PROCEEDINGS 2016 JOINT AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ZOO VETERINARIANS (AAZV) EUROPEAN ASSOCIATION OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE VETERINARIANS (EAZWV) LEIBNIZ INSTITUTE FOR ZOO AND WILDLIFE RESEARCH (IZW) CONFERENCE Atlanta, Georgia July 16-22, 2016 CHARLOTTE KIRK BAER PROCEEDINGS EDITOR CONTINUING EDUCATION Continuing education sponsored by the American College of Zoological Medicine. Continuing education credits provided by: Wildlife Conservation Society provides the funding to the American College of Zoological Medicine to register as a certified CE provider for the state of New York. Attendees licensed in New York will receive CE credits for the AAZV 48th Annual Conference. DISCLAIMER The information appearing in this publication comes exclusively from the authors and contributors identified in each manuscript. The techniques and procedures presented reflect the individual knowledge, experience, and personal views of the authors and contributors. The information presented does not incorporate all known techniques and procedures and is not exclusive. Other procedures, techniques, and technology might also be available. Any questions or requests for additional information concerning any of the manuscripts should be addressed directly to the authors. The sponsoring associations of this conference and resulting publication have not undertaken direct research or formal review to verify the information contained in this publication. Opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and contributors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the host associations. The associations are not responsible for errors or for opinions expressed in this publication. The host associations expressly disclaim any warranties or guarantees, expressed or implied, and shall not be liable for damages of any kind in connection with the material, information, techniques, or procedures set forth in this publication. AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ZOO VETERINARIANS “Dedicated to wildlife health and conservation” 581705 White Oak Road Yulee, Florida, 32097 904-225-3275 Fax 904-225-3289 Dear Friends and Colleagues, It is with great pleasure and excitement that I welcome you to Atlanta, Georgia USA to the 48th AAZV Annual Conference and first joint conference with the European Association of Zoo and Wildlife Veterinarians (EAZWV) and the Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW). On behalf of AAZV I would like to extend a warm welcome to our European co-hosts and to all our international colleagues in attendance. Congratulations to the AAZV International Scholarship awardees and a very special welcome to our new members, first–time conference attendees, and students. Our Scientific Program Committee, together with their EAZWV counterparts, has worked hard to prepare a dynamic and educational program that reflects current knowledge and methodologies across our global community. It was a bold step for EAZWV and IZW to hold their conference in the USA and I would like to acknowledge Stephanie Sanderson and Hanspeter Steinmetz from EAZWV and Alex Greenwood and Anke Schumann from IZW for facilitating this first-of-its kind conference. I would also like to acknowledge ACZM for providing continuing education credits for the conference. Conference attendees will be treated to a double helping of southern hospitality from our hosting institutions, Zoo Atlanta and the Georgia Aquarium. Thanks to our hosts Hayley Murphy from Zoo Atlanta, Tonya Clauss from the Georgia Aquarium, and the staff and volunteers from both institutions for opening their facilities to us and making us feel welcome. I applaud the hard work of our conference planning team, Rob Hilsenroth, Adine Nicholson, Kathy Nemaric, and Julie Fazlollah, as well as contributions from our student volunteers, who perennially insure the successful planning and implementation of our conference. The 2016 conference marks the 10th anniversary for our Executive Director Rob Hilsenroth, whose dedication, enthusiasm, and tireless advocacy has made a tremendous contribution to our organization’s growth and success over the past decade. Most importantly, I want to thank you the membership for your dedication to our profession and support of our organization. AAZV is a diverse and energetic organization because of your continued membership, contributions, and professional service. Our Wild Animal Health Fund and granting capacity continues to grow and the Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine remains the premier source of scientific and clinical information for our field. In all that you do, AAZV members never fail to challenge and inspire me. With respect and appreciation, Kelly Helmick President, American Association of Zoo Veterinarians AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ZOO VETERINARIANS “Dedicated to wildlife health and conservation” 581705 White Oak Road Yulee, Florida, 32097 904-225-3275 Fax 904-225-3289 Dear Colleagues and Friends, On behalf of the Scientific Program Committee (SPC), I would like to welcome you to the 48th Annual Conference of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians (AAZV) and the first ever joint conference of the AAZV and the European Association of Zoo and Wildlife Veterinarians (EAZWV) and the Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW). These organizations have worked hand in hand to build an outstanding conference for you this year. We thank our gracious hosts at Zoo Atlanta and Georgia Aquarium, including Hayley Murphy, Sam Rivera, Kate Leach and Tonya Clauss, for their tremendous help and hospitality. Our conference program continues to evolve each year based on your feedback. Please let us know your thoughts and how we can continue to offer you the highest quality program and workshops. This year we built upon an “open call” for abstracts with particular emphasis on several topics. Our session chairs, including representatives from the AAZV, EAZWV and IZW, reviewed hundreds of abstracts to develop 15 scientific sessions that represent a diverse blend of taxa and discipline- based themes. We also have a number of advanced and special topics including contraception and infertility, emerging fungal diseases and gross lesion recognition. Based on overwhelming interest and positive feedback, we are continuing to offer a half-day leadership workshop at the end of the conference. The main conference program will provide a maximum of 25.7 credit hours of continuing education, certified by the American College of Zoological Medicine. A maximum of 16 additional credit hours are available with two days of exciting and diverse workshops ranging from avian and turtle coelioscopy to current topics in chimpanzee medicine to behavioral conditioning and enrichment in aquatic species. We would also like to gratefully acknowledge the expertise and tireless efforts of the office of the Executive Director, including Rob Hilsenroth, Adine Nicholson, Julie Fazlollah, and Kathy Nemaric for their support in making this year’s conference a success. Finally, welcome to Atlanta! We hope you have a wonderful time at the conference advancing your professional development and spending time with new and old friends. Remember to stay hydrated and wear sunscreen! We hope you return home energized about our meaningful profession and our contributions to animal health and conservation. Best regards, Deena Brenner, DVM, Dipl. ACZM Chair, AAZV Scientific Program Committee Senior Veterinarian, San Diego Zoo European Association of Zoo and Wildlife Veterinarians Dear friends and colleagues, It is a great honor and pleasure to welcome you to the first joint Conference of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians (AAZV), the Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW) and the European Association of Zoo and Wildlife Veterinarians (EAZWV) in Atlanta. The idea of this conference grew out of a long friendship among the organizations and the realization that cooperation, as in conservation, would benefit the welfare and health of wildlife. The coming days here in Atlanta are a great opportunity to exchange experiences and knowledge and build a network of old and new friendships around the globe. I am sure we will have a good time in Atlanta with hands-on workshops, great scientific presentations, colleagues from all over the world and networking opportunities during the conference and during the diverse social program. And in two years’ time we will have the conference over in Europe in wonderful historic Prague, Czech Republic and we hope that you can all take the opportunity to visit your friends in Europe. At this point I really would like to acknowledge the enthusiasm of many of our colleagues who helped to make this conference to become a reality either by dedicating their days off for reviewing articles, preparing their manuscripts and talks, or volunteering for other work in the conference organization. And they do all of this great work just for applause, a handshake or a smile. Please do not forget that all of this cannot be done without the dedication and enthusiasm for the welfare, health and conservation of wildlife. I am so proud to be a part of this community and hope we can continue to share our idealism and develop the knowledge of zoo and wildlife medicine as our teachers taught us. This conference is made for the conservation and welfare of wildlife by you, for you and for the future of our profession. Thank you and please enjoy your days in Atlanta to share your experience. Sincerely, Hanspeter W. Steinmetz Vice-president EAZWV Dear Friends and Colleagues, On behalf of the