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Setting Organisational Confidence, Competition and Emotional Results

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Setting Organisational Confidence, Competition and Emotional Results Setting Organisational Confidence, Competition and Emotional Results A Linguistic Study of Premier League Annual Reports, 2003-2012 Universitat Jaume I Facultat de Ciències Humanes i Socials Departament d’Estudis Anglesos PhD Dissertation Presented by Álvaro Subero-Sáenz Supervised by Dr. Juan C. Palmer-Silveira Castelló de la Plana, July 2014 RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL OBJETO Y OBJETIVOS DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN En una economía globalizada como la actual, la importancia de la divulgación financiera se ha convertido en una herramienta tanto para la información como para la promoción de las empresas internacionales. En este contexto, la publicación de annual reports (informes anuales), incluye, cada vez más, diferentes secciones legalmente obligatorias y otras de carácter voluntario que garantizan a los lectores (entre los que destacan principalmente accionistas, inversores potenciales, medios de comunicación, órganos gubernamentales, profesionales de diferentes sectores e incluso académicos de múltiples ramas científicas) una información financiera a la que poder acceder en igualdad de condiciones y que puede influir considerablemente en el proceso de toma de decisiones respecto al mantenimiento, adquisición o venta de participaciones de la empresa. En la presente tesis analizamos un corpus integrado por los informes anuales realizados por clubes de fútbol de la Barclays Premier League, la máxima competición de liga para equipos profesionales de Inglaterra y Gales, durante los diez años comprendidos entre las temporadas 2002-2003 y 2011-2012. Así pues, teniendo en cuenta que los informes anuales son documentos empresariales y corporativos formados por una serie de textos cualitativos y cuantitativos que reflejan la actividad económica y comercial de las empresas durante el último año fiscal, así como también hacen referencia a planes de futuro, nuestro objetivo es la investigación de una sección en particular, concretamente el chairman’s statement (carta del presidente). La carta del presidente es una sección narrativa y de carácter voluntario que se encuentra generalmente localizada al comienzo del informe anual y que se define como la parte menos técnica de los informes anuales, aunque también es vista como una de las secciones más consultadas por los lectores. Normalmente, la carta del presidente se presenta con figuras e imágenes que acompañan un texto dirigido al accionista y cuyo principal objetivo es el de proporcionarle información honesta, precisa y veraz. Este tipo de documentos suelen caracterizarse por resumir resultados financieros y hacerse eco de las nuevas áreas de beneficio y crecimiento corporativo, así como de la comunicación de determinados datos relacionados con el futuro inmediato de la empresa, los cuales pueden influir en mayor o menor medida en la toma de decisiones de los accionistas o, de manera excepcional, pueden revelar la inminente insolvencia de la compañía. Desde el punto de vista académico, la carta del presidente puede ser probablemente vista como una de las secciones más estudiadas a nivel mundial por la comunidad científica. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar una serie de características lingüísticas relacionadas con las cartas del presidente incluidas en los informes anuales desarrollados por los clubes de fútbol de la Barclays Premier League. Por tanto, la tesis doctoral se centra en particularidades vinculadas con la estructura externa (incluyendo los diferentes nombres con los que se conoce a la carta del presidente en inglés, la presencia de fotografías y otros elementos visuales, y los elementos que conforman la firma), así como otros elementos que determinan la estructura interna de los textos como son, por un lado, la longitud de las cartas del presidente respecto al número total de palabras, números u oraciones, la importancia del uso de pronombres personales y sus adjetivos posesivos y el uso de la voz pasiva. Por otro lado, destacamos la presencia de elementos metadiscursivos considerando que los clubes de fútbol profesional generan grandes pasiones, profundas emociones y fuertes lazos con sus seguidores, los cuales también pueden estar ligados financieramente con dichas organizaciones al tener participaciones o acciones en las mismas. Por último, teniendo en cuenta la crisis global financiera originada en el tercer trimestre de 2008, también estudiamos las estrategias desarrolladas por los presidentes para tratar este tema y cómo la estabilidad económica de la industria futbolística se ha visto afectada por la misma durante los años comprendidos entre 2008 y 2012. PLANTEAMIENTO Y METODOLOGÍA UTILIZADA Setting Organisational Confidence, Competition and Emotional Results: A Linguistic Study of Premier League Annual Reports, 2003-2012 es una tesis doctoral que continúa el trabajo iniciado con el proyecto de investigación titulado Linguistic Features of Football Club Chairman’s Statements: Loving the Game, Getting the Money y realizado como parte del itinerario académico del Máster Universitario en English Language for International Trade (ELIT) de la Universitat Jaume I. Teniendo en cuenta el mencionado trabajo final de máster como base, ampliamos los dos años iniciales del estudio (2008 y 2009) hasta la década comprendida entre 2003 y 2012, concentrándonos en los informes anuales realizados por el total de treinta y un clubes de fútbol que habían participado en la Barclays Premier League en esos años. En lo referente al análisis lingüístico de las cartas del presidente, hemos desarrollado un enfoque más diversificado. En primer lugar, hemos realizado un análisis de determinados elementos que conforman la estructura externa para describir las diferentes posibilidades que se pueden observar en los textos como son los distintos tipos de títulos, el uso de elementos visuales como tablas, gráficos y fotografías (incluyendo su posición, tipo y características principales), así como los rasgos que pueden conformar la firma de una carta del presidente (nombre del autor, cargo dentro de la empresa, fecha, y rúbrica). En segundo lugar, hemos utilizado los métodos de lingüística de corpus mediante la aplicación del software WordSmith Tools para analizar cuantitativamente la estructura interna de las cartas del presidente: la longitud, la cantidad de palabras, número y oraciones, variedad de palabras, media de palabras por oración, y longitud media de palabra por caracteres. De igual forma también se han cuantificado estadísticamente la frecuencia de pronombres y posesivos, el total de verbos en voz pasiva, y el análisis metadiscoursivo, basado en los trabajos desarrollados por Crismore et al. (1993), Hyland (1994, 1996a, 1996b, 1998a, 1998b, 2005), Hyland & Tse (2004), Louhiala- Salminen (1999), Salager-Meyer (1994), Skulstad (2002), y Vande-Kopple (1985). Además, hemos efectuado un análisis tanto cualitativo como cuantitativo de la presencia de referencias sobre la crisis global financiera originada en 2008. RESULTADOS Y APORTACIONES ORIGINALES Por lo que respecta a la estructura externa de la carta del presidente, los resultados indican cuatro tipos de títulos posibles entre los que destaca el término chairman’s statement por encima del resto de posibilidades (chairman’s report, report of the chairman y message from the chairman). En lo que se refiere al uso de elementos visuales, se ha demostrado que las fotografías corporativas de los presidentes de clubes de fútbol pertenecientes a la Barclays Premier League se encuentran generalmente al comienzo y en la parte superior izquierda de los textos, siendo el retrato el formato de imagen más empleado junto la indumentaria, principalmente basada en un traje con corbata; si bien es cierto que tanto la postura (sentado o de pie) como la actitud (sonriente o seria) pueden variar considerablemente cada temporada, incluso dentro de la misma organización. Del mismo modo, el resto de elementos visuales se caracteriza por la presencia de un número reducido de tablas y figuras, mientras que en las firmas predomina tanto su posición al final del texto como aquella que se compone por sus cuatro principales elementos juntos, como son el nombre del autor, la posición dentro de la empresa, la fecha (especialmente aquella referenciada con día, mes y año) y la rúbrica. Al contrario que en lo referente a las opciones terminológicas o los elementos que integran la firma de la carta del presidente, los resultados relacionados con la longitud de estos documentos demuestran una amplia dispersión en las ocho categorías de WordList analizadas. Así pues, se puede observar diferencias significativas entre los diez años analizados y entre los clubes de fútbol, donde las extensas cartas de los presidentes de Arsenal FC, Aston Villa FC, Manchester United FC, Newcastle United FC, Stoke City FC, Tottenham Hotspur FC, Watford FC, o West Bromwich Albion FC contrastan con otras organizaciones (como por ejemplo Birmingham City FC, Burnley FC, Fulham FC, Reading FC, o Wigan Athletic FC). En relación al uso de pronombres personales y adjetivos posesivos, los resultados sugieren que el uso de la primera persona está más extendido en las cartas del presidente de los clubes de fútbol que compiten en la Barclays Premier League que la presencia de la segunda persona, si bien es cierto que adicionalmente se encuentran diferencias notables entre el uso del plural (we y our/ours) en comparación con el singular (I, us y my/mine). No obstante, pese a que su presencia es minoritaria, más allá de la primera y la segunda persona, los pronombres personales y posesivos en tercera persona (he,
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