5-6 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

Table 5.3: IncreasedTourism by ComponentCity

Project Component Increased Tourism for HRWPCP Project City Bozhou Bozhou is one of China's "four capitalsof medicine"and also has many archaeologicaland historical sites of interest. Improvementoftthe quality of the water bodies within the city will further add to the appeal of Bozhou as a destination for tourists. Revenue from tourism is thereforeexpected to rise as a directresult of the sub-component.

Huaibei Huaibei has 12 "high class" hotelswith a total of 879 beds. Improvementof the quality of the water bodies within the city will further add to the appeal of Huaibeias a destinationfor tourists and other visitors. Revenue from tourism is therefore expectedto rise as a directresult of the sub-component.

Guoyang Guoyang is the home town of Laozi(originator of Taoism) and also has archaeologicaland historical sites of interest. Improvementof the quality of the water bodies withinthe city will further add to the appeal of Guoyangas a destination for tourists. Revenue from tourism is thereforeexpected to rise as a directresult of the sub-component.

Suzhou Suzhou has a number of good qualityhotels with a total of 890 beds. Improvementof the quality of the water bodies within the city will further add to the appeal of Suzhou as a destinationfor tourists and other visitors. Revenue from tourism is thereforeexpected to rise as a direct result of the sub-component.

Fuyang Fuyang has 10 hotels with a total of over 1,200 beds. Improvementof the quality of the water bodies within the city will further add to the appeal of Fuyang as a destinationfor tourists and other visitors. Revenue from tourism is therefore expected to rise as a direct result of the sub-component.

Bengbu Bengbu has 10 "star qualification" hotels with a total of 1993 beds. Improvementof the quality of the water bodies within the city and in Longzihu Lake will further add to the appeal of Bengbu as a destinationfor tourists and other visitors. Revenue from tourism is thereforeexpected to rise as a direct result of the sub-component.

Huainan Huainan has a number of good quality hotels and as well as a number of attractions, including the bi-annual"Doufu Cultural Festival". Improvementof the quality of the water bodies within the city will further add to the appeal of Huainan as a destinationfor tourists and other visitors. Revenue from tourism is therefore expected to rise as a direct result of the sub-component.

Lu'an Lu'an has a number of popular tourist attractions. Improvementof the quality of the water bodies within the city will further add to the appeal of Lu'an as a destinationfor tourists. Revenue from tourism is therefore expectedto rise as a direct result of the sub-component.

5.2.4 IncreasedReal EstateValues

The estimated land area affected by the sub-componentis known of which about 50% can be utilised for real estate development. Land values and rents are expected to increase due to improvements in the local environment as well as the potential for increased economic activity arising from the possibilityof utilisingthe local surface water as a water resource.

Table 5.4 provides estimates of increasedreal estatevalues by project component:

5-7 August 2000 Huai River Water PollutionControl Project EnvironmentalAssessment Report Anhui Province

Table 5.4: IncreasedReal Estate Areas by ProjectComponent

HRWPCP Affected Area for Project City Area With Increased Real 2 Project (million M2) Estate Values (million m ) Component Bozhou 8 4 Huaibei 5 2.5 Guoyang 4 2 Suzhou 8 4 Fuyang 10 5 Bengbu 5 2.5 Huainan 8 4 Lu'an 8 4

5.2.5 ImprovedSurface Water Quality,Guoyang and Lu'an

The HRWPCP project cities will all benefit from improved surface water quality after implementationof the HRWPCPand the bi-lateral WwTWs. For the HRWPCP, the cities of Guoyangand Luan will benefitdirectly fromthe WwTWconstruction funded by the HRWPCP.

The DHV feasibility reports evaluated the potential improvements in surface water quality to be attributed to these WwTWs for the two cities. Since the data on existing pollution loads was nonexistent and/or unreliable, they used estimates of WwTW loading and assumed 80% removal of COD and 90% removal for BOD.

Since the upstream water quality data was again limited and questionable, DHV ran the MIKEI I water quality model under the assumptions that the surface water quality upstream had been totally controlled to surface water quality standards, so the rivers arriving at the discharge points were of good quality. The MIKE1 I model runs then showed the dissolved oxygen levels in the rivers with and without the HRWPCP WwTWs.

Table 5.5 shows the assumptions on project load reductions, and Table 5.6 provides some other assumptions used in this modelling.

Table 5.5: DHV Assumed Project Load Reduction

Capacity (m3/d) Influent Effluent Removal Removal 40,000 (mg/l) (mg/,) (mg/]) (tonnes/d) BOD 200 20 180 7.2 COD 375 75 300 12.0

5-8 August 2000 Huai River Water PollutionControl Project EnvironmentalAssessment Report Anhui Province

Table 5.6: Other Assumptions in DHV MIKE11 Model

Parameters Without project With Project High river discharge: Flow of the river m3 /s 57.2 57.2 Upstream oxygen mg/l 8.6 8.6 level Upstream BOD level mg/l 0.72 0.72 BOD load discharged kg/d 8,000 800 Low river discharge Flow of the river m3 /s 0.7 0.7 Upstream oxygen mg/l 5.9 5.9 level Upstream BOD level mg/l 1.53 1.53 BOD load discharged kg/d 8,000 800 The resultingoxygen levels in the river downstreamof the effluentdischarge point are shown in the followingdiagram.

Effect of project on dissolved oxygen (DO) levels

9.00

8.00 7.50 1 _ -

7.00 t

5.00 4.50 6 4.00 3 35 3.00- 2.50--l3

1.00 -_ 1.00

0.500

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1I 11 12 13 14 16 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Di,tance fron, n..t discharge point (km)

-4 -- High flow - without project - 4- High flow - with project | Low flow - without project - °- Low flow - with project

What is shown in the diagram as "with project" is valid for the combined projects, i.e. the HRWPCPsewerage projects and the WwTWprojects. Each project in its own right has the same impact as shown for "without project". Without sewerage,the wastewater will not reach the WwTW and wastewaterwill still be dischargedto the surface waters. Without the WwTW,the wastewateris indeedcollected from within the cities and will have an impact on the surface water

5-9 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province quality within the city, but it will have no impact on the water quality of (the main tributary of) the Huaihe river. From the diagram shown above, it can be concluded that the combined projects, have a large impact on the river water quality in the dry season, with very low river flows. In the wet season there are positive effects, but they are rather marginal. The effects are similar for other water quality parameters.

HDI also attempted to quantify the potential water quality improvements associated with construction of the WwTWs. According to procedures approved by SEPA, HDI used a one- dimensional stable water quality model for the Guoyang portion of the Guo River, and a black box model for the Luan portion of the Pi River. The following were the forecast models:

(1) One-dimensional river Stable Water Quality Model

C=Co exp[- K84-x

In the formula: C pollutant density at the forecasted section, mg/l

Co mixed pollutant density at the beginning section, mg/I

u - average flow speed of the section, m/s

x - distance between the forecasted section and the beginning section, m;

KI pollutant decline coefficient, l/d

In which: CO=- CP QP+Ch*Qh Qh+Qp

In the formula: Qh-flow rate of the river, m3/s

Qp-flow rate of wastewater (tributary), m3/s

Ch-certain pollutant density at the section of the upper reaches, ml/I;

Cp---certain pollutant density of wastewater (tributary), mg/l

(2) Black Box Model

C=K CO

In the formula: K-comprehensive coefficient of Black Box;

Other explanations are the same as the above formula.

5-10 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

(3) Narrow and Long Lake Model in Guoyangportion in GuoRiver with gate closed

C_ Co QP+Wo Cp Qp+Wo )exp(-Kht) V Ki +(Ch V )Kh

In the formula: W0 existing pollutant discharge in the lake, g/s

V retained water volume, m3

T time, s

Kh medium variable.

Note that the Phase I sizing of the WwTWs for Guoyang and Lu'an were reduced after the work by HDI so their predictions are based on the ultimate WwTW capacities rather than the Phase I HRWVTPCPprojects. Although over-estimating the potential water quality improvement in the short-term, the WwTWs will likely be expanded very quickly after they are constructed.

Based on this HDI modelling, Table 5.7 shows the forecast of the impact of the discharged effluent of the Luan Chengbei WwTW on the water quality of Luan portion in Pi River; Tables 5.8 and 5.9 show the forecast of the impact of the discharged effluent of Guoyang Chengdong WwTW on the water quality of Guoyang portion in Guo River.

Table 5.7: Water Quality Forecast of Luan Portion in Pi River

Unitimg/l Before the implementation of the WwTW After the implementation of the WwTW Section Period CODcr BODs NH,-N Non-ion CODCr BOD5 NH,-N Non-ion ammonia ammonia Flood 14.7 3.6 0.577 0.005 12.7 2.4 0.378 0.003 Ferrayn Average 19.4 5.9 1.168 0.002 14.9 3.0 0.936 0.002 Dry 77.54 26.7 8.400 0.033 36.5 10.6 6.300 0.025 Flood 7.1 1.5 0.225 0.002 6.2 1.0 0.147 0.002 Dadian- Average 8.3 1.7 0.653 0.001 6.4 0.8 0.523 0.001 gang Dry 28.4 10.0 6.500 0.025 13.4 0.9 4.900 0.019

Table 5.8: Water Quality Forecastof GuoyangPortion in Guo River in Dry Period

Item Concentration Concentration Amountremoved Forecastfactor beforetreatment aftertreatment (mg/I) Reduction (mg/I) (mg/I)

CODcr 61.22 31.96 29.26 47.8 Non-ionammonia 0.623 0.423 0.200 32.1

5-1 1 August2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

Table 5.9: Water QualityForecast of GuoyangPortion in Guo River

Forecast factor Distance (km ° - 2 3 4 5 10 12 Concentration before 46.33 43.05 40.01 37 18 34.56 32.11 22.25 19.22 treatment (mg/1) Concentration after 42.35 39.35 36.57 33.98 31.59 29.35 20.34 17.57 COD<:, treatment (mg/,) _ Amount reduced (mg/I) 3.98 3.70 3.44 3.20 2.97 2.76 1.91 1.65 Flood % Reduction 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 Concentration before 0.408 0.397 0.387 0.377 0.368 0.359 0.322 0.294 treatment (mg/I) Non-ion Concentration after 0.404 0.393 0.383 0.373 0.364 0.355 0.319 0.291 ammonia treatment (mg/I) Amount reduced (mg/I) 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.003 % Reduction I I I I I I I I Concentration before 53.15 50.62 48.31 46.20 44.26 42.49 35.67 31.29 treatment (mg/I) Concentration after 35.61 33.92 32.37 30.95 29.65 28.47 23.90 20.97 CODC, treatment (mg/I) Amount reduced (mg/I) 17.54 16.70 15.94 15.25 14.61 14.02 11.77 10.32 % Reduction 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 AvWerag_ Concentration before 0.423 0.410 0.398 0.387 0.376 0.365 .325 0.294 treatment (mg/l) 6_03403 Non-ion Concentration after 0.360 0.348 0.338 0.329 0.320 0.311 0.276 0.250 ammonia treatment (mg/I) _ Amount reduced (mg/1) 0.063 0.062 0.060 0.058 0.056 0.055 0.049 0.044 % Reduction (%) 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 The results in Table 5.7 indicate that CODcr at Xinan Ferry section could be decreased by 41.04 mg/I (52.9%), 4.5 mg/I (23.2%) and 2.0 mg/l (13.6%) separately in the dry, average and flood periods, and that at the Dadiangang section can be reduced by 15 mg/I, 1.9 mg/I and 0.9 mg/I separately in the same periods. Therefore, the implementation of Luan Chengbei WwTW would improve the water quality of Pi River greatly, especially in the dry period.

The results in Tables 5.8 and 5.9 demonstrate that the main pollutant CODcr in Guoyang portion in Guo River would be decreased by 29.3 mg/I (47.8%), 17.5 mg/l (33.0%) and 3.98 mg/l (8.6%) in the dry, plain and flood periods respectively. So, the implementation of Guoyang Changdong WwTW will play an active part in the improvement of the water quality of Guoyang portion in Guo River.

HDI forecasts indicate that the implementation of the WwTWs will improve the water quality in Luan portion of Pi River and Guoyang portion of Guo River. The Luan WwTW will distinctly improve the water quality at Dadiangang control section. After the water of Pi River is mixed at the outlet with Huai river, in the dry period, the contribution density will be 0.5 mg/I in short-term and 3.3 mg/l in long-term.

In line with the river hydrologic parameters and decline constants provided by the EIA reports of all the sub-projects, the CODcr contribution density and the reducing density at the control sections of the related rivers before and after the implementation of the 10 urban WwTWs were forecasted to demonstrate the improvement to the water quality in the related rivers and at the control sections of the Huai mainstreams in short and long-terms. HDI forecasts indicate that the implementation of the 9 urban WwTWs will obviously improve the water quality at Guzheng

5-12 August2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province control section in Kuai River and Dadiangang control section in Pi River in short and long-terms. The water quality at the control sections of Hudajian, Mohekou and Xiaoliuxiang in Huai mainstream will be a little improved in short-term, and greatly improved in long-term. The water quality at the control section of Fangtaizi in Ying River will be little improved in short-term, and somewhat improved in long-term. The water quality at the control sections of Baliqiao in Sui River and Mengcheng in Guo River will not improved too much in short and long -terms, because the related WwTWs are far away from the control sections.

5.2.6 AdditionalPotential Benefits

Implementation of the HRWPCP components is likely to result in additional benefits, including: * Reduced risk of groundwater contamination in the service areas. * The impact of making realistic charges for wastewater services, should help to encourage waste minimisation at source, and internalise the costs of pollution control. * Amenity benefits to the population of project cities are likely to accrue as the quality of the adjacent rivers improve. This could include use of the river for recreational purposes and the development of riverside walks and parks for public use.

5.2.7 Summaryof ProjectPositive Impacts

The HRWPCP positive benefits listed in the previous sections will be great assets to the cities affected and to Anhui Province in general. In the following sections, potential construction phase and operational phase impacts are identified. There are no significant environmental problems identified in either phase. Compared with the positive benefits, these potential negative impacts are minor and easily mitigated. Detailed mitigation and monitoring strategies should alleviate these concerns.

5.3 PotentialShort Term ConstructionImpacts

The HRWPCP projects could cause a variety of short-term construction impacts that must be monitored and mitigated during the construction period. These construction impacts have been sorted according to their geographic location within the overall project scheme. In Chapter 7, for each identified potential impact, a corresponding mitigation method is proposed along with the method of monitoring and the responsible monitoring agency. The HRWPCP PMO will have an ongoing responsibility to track and report the monitoring work of all the identified agencies, in addition to their direct monitoring activities. Although all potential impacts must be accounted for, the following sections outline the details and more major potential impacts by individual component project.

5-13 August2000 iFluaiRiver Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhlui Province

5.3.1 ResettlementAction Plan (RAP)

Overview

Temporary and permnanentland acquisition including some resettlement will occur as a result of the project. The HRWPCP project cities have prepared ResettlemnentAction Plans (RAPs) for each HRWPCP project component, and these have been consolidated into a provincial project RAP. Table 5.10 summarises the key RAP data

Table 5.10: ProjectAffected LandStatistics

C.ty Permanent Land Acquisition (Mlu) Temporary Land (Mu) City Irrig. Dry land Veget. Fish State- Other Sub- Affected Veget. Fruit Sub- Affected Land Plots ponds owned land total people plots orchard total people __ __ _ land ______Huaibei 0.0 3.4 2.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.3 31 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LBengbu 4.1 1.6 3.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.2 28 0.0 0.0 0.0 00 J Huainan 3.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 9.0 1.1 14.4 7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fuyang 0.0 00 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.8 2.3 21 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Bozhou 0.0 4.3 0.0 0.0 3.9 0.0 8.2 17 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lu'an 29.6 16.4 8.2 0.0 1.6 33.6 89.4 131 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Guoyang 0.0 85.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 10.0 95.5 141 0.0 0.0 00 0.0

Total 1 8.35 128.425 4.575 1.3 10.48 89.376 242.506 429 32.8 4.29 3709 155

Note. Suzhou sub-projectdoes not require any resettlement,as the land of the sub-projectsis governmentland which is reservedfor landscapeworks in the city, The governmenthas agreedthat this land be use for the projectand as such resettlementaction plans for Suzhou is not required as there are no affected people. Table 5.11 summarises the major findings of the component RAPs. From the table and other information contained in the full RAP, it can be concluded that although the project will have permanent and temporary land impacts these are not considered to be significant as these are small parcels of land in comparison to total land areas in the village. For permanently affected land areas with the re-allocation of land in the villages land holding per capita is not expected to be reduced significantly due to the small portion of affected land.

Compensation and income restoration measures are in place to ensure that project affected people (PAP)'s livelihood does not deteriorate as a result of the project. Temporary land acquisition is predominantly in the road verges and therefore will not affect agricultural land. The affected road verges will be sealed and the area restored after construction. Period of disturbance for road verges is estimated to be about 2 months.

5-14 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

Table 5.11: HRWPCPComponent RAP Summary

Project Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) for Project City Component

Bozhou The land acquisitionof pumpingstations will impact on 4 villages. Permanentland for pumpingstations would impact on 8.15 Mu (17 PAP).Of this land acquisition,1.35 Mu ofNiushi subdistrictcommission would be used for the pumpingstation of Bozhou Donglu,this would be granted by Lantiancompany. 2.5 Muof land of Baoyuanvillage has beenacquired for the Guanminglupumping station the by the MunicipalLand DevelopmentCompany and would be granted for municipalconstruction land. No displacementof houseswill result from this sub-project.Affected facilities and attachmentsonly includetrees. The project has no impact on communitybuildings. There are in total 17 PAP who are only affected by land acquisition.

Huaibei The constructionof sewernetwork and the land acquisitionfor the pumpingstations would impact on 5 villages. A total of 6.25 mu of land will be permanentlyaffected for the installationof the pumpingstations, this will affect 31 persons. There is no any temporaryland acquisition. Affectedfacilities and attachmentsinclude electricity poles, telephonepoles, trees and unsealed(sandy) road. The project will not affect any buildings.

Guoyang Land acquisitionrequired forthe constructionof WwTWand the pumpingstations will impacton 95.5 Mu of land in Mazhai village (141 PAP) for the WwTW,and 0.5 mu of state ownedvacant land for the pumpingstation. There is no displacementof houses in this sub-project. Affectedfacilities and attachmentsinclude electricity poles, graves and trees.The projectwill haveno impacts on buildings.There are in total 141 PAP who are only affected by land acquisition.

Suzhou Suzhou sub-projectdoes not require any resettlement,as the land of the two sub-projectsis governmentland which is reservedfor landscapeworks in thesecities. The governmenthas agreedthat this land be use for the projectand as such resettlementaction plans for these cities are not required as there are no affected people.

Fuyang The land acquisitionfor the pumpingstations would affect 2 villages and 2 units (buildings).Permanent land acquisitionto accommodatethe pumpingstations will affect 2.3 mu (impactingon 21 persons). This comprisesof impact on the Section 2 Nr.4 RailwayBureau affecting 15 PAP, land acquisition(3 PAP) in ShuangheExecutive Village,and 178m2 of housingareas of Baiyiqiaovillage (impactingon 3 people). The affected facilitiesand attachmentsinclude power tower,electricity poles, telephonepoles and trees. Of the 2.3 mu, 0.93 mu of land would be acquiredfrom The SecondDivision of No.4h RailwayBureau that would affect 366 m' of workshoparea (affecting15 PAP) and 0.48 mu of land ownedby the Municipal Govemmentwill be acquired. A total of 78m2 will be demolished, however,these buildingsare empty and no being used. Compensationwould be paid for loss of land, houses and land attachments.

Bengbu The land acquisitionof pumpingstations would cause impacts in 3 villages. Permanentland impactswill affect9.20 mu (28 persons)displacing house area of 653m2 (28 persons).Affected facilities and attachmentinclude electricity poles, telephonepoles, treesand unsealed (sandy) road.The projectwill have no impacton communitybuildings. There are in total 28 PAP who are both affected by land acquisitionand house relocation.Appendix C shows project impacts in each affected village for this sub-project.

Huainan The main affectof this sub-projectis land acquisitionfor pumpingstations and temporary land impacts for installation of the sewer networks. An administrationbuilding will be built to accommodatethe water companywho are responsiblefor maintainingthe sewers in the area. This building will require the acquisitionof 9 mu of wasteland in the No.1 ConstructionMaterials Factory premises. There will be no impact on productionas a result of this land acquisitionand compensationwill be providedfor land acquisition. Forthe pumping stations,5.4 mu of land will be acquiredwhich will impacton 7 people. Land for the pumpingstations will affect2 villages and 2 enterprises,which comprise 1. I mu of empty land inthe HuainanWater Protection MaterialFactory, and 1.3 mu of ponds in Longhu garden. No houses or attachmentsrequire relocation. No enterpriseproduction will be affectedby this sub-project. All PAP are only affectedby land acquisition.

Lu'an The constructionof WwTWand land acquisitionfor the pumpingstations will cause resettlementimpacts in 4 villages. Permanentland to be acquiredis 89.4 Mu (131 PAP). This sub-projectwill not result in the displacementof houses. Affected facilitiesand attachmentsinclude electricity poles, telephonepoles and trees. The project has no impact on buildings.There are in total 131 PAP who are affected by land acquisition.

5-1 5 August2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

Impacts on people affected by relocation is also expected to be insignificant as these people will be relocated to within the same village and they will have the option of either having their house rebuilt for them, or receiving cash compensation and rebuilding houses themselves. Compensation and income restoration measures for people affected by house relocation are discussed in greater detail in the RAP.

5.3.2 Demolition/Spoil

There is minimum demolition required for the project components and the issue has been covered in the RAP for the project. As the plant sites will be levelled before the project construction, no problems of arable land loss, vegetation damage and notable soil erosion. HDI has quantified an estimate of excess spoil from each project component as shown in Table 5.12.

Table 5.12: EstimatedSpoils GenerationBy ProjectComponent

HRWPCP Project Component Estimated Excess Spoil Material 10,000 m3 Bozhou 11.10 Huaibei 8.07 Guoyang 6.58 Suzhou 5.44 Fuyang 19.14 Bengbu 5.55 Huainan 5.00 Lu an 4.91

HDI have also review the proposed disposal sites and found no special environmental problems or issues related to these proposed sites. HDI also recommended the following mitigation measures relative to spoils: * Minimise the time of digging, burying, filling, and recovering. * The waste soil could be used for road construction. Besides, the transport and pile of soil should be arranged after the discussion with land administration authority. Try to use farming land as less as possible so as to mitigate the destruction to the bio- environment.

5.3.3 Noise and Dust

Heavy load trucks for transporting pipes are mobile and intermittent sources emitting significant noise during pipe laying, with noise levels in the range of 85-90 dB(A). The noise impact should not be significant since they will only operate in the daytime, they are less frequent than vehicle flows on existing roadways, and the WwTW sites are not near urban centres. The pipelines will be excavated using manual labour so dust and noise will be minimised. Limiting construction to the daytime hours will mitigate noise problems. The pipelines will be excavated using manual

5-16 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province labour in many cases so dust and noise will be minimised. During the construction operation of construction equipment and the running of vehicles will generate noise.

The noise levels will depend on the types and numbers of machines and vehicles. Generally their noise levels range from 80 to 90 dB(A). The construction noise will have adverse impact on people living near the construction site or along the highway. In order to meet the requirements specified by Boundary Noise Limits for Construction Sites (GB12523-90), night-time construction activities will be prohibited, with the use of trucks and equipment prohibited by 23:00 hr each day (except for road crossings which may be allowed to minimise daytime construction impacts).

If it is necessary to utilise groundwater pumps, they will be provided with appropriate noise and vibration protection devices. This will be especially important for night-time dewatering. Mitigation measures will be required as well as monitoring. Management practices are recommended to minimise erosion and runoff from storage piles and for site clean up after construction is completed.

5.3.4 Transportation

There are minimal road crossings required and operational and scheduling plans have been developed to minimise traffic impacts. Noise concerns normally would limit construction to the daytime but road crossings will be allowed at night to minimise traffic disruption on major roads.

5.3.5 SafetyIssues

The pipe trenches will be excavated by hand through existing sand and gravel strata that will require wide, battered, trenches to protect against trench collapse. Strict safety measures will be recommended.

5.3.6 Public Facilities

HDI indicates that no public facilities will be negatively impacted by HRWPCP components in the project cities.

5.3.7 DomesticWastewater

During the construction phase, a large number of construction workers will be working in the construction sites. Except for some technical workers, most of them will be local residents, they will have their existing places to eat and sleep. Therefore no new domestic wastewater discharge is expected. Technical workers will probably stay at small inns in adjacent towns or townships, so no new pollution sources will be created.

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5.3.8 Summaryof PotentialConstruction Phase Impacts

These potential construction phase impacts are relatively minor and easily mitigated. Details of mitigation measures, and a programme for monitoring the effective implementation of the measures, and the responsibility for the measures are summarised in Chapter 7.

5.4 PotentialOperational Phase Impacts

5.4.1 Sewage Overflows(collection, pump stations, WwTW)

There are two categories of potential for raw sewage discharges. The first involves the concentrated discharge of raw sewage at the WwTW location prior to the WwTW being put into operation, and the second involves intermittent problems after the WwTW is commissioned. Relative to the WwTW scheduling, Table 5.13 provides information on the scheduling of the WwTWs in relationship to the HRWPCP sewerage systems.

Table 5.13: HRWPCPWwTW Scheduling

Sewerage WwTW Sewerage WwTW Project System Funding Scheduled Scheduled City Funding Operation Operation Bozhou HRWPCP Bi-lateral 2003/2004 2001 Huaibei HRWPCP Bi-lateral 2003/2004 2001 Guoyang HRWPCP HRWPCP 2003/2004 2003 Suzhou HRWPCP Bi-lateral 2003/2004 2002 Fuyang HRWPCP Bi-lateral 2003/2004 2001 Bengbu HRWPCP Bi-lateral 2003/2004 2001 Huainan HRWPCP Bi-lateral 2003/2004 2002 Lu'an HRWPCP HRWPCP 2003/2004 2003

Table 5.13 indicates that the WwTWs will be operational in time to be coordinated with the new HRWPCP sewerage systems. As such, there will not be a problem of concentrating the raw sewage discharges at a new point downstream of the city. It is noted that the lack of background flows during the dry season and the flat slopes and other factors reducing the assimilative capacity of the receiving streams probably would indicate that sewage discharges within the cities would not be significantly affect downstream areas differently if changed to the new concentrated locations.

After WwTW commissioning, raw sewage may bypass the collection systems, pump stations, and WwTWs during storm events (until sewerage systems have been completely separated), electrical outages or when the WwTW experiences operational problems. The wet well at the pump stations and inlet to the WwTW will provide only a short-term buffer for such situations and raw sewage will be soon bypassed under these circumstances.

5-18 August2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

However,it is not consideredcost-effective to provide either larger storage for these sitLationsor alternative power supplies. The pump stations will be equipped with dual power supply sources as well as backup pumps for maintenance purposes.

Raw sewage currently discharges to surface waters untreated. It is noted that the receiving streams in dry season will usually not meet the targeted Class III/IV surface water standards whether the WwTW operates or not. As such, the large cost to mitigate this situation is not deemed appropriate during the HRWPCP.

5.4.2 IndustrialWaste Upsets

There are large industrial contribution to the HRWPCP sewerage systems and WwTWs, and pre- treatment has been a problem in the project areas, as well as most of China. There is a possibility of industrial waste upsets to the sewerage systems and WwTWs but rigorous influent monitoring will be specified as well as operational plans to mitigate such problems. As noted in the following data, most of the major industries discharge primarily organic wastes, which can overload the WwTW if not pre-treated adequately, but are less harmful than industries discharging heavy metals or toxic substances to the biological process.

The DHV feasibility report indicated that industrial water use and wastewater generation were difficult to estimate. The difficulties start with the poor data available for the present situation. Data supplied by the water resources bureau seldom match with those from the EPB and both data hardly ever match with reality. There are various reasons for the mismatches. One is that measurements of wastewater flows by the EPB are only rarely made, in many cases only once per year. Water consumption often does not match with wastewater flows, e.g. in cases where water will go into the products (beer) or is used extensively for cooling purposes.

Industrial water use provided by the water supply company can be easily determined, but it is usually only a small portion of the total industrial water use. Virtually all large water users are self providers and, as stated before, data on groundwater abstractions are less reliable. In many cases the abstraction capacity is known, but this is only a poor measure for the water use as many industries have spare abstraction capacity, to avoid shortfalls during breakdown of pumps. While the present water use is difficult, the future industrial water use is almost impossible to determine.

Table 5.14 and 5.15 provide the DHV summaries of existing industries and water usage for &uoyang and Luan respectively.

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Table 5.14: Industrial Water Use And Wastewater Data In Guoyang

No Name Type Water use WWV-dis-Treatment Type of COD in mg/l Effluent of (m3/d) charge (full or treatment to river or industry (m3ld) pre- municipal treatment) treatment 1997 1998 1998 Inlet Effluent GuoyangChaolun paper mill Paper 12,000 13,000 10,000 full Oxidation 1,000 370 Guoheriver Ditch 2 Guoyangfertiliser Synthetic 11,000 12,000 8,600 fill Sediment 200 55 Guoheriver (chemical)factory ammonia 3 Beafand mutton Food 600 740 500 full biochemical 600 149 Guoheriver processingfactory 4 Chengxi papermill Paper 130 150 120 full Sediment 500 138 Guoheriver 5 Daoyuansesame factory Food 140 145 110 full Sediment 450 198 Guoheriver 6 Guoyangfood oil factory Food 130 120 100 full Air separation 610 152 Guoheriver 7 Guoyangsoy factory Food 110 100 70 full Sediment 400 140 Guoheriver 8 Tianhuabiochemical Pharmacy 120 125 100 full sediment 500 155 Guoheriver medicinefactory

5-20 August2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

Table 5.15: IndustrialWater Use And WastewaterData In Luan

No Name Type Wateruse WW-dis- Treatment Typeof COD in mg/I Effluent of (min m3/yr) charge (full or treatment to riveror industry (mln m3) pre- to municipal treatment) treatment 1997 1998 1998 Inlet Effluent I Paper mill Paper II 1.8 1.6 Physical 400 Old Pihe river 2 Pihua Plant Chemical 14.5 9.9 8.3 Recycling 55 Pihe main canal East discharge point 3 Shihua plant Nitrogen 6.3 3.4 2.1 Recycling 87 Old Pihe river fertiliser 4 Chaoyang medicine Pharmacy 1.2 1.1 0.95 360 Old Pihe river factory 5 Textiles factory Textile 2.1 1.9 1.8 68 Old Pihe river 6 Beer factory Brewery 0.5 1.4 1.1 470 Old Pihe river

As required by law, many of the larger industries have in the past constructed some form of wastewater treatment. As the law required a high quality effluent, many of the industries are able to discharge wastewater with an effluent that can hardly be improved in a municipal WwTW. It is currently the intention that many of such effluents are discharged into the sewers. They will then undergo a second treatment effort in the municipal plant.

The proposed practice is based on the assumption that industries do not give proper attention to their treatment works. This is confirmed during many of the field visits: many of the works operate obviously only during the visit and energy consuming equipment is switched off as soon as possible. Insufficient control will probably allow this kind of practice to continue for many years.

The authorities, together with the industries, should determine which of the industries should continue or step up their treatment efforts, in order to reduce loads to the municipal WwTW. This process can be guided also by means of an improved wastewater fee system for the industries, based on pollution caused. Important is that industries that make an effort to treat their own wastewater, will have to pay reduced wastewater fees. This will encourage the industries to search for pollution reduction, often through in-plant measures, but also through end of pipe treatment.

HDI evaluated the potential for industrial wastewater to discharge beyond standards to WwTWs with poisonous substances, heavy metals and acid and alkali substances. This would cause water quality levels beyond the allowable density of harmful substances in the biological structures regulated by the "Design Regulations of Outdoor Discharge" (GBJ14-87). This could restrain the microbe activity and even result in the death of microbe, lose the pollutant treatment capacity, and finally the accidental discharge of the WwTWs.

In early 90s, the investigation on 5500 sets of industrial wastewater treatment facilities inland in China demonstrated that less than one-third of the industry built facilities were playing the role of wastewater treatment. The major reasons are the small scale of the facility, the high cost of operation and lack of strict management. Certain enterprises directly discharge the industrial wastewater secretly for economic benefits.

5-21 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

The WwTWs must rigorously monitor the inlet industrial wastewater and record the monitoring results. The local EPB sectors should coordinate with the WwTWs to persuade the related enterprises to pre-treat the wastewater, meeting the "Overall Wastewater Discharge Standards" (GB8979-1996), the Class III in the pollutant discharge standards for the related industrial enterprises and the "Discharge Water Quality into Urban Sewerage" (CJ18-86), otherwise, they slhould not be allowed to discharge into the WwTW. Generally, this requires no toxic materials and a COD of less than 500 mg'l, BOD of less than 300 mg/I, and SS of less than 400 mg/I.

The staff should be trained and take up the monitoring duties with qualifications. The relevant post responsibilities and operation system must be established. Monitoring management is the guarantee of good operation. The WwTW must monitor the inlet and outlet water quality every day according to the regulations and rules, and grasp the changes of the water quality and adjust the operation models and parameters so as to discharge with standards.

5.4.3 Noise

Table 5.16 provides results of ambient noise level monitoring conducted by HDI in the vicinity of project features.

5-22 August2000 Huai River Water PollutionControl Project EnvironmentalAssessment Report Anhui Province

Table5.16: AmbientNoise MonitoringData

Sub-i e onitoring Point Nr, of Sampling Leq f B(A)l component Monitorin Point Daytime Night Remarks Nr. I PS 1 50.9 46.2 Nr.II PS 1 45.3 42.3 PS Nr III PS 1 63.2 56.2 AssessmentStandard: Nr. IV PS S50.1 45.9 EnvironmentalNoise N~_r.V-PS 1 44.8 40.8 Standardin Urban Area Huaibei Residentialarea of . GB3096-93), Class 2 Sewer miningworkers 2 57.3 47.3 aytime: 60dB(A) Reri Village 1 48.5 44.3 N~~~~ight:5OdB(A) oints Liyuan New Village 1 62.0 53.7 esidentialarea of Lie Shan District . 56.8 Sl.8 DongCe I 53.2 44.1 Gong Yuan Combined 1 56.9 42.4 PS Assess. Std. 55 45 JiuLong GangPS 1 52.5 47.6 AssessmentStandard: iluLong Gang PS Assess. Std. 60 50 EnvironmentalNoise 50.2 51.9 Standard in Urban Area uainan S uo He Road PS Assess. Std. 65 55 (GB3096-93), Class 1, 2 or Sewer3 Tiani Shou Road PS 54.2 49.1 Assess. Std. 60 50 Chang Qian PS Assess. Std. 60 50 Mu Lan Road PS I 71.6 54.9 Guang Ming Road PS 1 65 65.0 Assessment Standard: Zhan Qian Road PS 1 55.8 51.2 EnvironmentalNoise Bozhou Yao Dao Road PS 1 66.0 66.0 Standard in Urban Area Sewer Bozhou Dong Lu PS -1 - 72.6 56.7 KGB3096-93), Class 4 Gu Jin Road PS 1 72.3 56.4 Daytime:.70dB(A) Wang Hua Road PS 1 67.8 53.2 Night: 55dB(A) Liang Xian Road PS 1 66.7 53.4

Lift PS l 59.3 48.7 AssessmentStandard: ift PS 1 59.38.7 EnvironmentalNoise Suzhou Ying Bei PS 1 58.4 49.6 Standardin Urban Area Sewer Ying Bei PS 58.4 49.6 (GB3096-93), Class3 Daytime:65dB(A) Ying Nan PS 1 62.3 47.2 right: 55dB(A)

Table 5.17 provides predicted noise levels at HRWPCP sensitive locations, and Table 5.18 provides estimated noise levels adjacent to proposed WwTWs.

5-23 August2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

Table 5.17: PredictedNoise LevelsAt HRWPCPSensitive Locations

Unit: dB(A) Name Baseline Impact Value Forecasted Noise Daytime Night Daytime Night Daytime Night Village of Mining 57.3 47.4 34.9 34.9 57.3 47.6 Workers Ren Zhuang 48.5 44.3 43.4 43.4 49.7 46.9 Huaibei Swerage Li Yuan Xin Village 62.0 53.7 39.0 39.0 62.0 53.8 Residential Area of 56.8 51.8 39.0 39.0 56.9 520 LieShan District 39_0 39__5_9_2_ Dong Ce Village 53.2 44.1 39.0 39.0 53.4 45.3 Wang Yin Village 61.2 48.3 36.9 36.9 61.0 48.6 Guoyang WwTW Yin Village 62.0 48.4 45.0 45.0 62.2 50.0 Xu Village 60.4 47.5 43.0 43.0 60.5 48.8 AssessmentStandard (GB3096-93,Class 2) Daytime:6OdB(A), Night: 5OdB(A)

Table 5.18: EstimatedNoise LevelsAdjacent To ProposedWwTW

Unit: dB(A) Name of Direction Baseline Impact Value Forecasted Noise Assessment Standard WwTW Daytime Night Daytime Night Daytime Night Daytime Night Northeast 49.2 43.5 49.9 45.3 52.6 47.5 Lu 'an WwTW Southeast 47.7 43.0 48.1 43.6 50.9 46.3 60 50 N_orthwest 58.5 48.5 59.] 50.1 61.8 52.4 Southwest 55.5 49.0 55.9 49.4 58.7 52.2 East 61.2 47.1 50.9 50.9 61.5 52.4 Guoyang South 59.5 48.2 51.9 51.9 60.2 53.4 60 50 WwTW West 60.5 46.8 54.0 54.0 61.4 54.8

HDI has concluded that there are violations of noise standards at some of the proposed pump station locations already due to pre-existing conditions, and the proposed changes due to the operation of the new pump stations are insignificant.

For the WwTW, the minimum protection distance has been set at 100m for protection against potential odour problems, and this distance also provides the necessary buffer zone for noise problems.

5.4.4 Odours

Offensive odours generated in the operational phase of the plant emit in the form of plane source. Since offensive odours are emitted from ground sources, an inversion layer close to the ground can affect diffusion in the air.

HDI did some worse-case scenario modelling of the potential odour from the WwTW based on existing WwTW data. They concluded that a 100m buffer zone should protect the surrounding residents from any serious odour concerns. The WwTW sites are in agricultural area and the use of a greenbelt and tree plantings should also mitigate any potential problems to a significant degree. A minimum of 30% greenery has been specified in the WwTW site areas, along with specific tree plantings.

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Table 5.19 summarises the HDI recommendations related to odour protection.

Table 5.19: HDI Recommendationsfor Odour Protection

Leading Location to Distance to Name wind Leading wind the nearest Protection measures direction direction sensible points

Luan a. The structures easy to give off foul smell should be placed north Chengbei ESE Leeward 1400m of the plant. WwTW 2. A tree belt will be set south of the plant.

Guoyang 1. Tree belts will be set east and north of the plant. Chengdong ES Leeward 250m 2. The discharge and transport of sludge must be strictly supervised. WwTW If possible,closed operation will be better.

5.4.5 EffluentWater QualityImpact

Treated effluent will constitute a pollution source and impact on the receiving streams locally and for several km downstream. This condition is also aggravated by the fact that raw and treated wastewater makes up much of the surface water flow during the dry season. The treated effluent from HRWPCP WwTWs will cause an impact but the overall river condition will improve due to a reduction in total organic loading.

Section 5.2 demonstrated that downstream water quality will be greatly improved by implementation of the HRWPCP sewerage systems and WwTWs. Although there is insufficient data to determine the exact conditions or mixing zone at the outfalls from the WwTWs, the impact of secondary treated effluent to receiving streams (with little baseflow in the dry season) is undoubtedly better than before implementation of the HRWPCP.

5.4.6 Solid Waste and Sludge TreatmentAnd Disposal

The solid waste produced in the operating period of the treatment plants come mainly from surplus sludge, screen dregs, sediments, and screen dregs, floating matter, sludge of septic tanks and dirt and garbage regularly cleaned from the sewerage system.

The sludge produced by the WwTWs is made up of the combination of deposits and biological sludge (surplus sludge). The sludge initially has a high water content, 99.2%-99.8%, and hence high volume. The sludge is therefore thickened and dewatered to produce a sludge cake with between 75%-80% water content by weight. The specific methods to be used for thickening and dewatering sludges at Guoyang and Lu'an WwTW have still to be finalised. However, based on the FSRs it is likely that thickening will use picket fence tanks, belt thickeners or drum thickeners and dewatering will use belt presses or centrifuges.

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Screenings and grit have large grains and suspended substances. The quantity adds up to 15%- 20% of the total solid waste of the treatment plants.

The solid waste produced in the operation of the urban wastewater sewerage comes mainly from screen waste of the pump stations. The quantity produced is direct ratio of the population number in the service area, averaging about 5 kg/cap/annum. The quantity of septic tank sludge, ditch dirt and garbage regularly dug from the drainage system is also collected.

HDI have calculated the potential maximum amount of heavy metal accumulation that could be expected in the WwTWs and the theoretical time limits for applying sludge to land based on the expected sludge quality and land disposal regulations. [Note that HDI modelling was based on the ultimate sizing of the WwTWs, which is somewhat higher than the Phase I projects funded under the HRWPCP.] These are shown in Tables 5.20 and 5.21.

Table 5.20: Theoretical Heavy Metal Accumulation

Unit: g/mu Heavy Metal Elements Lu'an Guoyang Cd 20.96 21.93 Hg 8.37 5.98 Pb 4279.7 4295.2 As 1003.7 1488.4 Cr 10170.6 10113.8

Table 5.21: Theoretical Time Limit for Applying Sludge to Farmland Based on Heavy Metals

Unit: year Items Lu'an Guoyang Cd 4.4 6.7 Hg 20.7 38.0 Pb 209.9 247.9 As 100.5 150.7 Cr 31.5 33.9

These theoretical calculations indicate that the land disposal sites would have to be changed every 4 years for Lu'an and every 6 years for Guoyang, at a minimum, to prevent heavy metal accumulation based on the expected influent concentrations. Of course, regular monitoring of the sludge would be required to ensure that the influent heavy metal concentrations do not change due to new industries, changes of production, etc.

Initially, the HDI EA indicated that lime stabilisation or composting should also be used for disinfection of the pathogens prior to use for land application. However, the WwTWs are not currently designed for lime stabilisation and discussions with SEPA indicated that there would not be a market for the composted sludge. As such, the HDI EA was revised to require that the WwTW sludge be hauled to new landfills in Guoyang and Luan.

5-26 August2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

HDI have received certificates from the local landfill authorities that they will accept the WwTW sludge in Guoyang and Luan. HDI have also reviewed the landfill designs and verified that they are engineered landfills, have sufficient long-term capacity for the WwTW sludge, and have operating leachate control facilities. Figures 5.1 and 5.2 show the respective locations of WwTW and proposed landfill for both cities.

Both Guoyang and Lu'an WwTW have the same capacity and will produce similar quantities of sludge (approximately 20 m3 /day at design capacity). If 6 m3 capacity trucks are used for carrying sludge then 3 to 4 trips per day to the landfill will be required for each WwTW. HDI recommends that these trucks be covered and have verified that this number of truckloads will have minimal impact on the local transportation system.

The provincial Chinese EA does not specifically cover sludge from septic tank emptying. However, during subsequent discussions with HDI they have stated that discharging of septic tank sludge to WwTW (and thus eventual landfilling with WwTW sludge) or direct landfilling would be the preferred disposal methods. However, if land application is used in the future, specific public health protection measures should be used, and the sludge should be covered as soon as possible after application to the land.

5.4.7 O&M Problems

Observation of centralised WwTW in other Chinese cities would indicate that operation and maintenance (O&M) could be a problem. The design of the HRWPCP WwTWs has taken simplicity of operation into account but mitigation monitoring will need to insure that the wastewater company does not try to save operational costs by cutting back on power consumption for aeration, sludge digestion and processing, etc. The operation of the WwTWs should have incentives based on WwTW performance rather than minimising the cost of operations, so that management is keyed to ensuring proper WwTW performance. (see also Section 5.5.1 below).

5.4.8 OrganicLoading and Standards

There is a concern that the actual influent concentrations of organic pollutants at HRWPCP WwTWs will be either much greater than or much less than the parameters assumed in the design of the WwTWs.

The influent domestic sewage at the HRWPCP WwTWs will still be combined with stormwater that causes lower concentrations of organic pollutants (during the wet season) and the widespread use of septic tanks upstream of sewers also, in theory, leads to reduced biological loading.

However, the design values used for the HRWPCP WwTWs appear reasonable when compared to the limited sewer sampling results, taking into account that the sewers are being separated, and septic tanks will eventually be eliminated in separate sewer areas.

The concern over the potential for organic loading to be too high relative to design standards is indicative of problems with pre-treatment of industrial wastewater in the sewerage catchments. If

5-27 August2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project EnvironmentalAssessment Report Anhui Province

such a problem occurs, the solution is for the EPB and the Wastewater Companies to apply and enforce adequate industrial pre-treatment standards, not to apply unrealistic design standards on the HRWPCP WwTWs.

5.4.9 WastewaterEffluent Re-Use,Secondary Impacts

The Luan Chengbei WwTW and Guoyang Chengdong WwTW have been designed and evaluated as discharging effluent to adjacent receiving streams. The potential improvement in surface water shown in the EA assumes that the effluent would be discharged. However, the feasibility reports and the HDI EA evaluated the potential for re-use of effluent as an additional potential project benefit, based on the WwTW designs without modification.

According to the designed outlet water quality of Luan Chengbei WwTW and Guoyang Chengdong WwTW, the indicators of the effluent water quality could meet the basic COD/BOD requirements for watering trees and irrigating farmland, but do not meet the water supply standard for industry and inhabitants. The purified wastewater is not suitable as drinking water source using current technologies and cost-effectiveness.

The WwTW effluent could be used for industry, but it would require significant additional treatment before use, requiring large investments for industrial users. It could be directly used for watering trees, but a complete secondary supply system must be built. In line with the present economical conditions and the existing water sources, it is not economical to use the treated wastewater for industry and watering trees. The treated wastewater could only be re-used for irrigating farmland, and then some precautions are required due to bacteriological concerns since disinfection is not used. The effluent will not meet the coliform bacteria standard for an agricultural water supply, but much of the surface water used in China does not meet this standard.

The HDI EA does not assume that use of effluent for irrigation will occur, but merely states that if effluent is considered for reuse, it should only be used for agricultural water supply, and that some form of disinfection should be employed. HDI also recommended that any reuse scheme should consider the farmland irrigation ditches and the water supply in the surroundings in the design of the WwTW. It would be more economical to discharge the wastewater effluent directly into the nearby farmland irrigation ditches without a lift pump station. If the purified water can be discharged into the irrigation ditches only after elevated by a pump station, a water supply agreement should be assigned with the related govemment of the benefited area so that certain fees will be charged.

Since disinfection and reuse facilities are not part of the HRWPCP projects in Guoyang and Luan, these recommendations can be considered only as relating to any potential reuse scheme that is contemplated after completion of the WwTWs.

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5.4.10 Summaryof PotentialOperational Phase Impacts

These potential operation phase impacts are relatively minor and easily mitigated. Details of mitigation measures, monitoring program and responsibilities are given in Chapter 7.

5.5 Potential Project Risks

5.5.1 ManagementRisks

The design of the scheme is such that any potential technical risks e.g. sewer blockage have been minimised. However, careful monitoring of industrial wastewater discharges to sewer would be advisable to avoid the possibility of discharges that have a deleterious effect on the operation of the new WwTW.

Potential financial and institutional risks associated with the HRWPCP schemes have been identified, by the FSC, as: * Devaluation of the RMB * Improper project implementation arrangements * Delay in setting up of the wastewater companies * Slow implementation of the projects through lengthy procedures * Local financing shortfalls and delays

In addition, other potential risks could include:

* Operation and management shortcomings within the new wastewater companies. It should be noted that this is the first wastewater company to be formed in project cities. During the initial years of operation management and staff will be on a steep learning curve.

* Less than expected revenues, for a variety of reasons, including slow or delayed payments by industry and ineffective billing and collection.

The potential financial implications of the most likely risks to be faced were assessed in the utility level financial analysis.

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5.5.2 Technical Risks

Flooding

The elevationof Luan ChengbeiWwTW is 36.2 m. Accordingto the urban generalplan, the half- circle flood dyke from the old Pi River to Hangbi Canal is at elevation 41.0 m, reaching the designed standard of the 50-year flood (the relevant flood protection level of Pi River is 40.5). The elevation of Guoyang WwTW is about 30.0 m. The average water level of Guo River is 25.5 m. The level of up sluice gate is 32.45 m, and the level of down sluice gate is 32.05 m. The elevation of Guoyang portion, Guo River dyke, is 34.5 m. It can be seen, therefore, the 2 WwTWs have basically solved the site flood prevention problem. From the perspective of flood protection, the locations are reasonable. The location selection of the two WwTWs in Lu'an and Guoyang agrees with the related rules in "The Regulations for Outdoor Drainage Design" (GBJ14-87) and environmental protection. Therefore, the location selection is rational and dependable.

Raw sewage overflowsduring storms

HDI is consulting with the local EPB and making recommendations for appropriate warning devices or signage to protect the public from the raw sewage overflow outfall locations during storms. It is not cost effective to completely separate the sewer systems immediately, so some level of risk of exposure will remain after the project.

Raw sewage overflowsdue to O&M problems

The pump stations are being equipped with dual power supply sources as well as backup pumps to minimise overflows due to pumping problems. The TA and monitoring programs will help to train operating staff to handle problems and minimise the down-time of the WwTW. The mitigation monitoring program will attempt to ensure that the facilities are operated as intended and no attempts are made to save on operational costs by using less power at the WwTWs.

Impropersludge handlingand disposal

The WwTW sludge is now being approved for disposal to landfill only. However, there may be attempts after completion of the WwTW to use the WwTW sludge for farmland land application, with or without the appropriate checks on heavy metal content or the use of lime stabilisation/composting as recommended by HDI. The mitigation monitoring program will attempt to ensure safe handling of the WwTW sludge, as the most serious potential negative environmental impact of the operation of the WwTWs. In addition, periodic monitoring of the landfills should be undertaken to ensure that the sludge is not causing any unsanitary conditions or problems with the leachate control facilities.

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5.6 CumulativeHRWPCP Impacts

Cumulative positive impacts can be measured in terms of: * Reduction of total pollutant discharge in the Province and to the H-luaiRiver mainstream and tributaries Strengthening local agencies responsible for managing the sewerage and relevant wastewater facilities * Improvement of water pollution monitoring and control, leading to better environmental management and enforcement

HDI have provided quantitative estimates of the total pollutant discharge reduction to the Huai River basin as shown in Chapter 9.

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Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui PrDvince

6 ANALYSISOF ALTERNATIVESTO THE PROPOSEDPROJECT

6.1 Introduction

In the preparation of Feasibility StLdies and Preliminary Designs for Appraisal a number of options have been considered before finalisation of the details of each component. Some of the alternatives evaluated have environmental implications, for example the selection of a sludge disposal scheme. Other alternatives cover alternative engineering solutions. Many of these latter evaluations have raised no environmental issues but some do, for example the selection of the type of wastewater treatment process to be adopted. In this Chapter the main alternatives investigated are summarised and where significant environmental issues are raised they are discussed.

The projects in the HRWPCP consists of eight municipal wastewater projects and one water quality monitoring component (Anhui Monitoring Center). All the municipal schemes include wastewater collection facilities, and two of the eight schemes also involving WwTWs. The municipal sub-components were all analysed for the same types of alternatives, with the two cities with new WwTWs having appropriate additional analyses. As such, these alternatives are reviewed in the next chapter by generic part of the projects, rather than by project city.

6.2 AlternativesReviewed in ProjectDevelopment

6.2.1 InterceptionRatio

In the interim until complete sewer separation can be accomplished, it is proposed to construct new interceptor sewers under this project, and to collect the combined sewer flows for treatment. Storm flows in excess of the capacity of the interceptor will be spilled to the river from overflow structures on the interceptor sewers. In the future, when the sewerage system is separated, these interceptor sewers will operate as wastewater only sewers, conveying all flows to the treatment works, and the overflows will be decommissioned or retained as emergency overflows. The interceptor sewers proposed under this project have been designed for the maximum daily dry weather flow (DWF) estimated for the 2020 design horizon. This design basis appears to be reasonable.

6.2.2 Pipe Materials

Due to concerns over corrosion of concrete pipes, the FSR Consultants recommend the use of ribbed PVC pipes for smaller diameter sewers (DN 400 or smaller) and polyurethane or epoxy polyurethane lined concrete pipes for larger diameters. Experience of concrete pipe sewer corrosion elsewhere in China, particularly in Shanghai, is cited as evidence of the need for corrosion protection and the efficiency of polyurethane lined pipes. Ribbed PVC pipes are reportedly planned for manufacture in Hefei whilst it is proposed that polyurethane could be site

6-1 August2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

applied. Compared to conventional concrete pipes, the FSR Consultant reports that there will be no significant cost increase involved in the use of PVC pipes and that the use of lined concrete pipes will increase costs by 12 to 20% (excluding any road resurfacing costs).

Epoxy lined pipes are not generally used in China for wastewater projects and there is little experience in their long-term performance. Use of PVC pipes is feasible although, as acknowledged by the FSR Consultant, this will require strict site supervision to ensure that sand bedding is correctly compacted. The FSR Consultant also notes the difficulties of site-application of the polyurethane lining to the pipe (toxicity, quality control) and assesses the potential of a number of alternative pipe materials.

The AC recommended, therefore, that detailed specifications for a range of materials, taking into account the issue of durability, are included in the proposed contract packages for sewerage works. The aim will be to ensure that any pipe material selected on the basis of competitive tender will of sufficient quality to be able to perform adequately for the design life of the sewer. The proposed approach appears to be prudent.

6.2.3 Pipeline Construction

The FSR reports that larger sewers (DN 500 or greater) will generally be constructed using plain- ended concrete pipes laid on concrete foundations. The joints will then be covered with steel mesh and cement mortar. This is in accordance with normal practice in China for sewer construction.

This method requires careful specification and site supervision to ensure that sufficient concrete haunching (90 degrees or more) is placed in order to provide adequate pipe and joint support and minimise hoop-bending moments on the concrete pipes. Without such precautions there is a high risk of joint failure in the future leading to infiltration/exfiltration and subsequently increased risk of sewer collapse. The FSR Consultant suggested that the pipes should be laid on wet concrete to ensure adequate pipe support and minimise hoop- bending moments on the concrete pipes.

The AC recommends that the proposed concrete sewer construction method be accepted but that strict requirements for hydraulic testing are included in the sewer specification. Furthermore, if ribbed PVC pipes are used it is important that sufficient, well-compacted, sand bedding is specified in the contract documents and that site supervision is strict. Such an approach using the sewer specifications should be adequate.

6.2.4 Number of Pump Stationsand Force Mains

The approach used for selecting pump station capacity was described in detail in the FSRs. The approach takes into account the type of flows to be received (combined or separate) and the likely future population increase of the area to be served. The approach seems rational and should ensure sufficient capacity to prevent frequent sewage spills from overflows on the interceptor sewer.

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The exact capacity and number of pumps to be installed under this project, as well as the wet-well arrangement, will be finalised during preliminary design. The AC has carried out a Present Value (PV) Cost optimisation for the pump stations to determine if the proposed diameters for the pumping mains are reasonable. The AC recommends that the pipe diameter selection be examined in more detail during preliminary design. The findings of the AC check have been passed to the local design institute.

The EA noted that there were no special environmental sensitive points nearby and the construction and operation of pump stations will have no impact on the surroundings. Therefore, the designed locations of all the pump stations are reasonable and feasible. Subject to the recommended additional technical reviews and optimisation work, the proposed layouts appear appropriate.

6.2.5 Number of WwTWs

The collecting wastewater areas and WwTW locations generally meet the urban general plan and wastewater discharge plan. There is a small difference at Guoyang in that, because the planned scale of Guobei WwTW is too small and just opposite Chengdong WwTW across the river, and the investment will be decentralized and the operating expenses rather high and economically unreasonable, the proposed design is superior to the city discharge plan.

As mentioned-above, the collecting wastewater area and design of all the cities accord with the urban general plan and discharge plan, economises the project investment and minimises the technical difficulty, meet the requirements of water pollution control and environmental protection, and has no damage to the cultural relics and historic sites. Therefore, the collecting wastewater design of all the cities is rational, at the angles of urban plan, technique and economy, environmental protection and the protection of cultural relics and historic sites.

Various options for WwTW configurations were assessed in the FSRs. The options analysis optimised the number, size and location of proposed WwTWs relative to the cost of the sewerage system. The range of possible options was limited to some extent in that construction of some features had already commenced with funding assistance from bi-lateral assistance.

The FSR Consultant's present value cost analysis showed that the selected options for each sub- component project were more cost effective for a range of discount rates. This demonstrated that both proposed WwTWs are relatively large and further economies of scale resulting from a combination of the works on one site are not significant. The selected WwTWs for the HRWPCP were deemed appropriate.

6.2.6 WwTW Site Selection

In 1993, Anhui provincial government issued a document that addressed arrangements of drainage programs and compared several schemes so as to select the best one which would be included into the master plan and to control land use. Each city then completed a drainage

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program before 1995. The land use for WwTWs and pumping stations would be identified and be well controlled.

The design institutes and project units have also selected and reviewed the project sites carefully. The locations of the project schemes have been compared and selected with the objective of reducing resettlement, and minimising environmental problems. In order to further reduce resettlement all administration buildings for water companies will be located at the site of the WwTWs or the pumping stations.

In "The Regulations for Outdoor Drainage Design" (GBJ14-87), it is stipulated that the location choices for proposed WwTWs must accord with the urban general plan and drainage project plan and be defined and located according to the following factors: * in the downstream part of the town; * at the leeward of the town with the lowest wind frequency in summer; * good construction geological conditions; * minimal farmland removal and occupation with certain sanitation protection distance; * sufficient capacity for upgrading; * convenient for wastewater and sludge disposal; • complete drainage in the WwTW section; * easy transportation, water and power supply.

In view of the two HRWPCP WwTW cities' general plans and drainage project plan, the two proposed locations are the areas defined in the local plan as treatment works. Therefore, the locations chosen accord with the requirement of urban general plan and drainage project plan and are reliable in line with the urban plans.

Lu'an Chengbei WwTW lies in the north, downstream of Bi River in the city. The effluent will be discharged into the nearby Bi River. Guoyang Chengdong WwTW is located east of the planned district, downstream of Guo River in the city. The effluent will be discharged into the nearby Guo River. The WwTWs are all downstream of the water bodies in the cities and convenient to discharge the effluent. The 2 plants are situated leeward of the local yearly leading wind direction. The areas are wide and have enough sanitation distance, far away from the residential area. The lands to be used are farmland with minimum resettlement. Therefore, the WwTW locations are dependable in environmental protection.

In the geological analysis, the geological conditions meet the requirements of the project. The areas are wide and good for further development. The plants are near to the urban roads, convenient for transport, water and power supply. There are plenty of farmland nearby to make use of wastewater and sludge. Therefore, the locations are available from the perspectives of construction and development. The proposed sites for the WwTWs appear to have been properly selected.

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6.2.7 WastewaterFlows and Capacityof the WwTWs

The forecast flows to the works were presented together with projections prepared by AC and used in checking and sensitivity analysis. The capacities proposed for the WwTWs were evaluated and considered to be sensible clhoices. The "sensitivity" values were selected on the basis of the experience of the AC in China and should provide a sensible basis against which projections can be checked. There was good agreement between the FSRs "Low" estimates and the "Sensitivity" projections.

6.2.8 The Quality of Wastewaterto be Treated

The FSR Consultant has recognised the difficulty of obtaining representative samples of industrial and domestic wastewater and the difficulty of interpreting the results of analysis where only grab samples are collected or in some cases reported results are derived from factory returns. Under these circumstances the FSR Consultant has selected a quality for the combined wastewater at the WwTWs based upon local information, results from other cities in China and sensible j udgement.

6.2.9 The Use of Septic Tanks

The use, or not, of septic tanks will have an impact upon the design of WwTWs and was carefully considered. Septic tanks are simple and, if they are regularly emptied, they are reliable and effective. There are two key reasons why they are no longer favoured by the Chinese in general:

e The handling and disposal of solids, without due care, creates a health risk and satisfactory disposal is becoming more difficult as farmers are more reluctant to use the material. * The degree of treatment provided is insufficient to meet discharge needs where dilution available in the watercourses is small. Under these circumstances the process can only be considered as a pre-treatment upstream of a biological treatment process.

In China it is planned to phase out septic tanks, as separate foul sewerage and full treatment facilities become available. Under the above circumstances the following policy was recommended for this project, which seems rational: • Advantage should be taken of the present septic tanks as a pre-treatment stage for biological treatment works until they are phased out. * New WwTWs should be constructed so that they are capable of treating the wastewater without such pre-treatment but advantage should be taken of the existing tanks, while they are still in use, and the savings in operating costs which will arise from their use. * Since the sizing of most of the biological treatment components is primarily related to flow, rather than solids content or BOD, the capital cost penalty in constructing works for the stronger sewage, will be small. There will be the advantage that the works will be able to handle septic tank sludges if they are discharged to the sewer.

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6.2.10 Treated Effluent Standards

The Chinese National Standard GB 8978 Class 1I covers the required performance of municipal wastewater treatment works. The Chinese 'Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Waters' (GHZB-1 1999 - which replaced GB 3838-88 at the beginning of 2000) is the current surface water quality standard. It is the target to eventually reduce pollution so that Class III/IV can be achieved, Class III for the Huai River mainstream and Class IV for main tributaries.

Almost certainly the ammonia concentrations will exceed the Class 1II target and probably the Class V levels. Bearing in mind that ammonia as well as BOD creates an oxygen demand on the river the FSR Consultant is right to emphasise the importance of ammonia reduction at the treatment plant. The need for ammonia removal is specifically identified in the Final Report of the Huai River Basin Water Quality Management Report, prepared by Pacific Consultants International and the Danish Hydraulics Institute for the Ministry of Water Resources.

It was therefore recommended that the HRWPCP WwTWs be designed to remove ammonia as well as BOD and SS. However, the case for removing phosphorus to meet the GB 8979 standard is considered non-cost effective at this time, and the provincial EPB have agreed that the proposed WwTWs should not be designed for phosphorus removal. If required in the future, facilities for chemically assisted phosphorus removal can be added relatively easily at a later date.

6.2.11 The Degreeof Treatment

Where funding is short it is important to phase the works and to employ the most cost- effectiveness degree of treatment, answering questions such as: * Is it more cost effective to construct a larger primary treatment works as opposed to a small secondary treatment works?

Such an evaluation was conducted by the AC for the Sichuan Urban Environment Project, funded by the World Bank, and the results are directly relevant to the Huai River Water Pollution Control Project. This analysis showed, through the Benefit / Cost ratios, that secondary treatment has a clear advantage in benefit/cost ratio over the option of using primary treatment alone whether the costs of sewerage are included in the analysis or not. It also showed that secondary treatment was clearly more cost effective in the removal of components creating an oxygen demand than the option of adding a tertiary treatment stage, to follow secondary treatment.

Whilst costs might be somewhat different in the Huai Basin, the margin of superiority of the secondary treatment with nitrification is so great that the conclusion will certainly be equally valid for this project. From the "degree of treatment" analysis it was concluded that the process to be adopted should be of the following type: * Secondary biological treatment with sludge stabilisation.

6.2.12 WastewaterTreatment Options

Two main alternatives fall into this category:

6-6 August2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

* Conventional activated sludge treatment with anaerobic digestion and dewatering of studge.

* Extended aeration using an oxidation ditch with aerobic digestion in the ditch and sludge dewatering.

The preliminary treatment is common to both options and includes coarse screening, inlet pumping, fine screening and grit removal. In the conventional activated sludge process the sewage receives primary settlement that reduces the organic load on the biological treatment stage but produces a sludge that must be further treated.

In contrast the oxidation ditch receives the "complete" sewage and primary settlement is not used. The aeration tanks are much larger for the oxidation ditch since a long retention time is needed to produce a stable sludge. The air requirements for the ditch are greater since solids, which would otherwise be removed in primary settlement, must be degraded and the mixing needs are greater.

The ditch produces a stable sludge that can be directly thickened and dewatered, thus avoiding the need for anaerobic digestion works. The unstable sludge produced in the activated sludge process must first be digested before it can be used on agricultural land and indeed it is desirable to stabilise the sludge if hazards are not to be created by disposal to landfill.

The capital cost of the oxidation ditch is less than that of the more complex activated sludge works. However it can be seen that annual operating costs are higher for the oxidation ditch. A discounted cash flow analysis showed the oxidation ditch to be cheaper overall than the activated sludge system.

The FSR Consultant has also compared the relative merits of the oxidation ditch and conventional activated sludge works. They examined two forms of the oxidation ditch; (a) without primary sedimentation and (b) with primary sedimentation. The incorporation of primary settlement tanks upstream of an oxidation ditch would give rise to objectionable, unstable primary sludge. The FSR assessment makes no provision for subsequent stabilisation of this sludge. If they were to do so the oxidation ditch with primary sedimentation would become even less attractive by comparison. The conclusion by both AC and the FSR Consultant that the oxidation ditch should be selected for WwTWs in Anhui Province without primary sedimentation appears to be appropriate.

6.2.13 Variants of the Oxidation Ditch

The FSRs state that there are a number of variants of the basic oxidation ditch which are offered as proprietary processes and that there may be merit in allowing such processes to be tendered. In order to do so it would be necessary to bid the treatment works as a single package including both civil works and equipment and for the documents to cover a performance specification. However, the city authorities have decided to procure the works by means of separate civil and equipment contracts and hence a conventional oxidation ditch design, as described in the FSRs, must be used. The AC recommendation that the oxidation ditches are bid by PMOs as a conventional and non-proprietary process appears appropriate.

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6.2.14 Sludge Disposal

Treatmentworks must be designedto producesludge suitable for the method of disposal/reuseto be adopted. In principlethere are four optionsfor sludge disposal: * Disposal to sea * Incineration * Reuse on farmland * Disposal to landfill

Use of sludge on agricultural land is often a sensibleoption since use can be made of the organic matter and the nutrients present in the sludges. Care is required to ensure that concentrationsof toxic metals are not excessive but this will be importantwhatever disposal method is adopted. If such problems arise they should be taken as a signal that industrial discharges needed to be controlled more effectively. In general in China the industrial dischargeof toxic metals is well controlled,but ongoing monitoringwill be very importantfor all WwTWs.

Anhui is a major agriculturalprovince, ranking 8th in China in terms of area under cultivation. 72% of the sown area is used for growing cereals. This is extremely good for land disposal of sludge since all cereals are thoroughlyheat-treated before human consumptionand therefore the risk of disease transmissionto humansis very low.

In the FSRs and local EAs, there were no firm plans for sludge disposal, it being stated that a decision will be made at a later stage. Initially,the provincial EA recommendedsludge disposal on agricultural land, but also said that sludge disinfection should be considered, by lime stabilisationor composting. The provincialEA also providedsome criteria for dedicated sludge landfills.

The WwTWs under the HRWPCP were not designed with lime stabilisation or composting facilities. In addition, SEPA/EPBhave advised HDI that there is no viable commercial market for the compostedsludge at this time, and that the WwTWsludge should be disposed of at local landfills. HDI has modified the final Chinese EA to require landfilling of the sludge from Guoyangand Luan.

HDI have providedcertificates from the operatorsof the landfills in Guoyangand Luan that they are willingto accept the WwTWsludge. HDI have also verifiedthat the landfillsare engineered, have sufficient long-termcapacity to receive the WwTWsludge, and they are operating leachate control facilities.

6.3 No ProjectAlternatives

The "No Project" alternatives merely continuethe status quo of significantwastewater pollution in nine Anhui province communities. The regular surface water quality monitoring in the provinceprovides significant evidenceof the seriousnature of river pollution in the project area and the small urban corridorsand streams conveyingraw sewage may be an even greater concern.

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Adequate wastewater facilities are a basic human right. Without the project, environmental damage and economic losses will continue to be incurred within the cities and wastewater discharges direct to urban water bodies will increase. The situation will be exacerbated as water use increases, as industrial and commercial activities grow and population expands. Water quality in the rivers flowing through the project cities would deteriorate further, as would the situation downstream. The quality of urban life in the service area would probably deteriorate at a time when expectations of higher standards of living are rising in parallel with growing incomes and increasing environmental awareness.

Furthermore, without the sewerage element of this sub-component, the benefits to HRWPCP cities constructing WwTWs with bilateral assistance will be considerably reduced in the medium term (until dedicated sewers are constructed). For some time to come the new WwTWs will be treating wastewater conveyed to it via the old combined system. Less of the wastewater produced in the cities will reach the new WwTWs and that which does will be diluted with storm water and other infiltration into the old combined systems. The effectiveness of the new WwTWs will therefore be significantly reduced.

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Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Prov;nce

7 MITIGATIONAND MONITORINGMANAGEMENT PLANS

7.1 Mitigationand Monitoring of the Implementationof Mitigation

The project components of HRWPCP will potentially cause a variety of short-term construction and longer-tern operation impacts. A series of mitigation measures have been planned to reduce the impacts to acceptable levels. The implementation of these mitigation measures will occur during construction and operation. In order to ensure that the mitigation measures are effectively carried out "mitigation monitoring" procedures have been established and the organisations to be responsible for this monitoring have been designated.

The HRWPCP PMO will have an ongoing responsibility to track and report the monitoring of mitigation measures of all the identified agencies, in addition to their direct responsibilities.

In this chapter the generic approach to the selection of appropriate mitigation methods and the designation of typical monitoring measures and responsibilities is presented. The following coding was used to identify the agencies responsible for monitoring of mitigation measures:

Agenciesresponsible for Monitoringof Mitigation a. Provincial Construction Commission (implemented by P.M.O.) b. Provincial EPB c. City Construction Commission d. City EPB e. City Wastewater Company f. City Urban Drainage Corporation (or department)

7.1.1 ConstructionPhase - WwTW

There are eight proposed municipal wastewater projects in the first phase of HRWPCP. All eight of the projects involve wastewater collection and two of the projects involve WwTW. There are obviously differences of scope and impact but there are generic similarities in the types of impacts and mitigation measures that will be undertaken. Tables 7.1 to 7.4 provide summaries of the constructionphase impacts, proposed mitigation measures, type of monitoring and responsible agencies.

7-1 August2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

Table 7.1: WastewaterSewerage and Pumping

Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring Type Responsible . ~~~~~~~~~~~Agencies Resettlementand land RAPs and adequatecompensation Sampling and complaints c,d,e conversion

Dust and Air quality Contractprovisions, supervision Records e

SensitiveAreas And Realignmentor protection Records e Wetlands

Noise Limitedhours, equipmentdesign Monthlylogs e,d

Aesthetics Architecturaldesign and landscaping Visual, complaints e

Stream crossings Best ManagementPractices (BMPs) Weekly logs e

Safety Trainingand contractprovisions Accident/trainingrecords e, c

River/streambank stability Best ManagementPractices (BMPs) Weekly logs e and environment

Materialhauling Operatinghours, routingprovisions Truck logs, complaints e,d,c

Table 7.2: WastewaterTreatment Works (WwTW)

Responsible Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring Type Agencies Relocations and land RAPs and adequate compensation Sampling and complaints c, d conversion

Aesthetics Architectural design and landscaping Visual, complaints d

Noise Limited hours, equipment design Monthly logs d

Erosion/ site work Best Management Practices (BMPs) Weekly logs e

Safety Training and contract provisions Accident/training records e

Sensitive areas and Realignment or protection Records d wetlands

Dust, hauling - air Contract provisions, supervision Records e,c,d quality impacts

Dewatering Best Management Practices (BMPs) Weekly logs e

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Table 7.3: Sludge ManagementSystem

Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring Type Agencies Relocationsand land RAPs and adequatecompensation Samplingand complaints c, d conversion

Aesthetics Architecturaldesign and landscaping Visual, complaints d

Noise Limitedhours, equipmentdesign Monthlylogs d

Erosion and site work BMPs Weekly logs e

Safety Training and contract provisions Accidentand training records e

Sensitiveareas and Realignmentor protection Records d wetlands

Dust, hauling - air quality Contract provisions,supervision Records e,c,d impacts

Table 7.4: ConstructionDebris Disposal

Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures MonitoringType Agencies Uncontrolleddisposal Monitor disposal Visual, truck logs c,d sites

Hazardousmaterial use Monitor use and disposal Visual, truck logs c,d and disposal

Direct or indirect Monitor disposal, contract provisions Visual, inspections c,d dumping in streams

7.1.2 Operation Phase- Wastewater

Tables 7.5 to 7.12 provide summaries of the generic operation-phase impacts, proposed mitigation measures, type of monitoring and responsible agencies for municipal wastewater collection and treatment.

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Table 7.5: Solid Waste, Septage, and Direct Discharge Sources

Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring Type Responsible Uncontrolled direct or Enforce ordinances, provide better Solid Waste Inspections and fines d, e, f indirect dumping of solid collection sites, cleanup campaigns waste, to surface water

Septage dumped directly Enact and enforce local ordinances, provide for List of ordinances and d, c, e to streams or indirectly septage treatment in Solid Waste or WwTW enforcement statistics through sewer systems projects

Industrial solid waste Enforce ordinances, monitor adjacent Ordinances and b, d direct dumping waterways enforcement statistics

Industrial hazardous and Enact and enforce a "cradle to grave" tracking Installation of program b,d toxic waste direct and treatment system for hazardous/toxic waste and tracking and dumping or indirect treatment records impact to groundwater

Table 7.6: Raw Sewage, Domestic and Industrial Sources to Sewer Systems

Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring Type Responsible Agen cies Low strength domestic Eliminate septic tanks when not needed, ensure Sample sewer systems, c, e sewage, (use of septic that local connections are made and are WwTW influent and tanks, or high infiltration watertight connection record or inflow)

Septage dumping causing Enact and enforce local ordinances, provide for List of ordinances and c,d, e treatment disruption or septage treatment in SW or WwTW projects enforcement statistics, bypasses inspect.

Industrial pre-treatment Enact and enforce adequate pre-treatment Pre-treatment monitor & b,d,e problems programs and make responsible to wastewater inspect., WwTW company influent record

Industrial accidents and Enact regulations requiring notification of the List of ordinances and d,e spills, problems- sewers WwTW as well as specified protection records of incidents and or treatment works measures compliance

Excessive infiltration or Perform visual/TV/or other inspections of the Records of sewer system e inflow in sewer systems sewer systems and take corrective action evaluations

Changes in domestic Monitor changes in water use rates and Meter and plant records e consumption causing wastewater generation rates by neighbourhoods design load variation

Changes in industrial Monitor changes in industrial quantity and Flow and quality records d,e consumption causing quality through enforced pre-treatment program design load variation

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Table 7.7: Raw SewageOverflows, Various Locations

Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring Type Responsible Agencies Overflowimpacts in Sewerseparation, Infiltration/Inflow Number, quantityestimate d,c, e generalto health and correction,protect overflows of overflows environment

Excess overflowsfrom Evaluateand improve collectionsystems Number of overflows d,c, e design calculations plottedagainst storm events

Humandirect contact Protectoutlets and downstreamusers Visual and health records d,c,health

Impactsto surface waters Developmixing zones to dissipateimpacts Visual and surface water d, e monitoring

Sensitivearea impacts Relocateor adjustoverflow if possible Visual and compliance c,d, e records

Table 7.8: WastewaterSewerage and Pumping

Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring Type Responsible ______~~~~~~~~~~~~Agencies Foul odours and gases Proper design and industrial waste controls Sampling and compliance c,d records Accidents working in Safety training Trainingand accident e sewers records

Accidentaloverflows Detailed O&M proceduresand preventionof Records e while working in system direct dumpinginto system

Sewer systemblockages DetailedO&M proceduresand preventionof Records,visual observation c,d, e direct dumping into system, cleaning of cleaning equip equipment available

Noise from pump stations Design and protective measures Ambient monitoringand c,d complaints

Power failure at pump Backup power systemor dual feed Electric meters and visual d,e stations check of the backup system or secondary feed

Mechanical failure at Design, O&M procedures, spare parts Weekly logs c, e pump stations available

Leaks contaminating Design and protectivemeasures Ambientmonitoring and c,d, e local groundwater complaints

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Table 7.9: WastewaterTreatment Works (WwTW)

Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring Type Responsible Agencies Lower or higher influent Septic tank usage rates, Infiltration/Inflow Connectionand operating e quantity or qualitythan monitoring,enforcement records of pre- records expected treatment program

Bypassesmore frequent Sewer system monitoring,O&M procedures WwTW and City EPB e,d than planned records

Noise Designand protectivemeasures Ambient,complaints c,d

Accidents, includinggas, Training programs Training and accident c,e explosions,etc. records

Chemical handling Design, safety training,warning systems Training and accident c,e accidents records, visual

Power failure Backup systemand/or dual electric feed Electric meters,visual c,e

Equipment failure Design, O&M program, spare part Daily logs, meters e availability Operational problems Design, operator training,laboratory testing Daily logs, training records e

Poor effluent quality Monitor and enforce dischargerecords Daily records and e,d enforcement,monitor

Table 7.10: Sludge ManagementSystem

Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring Type Responsible Lack of adequate Monitor stabilisationsystem use and Inspectionand daily logs e,d,health stabilisation performance,monitor sludge quality

High heavy metal Monitorraw sewage and sludge quality Quarterlysampling of e,d,b concentrationsfor land metals in influent,semi- application annual of sludge

Safety Design and training Training,accident records c,e

Inadequateliquid control Design, O&M, operatortraining Inspectionand daily logs e,d during dewatering

Odours Design, O&M, operator training Ambient levels, complaints e,d

Equipmentfailure Design, O&Mprogram, spare part Safety training and visual c,e availability checksof warning systems

Landfill problemsin Design standards,leachate treatment Visual, inspections,leachate e,d handlingsludge systems monitor

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Table 7.11: ReceivingWater Issues

Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring Type Responsible Agencies Unplannedoverflow Warningdevices for downstreamusers Visual and/or sound c,d impactson water users observations and ambient quality

Poor effluent impacts on Telephone notificationfor downstream Daily logs,monitor e,d,c water users and ambient users of problemsoccurring compliance quality

Sludgedumping, Monitorand enforce disposalordinances Logs, monitor, enforcement e,d,b industrialimpact impacts records on water users and ambient quality

Health impactsdue to all Protectfrom public contact Posting, fencing,health e,d of above records

Table 7.12: WastewaterReuse and DownstreamUsers

Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring Type Responsible Agencies Adopt, monitor and Ordinances,records and inspections Records,inspection reports b,e,c,d enforce reuse ordinances

Negative impactsto Notificationprocedures adopted and used Visual observationof e,d,c downstreamwater supply warningsystem intakes during bypasses or problems

Aquatic impacts during Regularquarterly ambient sampling, Samplingrecords d,b bypasses or problems periodicbio-monitoring

Effluent re-use for tree Strictlymonitor WwTW effluent and Record,licenses d e watering, industriesor controlthe re-use of effluentthrough agriculturalland failing licensingand/or user fees. to meet appropriate standards and bacteria concerns

7.2 InstitutionalResponsibilities

Sections 7.1.1 to 7.1.2 show the organisations that are responsible for the implementation of the mitigation measures for the different types of mitigation measures. The Environmental Protection Law of China, requires that the project promoter must incorporate the environmental protection work into the project proposals and take effective measures to prevent and control any pollution, which may damage the ecological environment, caused by construction, operation or other activities.

Due to the nature of the project and the division of responsibilities within Anhui Province, a large number of institutions are involved in the environmental protection work of the project. Three types

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of institutions are involved: project management offices (PMOs), environmental protection bureaux (EPBs) and sector or trade authorities (bureaux) at province, prefecture (or city), county and town level.

7.2.1 ManagementInstitutions: Project ManagementOffice System

Anhui Provincial PMO (APMO)

The APMO is responsible for:

* organising the feasibility study, environmental impact assessment and planning the implementation of the project construction;

* co-ordinating the environmental management and monitoring between the sector authority and the project unit;

* guiding the project unit in carrying out the environmental management measures; * reporting regularly the environmental protection work status to the World Bank and the Anhui Provincial EPB (AEPB), including an Annual Environmental Monitoring Report; and, * guaranteeing sufficient funding of environmental protection from the total funds from the project.

Local PlUs

PIUs (prefecture or municipal PMOs) are responsible for: • co-ordinating the overall management of the project construction; e supervising each authority or department in carrying out the EP plan and management measures under the guidance of APMO;

* ensuring the investment in EP facilities; and reporting the environmental management work during the project construction to APMO and the local EPB.

7.2.2 SupervisionInstitutions

State EnvironmentalProtection Agency of P. R. China (SEPA)

State Environmental Protection Agency of P. R. China (SEPA) is responsible for: * co-ordinating the overall environmental administration or management work; * examining and approving the EA report of the project; and, * guiding the Anhui Environmental Protection Bureau (AEPB) in enforcing the environmental laws and regulations.

Anhui ProvincialEnvironmental Protection Bureau (AEPB)

AEPB is responsible for:

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* co-ordinating the environmental protection management work of the project, * organising the relevant institutions or departments to undertake the EP work.

Local EnvironmentalProtection Bureaux (LEPBs)

LEPBs (prefecture or municipal EPBs) work under the guidance of AEPB and are responsible for: * supervising the implementation of the environmental laws and regulations; * coordinating the EP work among the institutions or departments; * managing the construction check and final examination / acceptance of projects; * supervising the implementation of EP working plan of "Three Wastes" control programmes of project units; and, * reporting EP work of projects to AEPB.

7.2.3 ExecutiveInstitutions

Authoritiesor Bureauxin Charge of ProjectManagement

Authorities or Bureaux in charge of project management at provincial, prefecture and municipal levels are responsible for: * supplying the financial guarantee; * providing the design and construction of EP facilities; * ensuring related technologies of EP measures for project units; and, * installing macro-management on operation and basic management on EP work of projects.

Project Units

Project units, or owners of the project (wastewater companies), conduct their work under the guidance and management of PMOs at different levels and are responsible for: * accepting the supervision or monitoring of EP institutions at different levels; * implementing environmental laws and regulations, and carry out all the EP measures specified by EIA, design and EP working plan; * guaranteeing the normal operation of EP facilities, and conduct self-monitoring through setting up environmental management department and monitoring department, establish pollution files and reporting to top EPBs; * providing funds for pollution source re-examination or selective examination.

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7.3 Equipmentand TrainingRequirements

The capital budgets prepared for all HRWPCP component projects include an allowance for necessary laboratory construction and equipment at the WwTWs. An allowance for testing and environmental monitoring costs to be incurred by the utility is also included in the operations budget for the project.

Institutional strengthening is considered a critical component of the HRWPCP project and a detailed Technical Assistance (TA) program is under development. It includes training in management and operations for the PMOs and the utility companies, in a wide variety of disciplines. There is a significant environmental monitoring element in the TA program to provide both equipment and training for city EPBs and the provincial EPBs.

Accomplishing the specified monitoring and reporting outlined in this mitigation plan will be greatly enhanced by this TA program. This TA program will also allow for improved overall performance assessment of the HRWPCP program relative to meeting the project objectives. Future Phases of the HRWPCP will benefit from such assessments.

7.4 Impactsand Costs of Plan

The Anhui provincial PMO (APMO) estimated both the short-term and long-term environmental monitoring costs necessary to implement this plan. Short-term has been defined as the 3-year construction phase plus 2-year initial start-up and environmental performance verification. Long-term is defined annual monitoring required to verify the environmental performance and other operational mitigation measures previously outlined.

The short-term mitigation monitoring costs have been added into the utility operational cost estimates for the final appraisal documents. Costs for mitigation measures that relate to the management of construction will be included in the tender documents and costs included in the construction contractors' rates.

The PMO have provided a table showing both the World Bank projects and the bi-lateral assistance monitoring costs. Table 7.13 summarises the monitoring cost estimates:

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Table 7.13: APMO EnvironmentalMonitoring Costs

Environmental Monitoring Cost Estimates (104 Yuan/Year) Cy .Pc World Bank Projects Bi-Lateral Projects Total, WB and Bi-Lateral Short Term Short Term Short Term Long Term Long Term Long Term (5 years) (5 years) (5 years) Bozhou 7.24 8.10 36.16 5.40 43.40 13.50 Huaibei 7.24 8.10 39.16 5.40 46.40 13.50 Guoyang 27.00 7.50 0 0 27.00 7.50 Suzhou 8.24 8.10 40.16 5.40 48.40 13.50 Fuyang 8.24 8.10 46.16 5.40 54.40 13.50 Bengbu 8.24 8.10 46.16 5.40 54.40 13.50 Huainan 8.24 8.10 46.16 5.40 54.40 13.50 Lu'an 27.00 7.50 0 0 27.00 7.50

Anhui Total 101.44 63.6 253.96 32.4 355.4 96 Annual Cost

7.5 Long-termMonitoring of the Performanceof HRWPCP

The overall benefits of the HRWPCP will arise from improvements in river water quality. In addition to the "monitoring" of means adopted to mitigate against adverse environmental impacts, it is planned to undertake monitoring to define the success of the overall project.

Much of the specified mitigation monitoring is limited in time and space, but there are several monitoring issues that will define the overall HRWPCP effectiveness. This monitoring will be undertaken in the following way.

7.5.1 WastewaterSchemes, Performance Indicators

River Water Quality

The overall objective in constructing and operating is to improve the quality of the receiving waters. In all cases therefore the sampling and analysis of the receiving waters will be the prime means of measuring the performance of the schemes. Programmes of sampling and analysis will be undertaken to quantify the benefits arising from the WwTWs. The programme will be conducted as a normal part of the EPB duties. This sampling and analysis should be performed upstream and downstream of the WwTWs, in addition to the normal WPCP monitoring control sections. Since there are many other issues that could affect changes in water quality at the control sections, the EPB should quantify the changes resulting from the WwTWs to the maximum extent possible.

Effectivenessof the Works

There are a number of key elements that can be used to indicate the satisfactory performance of WwTWs. Records of the operation of the aeration system provide a good guide as to the effectiveness of the biological treatment works whilst the operation of sludge dewatering works and the quantities of

7-1 1 August2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province slUdge transferred to landfill provides an indicator for sludge treatment and disposal. The quality of the treated effluent is however the ultimate indicator. Regular inonitoring of effluent and sludge quality are important monitoring requirements, and the influent quality is also important to verify performance of the WwTW.

7.5.2 Other OperationalMonitoring

The HDI recommends other regular component monitoring as follows:

WwTW Influent Quality

The inlet water quality of the WwTWs must be regularly monitored to keep the WwTWs in good operation and attain the expected effects. If the quality cannot reach the designed inlet quality, reports must be submitted in time and relevant actions must be taken. * Monitoring frequency: once a day * Monitoring items: pH, CODCr, BOD5, SS, NH3-N, TP, TN and etc.

WwTW Effluent Quality

The outlet water quality is the basis of checking the treatment efficiency of all the operating links in the plant, so it must be regularly monitored. The monitoring frequency and items are the same as the above. The standards follow the discharge standards of the Class II Town Treatment Plant in the "Overall Wastewater Discharge Standards" (GB8978-1996).

AtmosphericEnvironmental Monitoring

The density or the components of H2S, NH3, methanol sulphide of the main foul smell sources and boundary foul smell must be monitored in summer.

Noise Monitoring

At Im outside of the enclosures at WwTWs and at all elevating pump stations, Sound Level A equivalent in the daytime and at night must be monitored once every 3 months.

Sludge ComponentMonitoring

The sludge components must be analysed once a year, the monitoring items are sludge fertilizer effect and heavy metal contents (as, Cu, Pb, Hg, Zn, Cd and etc.)

Standard SurfaceWater Quality Monitoring

In the water system related to the project, the controlled sections are Xiaoliuxian, Mohekou, Dajiangou in the mainstream of Huai River, Xinandu in Bi River, Fangtaizi in Ying River, Guzheng in Kuai River, Suzhou in Tou River and Sixian in Sui River. As for the 2 WwTWs, there are already routine monitoring sections in the lower reaches of Guoyang portion in Guo River and Dadinggang in

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Bi River. As stated earlier, it will be important to quantify the upstream and downstream changes at the WwTWs to verify the HRWPCP benefits.

7.5.3 Access to Data

The public shall have access to the above data on request, including the Annual Environmental Monitoring Report. Recommendations for changes to counteract any weaknesses identified can be made by the World Bank, public officials or other concerned groups or individuals.

7.6 Annual EnvironmentalQuality Report

Throughout the project period, the Anhui Provincial PMO (APMO) will prepare an Annual Environmental Monitoring Report for the World Bank, EPB and the public which covers all of the specified monitoring items in Tables 7.1 to 7.4 for the construction period, and Tables 7.5 to 7.12 for the initial operations period. The recommended environmental monitoring program is significant in both the construction and initial operation phases of the project. In addition, the specified monitoring involves many participants from the project level to the national level. The results of this environmental monitoring program should be summarized in an Annual Environmental Quality Report (AEQR), which is distributed to all relevant project offices as well as the World Bank. The charts in the beginning of the chapter provide convenient checklists for these reports, as well as the SIEP recommendations of the previous section.

At the beginning of January every year, each project construction unit sorts the relative monitoring data and reports it to Anhui Province Project Office, and Anhui Province Project Office collects the data and reports it to the World Bank every year in the form of an AEQR.

The minimum information that should be reported in the AEQR is shown in Table 7.14.

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Table 7.14 MinimumMonitoring Data in Annual EnvironmentalQuality Report

Year ended December31 Unit 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1. PhysicalParameters Wastewater generated 1000 m3/y . Wastewater collected 1000 m3/y Wastewater treated 1000 m3/y Wastewaterbilled 1000 m3/y Sewerconnections Number Length of combined sewers Km Lengthof separate sewers Km Length of interceptorsewers KKm Total treatment capacity 1000m3/d Capacity of treatment plant No I 1000 m3/d _ Capacityof treatment plant No 2 1000 m3/d Biochem. Oxygen Demand outlet (No l) Mg/liter _ Chemical Oxygen Demand outlet (No 1) Mg/liter _ Suspended Solids outlet (No I) Mg/liter Biochem. Oxygen Demand outlet (No2) Mg/liter _ Chemical Oxygen Demand outlet (No 2) Mg/liter SuspendedSolids outlet (No 2) Mgliter BOD in the recipient downstream a) Mg/liter = COD in the recipient downstream Mg/liter . SS in the recipient downstream Mg/liter DO in the recipient downstream b) Mg/liter E-Coli (triplicate sampling) c) MPN/100ml 2. Manaeementof OperatingA2encies Agency employees d) Number _ Employees/1000 connections Number 3. FinancialParameters Averagesewerage tariff RMB/m3 Days of account receivable Number Receivablesover billing % Working ratio % Operating Ratio % Maintenanceexpenses to totalcost of operations % Contributionto investment % Debt service coverage Number _ Debt equity ratio Number 4. InstitutionalDevelopment Parameters Days training accomplished Number ___ TA days input Number Numberof Board meetings Number Staff recruited Number Key Action Plan target dates achieved a) approvalof business (A) license Date (B) charter Date b) appointmentof Board Date c) first Board Meeting Date d) issue of RfP for TA Date__ e) commence TA Date f_ commence training program Date_l__ a) BOD,COD, SS, DO and E-Coliin receivingriver would be sampledquarterly and the respectiveprogress report would show lowest and highestresults b) Dissolved Oxygen c) Applicablemethodology (multiple-tube fermentation technique or membranefilter technique),determinedat pre-appraisal. d) Excluding casual laborers

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8 PUBLICPROCESS AND EA PUBLICPARTICIPATION

There are no laws in China covering requirementsfor public participation in EnvironimentalImpact Assessments.However guidelineswere issued in 1993 in a paper issuedjointly by: • The State EnvironmentalProtection Agency (SEPA) * The State PlanningCommission * The Peoples Bank of China

The full title of the documentis as follows: * "Strengthening the management of environmental impact assessments for projects to be supported by loans from the internationalfinancing agencies"

This document includes a section covering public participation,which has been informallytranslated as follows:

Public participation is an important part of environmental impact assessment. Particular sections should be included within the EA report covering the interests of the public and social institutions including informationon compensation.Public participationcan take place during the stages of reviewing an AssessmentOutline and reviewing the EA report. In accordance with present proceduresin China, the following methods can be used:

The Construction Unit and the EnvironmentalAuthority can listen to the opinions of the County/Districtmembers, representatives of People's Committees, associationsof the public, students, residentsand villagers.

Ask for opinions and suggestionsfrom the public at or near the site of the project.

The above work can be done by issuing public opinion surveys, inviting discussions, meetings or invitations to take part in the checking and reviewing meetings of assessmentoutlines and reports.

The concerned authorities should take fully into considerationof the public views and feedbackto the constructionunit, when checkingAssessment Outlines and Reports.

8.1 Meetingswith Public Officialsin DevelopingProject and EA

Duringthe 8-monthproject developmenttime leadingup to pre-appraisaland this EA, there have been many meetings with the PMO, city PIUs, utility companies, city EPBs and other affected city organisationsto discuss the proposed projects and environmentalassessments. These meetings have occurred monthly at a minimum and have resulted in full collaborationwith local officials and full supportof the project and the EA process.

It is estimatedthat in total 30-40 meetings have been held with members of the public and over 50 meetingshave been held with local governmentofficials during the developmentof the EA.

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8.2 Survey of Public Officialsand Citizensin ProjectArea

Consideration was given to the calling of public meetings following advertisement. This approach was not followed due to past experience indicating that poor responses would be achiieved, particularly when component works are widely distributed. It was decided therefore to use proforma questionnaires as a means of gauging public perception and support.

HDI prepared a survey form to gauge the public determination of the positive and negative impacts of each of the proposed projects in Anhui Province. The investigation was made in the representatives of the local government sectors, people's congress, political consultative conference, women's federation, communist youth league, trade union and other organizations, as well as urban residents' committee.

The targets were officers, members of people's congress and political consultative conference, women's representatives, members of communist youth league and trade union, retired cadres and workers, and residents' representatives. The age of the participants was 16-60.

Table 8.1 shows the format of the survey form and the type of information solicited in these surveys:

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Table 8.1: Form for PublicParticipation Survey

Name Sex Age Educational Occupation level Agree Disagree None 1. How do you think of the project? Promoteeconomy Offer employment Improvewater quality Add land value 2. What favorableeffects do you think the projectwoLld have? Air pollution Noise interference Land Occupation 3. What unfavorableeffects do you think the project would have? Improve Reduce None 4. What influencethe project will haveon the life quality? Municipalsewer Septic tank Ditch Unknown 5. Where does your wastewater directlygo? Runningwater Well 6. Where does your home water come from?

Surface water Air pollution Noise pollution Ecological 7. What are the major pollution environment environmentproblems around you? Active support Satisfied Unsatisfied Indifferent 8. What is your attitude to and requisitionand resettlement? Governmentfund Dischargefee Extra water fee 9. Whichway is best in raising funds to control urban wastewater? Trafficjam Noise interference Fill compost Others 10. What is the problem you care for mostly in constructionperiod?

Water environment Air environment Ecologicalenvironment I1.What is the environmentalproblem you are most concemed with?

12.What is your suggestion and requirementto the environmentalprotection measurestaken?

HDI distributed 2050 papers and 1890 valid papers were returned. The returning rate was 92.2%. Table 8.2 (a and b) provides the detailed results from the survey (located at end of the chapter.) The following results were found from the survey: * 84.3%-99% of the public agree to the Project * 1%-5.2% disagree with the project and 2.8%-12.5% show indifference.

This indicates that most inhabitants in Huai River Basin are active in supporting the project and hope to improve the ecological environment and raise the life quality. At the same time, it reflects there is a fine foundation for the project. In the inquiries, over 52% of the public think that the project would

8-3 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province improve the water pollution and release the pollution loads in the mainstream of Huai River. About 60% of the public that the project would promote the economic development in that area and provide employment for the surplus labour. Therefore, the project will have more favourable effects.

In the investigation, 15%-30% of the public think that the unfavourable effects are atmosphere pollution and land reduction, because the project will requisite some land, and the dust in construction and the foul smell of sludge in operating period will somehow affect atmosphere environmelnt. Relative to potential problems, the following results were found: * 40%-80% think that the main environmental problem is water pollution

* 15%-30% think that the main environmental problem is atmosphere pollution * 12% think that ecological environment is changed or damaged due to the development of the modern city. With the continuous development of industrial and town enterprises, it is not possible to ignore noise interference as an environmental pollution. 50% think it is an action that benefits to the state and people using foreign funds to control pollution and improve environment. Therefore, more than 60% are active in land requisition and resettlement. * In construction period, 38.5% of the residents are concerned with the traffic jam, 30% are worried about the environmental pollution caused by the compost and 40% or so think that the construction noise would disturb the daily routine of work and rest. * When asked what is the most concerned problem, 58.1% of them say that it is water pollution, 30.8% say it is atmospheric pollution. So, we can say water pollution is the first concerned problem and atmospheric environment is the second.

In this activity, retired cadres, workers and the representatives of social groups were invited to the forums to ask for their suggestions and requirements to the project. All of the participants were active in supporting the proposed project. They hoped that the project would go into operation as early as possible so as to cut down environmental pollution and improve water quality and bring out the social and environmental benefits.

The project was considered a favourable action that serves society and benefits the people. The representatives wholly support the government and will create a better environment for foreign investment and have more environmental projects.

The Huai River Water Control Project is of great urgency. In order to make the Huai River water clear, all the sectors and enterprises must carry out the discharge standards and control the total quantity. In the construction, the project must put the "Three at the same time" system into effect. The fund planned for environmental protection facilities must be in place. It is not allowed to use the fund in anything else. The representatives indicate that they are satisfied with the environmental protection measures and effects and wish the project begin as early as possible.

8.3 EA Publicationand Review

Publicity methods have included having EA summaries prepared for radio and television broadcast, as well as being published in newspapers and being put on display at the local PMO offices in each city. These public disclosure methods began in June 2000 when the HDI submitted the EA to SEPA for review, which is the specified time period in Chinese regulations. Since the project is

8-4 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province environimenitally-positive,the late publication does not appear to be a problem, and there have been no major objections raised to the project.

8.4 Summaryof Public Input

The many meetings with public officials in the province coupled with the HDI surveys of public support show that these projects are extremely positive and well received by the public. No objections have been received by the city PLUs and there is no indication that there is anyone that is not supportive of the projects or would try to stop their completion.

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Table 8.2a Statistics of Public Participation Survey

Huaibei Ben bu H-uainan Fuag Bozhou Suzhou Survey Items peson ercentage persons ercentage percentag persons percentage personsercentage ercentage lp(%) perons (% (%/) peron (%)- Agree 432 90 104 97.2 426 87.5 46 92 49 86 130 85.2 h. Attitudeto Opposite 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 he PrOJeCt ______Don't care 48 9 3 2.8 61 12.5 4 8 8 14 23 14.8 Improve Economic 365 76 81 75.7 149 30.6 42 83 37 64.9 62 40.5 Development

Improve Water 451 94 Environment 78 72.9 254 52.2 45 90 48 84.2 51 33.3 2. Beneficial mpact Increase Land 19 4 65 60.7 24 0.5 13 26 5 8.8 16 10.5 Value Increase Employment 173 36 74 69.2 135 27.7 25 50 9 15.8 24 15.7 Opportunity Air Pollution 82 17 66 91.7 97 19.9 28 56 5 8.8 27 17.5 3. Negative Noise 254 53 64 59.8 145 29.7 35 Impact 70 31 54.4 43 28.1 Land Acquisition 312 65 / / 99 20.3 17 34 4 7 19 12.4

Favour 461 96 68 63.6 358 73.5 45 90 52 91.2 I / 4. I mpact on Degradation 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 / No effect 19 4 39 36.4 129 26.5 5 10 17 29.8 / 5. Current Urban sewer 221 46 85 79.4 178 36.6 42 84 42 73.7 Manner of Sewerage ditch 72 15 0 0 165 33.8 0 0 2 3.5 i Sewerage Discharge Septic Tank 187 39 22 20.6 134 27.5 8 16 35 61.4 i

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Table 8.2b Statistics of Public Participation Survey (Continued)

Huaibei Ben bu Huainan Fuang Bozhou Suzhou SurveyItems eprcentage percentage percentage ereentage percentage percentage persons (%/) persons (O) persons (%) persons (% persons (%/) persons (%/)

6. Type of Water Urban water 432 90 98 91.6 441 90.6 / / 54 94.7 / / Supply and Sources PP Self-supply 48 10 9 8.4 46 9.4 / / 3 5.3 Water quality 293 61 87 81.3 222 45.6 25 50 34 59.6 91 59.5 7. Main Air pollution 187 39 45 42.1 143 29.4 14 28 17 29.8 26 17 nvironmental Noise 120 25 13 12.1 65 13.3 3 6 4 70 17 11 roblems in the area Ecological 67 14 36 33.6 32 6.6 8 16 2 3.5 19 12.5 environment

8. Attitude to Land Support 226 47 / / 303 62.3 46 92 46 80.7 103 67.3 cquisition and Satisfied 235 49 / / 189 38.8 4 8 I1 20.3 43 28.1 Resettlement Don't care 19 4 / / 5 1.1 / / / / 7 4.6

. Environmental Traffic jam 86 18 56 52.3 109 22.4 / / 28 49.1 60 39.2

oncerned m the Noise 288 60 48 44.9 177 36.3 21 36.8 38 24.8 onstruction period Spoil 134 28 15 14 79 16.2 / / 2 3.5 11 7.2 10. The most Water 432 90 73 68.2 210 43.2 33 66 45 78.9 38 24.8 concerned Air 264 55 52 48.6 108 22.2 16 32 7 12.3 60 39.2 environmental problems Ecology 34 7 16 15 29 6.1 1 2 1 1.8 44 28.8

8-7 August 2000 Huai River Water PollutionControl Project EnvironmentalAssessment Anhui Province

Table 8.3: Anhui EA - Public Consultation and Information Disclosure

Lu'an

Public Consultation

Substance By who & with whom When Where Bank's Requirements

Interviewduring site EA team (CRAES); April 24-25, 1999 Qingshuihe Juligou OD 4.30 and OP investigation PMO;PAP Villages(proposed 4.01 representative WWTP site)

Draft EA TOR EA team; PMO; PAP June 15,1999 Meeting room of representatives;deputy Lu'an Construction of people's congress Commission

EA TOR Ditto August30,1999 Qingshuihe& OP 4.01 Juligou Villages Consultation duringToR Stage

Distributionof Ditto October 18, 1999 Ditto questionnaireswith main points of the proposed project & key environmentalissues

Draft EA report Ditto Jan 24, 2000 Meeting room of Lu'an Construction Commission

Information Disclosure

Document Date location Bank's Requirements

Copies of EA TOR August30, 1999 Qingshuihe& Juligou OP 4.01 Villages OD 4.30 BP 17.5 Copiesof questionnaireswith September28-30, 1999 ditto main points of proposed project and key environmentalissues copies of draft EA report Jan 27-28,2000 ditto

Final EA report March28, 2000 Lu'an PMO

Notificationof availability of June 26, 2000 Local newspaper"Lu'an EA & RAP reports Evening"News"

8-8 August 2000 Huai River Water PollutionControl Project EnvironmentalAssessment Anhui Province

Guoyang

Public Consultation

Substance By who & withwhom When Where Bank's Requirements

Interview during site EA team (Anhui Feb., 1999 Mazhai Village OD 4.30 and OP investigation EnvironmentalProtection (proposed WWTP 4.01 Institute);PMO; PAP site) representative

Draft EA TOR EA team; PMO; PAP March,1999 Meeting room of representatives;deputy of Guoyang Con people's congress struction Commission EA TOR Ditto March,1999 Ditto OP 4.01 Consultation during ToR Stage

Distributionof Ditto April, 1999 Mazhai Village questionnaireswith main pointsof the proposed project & key environmental issues

Draft EA report Ditto April, 2000 Meeting room of Guoyang Planning Commission

Information Disclosure

Document Date location Bank's Requirements

Copies of EA TOR May, 1999 Mazhai Village OP 4.01 OD 4.30 BP 17.5 Copies of questionnaireswith main April, 1999 ditto points of proposed project and key environmentalissues copies of draft EA report April, 1999 ditto

Final EA report August 1999 Guoyang PMO

Notification of availabilityof EA & June, 1999 Local Radio RAP reports

8-9 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Anhui Province

Huaibei

PublicConsultation

Substance By who & with whom When Where Bank's Requirements

interviewduring site EA team (Anhui May 10 & 20, 1998 Zhongzheng, GD 4.30 and OP investigation ScientificConsultation Neighborhood 4.01 Center); PMO;PAP Commission;Qugou, representative Dongzhuang,Dingluo & Gaoyue Villages

Draft EA TOR EA team; PMO; PAP October 1998 XiangwangfuHotel representatives;deputy of people's congress

EA TOR Ditto December1, 1998 XiangshanHotel OP 4.01 Consultation duringToR Stage

Distributionof Ditto April 5, 1999 Zhongzheng, questionnaireswith Neighborhood main points of the Commission;Qugou, proposedproject & key Dongzhuang,Dingluo environmentalissues & Gaoyue Villages

Draft EA report Ditto June 5, 1999 Anhui EPB meeting room

InformationDisclosure

Document Date location Bank's Requirements

Copiesof EA TOR May 25, 1999 Zhongzheng,Neighborhood OP 4.01 Commission;Qugou, OD 4.30 Dongzhuang,Dingluo & BP 17.5 GaoyueVillages Copies of questionnaireswith April 5, 1999 ditto main points of proposed project and key environmentalissues copies of draft EA report May 1-15, 1999 ditto

Final EA report August8, 1999 HuaibeiPMO

Notificationof availabilityof EA June 29, 2000 Localnewspaper "Huaibei & RAP reports Daily"

8-10 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Anhui Province

Bozhou

Public Consultation

Substance By who & with whom When Where Bank's Requirements

Interview during site EA team (Anhui June 3 & 5, 1998 Qiaolin & Xuege OD 4.30 and OP investigation EnvironmentalProtection Street Committees 4.01 Institute);PMO; PAP representative

Draft EA TOR EA team; PMO; PAP July 15, 1998 Bozhou representatives;deputy of Construction people's congress Commission

EA TOR Ditto October 5, 1998 ditto OP 4.01 Consultation during ToR Stage

Distributionof Ditto March 1, 1999 Qiaolin & Xuege questionnaires with Street Committees main points of the proposed project & key environmental issues

Draft EA report Ditto September 12, Anhui AgriculLure 1999 College

InformationDisclosure

Document Date location Bank's Requirements

Copies of EA TOR September23, 1998 Qiaolin & Xuege Street OP 4.01 Committees OD 4.30 BP 17.5 Copies of questionnaireswith Feb 10-28, 1999 ditto main points of proposed project and key environmental issues copies of draft EA report August 10-25,1999 Ditto

Final EA report December28, 1999 Bozhou PIU

Notificationof availabilityof June 30, 2000 Local newspaper"Bozhou EA & RAP reports Daily"

8-11 August 2000 Huai River Water PollutionControl Project EnvironmentalAssessment Anhui Province

Suzhou

Public Consultation

Substance By who & with whom When Where Bank's Requirements

Interviewduring site EA team (Anhui April 12-19,1999 Sanliwan,Yongqiao, OD 4.30 and OP investigation EnvironmentalProtection Daodong& Beiguan 4.01 Institute);PMO; PAP Street Committees representative

Draft EA TOR EA team; PMO; PAP May 13, 1999 Suzhou Construction representatives;deputy of Commission people's congress

EA TOR Ditto July 15, 1999 ditto OP 4.01 Consultation during ToR Stage

Distributionof Ditto September4-10, Sanliwan,Yongqiao, questionnaireswith 1999 Daodong & Beiguan main pointsof the Street Committees proposedproject & key environmentalissues

Draft EA report Ditto November20, SuzhouWastewater 1999 Company

Information Disclosure

Document Date location Bank's Requirements

Copiesof EA TOR August 16- 23, 1999 Sanliwan,Yongqiao, Daodong OP 4.01 & Beiguan Street Committees OD 4.30 BP 17.5

Copiesof questionnaireswith October 16, 1999 ditto main points of proposed project and key environmental issues copies of draft EA report December20, 1999; ditto Jan 1, 2000

Final EA report March 20, 2000 Suzhou WastewaterCompany

Notificationof availabilityof June 29, 2000 Local newspaper"Suzhou EA report MorningNews"

8-12 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Anhui Province

Fuyang

PublicConsultation

Substance By who & with whom When Where Bank's Requirements

Interview during site EA team (Anhui June 14-16, 1998 Sanhuang & Daqiao OD 4.30 and OP investigation Environmental Protection Neighborhood Committees; 4.01 Institute); PMO; PAP Xinanyuan, Gaojin, Dukou representative & Huqiao Villages

Draft EA TOR EA team; PMO; PAP August 8, 1998 Wenfeng Street Committee representatives;deputy of people's congress

EA TOR Ditto November 10, ditto OP 4.01 1998 Consultation during ToR Stage

Distribution of Ditto April 26, 1999 Sanhuang & Daqiao questionnaireswith NeighborhoodCommittees; main points of the Xinanyuan,Gaojin, Dukou proposed project & key & Huqiao Villages environmentalissues

Draft EA report Ditto June 7, 1999 Anhui AgricultureCollege

InformationDisclosure

Document Date location Bank's Requirements

Copies of EA TOR November 10, 1998 Sanhuang& Daqiao Neighborhood OP 4.01 Committees;Xinanyuan, Gaojin, OD 4.30 Dukou& Huqiao Villages BP 17.5

Copies of questionnaires April, 1999 ditto with main pointsof proposed project and key environmentalissues

copies of draft EA report June, 1999 ditto

Final EA report. December 6, 1999 Fuyang WastewaterCompany

Notification of availability October 20, 1999 Fuyang TV station of EA report

8-13 August 2000 Iluai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Anhui Province

Huainan

Public Consultation

Substance By who & with whom When Where Bank's Requirements

Interview during site EA team (Anhui July 3-8, 1999 Xinhuai, Tiandong, OD 4-30 and OP investigation Scientific Consultation Yuannan & Baiyuan 4.01 Center); PMO; PAP Neighborhood representative Committees

Draft EA TOR EA team; PMO; PAP July 10 & August Huainan Construction representatives; deputy 12, 1999 Commission; Anhui of people's congress Scientific Consultation Center

EA TOR Ditto September 20 ditto OP 4.01 October 20, 1999 Consultation during ToR Stage

Distribution of Ditto October 26, 1999 Juren. Xinhuai, questionnaires with (??, April 20-28, Dongshan main points of the 1999) Neighborhood proposed project & key Committees environmental issues

Draft EA report Ditto November 2 & Huainan Construction 20, 1999 Commission

Information Disclosure

Document Date location Bank's Requirements

Copies of EA TOR July 16, 1999 Xinhuai, Tiandong, Yuannan & OP 4.01 Baiyuan Neighborhood OD 4.30 Committees BP 17.5

Copies of questionnaires April 20-28, 1999 ditto with main points of proposed project and key environmental issues copies of draft EA report July 10 -August 12, 1999 Ditto

Final EA report November 30, 1999 Huainan Construction Commission

Notification of October 26, 1999 & Jan Huainan TV & Radio station availability of EA report 18, 2000

8-14 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Anhui Province

Bengbu

Public Consultation

Substance By who & with whom When Where Bank's Requirements

Interview during site EA team (Hefei Coal June 14-16, 1998 Zhanggongshan Street OD 4.30 and OP investigation Design Institute); PMO; Committee; Shixu & 4.01 PAP representative Longhu Villages

Draft EA TOR EA team; PMO; PAP August 8, 1998 Hefei Coal Design representatives; deputy Institute of people's congress

EA TOR Ditto November 10, 1998 ditto OP 4.01 Consultation during ToR Stage

Distribution of Ditto April 26, 1999 Zhanggongshan Street questionnaires with Committee; Shixu & main points of the Longhu Villages proposed project & key environmental issues

Draft EA report Ditto June 7, 1999 Anhul Agriculture College

Information Disclosure

Document Date location Bank's Requirements

Copies of EA TOR May 15, 1999 Zhanggongshan Street Committee; OP 4.01 Shixu & Longhu Villages OD 4.30 BP 17.5

Copies of questionnaires July 16, 1999 (?? April) ditto with main points of proposed project and key environmental issues

copies of draft EA report September 19, 1999 ditto

Final EA report November 6, 1999 Bengbu Wastewater Company

Notification of availability September 20, 1999 & Bengbu Radio station of EA report June 14, 2000

8-15 August 2000

Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

9 SUMMARYAND CONCLUSIONS

9.1 General Conclusions

The HRWPCP projects have been properly formulated and they will form an important contribution to the achievement of the goals of the WPCP. The construction of WwTWs in the Huai River Basin has lagged behind the planned schedule of the WPCP, making it more important than ever to accelerate WwTW construction. Significant progress has been made in regard to the control of industrial pollution since the WPCP was formulated. However, domestic wastewater collection and treatment is still far behind planned objectives.

With respect to the environmental protection, the general urban plan and the drainage project plan, the design of collecting wastewater of proposed HRWPCP projects in the Anhui project cities has proved to be reasonable, as well as and the location selection of wastewater pump stations and WwTWs. The locations of the WwTWs meet the requirements of the local urban plans and the environmental protection.

The design of the WwTWs is basically reasonable. The technology of oxidation ditches for WwTWs is economically reasonable and the operation is dependable, with CODCr, BOD5, SS, NH3-N, (except P) capable of achieving "Overall Wastewater Discharge Standards" (GB8978-1996) Class II.

9.2 Existing EnvironmentalConditions, Huai River Basin

The water body of Huai River Basin is mainly polluted by COD, BOD, organisms and unionised ammonia. After the implementation of the 1996 WPCP, the water quality is improving. However, the planned water quality objective of "Huai River Basin Water Pollution Protection and Control Plan" and "Ninth-five years' Plan (1996-2000) has not been attained. There is significantly more COD loading in the Basin in 2000 than contemplated by the WPCP due to a variety of factors including delayed implementation of the industrial and domestic wastewater treatment systems, as well as additional loading from TVEs and non-point sources of pollution.

The water quality of Xinsui River, Ying River, Guo River, Kuai River, Pi River and Class I tributaries of Huai River related to the World Bank loan project do not attain the water functions of "The Surface Water Environmental Quality Standards" (GHZB 1-1999), Class IV. The water quality of Huainan portion and Bengbu portion of Huai River do not attain the water functions of Class III.

The water quality of Huai River within Anhui boundary (Xiaoliuxiang section), except the dry period, can meet the functions of "The Surface Water Environmental Quality Standards" (GHZB 1-1999) Class III, for all seasonal flow periods except the dry season. The lack of dry season dilution water will remain problematic for attaining WPCP goals even after implementation of the HRWPCP and other water quality controls.

9.3 PositiveImpacts

Public health projects like the HRWPCP carry many general benefits to the citizens of the project cities. These benefits were outlined in detail in Chapter 5.1.1.

9-1 August2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

The HRWPCP positive benefits listed below will be great assets to the cities affected and to Anhui Province in general. In the followinig sections, potential construction phase and operational phase impacts are identified. There are no significant environmental problems identified in either phase. Compared with the positive benefits, these potential negative impacts are minor and easily mitigated. Detailed mitigation and monitoring strategies should alleviate these concerns.

9.3.1 IncreasedDomestic Output Due To ImprovedWater Resources

The principal benefits associated improved water resources with each sub-component were developed and shown in Table 5.1. This table provided a definitive summary of the poor water quality conditions in the HRWPCP project cities, and how the improved water quality resulting from HRWPCP interventions could improve both surface and groundwater water supply sources in and downstream of the project cities. As has been outlined previously in the EA, there are a wide variety of point and non-point sources of pollution in the basin that will need to be controlled to meet these goals, and the dry season low-flows will remain problematic even when these sources have been controlled. As such, it will be unlikely that the surface streams will be able to be used reliably for additional water supply sources in the near future.

9.3.2 PublicHealth Improvements

It was estimated that around 20% of diseases in all HRWPCP project cities are water borne. The sub- component projects are expected to contribute to a significant reduction in water borne health problems. This will reduce the cost of medical care and increase output, as fewer employees will fall sick each year.

9.3.3 IncreasedRevenue From Tourism

The principal benefits associated increased tourism with each sub-component were developed and shown in Table 5.2. This table outlined the existing tourist resources in each of the HRWPCP project cities and how the proposed wastewater collection and treatment schemes could improve these resources.

9.3.4 IncreasedReal Estate Values

The estimated land area affected by the sub-component is known of which about 50% can be utilised for real estate development. Land values and rents are expected to increase due to improvements in the local environment as well as the potential for increased economic activity arising from the possibility of utilising the local surface water as a water resource. Table 5.3 provided estimates of increased real estate values by project component.

9.3.5 ImprovedSurface Water Quality, Guoyang and Luan

The HRWPCP project cities will-all benefit from improved surface water quality after implementation of the HRWPCP and the bi-lateral WwTWs. For the HRWPCP, the cities of Guoyang and Luan will benefit directly from the WwTW construction funded by the HRWPCP.

9-2 August2000 Huai River Water PollutionControl Project EnvironmentalAssessment Report Anhui Province

The DHV feasibility report and the HDI EA quantified the potential improvements in water quality in the Pi River in Luan and the Guo River in Guoyang, as well as the potential improvement downstream in the basin control sections. Since the hydrologic and water quality data are both limited and sometimes unreliable, these predictions can be considered best approximations at this time. These potential improvements in the water quality of these stream segments were presented in Section 5.2. The potential improvements are quite significant in some cases, but the dry season flows without dilution capability of the WwTW effluent will still be problematic.

9.3.6 Additional PotentialBenefits

Implementation of the HRWPCP components is likely to result in additional benefits, including: * Reduced risk of groundwater contamination in the service areas. * The impact of making realistic charges for wastewater services should help to encourage waste minimisation at source, and internalise the costs of pollution control. Amenity benefits to the population of project cities are likely to accrue as the quality of the adjacent rivers improve. This could include use of the river for recreational purposes and the development of riverside walks and parks for public use.

9.4 Potential NegativeImpacts and Mitigation

9.4.1 EnvironmentalImpacts, Construction Phase

During the construction period, the impact on the social environment, natural environment, ecological environment and living quality is minor and occurs temporarily, periodically and partially. With the mitigation during construction, the unfavourable effects can be minimised, and the time period is short. It is unavoidable that the construction of wastewater collection and WwTWs will disturb the traffic and daily life. Appropriate mitigation measures are proposed. The project will influence the environmental noise and air quality of the surrounding area, as well as the sidewalk trees, vegetation and rainfall inlets. However, the range and degree are limited, and appropriate mitigation is proposed.

The construction of wastewater collection should be combined with urban reformation and road construction in every possible way. It should be well organised, properly arranged, closely monitored and regularly managed. The earthwork must be piled between ditches and roads, and filled back in time. The top of pipeline holes and ditches must have distinct traffic signs and warning lights at night. The road sections within the range of 200m from the residential area should work only in the daytime.

High noise equipment is forbidden at night and the working vehicles must limit the speed passing by living area. The exposed surface and the piled excavated soil should have watering and covering to minimise dust. It is necessary for vehicles transporting excess spoil to use covered trucks. The spoil disposal sites shall be approved by the city EPB prior to use. The cement stations must fix enclosing structures. The construction unit should make efforts to protect sidewalk trees and vegetation and if ruined, they must replanted.

The excess spoil will be carried away in short time and used in an approved manner. Disposal of excess material must be in approved and proper places, without occupying farmland or only little farmland, and actions taken to protect soil erosion and dust pollution. The city EPB must approve spoil disposal sites before use.

9-3 August2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

HDI suggests that all elevating pump stations use the Sinking Well Method in construction, which minimises the disturbed area and causes less noise propagation.

9.4.2 EnvironmentalImpacts, Operation Phase

The WwTWs must rigorously monitor the inlet industrial wastewater and record the monitoring results. The local EPB sectors should coordinate with the WwTWs to persuade the related enterprises to pre-treat the wastewater, meeting the "Overall Wastewater Discharge Standards" (GB8978-1996), the Class III in the pollutant discharge standards for the related industrial enterprises and the "Discharge Water Quality into Urban Sewerage" (CJ18-86), otherwise, they should not be allowed to discharge into the WwTW.

The pollution to atmospheric environment potentially originates as odours from the WwTWs and the pump stations of wastewater sewerage. In the near scale of the Lu'an and Guoyang WwTWs, in terms of the related regulations in "The Technology of Formulating the Local Atmosphere Pollutants Discharge Standard" (GB/T13201-91), the sanitation protection distance is 90.2m and 72.7m respectively. As such, a 100m buffer zone is proposed around all WwTWs, which should protect the local residents from potential odour problems.

The WwTW section should be designed and arranged properly. Due to the yearly leading wind direction, especially in summer, the structures where foul odours could originate should be placed leeward. There should be tree belts planted around the WwTWs. The discharge and transport of sludge must be strictly supervised. If possible, closed operation of hauling trucks are recommended.

The pollution to environmental noise comes from the pump stations of wastewater sewerage and pumps, grit chambers, filters, aeration brushes, etc at the WwTWs. The noise from the operation of pump stations can result in the environmental noise beyond standards in the relevant function area within 50m away from pump stations. In order to control noise, first of all, low noise equipment should be chosen in selection and bidding. Second, the installation requirements and related regulations of all types of equipment must be carefully followed. Third, planting trees in the surroundings of pump stations, air blower houses, dewatering workshops can reduce noise.

The operation of the proposed pump stations and WwTWs makes little impact on the surroundings. The environmental noise in the nearby residential area is a bit beyond standards, 0.5dB(A) - 2.2dB(A)

9-4 August2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province in the daytime and 2.OdB(A) - 3.8dB(A) at night. However, the pump stations and WwTWs do not cause the violations of environmental noise beyond standards, but the interference of social noise, which has already caused the background value beyond the standards.

The boundary noise of Luan and Guoyang WwTWs in the daytime and at night is beyond the standard of GB12348-90 Class II, 0.2dB(A) - 1.8dB(A) in the daytime and l.ldB(A) -4.8dB(A) at night. The major causes of the boundary noise beyond standards are that the background value is highly interfered by social noise.

HDI's noise modelling indicates that the proposed pump stations and WwTWs do not increase these levels significantly, and the proposed buffer zone and mitigation measures should be sufficient.

According to the designed outlet water quality of Luan and Guoyang WwTWs, the purified wastewater is not suitable for water supply of drinkable water. In line with the present economical conditions and the existing water sources of Luan City and Guoyang County, it is not economical to use the purified wastewater for industry and watering trees. The purified wastewater is only fit for irrigating farmland, but HDI indicates that disinfection should be considered since the effluent cannot meet the bacteriological standards for irrigation water supply. The WwTWs are being constructed for direct discharge to surface waters, so this can be considered a recommendation for the future, if and when direct irrigation of WwTW is proposed by the project cities. Effluent irrigation is not anticipated at this time.

On the basis of the economical development level of Luan City and Guoyang County and the existing wastewater treating technology in the country, it is recommended that the disposal of surplus sludge be trucked to local landfills. Initially, the HDI EA indicated that lime stabilisation or composting should also be used for disinfection of the pathogens prior to use for agricultural land application. However, the WwTWs are not currently designed for lime stabilisation and discussions with SEPA indicated that there would not be a market for the composted sludge. As such, the HDI EA was revised to require that the WwTW sludge be hauled to the local landfills in Guoyang and Luan.

HDI have received certificates from the local landfills that they will accept the WwTW sludge in Guoyang and Luan. HDI have also reviewed the landfills and verified that they are engineered landfills, have sufficient long-term capacity for the WwTW sludge, and have operating leachate control facilities.

The screen drags of the treatment plants and pump stations can be directly collected and disposed together with urban garbage. The sediment from grit chambers can be used for roads or fill, or buried with urban garbage. The Design Institute has provided design criteria for dedicated sludge landfill sites. These sites should be designed and built according to "The Pollution Control Standards for Living Garbage Filling" and the related design regulations. The measures of protecting secondary pollution must be taken as follows: * The foundation and enclosure wall must be against penetration, with the penetrating coefficient less than 10-7cm/s; * The leachate must be collected and treated before discharge; * The equipment of collecting and buming methane and methane automatic warning system must be installed; * Tree belts with certain width in the surroundings must be kept;

9-5 August2000 Huai River Water Pollution ControlProject EnvironmentalAssessment Report Anhui Province

Diversion dams and downstream ditches must be fixed to protect the natural rainfalls from creating surface ruts to the filling sites.

However, as stated above, the existing city landfills will be used for sludge disposal from the WwTWs and these recommendations can be considered guidelines for the future if the project cities decide to construct a dedicated sludge landfill.

These potential operation phase impacts are relatively minor and easily mitigated. Details of mitigation measures, monitoring program and responsibilities are given in Chapter 7.

9.5 Total Water PollutantsRemoved

HDI predicted the COD reductions to the Huai River Basin as shown in Table 9.1 for the two HRWPCP WwTWs and for all project cities in Table 9.2 for all HRWPCP cities, both in the "near future" (with existing World Bank and bi-lateral .WwTW) and the "further future" (assuming all municipal WwTW needs have been met in the cities.

Table 9.1: EstimatedCOD Reductionsfor HRWPCPWwTWs

Wastewater Amount of Amount of Total Controlled Sub-components Quantity Dischargebefore Dischargeafter (t/a) Amount of CODcr (10,000tVd) Treatment(ta) TreatmentVa)t(a) Discharge(t/a) Lu'an WwTW 8 10804 3504 7300 3600 (near future) Guoyang WwTW 5 6388 2190 4198 2190 (near future) I _ I _ I

Note that HDI analyses in the Chinese EA used the ultimate WwTW capacities for the two WwTWs at Guoyang and Luan. The Phase I HRWPCP WwTWs are actually both 40,000 m3/day, which reduces the COD removal rate to 3650 t/a at Luan and 3,358 t/a at Guoyang, or 7,008 t/a after implementation of the Phase I WwTWs. Similarly, Table 9.2 uses the ultimate WwTW capacities in these cities, reducing the short-term COD removal in the Province by about 4,400 t/a.

9-6 August2000 Huai River Water PollutionControl Project EnvironmentalAssessment Report Anhui Province

Table 9.2: Estimated COD Reductionsfor HRWPCP and Bi-LateralProjects in the Future

Unit: t/a (except items remarked) Project Sub- Discharge Discharge Reduction coPronentSubWastewater Quantity (10,000t/d) Quantity before Quantity after R tion Treatment Treatment 8(near future) 9198 3504 5694 12(furtherfuture) 13797 5252 8541 10(nearfuture) 10950 2190 8760 Xi Jia Gou WwTW Bengbu 20(furtherfuture) 21900 4380 17520 Yang Taizi WwTW 20(furtherfuture) 25550 4380 21170 10(nearfuture) 10366 2190 8176 Huainan Nr. I WwTW 20(further future) 20732 4380 16352 Ying Nan WwiTW(2) 10(nearfuture) 15184 4380 10804 Fuyang 20(furtherfuture) 30368 8760 21608 Ying Bei WwTW(2) 15(furtherfuture) 22776 6570 16206 8(near future) 10512 3504 7008 Bozhou Bozhou WwTW 20(furtherfuture) 26280 8760 17520 Suzhou ChengNan WwTW(3) 8(near future) 11680 3504 8176 ______16(further future) 23360 7008 16352 8(near future) 10804 3504 7300 Cheng Bei WwTW Lu'an 25(fuither future) 33763 10950 22813 Cheng Dong WwTW 8(near future) 10804 3504 7300 5(near future) 6388 2190 4198 Guoyang Cheng Dong WwTW I 0(further future) 12775 4380 8395 Note: (1) Effluent from Huaibei Ding Lou WwTW willbe dischargedto New Sui River (2) Effluent from Fuyang Ying Nan WwTW will be discharged to Ying River; Effluent from Fuyang Ying Bei WwTW will be dischargedto Xi Fei River via Ji River. (3) Effluent from Suzhou Cheng Nan WwTW will be dischargedto Kuai River

The HDI used three simple forecasting models to predict potentialwater quality improvementsin the surface water of Anhui province after completion of the HRWPCP projects. The results were not based on statistically evaluated hydrology or water quality trends. They merely used the current conditions of the past few years relative to the dry, wet and average condition. These models included: * One dimensional steady state mixing model * Black box empirical coefficient model (empirical K coefficient related to starting sections to forecast control section changes) * Narrow and long-lake model for Guoyang section, since the Guo River is controlled by sluices and operates more as a reservoir through the city.

In the short term, they estimated the improvements based on the construction of the HRWPCP WwTW and bi-lateral WwTW completed or under construction, using the higher WwTW capacities at Luan and Guoyang. In the long term, they estimated the completion of all planned municipal WwTWs under the Basin plan objectives.

With the completion of Luan Chengbei WwTW (to ultimate capacity of 80,000 m3/d), the water quality of Pihe River, especially in dry period, will be greatly improved. In dry, medium and plentiful

9-7 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution ControlProject EnvironmentalAssessment Report Anhui Province periods, CODCr at the section of Xinan Ferry will be reduced 41.04 mg/I, 4.5 mg/I and 2.0 mg/I respectively. CODCr at the section of Dadiangang will be reduced 15 mg/I, 1.9 mg/I and 0.9 mg/l respectively.

With the accomplishment of Guoyang Chengdong WwTW (to ultimate capacity of 50,000 m3/d), the water quality of Guoyang portion in Gou River will be greatly improved. In dry, medium and plentiful periods, CODCr at this portion will be reduced 47.8 %, 33.0% and 8.6% differentially, and at the discharge outlet of tail water 29.26 mg/I, 17.54 mg/I and 3.98 mg/l differentially.

The implementation of Luan Chengbei WwTW and Guoyang Chengdong WwTW can largely improve the water quality at the section of Dadiangang in Bi River. There are less obvious improvements in the water quality at the sections of Fangtaizi in Ying River and Mengcheng in Guo River. The short-term and long-term projects of the 2 WwTWs cannot obviously improve the water quality at the sections of Dajiangou, Mohekou and Xiaoliuxiang in Huai River in the mainstream of Huai River.

After implementing the HRWPCP urban WwTWs related to the World Bank loan projects and the bi- lateral WwTWs, the water body quality of discharge outlets of the WwTWs will be largely improved. In a near and far futures, all of the WwTWs will obviously improve the water quality at the sections of Guzheng in Kuai River and Dadiangang in Bi River.

In the near future, the water quality at the sections of Dajiangou, Mohekou and Xiaoliuxiang in Huai River in the mainstream of Huai River has some improvement, and there will be a significant improvement in the far future. . In a near future, there is no distinct improvement to the water quality at the section Fangtaizi in Ying River, but there will be some improvement in a far future.

There is no obvious improvement to the water quality at the sections of Baliqiao in Sui River and Mengcheng in Guo River in the near or far future. The major reason is that the WwTWs are a long distance from the section. If CODCr (which is hard to degrade in the WwTW) is not taken into account, the implementation of the WwTWs related to the World Bank loan projects will improve the water quality at the sections of the related tributaries and the mainstream of Huai River.

The short-term CODcr discharge of the 2 WwTWs can meet the total control indicators issued by the local environmental bureaux. The role of the HRWPCP project in controlling Huai River CODC, discharge is to collect and convey the wastewater in the service areas and reduce CODCr discharge through WwTWs. The result of CODcr reduction in this project will be demonstrated by the total CODcr reduction of the WwTWs.

In terms of the designed inlet and outlet water quality and the planned short and long-term scale for the 2 HRWPCP WwTWs, CODCrcan be reduced 7,008 t/a from the Phase I WwTWs, 11,498 t/a in the "near future," and 38,508 t/a in the "further term." After treating the wastewater, the total CODcr reduction at the Xiaoliuxiang section will reach 64,314 t/a and 182,177 t/a in short and long-term. These reductions play an active role in realizing the control objective.

However, the HRWPCP projects cannot attain the total control indicators on their own in the short- term, and significant additional investment is required for both point and non-point source pollution to allow the Huai River and tributaries meet the water quality targets. In the sections related to the HRWPCP, the CODCr discharge of Dajiangou and Xiaoliuxiang in Huai River mainstream, Guzheng in Kuai River, Sixian in Sui River and Lixin in West Fei River will reach beyond standards in short- term (in term of year 2000); the CODCr discharge of Dajianguo in Huai River mainstream, Fangtaizi in Ying River, Mengcheng in Guo River, Guzheng in Kuai River, Sixian in Sui River, Jiuligou in Bi River and Lixin in West Fei River will reach beyond standards in long-term (in term of year 2010).

9-8 August2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

9.6 ResettlementPlan

Land requisition and resettlement affects eight cities and counties in the sub-project. There is no resettlement in Suzhou wastewaterdrainage projects. Tables 5.10 and 5.11 provide the details for all project components.

In the resettlement, the plan, management, implementation and supervision is perfect, and the settlement is scattered. The resettlement work is minimum,so it can go on well and the compensation will be handed in time. The land requisitionof has little influenceon the local ecologicalenvironment. Resettlement will not affect the social environmentalfactors of power supply, water supply, culture and education, public health, social employmentand etc. The living standards and quality of resettled residentswill remain the same. It is believed that the resettlementplan is reasonableand feasible.

9.7 EnvironmentalManagement and MonitoringPlan

A special environmental management unit will be set, responsible for the whole environmental protection in the operating period of all the sub-projects, and regularly submitting the environmental monitoring results and environmentalmanagement. Each WwTW needs to establish an environmental management unit headed by a vice director or general engineer. (The environmentalmanagement of the wastewater drainage projects will be guided under the environmentaldivision set in the project legal unit.) All the WwTWs should set an individual environmental protection section and fix necessary staff, responsiblefor the environmentalprotection.

On the basis of the water quality analysis laboratory, each WwTW can set up an environmental monitoring unit with 3-5 persons and relevant equipment,responsible for monitoring inlet and outlet water quality, boundary and pump station noise, and main foul smell sources and boundaryfoul smell. The local level environmental monitoring station is in charge of the atmosphere environment and the water quality outside the WwTW.

During the construction period, the local environmentaldivision is responsiblefor the environmental management, and the local environmental monitoring station is in charge of the environmental monitoring. The PMO will submit an Annual EnvironmentalMonitoring Report to the World Bank and other decision makers during the life of the project. Annual environmentalmitigation monitoring costs have been developedand incorporatedinto project documents.

9.8 HDI Suggestions

HDI suggests that the related sectors relax the phosphorus discharge standards of the two proposed WwTWs. In the meanwhile,the regulations of prohibiting the use of phosphorus detergent must be stipulated, controlling the phosphorus pollutants from sources. Note that the Anhui Provincial EPB have agreed to the proposed WwTW effluent limitationsincluding the lack of phosphorustreatment at this time.

Initially, the HDI EA indicated that lime stabilisationor compostingof sludge should also be used for disinfection of the pathogens prior to use for land application. However, the WwTWs are not currently designed for lime stabilisationand discussionswith SEPA indicatedthat there would not be a market for the composted sludge. As such, the HDI EA was revised to require that the WwTW sludge be hauled to the local landfills in Guoyang and Luan.

9-9 August2000 Huai River Water PollutionControl Project EnvironmentalAssessment Report Anhui Province

HDI also recommended that disinfection of effluent be considered before the effluent is used for agricultural irrigation water supply. However, the projects are formulated to discharge directly to surface water, so this is a recommendation for the future if direct effluent irrigation is proposed.

The Chinese EA recommends that the cities along the Huai River should implement the WwTW projects as quickly as possible. All the sub-projects should accomplish the project according to the local drainage project plan. The entities out of the service area should use cleaner production technology and control wastewater discharge strictly. The urban wastewater, though treated and reaching relevant discharge standards, still unfit for the total discharge control objective, can control the discharge according to the total discharge control objective.

To meet the basin-wide waste allocation program for amount of pollution discharged into the Huai River and its Class I tributaries, it is recommended that the effluent of the Fuyang Yingbei WwTW cannot be discharged into West Fei River, and the tail water of Suzhou Chengnan WwTW cannot be discharged into Kuai River. They should, instead, discharge into the Ying River and Tou River respectively. [Note that these two WwTWs are not part of the HRWPCP project, and sewerage only is being built with this project.]

9.9 Conclusions and Recommendations

1. The environmental conditions are serious and the environmental infrastructure needs of Anhui Province are high, and expanding rapidly.

2. The HRWPCP projects have emerged from a basin-wide prioritisation process, are well formulated, and have detailed and complete preliminary designs and cost estimates.

3. There is good public support for the projects based on meetings in the project cities and public Opinion surveys.

4. The proposed projects can meet financial and economic tests of sustainability and are affordable to the local citizens.

5. Social impacts, consisting mainly of land acquisition and resettlement, are addressed by a detailed RAP, and, in any case, are not significantly adverse.

6. The potential environmental benefits of the Phase HRWPCP projects are large, as reported in the previous sections. However, there are significant additional water quality controls necessary before the WPCP goals can be realised.

7. Potential construction and operational phase impacts of the proposed HRWPCP projects have been adequately assessed and no major issues have been identified. Detailed mitigation and monitoring procedures have been prepared which should adequately lessen the overall effect of these potential impacts. Monitoring costs have been included for this work and assignments detailed.

8. The recommendations included herein by the Hefei Design Institute are rational and should be considered in the design and construction of these projects. These recommendations included: * HDI suggests that the related sectors relax the phosphorus discharge standards of the two proposed WwTWs. [The Anhui Provincial EPB have agreed to the proposed effluent standards without phosphorus removal.]

9-10 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Report Anhui Province

HDI initially recommended that sludge disinfection using lime stabilisation be considered before applying WwTW sludge to farmland. Specific types of crops were recommended as well as a four-year time limit for applying sludge to any particular parcel of land, due to concerns about heavy metal build-up. [However, this recommendation was modified to require that WwTW sludge be landfilled at this time at existing city landfills.] HDI recommends that disinfection of effluent be considered before the effluent is used for agricultural irrigation water supply. [The HRWPCP projects are designed for direct discharge, so this recommendation is considered one for the future if direct land application of effluent is proposed by the project cities.]

9-11 August2000