CHANGES in ISLANDS OVER TIME Although Usually Imperceptible To

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

CHAPTER VIII CHANGES IN ISLANDS OVER TIME Although usually imperceptible to the human eye, the land is constantly changing under the influence of the Earth’s normal geophysical forces, in particular the force of water that causes land both to increase in size and to erode. There are different ways that islands may increase or decrease in size, which in turn can have important collateral legal consequences. A. Ways that Islands Can Change over Time Islands can be affected over time through normal processes of accretion or erosion. “Accretion” is the general term used for increases in land through new layers or formations, though lawyers often use the term “alluvion” when describing the increase in land through deposits of sediment by rivers. “Erosion” is typically used to describe decreases in the land through washing away of soil. However described, islands can be created or des- troyed in rivers or lakes, or in delta areas as the river flows into the ocean. Of course, these new formations may be only an internal modification of existing State territory, such as when an island is formed within a river that is totally within the territory a State. Yet when new formations appear along the boundary of States, issues may arise regarding sovereignty over the formation and whether the formation has an effect with respect to the location of the boundary. Further, if through accretion or erosion the coastline of a State is reshaped so as to change 278 S. D. Murphy the location of its baselines, this can have a collateral effect on the maritime zones of the State 860. Separate from the steady but long-term processes of accretion and erosion, more dramatic events can create and destroy islands, notably volcanic activity 861. For example, volcanic activity off the coast of the Azores Islands in 1811 resulted in the creation of a small island. The captain of a British warship, who was the first person to land on the island, called it Sabrina Island (after the name of his ship), and claimed it for Britain. That claim was not well received by Portugal, and the two States were headed towards a significant diplomatic dispute when the island suddenly collapsed and fell back into the sea 862. Similarly, in 1831, a volcanic island suddenly emerged about 27 nautical miles south of the island of Sicily 863. Once again, it was a British warship on patrol that first spotted the island, naming it Graham Island, and claiming sovereignty for Britain. Here, too, other States objected, including the King of Sicily, no doubt realizing the strategic significance of the island’s location for navigation in the Mediterranean. In any event, once again the diplomatic row was cut short when the island 860 See Haritini Dipla, “New Islands”, in Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Vol. VI, op. cit., p. 414. 861 See Sebastien Touze, “Les iles volcaniques emergees : regles d’acquisition territoriale et regime de delimitation maritime”, Annuaire francais de droit international, Vol. 52 (2006), p. 455. 862 See S. Tillard, “A Narrative of the Eruption of a Volcano in the Sea off the Island of St. Michael”, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 102 (1812), p. 152 ; Walter Frederick Walker, The Azores : Or Western Islands : A Political, Commercial and Geographic Account, Trumber & Company, 1886, p. 63. 863 See Horace Greeley and Park Benjamin (eds.), “Volcanic Islands in the Mediterranean”, The New Yorker, Vol. VII (1839), p. 52..

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Memoirs of Hydrography
MEMOIRS 07 HYDROGRAPHY INCLUDING Brief Biographies of the Principal Officers who have Served in H.M. NAVAL SURVEYING SERVICE BETWEEN THE YEARS 1750 and 1885 COMPILED BY COMMANDER L. S. DAWSON, R.N. I 1s t tw o PARTS. P a r t II.—1830 t o 1885. EASTBOURNE: HENRY W. KEAY, THE “ IMPERIAL LIBRARY.” iI i / PREF A CE. N the compilation of Part II. of the Memoirs of Hydrography, the endeavour has been to give the services of the many excellent surveying I officers of the late Indian Navy, equal prominence with those of the Royal Navy. Except in the geographical abridgment, under the heading of “ Progress of Martne Surveys” attached to the Memoirs of the various Hydrographers, the personal services of officers still on the Active List, and employed in the surveying service of the Royal Navy, have not been alluded to ; thereby the lines of official etiquette will not have been over-stepped. L. S. D. January , 1885. CONTENTS OF PART II ♦ CHAPTER I. Beaufort, Progress 1829 to 1854, Fitzroy, Belcher, Graves, Raper, Blackwood, Barrai, Arlett, Frazer, Owen Stanley, J. L. Stokes, Sulivan, Berard, Collinson, Lloyd, Otter, Kellett, La Place, Schubert, Haines,' Nolloth, Brock, Spratt, C. G. Robinson, Sheringham, Williams, Becher, Bate, Church, Powell, E. J. Bedford, Elwon, Ethersey, Carless, G. A. Bedford, James Wood, Wolfe, Balleny, Wilkes, W. Allen, Maury, Miles, Mooney, R. B. Beechey, P. Shortland, Yule, Lord, Burdwood, Dayman, Drury, Barrow, Christopher, John Wood, Harding, Kortright, Johnson, Du Petit Thouars, Lawrance, Klint, W. Smyth, Dunsterville, Cox, F. W. L. Thomas, Biddlecombe, Gordon, Bird Allen, Curtis, Edye, F.
[Show full text]
Memoirs of Hydrography
MEMOIRS OF HYDROGRAPHY INCLUDING B rief Biographies o f the Principal Officers who have Served in H.M. NAVAL SURVEYING SERVICE BETWEEN THE YEARS 17 5 0 and 1885 COMPILED BY COMMANDER L. S. DAWSON, R.N. i i nsr TWO PARTS. P a r t I .— 1 7 5 0 t o 1 8 3 0 . EASTBOURNE : HENRY W. KEAY, THE “ IMPERIAL LIBRARY.” THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY 8251.70 A ASTOR, LENOX AND TILDEN FOUNDATIONS R 1936 L Digitized by PRE F A CE. ♦ N gathering together, and publishing, brief memoirs of the numerous maritime surveyors of all countries, but chiefly of Great Britain, whose labours, extending over upwards of a century, have contributed the I means or constructing the charted portion óf the world, the author claims no originality. The task has been one of research, compilation, and abridgment, of a pleasant nature, undertaken during leisure evenings, after official hours spent in duties and undertakings of a kindred description. Numerous authorities have been consulted, and in some important instances, freely borrowed from ; amongst which, may be mentioned, former numbers of the Nautical Magazine, the Journals of the Royal Geographical Society, published accounts of voyages, personal memoirs, hydrographic works, the Naval Chronicle, Marshall, and O'Bymes Naval Biographies, &c. The object aimed at has been, to produce in a condensed form, a work, useful for hydrographic reference, and sufficiently matter of fact, for any amongst the naval surveyors of the past, who may care to take it up, for reference—and at the same time,—to handle dry dates and figures, in such a way, as to render such matter, sufficiently light and entertaining, for the present and rising generation of naval officers, who, possessing a taste for similar labours to those enumerated, may elect a hydrographic career.
[Show full text]
Growth and Evolution of an Emergent Tuff Cone: Considerations from Structural Geology, Geomorphology and Facies Analysis of São Roque Volcano, São Miguel (Azores)
Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 180 (2009) 277–291 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jvolgeores Growth and evolution of an emergent tuff cone: Considerations from structural geology, geomorphology and facies analysis of São Roque volcano, São Miguel (Azores) Vittorio Zanon ⁎, José Pacheco, Adriano Pimentel Centro de Vulcanologia e Avaliação de Riscos Geológicos, Universidade dos Açores, Rua Mãe de Deus, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal article info abstract Available online 10 October 2008 The syn-eruptive and post-eruptive history of São Roque tuff cone, its geological setting and volcanological features were studied in detail to understand the role played by the different factors that contributed to the Keywords: morphological evolution of this relatively simple and small volcanic edifice. tuff cones In addition, attention was also focused on the series of natural changes that affected the tuff cone during the morphological changes course of the years and that finally led to its structural disassembly. A novel model is proposed to explain this tectonic facies analysis process. Azores The São Roque volcanic centre, located on the island of São Miguel (Azores), consists of two well-consolidated bodies and numerous small islets that formed more than 4700 years ago during the hydromagmatic activity that took place along an intruding dyke, whose NNW–SSE trend is in agreement with the regional tectonic pattern. The eruptive vents probably migrated progressively from SSE to NNW, forming small edifices through the rapid accumulation of sediments during alternating phases of “dry” and “wet” magmatic emissions.
[Show full text]
2016 AAZV Proceedings.Pdf
PROCEEDINGS 2016 JOINT AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ZOO VETERINARIANS (AAZV) EUROPEAN ASSOCIATION OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE VETERINARIANS (EAZWV) LEIBNIZ INSTITUTE FOR ZOO AND WILDLIFE RESEARCH (IZW) CONFERENCE Atlanta, Georgia July 16-22, 2016 CHARLOTTE KIRK BAER PROCEEDINGS EDITOR CONTINUING EDUCATION Continuing education sponsored by the American College of Zoological Medicine. Continuing education credits provided by: Wildlife Conservation Society provides the funding to the American College of Zoological Medicine to register as a certified CE provider for the state of New York. Attendees licensed in New York will receive CE credits for the AAZV 48th Annual Conference. DISCLAIMER The information appearing in this publication comes exclusively from the authors and contributors identified in each manuscript. The techniques and procedures presented reflect the individual knowledge, experience, and personal views of the authors and contributors. The information presented does not incorporate all known techniques and procedures and is not exclusive. Other procedures, techniques, and technology might also be available. Any questions or requests for additional information concerning any of the manuscripts should be addressed directly to the authors. The sponsoring associations of this conference and resulting publication have not undertaken direct research or formal review to verify the information contained in this publication. Opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and contributors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the host associations. The associations are not responsible for errors or for opinions expressed in this publication. The host associations expressly disclaim any warranties or guarantees, expressed or implied, and shall not be liable for damages of any kind in connection with the material, information, techniques, or procedures set forth in this publication.
[Show full text]
São Miguel - the Green Island - Activities 2021
São Miguel - The Green Island - Activities 2021 Sunvil can pre-book a variety of activities on São Miguel – see full details below. These activities can also be booked locally through our local agent. Please note that any pre-booked activity with Sunvil must be requested 14 days or more before departure. Azorean Rural Experience (Ginetes) - Half Day This half-day experience centres on a traditional family-run farm in the village of Ginetes and provides an insight to the history, culture and lifestyles of rural farming communities on the island of São Miguel. Take a scenic ride (by minibus) through Ginetes to the viewpoint of Escalvado, from where there is a splendid panorama over the western coast and the parish of Mosteiros. Take a nice walk to ‘Fonte do Sapateiro’ (1km – easy walk). You will visit the ethnographic centre of Quinta das Raiadas, the farm and orchards, where there is even a possibility of milking a cow. At the House of Bread, there will be an explanation, and participation, on how to make bread, local handicrafts and how to prepare some traditional food. You will also taste a variety of local produce including cheeses, jams, liquors and traditional biscuits. Price is £65 per adult and £33 per child (6-11yrs) # # No transfers included but can be arranged at a supplement on request. Notes ■ Half Day: 3 hours 15 minutes (09:30 to 12:45) – lunch not included but can be added at a supplement on request ■ Meet at Quinta das Raiadas parking, beside the church in Ginetes at 09:30 (free parking at Quinta das Raiadas) ■ If transfers are included from Ponta Delgada, pick-up from your hotel at 08:30.
[Show full text]
Azores Volcano Geotraverse*
AZORES VOLCANO GEOTRAVERSE* Wes Gibbons 2019 In this Holiday Geology guide we describe a west-to-east drive across the volcanoes of São Miguel, the largest and most easily accessible (and therefore most visited) island in the Azores archipelago. São Miguel lies 2,400km from Barcelona and Newfoundland, and is positioned geologically just east of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge tectonic plate boundary which runs 3,000km north to Iceland and over 10,000km south to Bouvet Island in the South Atlantic. Despite the geographic isolation of the island (the nearest continental landmass is 1,500km away at the Lisbon coast) it is nevertheless well served by flights to the capital Ponta Delgada from both European and North American destinations. You will need to hire a car on arrival and buy a road map before you arrive: the Azores Tour & Trail (Discovery Walking Guides 2019) is a good choice. São Miguel is very green, very volcanic, and very isolated in the Atlantic Ocean. 2 SETE 16 1 CIDADES 17 Nordeste Ribeira 18 CALDERA 8 NORDESTE 3 Grande 9 VOLCANIC 4 6 15 SYSTEM PICOS FISSURAL CONGRO FISSURAL Furnas VOLCANIC 5 SÃO MIGUEL VOLCANIC SYSTEM14 POVOAÇÃO 19 13 CALDERA SYSTEM FOGO 10 FURNAS CALDERA 7 12 10 km Airport CALDERA Povoaçāo Faial da Terra 11 PONTA Ribeira Quente DELGADA Vila Franca do Campo 1. Ponta da Ferraria 11. Ermida de Nossa Senhora da Paz 2. M. do Escalvado 12. Lagoa das Furnas 3. Lagoa do Canário and M. do Boca do Inferno 13. Caldeiras geothermal field 4. Carvão Aqueduct and M. do Pico do Carvão 14.
[Show full text]
Humboldt's Personal Narrative
*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EQUINOCTIAL REGIONS OF AMERICA *** Produced by Sue Asscher and Robert Prince Equinoctial Regions of America Alexander von Humboldt BOHN'S SCIENTIFIC LIBRARY. HUMBOLDT'S PERSONAL NARRATIVE VOLUME 1. PERSONAL NARRATIVE OF TRAVELS TO THE EQUINOCTIAL REGIONS OF AMERICA DURING THE YEARS 1799-1804 BY ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT AND AIME BONPLAND. TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH OF ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT AND EDITED BY THOMASINA ROSS. IN THREE VOLUMES VOLUME 1. LONDON. GEORGE BELL & SONS. 1907. LONDON: PORTUGAL ST., LINCOLN'S INN. CAMBRIDGE: DEIGHTON, BELL AND CO. NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN CO. BOMBAY: A.H. WHEELER AND CO. EDITOR'S PREFACE. The increasing interest attached to all that part of the American Continent situated within and near the tropics, has suggested the publication of the present edition of Humboldt's celebrated work, as a portion of the SCIENTIFIC LIBRARY. Prior to the travels of Humboldt and Bonpland, the countries described in the following narrative were but imperfectly known to Europeans. For our partial acquaintance with them we were chiefly indebted to the early navigators, and to some of the followers of the Spanish Conquistadores. The intrepid men whose courage and enterprise prompted them to explore unknown seas for the discovery of a New World, have left behind them narratives of their adventures, and descriptions of the strange lands and people they visited, which must ever be perused with curiosity and interest; and some of the followers of Pizarro and Cortez, as well as many learned Spaniards who proceeded to South America soon after the conquest, were the authors of historical and other works of high value.
[Show full text]
Australia Progress Condition
AUSTRALIA ITS RISE, PROGRESS, AND PRESENT CONDITION BY WILLIAM WESTGARTH, ESQ. WITH MAP EDINBURGH ADAM AND CHARLES BLACK MDCCCLXI PRINTED BY NEILL AND CO., EDINBURGH. PREFACE. THE present volume consists chiefly of the articles Australasia and Australia of the " Encyclopaedia Britannica." These articles have been revised or re- written, so as to bring down to the present time the in- formation upon this eventful part of our empire. This circumstance explains the particular form in which the subject is cast. Although not the usual mode of treating a historical subject, it is yet a mode perhaps almost a necessity in describing colonies, whose fast young life, if one may so speak, quickly obliterates the past in the tumult and progress of the present, and confines the interest almost to the particulars of the last year, if not even of the last mail. This more recent information is here given by way of an intro- duction, in a collective view of the whole subject. To make room for this introductory sketch, the former articles upon each separate colony have been con- siderably curtailed, so as to dispense with what has already, even in their brief span of history, ceased to be of general interest. These articles have been re- vised and continued with the more recent statistics Vi. PREFACE. and other information pertaining to each. In parti- cular, the article on Victoria, the colony that has become most prominent by its development, both political and commercial, which article was lately entirely rewritten by the present author, has been again revised, and partly rewritten ; while that on South Australia has been amended by a gentleman lately a distinguished resident of that colony.
[Show full text]
Iota Directory of Islands Regional List British Isles
IOTA DIRECTORY OF ISLANDS sheet 1 IOTA DIRECTORY – QSL COLLECTION Last Update: 22 February 2009 DISCLAIMER: The IOTA list is copyrighted to the Radio Society of Great Britain. To allow us to maintain an up-to-date QSL reference file and to fill gaps in that file the Society's IOTA Committee, a Sponsor Member of QSL COLLECTION, has kindly allowed us to show the list of qualifying islands for each IOTA group on our web-site. To discourage unauthorized use an essential part of the listing, namely the geographical coordinates, has been omitted and some minor but significant alterations have also been made to the list. No part of this list may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise. A shortened version of the IOTA list is available on the IOTA web-site at http://www.rsgbiota.org - there are no restrictions on its use. Islands documented with QSLs in our IOTA Collection are highlighted in bold letters. Cards from all other Islands are wanted. Sometimes call letters indicate which operators/operations are filed. All other QSLs of these operations are needed. EUROPE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND, CHANNEL ISLANDS AND ISLE OF MAN # ENGLAND / SCOTLAND / WALES B EU-005 G, GM, a. GREAT BRITAIN (includeing England, Brownsea, Canvey, Carna, Foulness, Hayling, Mersea, Mullion, Sheppey, Walney; in GW, M, Scotland, Burnt Isls, Davaar, Ewe, Luing, Martin, Neave, Ristol, Seil; and in Wales, Anglesey; in each case include other islands not MM, MW qualifying for groups listed below): Cramond, Easdale, Litte Ross, ENGLAND B EU-120 G, M a.
[Show full text]
Final Report of the Thirty-Seventh Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting
Final Report of the Thirty-seventh Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting ANTARCTIC TREATY CONSULTATIVE MEETING Final Report of the Thirty-seventh Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting Brasilia, Brasil 28 April – 7 May 2014 Volume I Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty Buenos Aires 2014 Published by: Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty Secrétariat du Traité sur l’ Antarctique Секретариат Договора об Антарктике Secretaría del Tratado Antártico Maipú 757, Piso 4 C1006ACI Ciudad Autónoma Buenos Aires - Argentina Tel: +54 11 4320 4260 Fax: +54 11 4320 4253 This book is also available from: www.ats.aq (digital version) and online-purchased copies. ISSN 2346-9897 ISBN 978-987-1515-80-6 Contents VOLUME I Acronyms and Abbreviations 9 PART I. FINAL REPORT 11 1. Final Report 13 2. CEP XVII Report 91 3. Appendices 181 ATCM XXXVII Communique 183 Letter to IMO 185 Preliminary Agenda for ATCM XXXVIII 187 PART II. MEASURES, DECISIONS AND RESOLUTIONS 189 1. Measures 191 Measure 1 (2014) Antarctic Specially Protected Area No 113 (Litchﬁ eld Island, Arthur Harbor, Palmer Archipelago): Revised Management Plan 193 Measure 2 (2014) Antarctic Specially Protected Area No 121 (Cape Royds, Ross Island): Revised Management Plan 195 Measure 3 (2014) Antarctic Specially Protected Area No 124 (Cape Crozier, Ross Island): Revised Management Plan 197 Measure 4 (2014) Antarctic Specially Protected Area No 128 (Western shore of Admiralty Bay, King George Island, South Shetland Islands): Revised Management Plan 199 Measure 5 (2014) Antarctic Specially Protected Area No
[Show full text]
Submarine Platform Development by Erosion of a Surtseyan Cone at Capelinhos, Faial Island, Azores
1 Earth Surface Processes And Landforms Archimer December 2019, Volume 44 Issue 15 Pages 2982-3006 https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4724 https://archimer.ifremer.fr https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00590/70196/ Submarine platform development by erosion of a Surtseyan cone at Capelinhos, Faial Island, Azores Zhao Zhongwei 1, *, Mitchell Neil C. 1, Quartau Rui 2, 3, Tempera Fernando 4, 5, Bricheno Lucy 6 1 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester Williamson Building, Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL, UK 2 Instituto Hidrográfico, Divisão de Geologia Marinha Lisboa ,Portugal 3 Instituto Dom Luiz, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa ,Portugal 4 Centro do IMAR da Universidade dos Açores, MARE – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre Rua Prof. Dr. Frederico Machado 4 9901‐862 Horta Açores ,Portugal 5 IFREMER, Centre de Bretagne, DYNECO‐LEBCO CS 10070 29280 Plouzané, France 6 National Oceanography Centre Joseph Proudman Building, 6 Brownlow Street Liverpool L3 5DA, UK * Corresponding author : Zhongwei Zhao, email address : [email protected] Abstract : Erosion of volcanic islands ultimately creates shallow banks and guyots, but the ways in which erosion proceeds to create them over time and how the coastline retreat rate relates to wave conditions, rock mass strength and other factors are unclear. The Capelinhos volcano was formed in 1957/58 during a Surtseyan and partly effusive eruption that added an ~2.5 km2 tephra and lava promontory to the western end of Faial Island (Azores, central North Atlantic). Subsequent coastal and submarine erosion has reduced the subaerial area of the promontory and created a submarine platform.
[Show full text]
2020-East-Bay-Historia-Vol-4.Pdf
East Bay Historia California State University, East Bay History Department Journal Volume 4, 2020 An annual publication of the Department of History California State University, East Bay ii iii To all the workers providing essential services to their communities during the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020. Thank you. “Man should be better than monsters. Ah, but who are the monsters?” -Guillermo del Toro iv History Department California State University, East Bay 25800 Carlos Bee Boulevard Student and Faculty Services, Room 442 Hayward, California, 94542 (510) 885-3207 East Bay Historia is an annual publication of the California State University, East Bay (CSUEB) Department of History. It aims to provide CSUEB students with an opportunity to publish historical works and to give students the experience of being on an editorial board and creating and designing an academic journal. Issues are published at the end of each academic year. All opinions or statements of fact are the sole responsibility of their authors and may not reflect the views of the editorial staff, the History Department, or California State University, East Bay (CSUEB). The authors retain rights to their indi- vidual essays. East Bay Historia’s mission is to promote the study of history at CSUEB, give history majors and non-history majors alike opportuni- ties to express their passion for the subject, and to empower students, faculty, and staff who are studying or are interested in history. Cover photo by Jackson Keen This publication uses sans serif fonts and increased line spacing in order to increase accessibility for dyslexic readers. Copyright © 2020 by California State University, East Bay Department of History https://www.csueastbay.edu/history/east-bay-historia.html All rights reserved.
[Show full text]