DOCSLIB.ORG

Comparison with Other Elaeocarpaceae Diagnostic Descriptions Here

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Comparison with Other Elaeocarpaceae Diagnostic Descriptions Here On the delimitationbetween Aristotelia l’Hér. and Sericolea Schltr. (Elaeocarpaceae) M.M.J. van Balgooy Rijksherbarium, Leyden INTRODUCTION between Dr Steenis and Mr C. T. The present investigation arose from a discussion van White from North collected in July 1950 concerning a plant Queensland, by Mr L. J. Aristotelia but also showed Brass. The specimen was pre-identified as an similarity with the the Papuan genus Sericolea. The need was felt to investigate the distinction between two genera. Mr White was very keen to investigate the problem himself but this was this unfortunately prevented by his untimely death, only two weeks after discussion. The has problem rested ever since, until in 1963 I had to verify the distinction between for work the Pacific work executed under from the two genera my on flora, a a grant the Netherlands Organisation for the Advancement of Pure Research (Z.W.O.). became it examine Aceratium I soon aware that was inevitable to the closely allied genera has also made and Vallea as well: A comparison with other Elaeocarpaceae been where it seemed appropriate. A review is given of the value and constancy of the characters. Diagnostic descriptions of Aristotelia and Sericolea are here presented and a key for the distinction of the opposite-leaved Elaeocarpaceae. Finally the plant-geographical impor- tance of the family is briefly discussed. Thanks are due to the directors of the following herbaria for the loan of material: Brisbane (BRI), Kew (K), Melbourne (MEL), and Utrecht (U); to Dr van Steenis for criticism in and help preparing this paper, and to Dr Leenhouts for advice. HISTORY AND NOMENCLATURE OF ARISTOTELIA AND SERICOLEA first Mai. Aristotelia was described by L'Heritier from Chile in 1786 (not 1784; fide Fl. later described from I, 4, 1954, cxcvii) as a monotypic genus. Some species were New such Zealand, Tasmania, and New South Wales, sometimes under other generic names, the Friesia DC. On the other from as synonymous hand, Queensland, New Guinea, and Aristotelia of the New Hebrides species were described under which in the course all timehave been transferred to other genera. Sericolea was founded by Schlechter in 1916 to accomodate 6 New Guinea species, including Aristotelia gaultheria F. v. M. In the same paper he reduced Aristotelia braith- waitei F. v. M. to Aceratium DC. that Aristotelia It is not surprising F. v. Mueller had accomodated these species in in of the close mentioned. view relationships which exist between the three genera just Especially as regards the Papuan plant, Von Mueller himself was not quite convinced that Aristotelia was the correct generic disposition. Various authors have subsequently added to the number of Sericolea species, all from of and New Guinea; many these were originally described under a wrong genus family: Hormopetalum Lauterb. 1918 (Rut.); Mischopleura Wernh. 1916 (Eric.); Pyrsonota Rial. 1916 ( Saxifr.). BLUMEA VOL. XII, No. i, 1963 80 A short nomenclatural note must be added concerning Hormopetalum and Mischo- pleura. Lauterbach (Bot. Jahrb. 55, 1918, 257) published Hormopetalum as a new genus follow belonging to the Rutaceae with reference to a fuller description to in Nova Guinea volume 12. In the meantime he provided a key to three species (in German), a Latin of and a German). A later description one species, added generic diagnosis (in year for Schlechter pointed out that Hormopetalum was congeneric with Sericolea, which Schmidt reason Lauterbach's publication in Nova Guinea was obviously suppressed. O. C. the which not (1924, 152) considered Hormopetalum a nomen as well as two species were provided with a full Latin description. This is nomenclaturally erroneous, as was already pointed out by A. C. Smith (1944, 104). first in Hooker's Icones Mischopleura was published in a paper by Ridley 31 (June of Ericaceae. The from 1916) t. 3059 as a new genus description was obviously copied and the fact that Wernham Wernham by reference to a then unpublished account, by and Wernham's of was cited as the author of genus species. description Mischopleura Therefore, the correct appeared two months later in Trans. Linn. Soc. Bot. 9 (1916) 99. Wernham citation is: Mischopleura in Ridley, Hook. lc. 31 (1916) t. 3059. DISCUSSION AND EVALUATION OF CHARACTERS General habit between Both shrubs There is little difference in habit Aristotelia and Sericolea. are or small a of metres. Sericoleas sometimes reported as trees, rarely attaining height 10 are epiphytes but this is nothing special for undergrowth components of the dense everwet and forest and crests.Prostrate and ericaceous growth- montane rain-forest mossy onridges forms of both occur in species genera. Phvllotaxy in the in Together with Aceratium, Sericolea and Aristotelia are unique family having leaves. found in besides the ordi- normally opposite Occasionally specimens are which, of leaves in whorls of three. In a few species nary condition, some are subopposite or Elaeocarpus, Sloanea, and Tricuspidaria (Crinodendron) opposite, subopposite, and spiral be found and the leafarrangement may occasionally on one same plant. Leaves Sericolea differ number of The leaves of Aristotelia and in a points. herbaceous leaves. The only Aristotelia has as a rule long-petioled, or submembranous has less coriaceous leaves. exception is A. fruticosa Hook. f. which short-petioled, more or coriaceous Sericolea has always short-petioled to subsessile leaves, which are either stiffly but in or thin firmly pergamentaceous texture. The lamina in Aristotelia is ovate to lanceolate and, A. fruticosa excepted, much larger than Sericolea. the latter the leaves are generally smaller and are either oblong- in In genus and obtuse. The venation ovate with a long-acuminate driptip or more rarely elliptic is also of diagnostic value. Aristotelia is widely nerved, the lateral nerves looped and thelowermost of and thicker than the others, the lamina joined; as pair nerves is opposite to the is subtriplinerved. Sericolea is densely nerved, the lateral nerves running straight foundotherwise margin. Within the family this nervationpattern is almost unique, being only in Aceratium sericoleopsis v. Balgooy from Queensland. denticulate to serrate, entire. In both genera the leafmargins are very rarely of In leaf characters Aristotelia comes close to Vallea and to certain species Aceratium. M. M. J. VAN BALGOOY: On the delimitation between Aristotelia and Sericolea 81 Indumentum covered have All species of Sericolea are with sericeous hairs, which a silvery or golden shine. be the older but Some species may nearly glabrous, especially on parts, some appressed hairs are always present, at least on the yong parts, on the midrib on the under- side ofthe leaf, and on the inflorescence. Aristotelia of is patently soft-pubescent; besides, the species this genus are generally of with that of Vallea. more glabrous. The indumentum Aristotelia agrees also Sericeous hairs are found in some species of Elaeocarpus and Aceratium. Especially some of the Australian species of Aceratium show a deceptive resemblance to Sericolea in sterile the state as pointed out in another paper (v. Balgooy 1963, 71). In general, much however, Aceratium is densely tomentose or even hispidulous, the hairs being and of reddish colour. coarser mostly a rusty or Stipules the should be in both Though, according to literature, stipules wanting genera, I found small filiform caducous This character to be occasionally stipules. appears taxo- nomically unimportant in Elaeocarpaceae, as, for instance in Vallea, large reniform stipules may be present or wanting on the same plant. Inflorescence The and of inflorescence is in both genera axillary consists in most species a cyme, of few decussate flowers. In the flowers raceme, or thyrse some species may be solitary and in A. serrata (Forst.) Ohv. they form a compound many-flowered panicle. Flowers In both genera the flowers are 4—5-merous and generally hermaphrodite. Only the two in dioecious. the New Zealandic Aristotelia species are aberrant being In a plants of the androecium the the also these only is developed, whereas in $ plants stamens but flowers the develop to various degrees, are apparently non-functional; in $ petals are often reduced in size. Calyx The valvate and outside. Inside sepals are ovate, acute to obtuse, hairy they are always in Sericolea. latter glabrous Aristotelia, minutely puberulous in most species of In the genus have less median they moreover a more or distinct, longitudinal, ridge inside. Corolla The aestivation of the petals is induplicate-valvate in Sericolea and slightly cochleate Aristotelia in (not quincuncial as stated by Szyszylowicz, 1885, 447). In shape they vary from broadly to narrowly obovate, and from nearly entire to deeply three-lobed. In most species of Aristotelia (the only exception being A. fruticosa Hook. f. from New Zealand) the petals are thinner than in Sericolea where they are more or less fleshy. In Sericolea hairs inside the base of there is in most species a patch of at ofeach petal. The structure the corolla again links Aristotelia with Vallea, whereas the corolla type of Sericolea is otherwise only found in Elaeocarpus bilobatus Schltr. Aceratium has a distinctly different corolla; here the petals are much larger, often fimbriate or deeply lobed, and densely hairy at the base and the The that ins'de along margin. marginal hairs are interwoven so the petals remain often firmly coherent in the lower half. 81 82 BLUMEA No. VOL. XII, i, 1963 Disk As in all of the disk is genera Elaeocarpaceae a present. Its structure and place offer good characters between Sericolea and Also ofthe diagnostic Aristotelia. in other genera family Sericolea with they are important for generic distinction. In it is an extrastaminal ring thick episepalous lobes before which the stamens are inserted. Sometimes some smaller lobes between additional disk are developed the larger ones. This type of disk is also found in but in whereas some Elaeocarpus species that genus the disk is puberulous, in Sericolea it is always glabrous.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Anthocyanins in Berries of Maqui [Aristotelia Chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz]
    Anthocyanins in Berries of Maqui [Aristotelia chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz] MARÍA TERESA ESCRIBANO-BAILÓN,1 CRISTINA ALCALDE-EON,1 ORLANDO MUÑOZ,2 JULIÁN C. RIVAS-GONZALO1* and CELESTINO SANTOS-BUELGA1 1 Laboratorio de Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno s/n, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain 2 Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago de Chile, Chile The anthocyanin composition of berries of Maqui [Aristotelia chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz] was determined by HPLC with photodiode array and MS detection. Eight pigments corresponding to the 3-glucosides, 3,5-diglucosides, 3-sambubiosides and 3- sambubioside-5-glucosides of delphinidin and cyanidin were identified, the principal anthocyanin being delphinidin 3- sambubioside-5-glucoside (34% of total anthocyanins). The average total anthocyanin content was 137.6 ± 0.4 mg/100 g of fresh fruit (211.9 ± 0.6 mg/100 g of dry fruit). The relative high anthocyanin content and the important presence of polar polyglycosylated derivatives makes the fruits of A. chilensis an interesting source of anthocyanin extracts for food and phar- maceutical uses. Keywords: Quantitative HPLC; anthocyanins, sambubiosides, delphinidin, cyanidin; berries; Aristotelia chilensis; Maqui. INTRODUCTION attention has been paid to polyphenols and especially the anthocyanins present in the berries, not only for Maqui [Aristotelia chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz] is a native their use as natural colorants, but also for their poten- South America evergreen shrub that grows in dense tial beneficial effects on human health, including thickets and can reach 3–5 m in height. It is a suggestions that they be used as dietary supplements dioecious plant that belongs to the family Elaeo- in functional food products (Du et al., 2004).
    [Show full text]
  • Angiosperm Ovules: Diversity, Development, Evolution
    Annals of Botany 107: 1465–1489, 2011 doi:10.1093/aob/mcr120, available online at www.aob.oxfordjournals.org INVITED REVIEW: PART OF A SPECIAL ISSUE ON EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT Angiosperm ovules: diversity, development, evolution Peter K. Endress* Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland * E-mail [email protected] Received: 2 March 2011 Returned for revision: 29 March 2011 Accepted: 11 April 2011 Published electronically: 23 May 2011 † Background Ovules as developmental precursors of seeds are organs of central importance in angiosperm Downloaded from flowers and can be traced back in evolution to the earliest seed plants. Angiosperm ovules are diverse in their position in the ovary, nucellus thickness, number and thickness of integuments, degree and direction of curvature, and histological differentiations. There is a large body of literature on this diversity, and various views on its evolution have been proposed over the course of time. Most recently evo–devo studies have been concentrated on molecular developmental genetics in ovules of model plants. † Scope The present review provides a synthetic treatment of several aspects of the sporophytic part of ovule http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/ diversity, development and evolution, based on extensive research on the vast original literature and on experi- ence from my own comparative studies in a broad range of angiosperm clades. † Conclusions In angiosperms the presence of an outer integument appears to be instrumental for ovule curvature, as indicated from studies on ovule diversity through the major clades of angiosperms, molecular developmental genetics in model species, abnormal ovules in a broad range of angiosperms, and comparison with gymnosperms with curved ovules.
    [Show full text]
  • Elicitation of Phenylpropanoids in Maqui (Aristotelia Chilensis [Mol.] Stuntz) Plants Micropropagated in Photomixotrophic Temporary Immersion Bioreactors (Tibs)
    Elicitation of Phenylpropanoids in Maqui (Aristotelia chilensis [Mol.] Stuntz) Plants Micropropagated in Photomixotrophic Temporary Immersion Bioreactors (TIBs). Giulia E Trentini University of Modena and Reggio Emilia: Universita degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia Makarena Rojas Catholic University of the Maule: Universidad Catolica del Maule Daniela Gajardo Catholic University of the Maule: Universidad Catolica del Maule Débora Alburquenque Catholic University of the Maule: Universidad Catolica del Maule Evelyn Villagra Catholic University of the Maule: Universidad Catolica del Maule Aleydis Gómez Catholic University of the Maule: Universidad Catolica del Maule Laura Arru University of Modena and Reggio Emilia: Universita degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia Ariel D Arencibia ( [email protected] ) Universidad Catolica del Maule https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-1329 Research Article Keywords: Temporary immersion bioreactors, photomixotrophic cultures, phenylpropanoids, ABA, Aristotelia chilensis Posted Date: March 2nd, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-255813/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/24 Abstract A biotechnological system for the production of plants biomass and phenylpropanoids of maqui was developed in photomixotrophic TIBs. The in vitro maqui multiplication was evaluated using combinations of TDZ and BAP in TIBs 1L capacity. Treatment of MS basal supplemented with TDZ 1 mg/l shows the best results for the variables fresh weight and multiplication rate. Photomixotrophic conditions were standardized in media with 3%, 2%, 1%, 0% sucrose at a light intensity of 100 µM m− 2s− 1. The treatments reduced in sucrose (1% and 2%) and air supplemented with 0.4 MPa CO2 do not differ signicantly in biomass production (fresh weight per cluster of plants) compared to the control treatment with sucrose 3% and standard air.
    [Show full text]
  • Maqui [Aristotelia Chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz]-The Amazing Chilean Tree: a Review
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236935127 Maqui [Aristotelia chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz]-the Amazing Chilean Tree: A Review Article in Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology · August 2011 CITATIONS READS 11 1,837 4 authors, including: E. Misle Estrella Garrido Universidad Católica delMaule 33 PUBLICATIONS 162 CITATIONS 17 PUBLICATIONS 128 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE All content following this page was uploaded by E. Misle on 01 June 2014. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology B 1 (2011) 473-482 Earlier title: Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, ISSN 1939-1250 Maqui [Aristotelia chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz]-the Amazing Chilean Tree: A Review E. Misle, E. Garrido, H. Contardo and W. González Department of Agrarian Sciences and Forestry, Catholic University of Maule, Los Niches km 6. 3341695, Curicó, Chile Received: December 7, 2010 / Published: August 20, 2011. Abstract: A. chilensis (Elaeocarpaceae) is commonly known as maqui, a species widely distributed in Chile. The plant participates in the structure of the Chilean temperate rainforest, currently being found mainly as fragmented forest. Maqui has been listed as the plant with the highest content of phenols when compared with other berries. Multiplication by both, seeds and vegetative has been obtained, opening the possibility to cultivate the plant. Leaves of maqui have been traditionally used in the native herbal medicine to treat diverse ailments. Studies indicate the presence of indolic alkaloids, flavonoids, cyaniding glucosides, delfidine, malvidine, petunidine, cumarines and triterpenes. Recent studies support therapeutic properties of maqui leaves, concluding that extracts obtained with polar solvents showed stabilizing capacity of free radicals and antioxidant capacity of plasma in humans.
    [Show full text]
  • POLYPHENOL CONTENT and ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY of MAQUI (Aristotelia Chilensis [MOLINA] STUNTZ) DURING FRUIT DEVELOPMENT and MATURATION in CENTRAL CHILE
    SCIENTIFIC NOTE POLYPHENOL CONTENT AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF MAQUI (Aristotelia chilensis [MOLINA] STUNTZ) DURING FRUIT DEVELOPMENT AND MATURATION IN CENTRAL CHILE Carolina Fredes1*, Gloria Montenegro1, Juan Pablo Zoffoli1, Miguel Gómez1, and Paz Robert2 Maqui (Aristotelia chilensis [Molina] Stuntz, Elaeocarpaceae) is a Chilean native species which produces small berries that are mainly collected from the wild. The health benefits of maqui fruit are attributed to their high polyphenol content as well as their wide variety of anthocyanins and flavonols. One of the main factors that affect the polyphenol content in fruit is the maturity stage at harvest. The objective of this study was to determine total phenol and total anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity (by ferric reducing ability of plasma [FRAP] assay) of maqui fruits harvested at different fruit maturity stages from two wild populations located in Central Chile. Each maturity stage was determined by days from fruit set, berry size, and soluble solids. Total phenol content declined while total anthocyanin content increased from the green to light red stage. Nevertheless, both total phenol and anthocyanin content increased from the light red to dark purple stage. The highest anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity was found in the late maturity stage (dark purple). The results show that ripening in maqui fruit can be expected with 1100 growing degree-days (91 d after fruit set) in Central Chile. At this moment of harvest, fruits with 18-19 °Brix have the highest anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity (FRAP). This study constitutes the first advances in the understanding of maqui fruit ripening and corresponding antioxidant activity.
    [Show full text]
  • Perennial Edible Fruits of the Tropics: an and Taxonomists Throughout the World Who Have Left Inventory
    United States Department of Agriculture Perennial Edible Fruits Agricultural Research Service of the Tropics Agriculture Handbook No. 642 An Inventory t Abstract Acknowledgments Martin, Franklin W., Carl W. Cannpbell, Ruth M. Puberté. We owe first thanks to the botanists, horticulturists 1987 Perennial Edible Fruits of the Tropics: An and taxonomists throughout the world who have left Inventory. U.S. Department of Agriculture, written records of the fruits they encountered. Agriculture Handbook No. 642, 252 p., illus. Second, we thank Richard A. Hamilton, who read and The edible fruits of the Tropics are nnany in number, criticized the major part of the manuscript. His help varied in form, and irregular in distribution. They can be was invaluable. categorized as major or minor. Only about 300 Tropical fruits can be considered great. These are outstanding We also thank the many individuals who read, criti- in one or more of the following: Size, beauty, flavor, and cized, or contributed to various parts of the book. In nutritional value. In contrast are the more than 3,000 alphabetical order, they are Susan Abraham (Indian fruits that can be considered minor, limited severely by fruits), Herbert Barrett (citrus fruits), Jose Calzada one or more defects, such as very small size, poor taste Benza (fruits of Peru), Clarkson (South African fruits), or appeal, limited adaptability, or limited distribution. William 0. Cooper (citrus fruits), Derek Cormack The major fruits are not all well known. Some excellent (arrangements for review in Africa), Milton de Albu- fruits which rival the commercialized greatest are still querque (Brazilian fruits), Enriquito D.
    [Show full text]
  • Co-Extinction of Mutualistic Species – an Analysis of Ornithophilous Angiosperms in New Zealand
    DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES CO-EXTINCTION OF MUTUALISTIC SPECIES An analysis of ornithophilous angiosperms in New Zealand Sandra Palmqvist Degree project for Master of Science (120 hec) with a major in Environmental Science ES2500 Examination Course in Environmental Science, 30 hec Second cycle Semester/year: Spring 2021 Supervisor: Søren Faurby - Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences Examiner: Johan Uddling - Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences “Tui. Adult feeding on flax nectar, showing pollen rubbing onto forehead. Dunedin, December 2008. Image © Craig McKenzie by Craig McKenzie.” http://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/sites/all/files/1200543Tui2.jpg Table of Contents Abstract: Co-extinction of mutualistic species – An analysis of ornithophilous angiosperms in New Zealand ..................................................................................................... 1 Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning: Samutrotning av mutualistiska arter – En analys av fågelpollinerade angiospermer i New Zealand ................................................................... 3 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 5 2. Material and methods ............................................................................................................... 7 2.1 List of plant species, flower colours and conservation status ....................................... 7 2.1.1 Flower Colours .............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • On the Flora of Australia
    L'IBRARY'OF THE GRAY HERBARIUM HARVARD UNIVERSITY. BOUGHT. THE FLORA OF AUSTRALIA, ITS ORIGIN, AFFINITIES, AND DISTRIBUTION; BEING AN TO THE FLORA OF TASMANIA. BY JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M.D., F.R.S., L.S., & G.S.; LATE BOTANIST TO THE ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION. LONDON : LOVELL REEVE, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. r^/f'ORElGN&ENGLISH' <^ . 1859. i^\BOOKSELLERS^.- PR 2G 1.912 Gray Herbarium Harvard University ON THE FLORA OF AUSTRALIA ITS ORIGIN, AFFINITIES, AND DISTRIBUTION. I I / ON THE FLORA OF AUSTRALIA, ITS ORIGIN, AFFINITIES, AND DISTRIBUTION; BEIKG AN TO THE FLORA OF TASMANIA. BY JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M.D., F.R.S., L.S., & G.S.; LATE BOTANIST TO THE ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION. Reprinted from the JJotany of the Antarctic Expedition, Part III., Flora of Tasmania, Vol. I. LONDON : LOVELL REEVE, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 1859. PRINTED BY JOHN EDWARD TAYLOR, LITTLE QUEEN STREET, LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS. CONTENTS OF THE INTRODUCTORY ESSAY. § i. Preliminary Remarks. PAGE Sources of Information, published and unpublished, materials, collections, etc i Object of arranging them to discuss the Origin, Peculiarities, and Distribution of the Vegetation of Australia, and to regard them in relation to the views of Darwin and others, on the Creation of Species .... iii^ § 2. On the General Phenomena of Variation in the Vegetable Kingdom. All plants more or less variable ; rate, extent, and nature of variability ; differences of amount and degree in different natural groups of plants v Parallelism of features of variability in different groups of individuals (varieties, species, genera, etc.), and in wild and cultivated plants vii Variation a centrifugal force ; the tendency in the progeny of varieties being to depart further from their original types, not to revert to them viii Effects of cross-impregnation and hybridization ultimately favourable to permanence of specific character x Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection ; — its effects on variable organisms under varying conditions is to give a temporary stability to races, species, genera, etc xi § 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Systematic Anatomy of the Woods of the Tiliaceae
    Technical Bulletin 158 June 1943 Systematic Anatomy of the Woods of the Tiliaceae B. Francis Kukachka and L. W. Rees Division of Forestry University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station Systematic Anatomy of the Woods of the Tiliaceae B. Francis Kukachka and L. W. Rees Division of Forestry University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station Accepted for publication January 29, 1943 CONTENTS Page Introduction 3 Anatomical indicators of phylogeny 4 Taxonomic history 7 Materials and methods 12 Measurements 14 Vessel members 14 Pore diameter 15 Numerical distributionS of pores 15 Pore grouping 15 Pore wall thickness 15 Fiber length 16 Fiber diameter 16 Parenchyma width and length 16 Description of the woods of the Tiliaceae 16 Description of the woods of the Elaeocarpaceae 49 Discussion 54 Elaeocarpaceae 54 Tiliaceae 56 General conclusions 63 Summary 64 Acknowledgments 65 Literature cited 65 2M-6-43 Systematic Anatomy of the Woods of the Tiliaceae B. Francis Kukachka and L. W. Rees INTRODUCTION ITHIN the last 20 years there has been developed a method Wof studying evolutionary trends in the secondary xylem of the dicotyledons, the fundamentals of which were laid principally by the researches of Bailey and Tupper( 13), Frost (50, 51, 52), and Kribs (64, 65). The technique depends on the previous establishment of an undoubtedly primitive anatomical feature and this is then asso- ciated with the feature to be investigated in order to determine the extent and direction of the correlation between the occur- rence of both features in the various species. A high positive correlation would indicate that the feature studied is relatively primitive.
    [Show full text]
  • Aristotelia Chilensis: a Possible Nutraceutical Or Functional Food Jorge Peña Araos* Faculty of Health Sciences, Pedro De Valdivia University, Santiago, Chile
    l ch cina em di is e tr M y Araos, Med chem 2015, 5:8 Medicinal chemistry DOI: 10.4172/2161-0444.1000289 ISSN: 2161-0444 Review Article Open Access Aristotelia chilensis: A Possible Nutraceutical or Functional Food Jorge Peña Araos* Faculty of Health Sciences, Pedro de Valdivia University, Santiago, Chile Abstract Aristotelia chilensis (Maqui) is a native berry from Chile that has a wide range of biological actions. It is mainly composed of anthocyanins, indole alkaloids and flavonoids. However, the high concentration of polyphenols has been identified as the main responsible for the anti inflammatory, analgesic and antioxidants effects of their extracts, juices and fruit. The nutraceuticals or functional foods development is an excellent opportunity to make a nutritious and healthy product. This review includes the chemical and nutritional characteristics of Maqui. The pharmacological and biological activities are included in this work. Also shows our need to develop new healthy products Keywords: Aristotelia chilensis; Nutraceuticals; Antioxidants; digestive, diaphoretic, expectorant, laxative and diuretic properties. Antidiarrheal; Anthocyanins Infusions of the leaves can be administered as gargling in inflammation of the oropharyngeal mucosa [8]. The Mapuches used the fruits of Introduction maqui externally to treat infected wounds and burn dry leaves as A nutraceutical is a product made from a food, which besides healing [1,6,8]. having a nutritional role by providing nutrients and energy, is capable Nutritional Composition of delivering the body other active ingredients beneficial to health, differing from a functional food in the form of presentation and In 1990 Schmidt-Hebbel et al. published tables of chemical administration [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Maqui Berry (Aristotelia Chilensis) and Lemon Juice
    LWT - Food Science and Technology 47 (2012) 279e286 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect LWT - Food Science and Technology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/lwt A novel beverage rich in antioxidant phenolics: Maqui berry (Aristotelia chilensis) and lemon juice Amadeo Gironés-Vilaplana, Pedro Mena, Cristina García-Viguera, Diego A. Moreno* Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, E-30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain article info abstract Article history: In recent years, the interest in dietary antioxidants and bioactive compounds, mainly found in vegetables, Received 5 October 2011 has prompted research in the field of new polyphenol-rich drinks. The aim of the present work was to Received in revised form design new beverages using lemon juice and maqui (Aristotelia chilensis), rich in flavonoids and vitamin 15 December 2011 C. The composition of the new beverages as well as their compounds stability, antioxidant capacity and Accepted 7 January 2012 phenolic content over 70 days of storage period were studied. Results showed how anthocyanins and other phytochemicals from maqui preserved vitamin C and other flavonoids in the new mixtures owing Keywords: to a higher rate of anthocyanin degradation. However, for the colour characteristics, the CIELab Berries Anthocyanin parameters displayed only slight variations, and the samples presented attractive colour during storage. Vitamin C The new beverages also had high values of in vitro antioxidant capacity, mainly owed to the maqui polyphenols, with a strong stability throughout study. Therefore, a new designed drink for the growing market of high nutritional and health-promoting food products has been developed. Ó 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
    [Show full text]
  • New Polymorphic Nuclear Microsatellites from Aristotelia Chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz (Elaeocarpaceae)
    New polymorphic nuclear microsatellites from aristotelia chilensis (Mol.) stuntz (elaeocarpaceae) Cona M. Castro M.H. León-Lobos P. Correa F. Jordan G. Bastías A. Sagredo B. Hinrichsen P. Maqui (Aristotelia chilensis [Molina] Stuntz) is a dioecious small tree native to Chile and southwestern Argentina. This species has gained attention due to its high polyphenol content and anti-oxidant capacity. Nevertheless, genetics studies and information about A. chilensis population genetics are scarce and even contradictory. In fact, the available species-specific simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers are not informative at all, and so we decided to identify and characterize new ones able to trace individual genotypes, a basic tool intended for different genetic studies. We identified and characterized 15 new polymorphic SSR markers for A. chilensis. These markers were evaluated in three populations distributed along 1000 km of Central Chile, exhibiting up to 10 alleles per locus and a combined expected heterozygosity of 0.858. Markers were also informative in two related species, Aristotelia peduncularis (Labill.) Hook. f. and Crinodendron patagua Molina (Elaeocarpaceae), with 13 and six SSRs showing clear amplification patterns, respectively. This new set of SSR markers are highly polymorphic and informative, being the first ones available for the effective fingerprinting of maqui genotypes. A proof of concept of that was the differentiation of six maqui accessions that are under domestication for productive purposes, based on a subset of the polymorphic SSR markers. © 2020, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA. All rights reserved. Fingerprinting Maqui Maqui berry Molecular markers Patagonian endemics SSR.
    [Show full text]