A Report Prepared For

Defra

LAND USE CHANGE INDICATORS FOR PROTECTED LANDSCAPES

TABULATIONS

November 2013

Department of Town and Regional Planning University of Sheffield Introduction

1. This document presents a series of tables which aim to encapsulate certain aspects of physical development in particular Protected Landscapes in England (specifically National Parks, Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONBs) and the Norfolk Broads). The Protected Landscapes of concern are shown in Figures 1 and 2.

2. The tabulations cover two time periods. A first group of tables (Table 1 to Table 3) is concerned with residential development between the 2001 and 2011 Censuses. The tables do not deploy Census data, but provide indicators of physical change that might usefully stand alongside. They depend upon individual site-level data from the Land Use Changes Statistics (LUCS)- a series collected by Ordnance Survey for Communities and Local Government, and upon editions of the Postcode Address File maintained by Royal Mail current at the time of the two Censuses.

3. The second group of tabulations (Tables 6 to Table 9) refer to the entire period from 1985 when LUCS data were first collected up to the 2011 Census. They depend principally on the Land Use Change Statistics. These two groups of tabulations are supplemented by Tables 4 and 5, which set out the settlement composition of each of the Protected Landscapes in 2001. It is drawn from work on urban and rural definitions undertaken for a consortium of government agencies (see Bibby and Shepherd 2004). It is ultimately based on Royal Mail’s Postcode Address File, and underpins calculations included in Table 9.

4. Inevitably, there is a concern with the difference which designation might makes to the rate of rural to urban land conversion, and the possibility of generating ‘performance indicators’. The group of tabulations covering the entire period from 1985-2011 is intended to support consideration of these issues. Relatively short periods can be very misleading (a particular concern in Table 3). Generally speaking, the smaller the areas analysed , the longer the time period required to produce meaningful estimates of rates of development.It is therefore important that assessments are based on as long a period as possible. Moreover, great care must be taken in interpreting differences in rates of development over time. These issues of temporal change and instability aside, the crux of assessing the nature of the impact of designation on the rate of development centres on identifying an approach that might indicate the rate of development in the absence of such designation- that is to say a ‘counterfactual’

5. Table 8 shows comparisons between actual development outcomes and those that might be anticipated in the absence of designation. It is clearly crucial that the nature of the counterfactual is understood. To construct a counterfactual involves giving some attention to the factors affecting rates of development.

6. Substantial previous work with the Land Use Change Statistics assists in the interpretation of rates of development (Bibby and Shepherd, 1991; Bibby and Coppin, 1994; Bibby and Shepherd, 1997a; Bibby and Shepherd, 1997b; Bibby and Shepherd, 1999; Bibby 2002; Bibby and Shepherd, 2002; Bibby and Brindley, 2006; Bibby 2009). The rate of development at a particular place and time might be understood as a market outcome- arising from the demand and supply for developed uses (with residential use being particularly important. Demand for housing responds to predominantly local pressures. Households form out of members of existing households while relocating households predominantly move less than 10kms. Both these factors imply that sites might be substitutable over a distance of 10km radius (see Bibby and Brindley, 2006). It also implies that it is appropriate to express rates of development relative to the stock of households. In all the material presented here, the stock of residential units referred to here as self-contained units of occupation (SCUOs) to which Royal Mail deliver letters is treated as a proxy for both the stocks of households and of dwellings.

7. The supply of land for development depends on the rate of return to developed and undeveloped uses, but of course is mediated by the planning system. In practice, given the planning system, there is always a gap between the value of land for housing, and the value for undeveloped uses on the same site - such that a rational landowner would always favour housing (or other developed uses). At a finer grained level, the potential flow of land for development (as distinct from the ex-ante supply) will depend on planning policy. Planning policy in the period covered by these tables favoured development within existing urban areas and on previously developed sites, reflecting policy trend evident through the 1990s (see Bibby 2007) and intensifying markedly after 2000 (when PPG3- the critical policy document of the time was revised). It is important to appreciate both that across England as a whole the flow of land being developed for housing was historically low in the inter-censal decade and that the scale of the flow of land in particular localities was dependent on their settlement structure.

8. On this basis it would seem reasonable to compare the rates of development within particular Protected Landscapes with those typical of neighbouring areas without such protection, having first standardized for settlement structure so that like is compared with like. This is the approach adopted here. To allow standardization by settlement structure, England is divided into a mesh of hectare cells (ie cells 100m by 100m), and each of these is assigned to a particular settlement type (eg urban, fringe, town, village, village envelope etc). (The mix of settlements types in each protected area is shown in Table 6). The classification of types used was developed for a consortium of state agencies led by the former Countryside Agency and is described in Bibby and Shepherd (2004). Figure 3 illustrates the geography of settlement types in the High Weald AONB.

9. Once each cell is classified in this way, an annual rate of development – relative to population – may be calculated for each class of settlement within each protected area, by assembling the LUCS data to these cells. It is also possible to define for each protected landscape a corresponding policy-off area extending 10km beyond its limit (and excluding not only other NPs and AONBs, but also areas subject to Green Belt protection). The policy-off area corresponding to the High Weald AONB is illustrated in Figure 4 by way of example. Having defined a policy-off area corresponding to each protected landscape , it is possible also to calculate rates of development for cells of a particular settlement type in that area.

10. To calculate a counterfactual rate of development, the final step is therefore to estimate a rate for each protected landscape as if the respective rates of development characteristic of each settlement type in the corresponding policy- off area had applied within the protected landscape . Slightly more formally this involves calculating a synthetic counterfactual rate for protected landscape i as

xi = pik.rjk k

where xi is the expected rate of development in protected landscape i

pik is the proportion of households of protected landscape i living in settlements of type k

rjk is the rate of development in settlements of type k in area j where area j is the policy-off area corresponding to protected landscape area I

11. Having calculated these expectations (which are tabulated in Table 9) they may be compared with the outcomes (tabulated in Table 8). Crucially, for nearly all Protected Landscapes rates of development are substantially less than expectations calculated in this manner (hence the minus signs).

12. In principle, the differences summarized in Table 8 take account of place-to-place variations in development pressure so that each protected area is being assessed relative to ambient rates of development, while also taking account of the mix of settlement types. This avoids attempting to make comparisons between individual Protected Landscapes and national rates which would be likely to mislead.

13. It is obviously wise to reflect on the interpretation and limitations of these analyses. First is the question of how particular values should be understood. Possibly the most crucial measure of outcomes is the overall rate at which un- developed land in the protected landscape is being converted to developed uses (see column 9 of Table 8 a and b). Nevertheless, given tensions between policy goals at national level it would be quite inappropriate to suggest that outcomes relative to expectations should always be necessarily seen as a good measure of local performance. It may be the case that in some areas, fundamentally indivisible infrastructure projects (such as major road schemes) underlie relatively high rates of development. Fundamental indivisibility is not an issue with regard to accommodation of additional housing. It may therefore be appropriate to consider the rate at which greenfield land has been developed for housing (relative to expectation) as an important additional indicator of outcomes that can more readily be interpreted as a measure of performance (see column 5 of Table 8a and b).

14. It might also be thought appropriate to consider the proportion of residential development accommodated on previously developed sites as a performance indicator. For much of the inter-censal decade this both formed part of Government’s Quality of Life Barometer and was a Best Value Performance Indicator for local authorities. In 1999 Government announced a target of seeking to ensure that by 2008 60% of all new dwellings were built on brownfield sites, and this target remained in place almost to the end of the inter-censal decade. While it was treated as a performance indicator of the planning system at national level, it is less readily interpreted as a measure of performance at small area level as it tends to reflect settlement structure. There are very strong statistical relationships between a locality’s physical structure and its capacity to recycle previously developed sites (documented in a series of studies eg Bibby and Shepherd 1997a, Bibby and Shepherd 1997b, Bibby and Brindley, 2006) and it is far from a straightforward measure of a local planning authority's actions or choices.

15. Overall, the tabulations tend to suggest the effectiveness of protected land policy. Within National Parks and Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty – the distinct purposes of which are not limited to restraining development – it would appear that only two hectares of land have been converted to developed uses for every three that might have been expected in the period since 1985. The extent to which the development of land for housing has been moderated has tended generally to be in step with this. It appears, overall, that the effect of AONB or National Park designation has had a rather greater impact on the numbers of units built than upon the area of land developed (see Table 8). Newly-built housing has tended to have been built at lower densities than in the corresponding policy-off area, a reflection of market demand and by implication, affluence.

16. It should also be noted that while policy has been effective in tempering rates of new development, this must be understood in relation both to historically low rates of housing development across England as a whole (see Bibby 2009), and intensification of property utilisation. Previous tabulations for the period 1998- 2003 (University of Sheffield 2007), indicated a tendency for intensification in the Protected Landscapes considered in this report to be greater a than across England’s rural domain generally. Across most of rural England at that time the net change in housing units was somewhat less than number of newly-built dwellings because of demolition and amalgamation of property to produce larger units). Tables 1 and 2 of this report shows that intensification within the Protected Landscapes has continued (although it is now evident across much of rural England). This effect is particularly notable where high rates of intensification are found in areas with a sizeable stock of dwelling such as the Peak District, the North York Moors and the Lake District. In all these cases the number of dwelling through conversion of non-residential property despite restrictive planning regimes formally favouring business after-uses. Figure 1: Areas with National Park status (exc S Downs) Figure 2: Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (inc S Downs)

Figure 3: The Geography of Settlement Types in the High Weald AONB

Figure 4: Policy-off Area Corresponding to the High Weald AONB Figure 4a captures aspects of construction of policy-off areas corresponding to individual Protected Landscapes.

Figure 4b shows in red the policy-off area used in assessing the High Weald AONB.

In Figure 4a, areas shown in purple are not subject to protected land policy and hence potentially form part of a policy- off area. Areas shown in deep purple form part of the policy-off area for more than one protected area. Some of the area within 10km of the High Weald AONB is subject to Green Belt protection and hence is also excluded from the policy- off area. Other parts - denoted in light green - are subject to other protected area designations and hence fall outside the policy-off area.

When synthetic rates are calculated, rates for policy-off areas are differentiated by settlement type. Thus, rates pertinent for urban areas in the policy-off area (such as Tunbridge Wells - TW) only influence calculation of synthetic rates in proportion to the number of households in the AONB that live within urban areas (see para 10 for details)

Table 1: New Construction and Net Change in Dwellings 2001-2011 by Protected Area

Built Built/ Net Net Adjustment/ Share Share of Protected Area: 2001- Stock Stock Change Change/ Stock of Net 2011 2001 (% pa) 2001-2011 Stock (% pa) Adjustment (%pa) Build (%) Change (%)

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) Dartm oor National Park 658 13,950 0.52 1,389 1.00 731 0.48 2.44 2.45 Exmoor National Park 161 4,833 0.37 669 1.38 508 1.02 0.60 1.18 Lake District National Park 719 20,621 0.38 2,673 1.30 1,954 0.91 2.67 4.71 New Forest National Park 617 14,538 0.47 809 0.56 192 0.09 2.29 1.43 North York Moors National Park 217 10,310 0.23 1,456 1.41 1,239 1.18 0.81 2.57 Northumberland National Park 16 905 0.19 123 1.36 107 1.16 0.06 0.22 Peak District National Park 521 15,342 0.37 2,427 1.58 1,906 1.21 1.93 4.28 South Downs National Park 2,047 47,575 0.47 3,413 0.72 1,366 0.24 7.60 6.01 The Broads 171 3,059 0.62 377 1.23 206 0.62 0.64 0.66 Yorkshire Dales National Park 459 9,254 0.55 1,300 1.40 841 0.86 1.70 2.29

Arnside & Silverdale AONB 122 3,642 0.37 231 0.63 109 0.27 0.45 0.41 Blackdown Hills AONB 324 4,899 0.73 1,119 2.28 795 1.56 1.20 1.97 Cannock Chase AONB 56 2,401 0.25 114 0.47 58 0.22 0.21 0.20 Chichester Harbour AONB 229 4,126 0.61 72 0.17 -157 -0.44 0.85 0.13 Chilterns AONB 820 32,445 0.28 1,400 0.43 580 0.15 3.04 2.47 Cornwall AONB 1,201 26,108 0.51 2,967 1.14 1,766 0.63 4.46 5.23 Cotswolds AONB 2,178 61,211 0.39 4,377 0.72 2,199 0.32 8.09 7.71 Cranborne Chase & West Wiltshire 856 13,430 0.70 1,418 1.06 562 0.35 3.18 2.50 Downs AONB Dedham Vale AONB 95 2,826 0.37 178 0.63 83 0.26 0.35 0.31 Dorset AONB 2,659 33,593 0.87 4,068 1.21 1,409 0.34 9.88 7.17 East Devon AONB 441 9,234 0.53 1,012 1.10 571 0.57 1.64 1.78 Forest Of Bowland AONB 249 5,689 0.48 1,231 2.16 982 1.68 0.92 2.17 High Weald AONB 1,868 47,043 0.44 4,591 0.98 2,723 0.54 6.93 8.09 Howardian Hills AONB 67 2,013 0.37 204 1.01 137 0.65 0.25 0.36 Isle Of Wight AONB 145 5,003 0.32 390 0.78 245 0.46 0.54 0.69 Isles Of Scilly AONB ...... Kent Downs AONB 1,925 27,733 0.76 2,969 1.07 1,044 0.31 7.15 5.23 Lincolnshire Wolds AONB 224 3,994 0.62 575 1.44 351 0.82 0.83 1.01 Malvern Hills AONB 179 4,647 0.42 235 0.51 56 0.08 0.66 0.41 Mendip Hills AONB 131 3,009 0.48 349 1.16 218 0.68 0.49 0.62 Nidderdale AONB 210 4,261 0.54 1,119 2.63 909 2.08 0.78 1.97 Norfolk Coast AONB 824 10,658 0.85 994 0.93 170 0.08 3.06 1.75 North Devon AONB 471 4,593 1.13 1,016 2.21 545 1.08 1.75 1.79 North Pennines AONB 140 5,176 0.30 872 1.68 732 1.39 0.52 1.54 Northumberland Coast AONB 467 3,346 1.54 646 1.93 179 0.39 1.73 1.14 North Wessex Downs AONB 2,520 38,017 0.73 3,592 0.94 1,072 0.21 9.36 6.33 Quantock Hills AONB 37 1,161 0.35 191 1.65 154 1.29 0.14 0.34 Shropshire Hills AONB 411 8,036 0.56 1,133 1.41 722 0.85 1.52 2.00 Solway Coast AONB 52 1,404 0.41 154 1.10 102 0.69 0.19 0.27 South Devon AONB 827 17,185 0.53 1,849 1.08 1,022 0.55 3.07 3.26 Suffolk Coast & Heaths AONB 490 10,871 0.50 807 0.74 317 0.25 1.82 1.42 Surrey Hills AONB 479 15,297 0.34 838 0.55 359 0.20 1.78 1.48 Tamar Valley AONB 161 5,415 0.33 486 0.90 325 0.57 0.60 0.86 Wye Valley AONB (Eng only) 487 8,393 0.64 911 1.09 424 0.45 1.81 1.61

Notes on Table 1

(1) Column 1 refers to the number of newly-built dwellings reported in DCLG's Land Use Change Statistics (LUCS). Further information about this source and its use in these tabulations is provided in Annex 1.

(2) Column 2 refers to the number of self-contained units of occupation (SCUOs) as estimated by residential delivery points (dwellings) in the Postcode Address File (PAF) for QII 2001. Further information about this source and the definition and estimation of SCUOs is provided in Annex 1.

(3) Column 3 expresses newly built dwellings (estimated on the basis of LUCS) as an annual rate relative to the stock of SCUOs indicated by PAF for QII 2001. An upward adjustment of 10.2% is made to the raw LUCS figure in Column1 before the annual rate is calculated. This adjustment is made to offset the lag which occurs between development taking place and its being recorded by Ordnance Survey. The specific value of 10.2% is based on comparison of DCLG Housing Starts and Completions Statistics for the period between QII 2001 and QI 2011 and the LUCS total for 2001-2011 for England as a whole.

(4) Column 4 represents the net change in the number of SCUOs (dwellings) over the period between QII 2001 and QII 2011. It depends not only upon new build but also on demolition of property, subdivision and amalgamation of units and change from and to non-residential use.

(5) Column 5 expresses net change in the dwelling stock (Column 4) as an annual rate relative to stock and so shows the overall increase taking account of all adjustments. The highest values are found where conversion and subdivision intensify the effect of new build.

(6) Column 6 shows the net impact of all stock adjustments other than new build.

(7) Column 7 expresses the net impact of all stock adjustments other than new build (ie Column 6) as an annual rate relative to stock. Across England as a whole the adjustment rates are weakly negative (reflecting demolition in mature urban areas). Weakly negative values are also found in some parts of rural England, (because of amalgamation of property to form larger units). Other work for Natural England (University of Sheffield 2006) and DCLG (Bibby and Brindley 2006) shows some tendency for the adjustment term to be positive in areas of high demand and strong planning constraint.

Table 2: New Construction and Net Change in Dwellings 2001-2011 by Protected Area (excluding urban and fringe cells, 2001)

Protected Area: Built Built/ Net Net Adjustment/ Share Share of 2001- Stock Stock Change Change/ Stock of Net 2011 2001 (% pa) 2001-2011 Stock (% pa) Adjustment (%pa) Build (%) Change (%)

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) Dartmoor National Park 650 13,463 0.53 1,322 0.98 672 0.45 2.89 2.59 Exmoor National Park 160 4,833 0.36 669 1.38 509 1.02 0.71 1.31 Lake District National Park 603 17,980 0.37 2,514 1.40 1,911 1.03 2.68 4.93 New Forest National Park 589 13,599 0.48 758 0.56 169 0.08 2.62 1.49 North York Moors National Park 206 9,960 0.23 1,402 1.41 1,196 1.18 0.92 2.75 Northumberland National Park 16 905 0.19 123 1.36 107 1.16 0.07 0.24 Peak District National Park 493 15,068 0.36 2,396 1.59 1,903 1.23 2.19 4.69 South Downs National Park 1,384 31,599 0.48 2,451 0.78 1,067 0.29 6.16 4.80 The Broads 146 2,338 0.69 380 1.63 234 0.94 0.65 0.74 Yorkshire Dales National Park 456 9,102 0.55 1,299 1.43 843 0.88 2.03 2.54

Arnside & Silverdale AONB 114 3,496 0.36 214 0.61 100 0.25 0.51 0.42 Blackdown Hills AONB 324 4,877 0.73 1,113 2.28 789 1.55 1.44 2.18 Cannock Chase AONB 32 1,450 0.24 51 0.35 19 0.11 0.14 0.10 Chichester Harbour AONB 139 2,366 0.65 23 0.10 -116 -0.55 0.62 0.05 Chilterns AONB 697 28,482 0.27 1,292 0.45 595 0.18 3.10 2.53 Cornwall AONB 1,109 24,529 0.50 2,914 1.19 1,805 0.69 4.93 5.71 Cotswolds AONB 1,955 53,085 0.41 4,104 0.77 2,149 0.37 8.70 8.04 Cranborne Chase & West Wiltshire 817 13,346 0.67 1,235 0.93 418 0.25 3.63 2.42 Downs AONB Dedham Vale AONB 57 2,817 0.22 128 0.45 71 0.23 0.25 0.25 Dorset AONB 1,689 19,783 0.94 3,027 1.53 1,338 0.59 7.52 5.93 East Devon AONB 257 7,001 0.40 890 1.27 633 0.87 1.14 1.74 Forest Of Bowland AONB 248 5,514 0.50 1,230 2.23 982 1.74 1.10 2.41 High Weald AONB 1,715 43,306 0.44 4,384 1.01 2,669 0.58 7.63 8.59 Howardian Hills AONB 66 2,013 0.36 204 1.01 138 0.65 0.29 0.40 Isle Of Wight AONB 118 4,386 0.30 341 0.78 223 0.48 0.53 0.67 Isles Of Scilly AONB ...... Kent Downs AONB 1,544 24,508 0.69 2,615 1.07 1,071 0.37 6.87 5.12 Lincolnshire Wolds AONB 210 3,963 0.58 574 1.45 364 0.86 0.93 1.12 Malvern Hills AONB 76 1,979 0.42 105 0.53 29 0.11 0.34 0.21 Mendip Hills AONB 129 2,928 0.49 337 1.15 208 0.67 0.57 0.66 Nidderdale AONB 208 4,261 0.54 1,119 2.63 911 2.09 0.93 2.19 Norfolk Coast AONB 806 9,957 0.89 964 0.97 158 0.08 3.59 1.89 North Devon AONB 449 4,327 1.14 846 1.96 397 0.81 2.00 1.66 North Pennines AONB 135 5,176 0.29 872 1.68 737 1.40 0.60 1.71 Northumberland Coast AONB 464 3,345 1.53 646 1.93 182 0.40 2.06 1.27 North Wessex Downs AONB 2,296 35,347 0.72 3,298 0.93 1,002 0.22 10.22 6.46 Quantock Hills AONB 37 1,158 0.35 188 1.62 151 1.27 0.16 0.37 Shropshire Hills AONB 263 7,464 0.39 1,023 1.37 760 0.98 1.17 2.00 Solway Coast AONB 50 1,273 0.43 158 1.24 108 0.81 0.22 0.31 South Devon AONB 628 15,371 0.45 1,521 0.99 893 0.54 2.79 2.98 Suffolk Coast & Heaths AONB 343 8,171 0.46 528 0.65 185 0.18 1.53 1.03 Surrey Hills AONB 425 14,185 0.33 778 0.55 353 0.22 1.89 1.52 Tamar Valley AONB 159 5,322 0.33 497 0.93 338 0.60 0.71 0.97 Wye Valley AONB (Eng only) 215 4,364 0.54 510 1.17 295 0.63 0.96 1.00

Notes on Table 2

Table 2 differs from Table 1 in that in includes only development away from physical urban areas and their immediate fringe as they stood in 2001. (For definition of the urban area and the fringe see Bibby, P and J Shepherd Developing a New Classification of Urban and Rural Areas for Policy Purposes – the Methodology. This is available at https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/137655/rural- urban-definition-methodology-technical.pdf)

(1) Column 1 refers to the number of newly built dwellings reported in DCLG's Land Use Change Statistics (LUCS). Further information about this source and its use in these tabulations is provided in Annex 1.

(2) Column 2 refers to the number of self-contained units of occupation (SCUOs) as estimated by residential delivery points (dwellings) in the Postcode Address File (PAF) for QII 2001. Further information about this source and the definition and estimation of SCUOs is provided in Annex 1.

(3) Column 3 expresses newly built dwellings (estimated on the basis of LUCS) as an annual rate relative to the stock of SCUOs indicated by PAF for QII 2001. An upward adjustment of 10.2% is made to the raw LUCS figure in Column1 before the annual rate is calculated. This adjustment is made to offset the lag which occurs between development taking place and its being recorded by Ordnance Survey. The specific value of 10.2% is based on comparison of DCLG Housing Starts and Completions Statistics for the period between QII 2001 and QI 2011 and the LUCS total for 2001-2011 for England as a whole.

(4) Column 4 represents the net change in the number of SCUOs (dwellings) over the period between QII 2001 and QII 2011. It depends not only upon new build but also on demolition of property, subdivision and amalgamation of units and change from and to non-residential use.

(5) Column 5 expresses net change in the dwelling stock (Column 4) as an annual rate relative to stock and so shows the overall increase taking account of all adjustments. The highest values are found where conversion and subdivision intensify the effect of new build.

(6) Column 6 shows the net impact of all stock adjustments other than new build.

(7) Column 7 expresses the net impact of all stock adjustments other than new build (ie Column 6) as an annual rate relative to stock. Across England as a whole the adjustment rates are weakly negative (reflecting demolition in mature urban areas). Weakly negative values are also found in some parts of rural England, (because of amalgamation of property to form larger units). Other work for Natural England (University of Sheffield 2006) and DCLG (Bibby and Brindley 2006) shows some tendency for the adjustment term to be positive in areas of high demand and strong planning constraint.

Table 3: Residential Urban Expansion at Protected Area Level 2001-2011

Generalised urban area Generalised Level of growth 2001-11 Rate of Total urban area urbanisation (hectares) urban Area 2001 2001 growth (hectares) (hectares) (%) TOTAL Spread Threshold (% pa) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) Dartmoor National Park 95,586 13 0.01 0 0 0 0.00 Exmoor National Park 69,000 0 0.00 0 0 0 .. Lake District National Park 227,719 210 0.09 21 19 2 1.00 New Forest National Park 56,276 33 0.06 5 5 0 1.52 North York Moors National Park 143,739 29 0.02 0 0 0 0.00 Northumberland National Park 105,054 0 0.00 0 0 0 .. Peak District National Park 143,777 2 0.00 18 0 18 90.00 South Downs National Park 165,109 1,255 0.76 45 40 5 0.36 The Broads 29,415 62 0.21 0 0 0 0.00 Yorkshire Dales National Park 176,791 0 0.00 0 0 0 ..

Arnside & Silverdale AONB 6,071 0 0.00 0 0 0 .. Blackdown Hills AONB 36,954 12 0.03 0 0 0 0.00 Cannock Chase AONB 6,860 95 1.38 5 5 0 0.53 Chichester Harbour AONB 4,463 46 1.03 -1 0 0 -0.22 Chilterns AONB 83,796 400 0.48 18 18 0 0.45 Cornwall AONB 91,703 8 0.01 7 5 2 8.75 Cotswolds AONB 204,112 543 0.27 75 56 19 1.38 Cranborne Chase & West Wiltshire 98,588 11 0.01 6 6 0 5.45 Downs AONB Dedham Vale AONB 9,061 0 0.00 1 1 0 ! Dorset AONB 110,973 562 0.51 31 30 1 0.55 East Devon AONB 26,907 100 0.37 7 7 0 0.70 Forest Of Bowland AONB 80,560 0 0.00 0 0 0 .. High Weald AONB 146,103 236 0.16 18 14 4 0.76 Howardian Hills AONB 20,428 0 0.00 0 0 0 .. Isle Of Wight AONB 19,130 40 0.21 5 5 0 1.25 Isles Of Scilly AONB ...... Kent Downs AONB 87,879 115 0.13 112 14 98 9.74 Lincolnshire Wolds AONB 55,911 0 0.00 0 0 0 .. Malvern Hills AONB 10,675 18 0.17 5 5 0 2.78 Mendip Hills AONB 19,846 0 0.00 0 0 0 .. Nidderdale AONB 60,117 7 0.01 0 0 0 0.00 Norfolk Coast AONB 37,864 30 0.08 0 0 0 0.00 North Devon AONB 17,064 13 0.08 4 4 0 3.08 North Pennines AONB 198,528 0 0.00 0 0 0 .. Northumberland Coast AONB 9,466 2 0.02 0 0 0 0.00 North Wessex Downs AONB 173,104 191 0.11 13 13 0 0.68 Quantock Hills AONB 9,762 0 0.00 0 0 0 .. Shropshire Hills AONB 80,824 0 0.00 18 0 18 ! Solway Coast AONB 11,357 0 0.00 0 0 0 .. South Devon AONB 32,455 257 0.79 30 12 18 1.17 Suffolk Coast & Heaths AONB 39,522 0 0.00 9 0 9 ! Surrey Hills AONB 42,240 70 0.17 12 12 0 1.71 Tamar Valley AONB 18,476 8 0.04 0 0 0 0.00 Wye Valley AONB (Eng only) 20,985 175 0.83 5 4 1 0.29

Notes on Table 3

The Table is concerned with the growth of the contiguous urban area

(1) Column 1 quotes areas based on ESRI shape files held within MAGIC.

(2) Column 2 provides an estimate of the contiguous urban area in 2001, using methods described in Land Use Change at the Urban : Rural Fringe and in the Wider Countryside (available at http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/2707263)

(3) The level of urbanization quoted in Column 3 is simply the generalized urban area in Column 2 as a percentage of the overall area of land subject to protection.

(4) The estimate of growth of the generalized urban area is based on the difference between the calculated generalized urban area for 2001 and 2011. The 2011 generalised urban area is modified so that growth cannot be result of intensification from within the 2001 urban area (see Technical Annex). The total growth estimated in Column 4 in this way must either represent expansion of the area of land previously recognized as 'generalised urban area' (which might be thought as 'spread'), or represent land satisfying the criterion for recognition as part of the generalised urban area for the first time (which might be thought of at the extent of the generalized urban area at the point the 'threshold' is crossed. Care should be taken in those cases when small values numbers are involved which can create rates with extreme positive values.

(5) Column 5 estimates expansion of the generalised urban area over the period 2001-2011 ie the spread effect referred to in note (4).

(6) Column 6 estimates the size of the generalised urban area when the threshold of 8 dwellings per hectare at the 800m scale is exceeded for the first time. This represents the threshold effect. This element of the generalised urban area is not directly attributable to additional dwellings built in the inter-censal decade , but predominantly comprises property within the earlier core of the settlement.

(7) Column 7 expresses total urban growth relative to the existing urban base. Its broader use is looking at place-to-place variation in the growth rate of particular urban areas.

‘!’ represents those areas where the calculation of the rate is not possible (as growth is infinite. This occurs where there were no land met the criterion for inclusion in the generalised urban category in 2001 but the threshold of 8dph at the 800m scale was met for the first time by 2011. This effect of emergence new areas of urban land is outlined within note (4) above.

Table 4: Breakdown of Settlement Types (2001) for Protected Landscapes (% of Area)

Protected Area: Urban Town Fringe Peri- Village Village Hamlet Isolated Other Total 10k urban envelope farm Dartmoor National Park 0.00 0.63 0.08 3.00 1.02 1.74 0.67 0.31 92.55 100.00 Exmoor National Park 0.00 0.40 0.00 1.09 0.74 0.85 0.68 0.36 95.87 100.00 Lake District National Park 0.00 0.19 0.14 1.27 0.78 0.70 0.33 0.19 96.41 100.00 New Forest National Park 0.38 0.66 0.45 12.71 1.87 3.58 0.51 0.23 79.61 100.00 North York Moors National Park 0.01 0.33 0.02 1.51 0.82 0.81 0.99 0.22 95.29 100.00 Northumberland National Park 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.01 0.02 0.09 99.78 100.00 Peak District National Park 0.00 0.43 0.05 2.51 1.03 1.78 1.62 0.21 92.36 100.00 South Downs National Park 0.48 0.85 0.79 12.35 2.10 2.48 0.39 0.36 80.20 100.00 The Broads 0.24 0.37 0.35 11.28 1.04 1.94 0.48 0.20 84.10 100.00 Yorkshire Dales National Park 0.00 0.16 0.01 0.65 0.62 0.49 0.34 0.16 97.58 100.00

Arnside & Silverdale AONB 0.00 3.21 0.20 13.56 3.31 8.40 0.43 0.33 70.56 100.00 Blackdown Hills AONB 0.01 0.58 0.05 1.30 1.43 1.14 3.01 0.95 91.53 100.00 Cannock Chase AONB 0.93 1.41 1.57 29.90 1.98 4.27 0.32 0.13 59.48 100.00 Chichester Harbour AONB 2.73 2.24 2.49 27.45 3.88 10.11 0.72 0.20 50.19 100.00 Chilterns AONB 0.32 1.28 1.08 23.29 3.24 4.90 0.35 0.46 65.08 100.00 Cornwall AONB 0.00 1.08 0.12 4.80 2.17 4.21 0.92 0.50 86.19 100.00 Cotswolds AONB 0.21 1.07 0.55 8.91 2.47 2.88 0.52 0.36 83.04 100.00 Cranborne Chase & West Wiltshire 0.00 0.15 0.03 1.77 2.17 2.18 0.38 0.33 92.98 100.00 Downs AONB Dedham Vale AONB 0.00 0.39 0.11 6.65 3.91 7.99 0.43 0.68 79.84 100.00 Dorset AONB 0.72 0.45 0.34 4.86 2.13 2.76 1.20 0.31 87.24 100.00 East Devon AONB 0.36 0.99 0.75 12.40 2.29 4.02 1.44 0.48 77.26 100.00 Forest Of Bowland AONB 0.00 0.23 0.01 0.96 0.69 0.87 1.76 0.25 95.24 100.00 High Weald AONB 0.13 0.91 0.48 10.15 2.62 5.83 1.36 0.59 77.92 100.00 Howardian Hills AONB 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.30 1.92 1.05 0.93 0.37 95.39 100.00 Isle Of Wight AONB 0.28 1.08 0.44 14.57 1.81 4.70 0.63 0.52 75.96 100.00 Isles Of Scilly AONB ...... Kent Downs AONB 0.31 1.10 0.39 13.30 2.78 4.06 0.85 0.56 76.65 100.00 Lincolnshire Wolds AONB 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.58 1.19 0.87 0.18 0.25 96.92 100.00 Malvern Hills AONB 2.75 0.45 0.57 13.86 1.51 4.29 0.83 0.64 75.09 100.00 Mendip Hills AONB 0.02 0.41 0.32 11.70 1.88 4.69 0.76 0.53 79.70 100.00 Nidderdale AONB 0.00 0.22 0.03 2.02 0.75 1.02 1.70 0.41 93.85 100.00 Norfolk Coast AONB 0.03 0.94 0.35 9.92 2.98 5.19 0.13 0.19 80.28 100.00 North Devon AONB 0.17 0.49 0.12 4.86 2.10 5.21 1.08 0.36 85.60 100.00 North Pennines AONB 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.22 0.38 0.42 0.15 0.14 98.66 100.00 Northumberland Coast AONB 0.00 1.65 0.05 3.39 3.24 6.78 0.06 0.21 84.61 100.00 North Wessex Downs AONB 0.01 0.73 0.20 4.95 2.11 2.86 0.23 0.31 88.59 100.00 Quantock Hills AONB 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.13 1.10 0.68 0.42 95.68 100.00 Shropshire Hills AONB 0.00 0.12 0.07 1.47 0.97 0.71 1.06 0.35 95.25 100.00 Solway Coast AONB 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.76 1.98 1.38 0.47 0.18 95.21 100.00 South Devon AONB 0.30 2.26 0.52 10.36 3.32 6.65 0.54 0.49 75.57 100.00 Suffolk Coast & Heaths AONB 0.06 0.38 0.71 5.76 2.28 3.84 0.03 0.29 86.66 100.00 Surrey Hills AONB 0.53 1.04 0.47 21.20 3.00 6.26 0.55 0.41 66.54 100.00 Tamar Valley AONB 0.01 1.25 0.17 11.59 2.27 4.31 1.49 0.50 78.40 100.00 Wye Valley AONB (Eng only) 1.27 0.10 0.22 5.99 3.31 3.86 0.62 0.43 84.20 100.00

Table 5: Breakdown of Settlement Types (2001) for Protected Landscapes (% of households)

Protected Area: Urban Town Fringe Peri- Village Village Hamlet Isolated Other Total 10k urban envelope farm Dartmoor National Park 0.0 35.0 3.5 5.1 26.6 10.3 2.6 9.0 7.9 100.0 Exmoor National Park 0.0 33.5 0.0 1.2 26.3 7.0 4.9 14.9 12.3 100.0 Lake District National Park 0.0 24.1 12.8 6.0 26.4 6.4 2.6 11.5 10.2 100.0 New Forest National Park 3.0 16.1 3.5 16.7 24.3 20.8 1.9 7.2 6.4 100.0 North York Moors National Park 2.7 19.7 0.7 1.6 41.7 10.7 6.6 8.8 7.5 100.0 Northumberland National Park 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 21.2 0.1 0.6 31.8 46.3 100.0 Peak District National Park 0.4 26.4 1.4 3.7 38.1 11.8 7.9 7.6 2.7 100.0 South Downs National Park 26.7 12.6 6.9 6.8 24.1 8.5 1.1 6.4 7.0 100.0 The Broads 21.1 2.4 2.5 15.5 22.6 12.8 2.9 9.4 10.9 100.0 Yorkshire Dales National Park 0.0 15.3 1.6 5.1 39.3 10.9 5.2 12.2 10.4 100.0

Arnside & Silverdale AONB 0.0 34.4 4.0 11.0 25.0 19.3 0.3 2.4 3.5 100.0 Blackdown Hills AONB 0.0 22.2 0.0 0.9 24.8 4.9 10.6 23.8 12.8 100.0 Cannock Chase AONB 37.1 1.4 2.5 10.1 31.3 12.2 1.1 1.8 2.5 100.0 Chichester Harbour AONB 31.6 6.9 10.9 8.9 16.7 21.2 0.3 1.5 2.0 100.0 Chilterns AONB 5.6 19.4 6.6 12.0 29.5 14.7 0.6 5.8 5.8 100.0 Cornwall AONB 0.0 27.3 3.7 5.0 31.2 14.8 2.3 9.9 5.9 100.0 Cotswolds AONB 3.4 27.9 9.9 8.6 28.6 9.7 1.7 5.9 4.3 100.0 Cranborne Chase & West Wiltshire 0.0 6.5 0.6 1.8 49.1 14.1 1.7 11.4 14.7 100.0 Downs AONB Dedham Vale AONB 0.0 0.8 0.0 6.8 55.3 16.5 0.6 8.5 11.5 100.0 Dorset AONB 36.3 11.1 4.8 3.1 25.6 7.6 2.5 5.2 3.8 100.0 East Devon AONB 8.8 20.1 15.4 9.2 23.8 10.0 2.8 5.7 4.2 100.0 Forest Of Bowland AONB 0.0 21.6 3.1 2.9 32.8 5.5 11.2 13.8 9.2 100.0 High Weald AONB 1.7 15.7 6.2 7.7 29.7 16.7 3.4 11.3 7.7 100.0 Howardian Hills AONB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 65.1 3.3 9.4 13.0 9.2 100.0 Isle Of Wight AONB 5.9 18.5 6.4 9.4 24.7 17.4 1.5 7.9 8.3 100.0 Isles Of Scilly AONB ...... Kent Downs AONB 5.0 18.6 6.6 8.6 29.0 13.8 1.6 7.9 8.8 100.0 Lincolnshire Wolds AONB 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.7 52.4 8.0 2.1 19.5 16.5 100.0 Malvern Hills AONB 54.2 2.0 3.1 6.3 9.8 4.9 1.5 9.3 8.8 100.0 Mendip Hills AONB 0.1 1.4 2.6 13.9 29.8 27.5 2.0 10.9 12.0 100.0 Nidderdale AONB 0.0 16.5 0.0 3.3 35.4 10.7 10.2 15.7 8.2 100.0 Norfolk Coast AONB 0.8 23.7 5.3 3.7 40.8 18.1 0.2 3.4 4.0 100.0 North Devon AONB 4.7 12.0 0.2 3.1 40.0 25.1 2.4 6.8 5.7 100.0 North Pennines AONB 0.0 7.2 0.0 0.7 38.4 11.5 3.3 16.8 22.1 100.0 Northumberland Coast AONB 0.0 24.9 0.0 1.8 50.3 14.4 0.0 3.7 5.0 100.0 North Wessex Downs AONB 0.3 26.6 6.7 4.8 32.3 13.4 1.0 6.5 8.5 100.0 Quantock Hills AONB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 48.9 12.3 2.8 19.2 16.8 100.0 Shropshire Hills AONB 0.0 11.9 5.4 5.0 29.7 4.9 7.9 20.8 14.5 100.0 Solway Coast AONB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 68.9 8.8 4.2 11.2 6.7 100.0 South Devon AONB 4.4 36.0 4.2 6.3 30.9 9.4 0.7 4.2 4.0 100.0 Suffolk Coast & Heaths AONB 0.2 15.0 24.5 3.7 33.1 9.9 0.1 4.9 8.5 100.0 Surrey Hills AONB 5.5 15.0 1.8 14.9 26.1 19.1 1.2 7.7 8.8 100.0 Tamar Valley AONB 0.3 29.8 1.0 9.2 32.8 8.0 3.7 10.1 5.0 100.0 Wye Valley AONB (Eng only) 47.1 0.1 0.9 1.4 21.9 11.5 1.4 6.2 9.5 100.0

Notes on Table 4 and 5

Tables 4 and 5 show respectively the percentage of the areal extent of each Protected landscape and of its stock of households falling in a series of settlement categories. (For definition of these categories see Bibby, P and J Shepherd Developing a New Classification of Urban and Rural Areas for Policy Purposes – the Methodology. This is available at https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/137655/rural- urban-definition-methodology-technical.pdf).

The definition of urban areas rests on the boundaries of ‘areas of urban land’ delimited by Ordnance Survey (OS), for DCLG. Areas of urban land, as delimited by OS, may be coterminous with settlements, but they also include tracts of land without resident population such as airfields, or distribution parks. Only those areas of urban land with a population of 10,000 are regarded as physical ‘urban’ settlements and are treated as ‘urban’ in this Table.

The boundaries of areas of urban land also provide physical boundaries for many smaller nucleations. The definition of other smaller settlements rests on ‘density profiles’ calculated using postal address information. Profiles are created by calculating densities at a series of scales (200m, 400m, 800m and 1600m - around each cell). The different types of settlement have different density ‘profiles.

The ‘village’ category as defined here has the following properties: a density of greater than 0.18 residences per hectare at the 800m scale, a density at least double that at the 400m scale and a density at the 200m scale at least 1.5 times the density at the 400m scale. Density profiles also identify envelopes around villages.

‘Towns’ have a distinct profile, and the term refers to larger settlements still below the 10,000 population threshold.

‘Fringe’ areas, whether at the limit of a physical settlement or linear ‘straggly’ settlement are identified by marked changes in density at different scales.

‘Periurban’ areas refer to broader tracts of higher density around the limits of major urban centres.

Villages are distinguished from ‘hamlets’. This is not simply a morphological distinction. By applying natural language processing, PAF is used to identify farmsteads which are then grouped to identify hamlets.

The ‘Other’ category refers to dispersed settlement in isolated dwellings other than (historic) farmsteads.

Table 6a: Indicators of development, 1985-2011: Protected Landscapes Protected Area: Land Greenfield Average Land Greenfield developed / land Housing Greenfield Housing developed / land redeveloped developed units built Dwellings Land land Average plot density redeveloped developed for for Total Economic Economic Housing on on developed / developed Housing on for non- for non- commercial / commercial / Total area greenfield mass mass units built Build greenfield greenfield redeveloped for plot greenfield residential residential industrial industrial developed / land 10km, 20km, 1985-2011 rate sites sites for housing housing density sites use use use use redeveloped developed 2011 2011 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)

(units pa) (% pa ) (units pa) (%) (hectares pa) (units per hectare) (hectares pa) (hectares pa) (hectares per annum) Dartmoor National Park 76.63 0.57 41.47 54.11 8.26 5.44 9.27 7.62 7.50 4.98 0.82 0.45 15.76 10.42 0.30 0.62 Exmoor National Park 27.29 0.58 17.76 65.08 3.01 2.41 9.06 7.37 1.63 1.00 0.13 0.06 4.65 3.41 0.13 0.17 Lake District National Park 112.10 0.56 63.55 56.69 8.07 5.33 13.90 11.92 10.94 6.15 0.80 0.31 19.00 11.48 0.18 0.24 New Forest National Park 62.87 0.45 18.73 29.79 12.44 6.55 5.05 2.86 9.22 6.89 0.74 0.52 21.65 13.44 1.25 1.90 North York Moors National Park 34.17 0.34 22.57 66.05 4.56 3.52 7.49 6.41 7.53 5.10 0.87 0.50 12.09 8.62 0.25 0.41 Northumberland National Park 2.65 0.30 1.96 73.91 0.44 0.38 6.00 5.16 3.53 3.34 0.07 0.07 3.98 3.73 0.04 0.05 Peak District National Park 68.36 0.46 40.98 59.94 6.13 4.25 11.16 9.64 9.24 5.72 1.89 0.53 15.37 9.97 0.84 1.80 South Downs National Park 258.53 0.56 99.25 38.39 26.82 15.15 9.64 6.55 24.27 13.48 3.39 1.57 51.09 28.64 1.40 1.51 The Broads 27.38 0.92 7.09 25.91 2.50 0.97 10.97 7.31 3.75 2.59 0.96 0.41 6.25 3.56 1.06 1.16 Yorkshire Dales National Park 45.73 0.51 27.59 60.35 3.14 2.02 14.54 13.66 2.89 2.07 0.46 0.37 6.04 4.09 0.10 0.16

Arnside & Silverdale AONB 20.58 0.58 11.42 55.51 1.38 0.58 14.9 19.69 2.04 1.14 0.48 0.06 3.42 1.73 0.69 0.73 Blackdown Hills AONB 48.72 1.02 38.06 78.13 6.63 5.81 7.4 6.55 1.58 1.02 0.56 0.33 8.21 6.83 0.53 0.66 Cannock Chase AONB 7.42 0.32 2.14 28.80 0.94 0.34 7.9 6.29 0.38 0.27 0.08 0.05 1.32 0.61 2.59 2.56 Chichester Harbour AONB 23.18 0.58 9.42 40.65 2.22 0.77 10.4 12.23 1.10 0.31 0.15 0.03 3.31 1.08 2.16 2.08 Chilterns AONB 132.61 0.42 38.40 28.96 19.36 10.76 6.9 3.57 12.75 6.48 2.58 1.05 32.11 17.24 2.09 2.38 Cornwall AONB 143.67 0.57 93.45 65.05 13.11 9.01 11.0 10.37 8.79 6.53 0.96 0.72 21.89 15.54 0.41 0.38 Cotswolds AONB 346.84 0.58 180.00 51.90 29.30 19.68 11.8 9.15 16.96 9.55 3.53 1.91 46.27 29.23 0.86 1.06 Cranborne Chase & West 81.15 0.63 44.81 55.21 10.04 7.35 8.1 6.10 12.38 10.03 0.91 0.46 22.41 17.38 0.44 0.66 Wiltshire Downs AONB Dedham Vale AONB 7.58 0.28 2.64 34.84 1.50 0.83 5.1 3.18 0.66 0.54 0.16 0.14 2.16 1.37 1.13 1.39

Dorset AONB 284.81 0.88 163.13 57.28 20.82 14.15 13.7 11.53 17.39 13.08 2.47 1.88 38.21 27.23 0.52 0.63

East Devon AONB 64.75 0.72 40.57 62.66 5.83 3.91 11.1 10.38 3.59 2.90 0.49 0.35 9.42 6.81 0.72 0.63

Forest Of Bowland AONB 28.52 0.52 18.27 64.05 3.12 2.45 9.2 7.46 4.10 2.45 0.44 0.23 7.22 4.90 0.48 0.80

High Weald AONB 260.16 0.57 110.88 42.62 35.22 22.15 7.4 5.01 19.86 12.29 3.38 2.03 55.08 34.44 1.06 1.12

Howardian Hills AONB 10.57 0.54 6.36 60.19 1.49 1.10 7.1 5.78 1.20 0.41 0.01 0.00 2.68 1.51 0.21 0.39

Isle Of Wight AONB 23.48 0.48 9.64 41.08 2.89 1.30 8.1 7.42 1.54 0.79 0.29 0.10 4.43 2.09 0.82 0.96

Isles Of Scilly AONB ...... Land Greenfield Table 6a cont. Average Land Greenfield developed / land Protected Area: Housing Greenfield Housing developed / land redeveloped developed units built Dwellings Land land Average plot density redeveloped developed for for Total Economic Economic Housing on on developed / developed Housing on for non- for non- commercial / commercial / Total area greenfield mass mass units built Build greenfield greenfield redeveloped for plot greenfield residential residential industrial industrial developed / land 10km, 20km, 1985-2011 rate sites sites for housing housing density sites use use use use redeveloped developed 2011 2011 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)

Kent Downs AONB 204.40 0.76 105.63 51.68 22.60 13.78 9.0 7.67 26.01 15.88 4.23 2.30 48.61 29.66 1.68 2.04

Lincolnshire Wolds AONB 28.92 0.75 19.76 68.32 3.82 2.79 7.6 7.08 3.82 3.25 0.71 0.63 7.64 6.04 0.31 0.46

Malvern Hills AONB 19.14 0.43 10.13 52.96 2.03 1.34 9.4 7.56 0.68 0.23 0.08 0.02 2.71 1.57 0.76 0.80

Mendip Hills AONB 19.99 0.68 12.15 60.78 2.36 1.67 8.5 7.28 2.17 1.64 0.55 0.48 4.52 3.32 0.79 1.53

Nidderdale AONB 23.71 0.58 14.33 60.44 3.23 2.45 7.3 5.85 2.81 2.29 0.28 0.13 6.04 4.75 0.31 0.76

Norfolk Coast AONB 82.04 0.80 40.38 49.21 6.69 3.58 12.3 11.28 4.47 3.09 0.67 0.27 11.16 6.67 0.39 0.27

North Devon AONB 35.26 0.81 17.29 49.03 2.84 1.99 12.4 8.69 2.72 2.38 0.14 0.11 5.55 4.37 0.28 0.28

North Pennines AONB 17.53 0.35 13.28 75.77 1.81 1.36 9.7 9.76 4.52 3.63 0.32 0.20 6.33 4.98 0.09 0.17

Northumberland Coast AONB 30.75 0.97 22.49 73.16 1.99 1.45 15.4 15.51 2.15 1.59 0.15 0.02 4.14 3.04 0.16 0.12

North Wessex Downs AONB 291.38 0.79 117.37 40.28 27.62 15.19 10.6 7.73 15.91 8.12 5.19 2.10 43.53 23.30 0.69 0.90

Quantock Hills AONB 6.32 0.56 3.89 61.49 1.17 0.99 5.4 3.93 0.69 0.45 0.08 0.07 1.85 1.44 0.69 0.70

Shropshire Hills AONB 51.30 0.66 37.93 73.93 5.88 4.37 8.7 8.68 2.09 1.14 0.31 0.13 7.96 5.51 0.21 0.29

Solway Coast AONB 9.58 0.70 6.38 66.64 0.71 0.46 13.5 13.87 0.54 0.29 0.01 0.00 1.25 0.75 0.36 0.34

South Devon AONB 100.64 0.60 48.05 47.75 11.30 8.01 8.9 6.00 7.81 5.77 1.72 1.45 19.11 13.78 0.79 0.67

Suffolk Coast & Heaths AONB 69.57 0.66 33.99 48.86 6.14 4.11 11.3 8.27 6.64 2.72 1.00 0.52 12.78 6.83 0.69 0.72

Surrey Hills AONB 55.47 0.37 11.40 20.55 9.15 4.50 6.1 2.53 6.96 4.54 1.36 0.64 16.11 9.04 1.79 2.73

Tamar Valley AONB 27.89 0.53 20.06 71.94 2.26 1.45 12.3 13.83 2.51 1.89 0.21 0.13 4.77 3.34 1.49 1.12

Wye Valley AONB (Eng only) 58.76 0.72 31.07 52.87 4.07 2.59 14.4 12.00 1.85 1.05 0.95 0.45 5.92 3.65 0.61 0.57

Table 6b: Indicators of development, 2001-2011: Protected Landscapes Protected Area: Land Greenfield Average Land Greenfield developed / land Housing Greenfield Housing developed / land redeveloped developed units built Dwellings Land land Average plot density redeveloped developed for for Total Economic Economic Housing on on developed / developed Housing on for non- for non- commercial / commercial / Total area greenfield mass mass units built Build greenfield greenfield redeveloped for plot greenfield residential residential industrial industrial developed / land 10km, 20km, 2001-2011 rate sites sites for housing housing density sites use use use use redeveloped developed 2011 2011 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)

(units pa) (% pa ) (units pa) (%) (hectares pa) (hectares pa) (units per hectare) (hectares per annum)

Dartmoor National Park 65.80 0.52 36.81 55.94 6.90 4.91 9.53 7.50 3.08 0.94 0.50 0.35 9.98 5.85 0.30 0.62 Exmoor National Park 16.10 0.37 11.68 72.55 1.93 1.49 8.34 7.84 1.56 0.64 0.16 0.10 3.49 2.13 0.13 0.17 Lake District National Park 71.90 0.38 36.04 50.12 5.86 3.76 12.27 9.58 10.85 4.72 0.68 0.30 16.71 8.48 0.18 0.24 New Forest National Park 61.70 0.47 14.33 23.22 11.48 5.08 5.38 2.82 3.56 1.55 0.54 0.30 15.04 6.63 1.25 1.90 North York Moors National Park 21.70 0.23 13.00 59.92 3.39 2.45 6.40 5.31 5.99 2.44 0.38 0.08 9.38 4.89 0.25 0.41 Northumberland National Park 1.60 0.19 1.10 68.88 0.57 0.49 2.81 2.25 0.37 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.94 0.82 0.04 0.05 Peak District National Park 52.10 0.37 33.06 63.45 5.62 4.30 9.27 7.69 4.41 2.11 0.93 0.49 10.03 6.41 0.84 1.80 South Downs National Park 204.74 0.47 70.28 34.33 19.55 10.99 10.47 6.40 4.74 2.50 1.50 0.78 24.29 13.48 1.40 1.51 The Broads 17.13 0.62 4.30 25.10 1.76 0.87 9.74 4.94 2.67 2.10 0.35 0.15 4.43 2.97 1.06 1.16 Yorkshire Dales National Park 45.86 0.55 21.93 47.82 3.19 2.03 14.40 10.80 2.69 1.38 0.41 0.31 5.87 3.41 0.10 0.16

Arnside & Silverdale AONB 12.20 0.37 4.63 37.94 1.04 0.38 11.7 12.2 0.31 0.13 0.14 0.08 1.35 0.51 0.69 0.73 Blackdown Hills AONB 32.38 0.73 26.86 82.97 4.53 3.94 7.2 6.8 1.00 0.54 0.27 0.23 5.53 4.48 0.53 0.66 Cannock Chase AONB 5.55 0.25 0.44 7.94 0.70 0.32 7.9 1.4 0.31 0.23 0.10 0.10 1.01 0.55 2.59 2.56 Chichester Harbour AONB 22.90 0.61 6.61 28.87 2.17 0.55 10.6 12.0 0.33 0.09 0.13 0.00 2.50 0.64 2.16 2.08 Chilterns AONB 82.00 0.28 18.86 23.01 16.52 10.37 5.0 1.8 10.32 3.59 1.30 0.48 26.84 13.96 2.09 2.38 Cornwall AONB 120.10 0.51 70.75 58.91 8.54 4.89 14.1 14.5 2.25 1.40 0.29 0.13 10.79 6.29 0.41 0.38 Cotswolds AONB 217.79 0.39 94.67 43.47 19.00 11.60 11.5 8.2 9.46 2.66 1.91 1.20 28.46 14.26 0.86 1.06 Cranborne Chase & West 85.59 0.70 57.19 66.81 8.97 6.38 4.72 1.25 1.10 0.53 13.69 7.63 0.44 0.66 Wiltshire Downs AONB 9.5 9.0 Dedham Vale AONB 9.54 0.37 1.87 19.63 1.22 0.57 7.8 3.3 0.57 0.52 0.07 0.07 1.79 1.09 1.13 1.39 Dorset AONB 265.94 0.87 165.41 62.20 14.80 9.68 18.0 17.1 11.99 7.26 1.82 1.36 26.79 16.94 0.52 0.63 East Devon AONB 44.10 0.53 23.58 53.48 3.96 2.45 11.1 9.6 1.62 0.74 0.26 0.15 5.58 3.19 0.72 0.63 Forest Of Bowland AONB 24.90 0.48 22.92 92.05 3.51 3.17 7.1 7.2 2.33 1.44 0.23 0.10 5.84 4.61 0.48 0.80 High Weald AONB 186.76 0.44 64.80 34.70 22.12 12.26 8.4 5.3 9.68 5.66 1.86 1.09 31.79 17.92 1.06 1.12 Howardian Hills AONB 6.70 0.37 5.62 83.88 1.34 1.14 5.0 4.9 1.63 0.85 0.02 0.00 2.97 1.99 0.21 0.39 Isle Of Wight AONB 14.50 0.32 3.31 22.80 1.53 0.80 9.5 4.1 1.34 0.77 0.02 0.02 2.87 1.57 0.82 0.96 Isles Of Scilly AONB ...... Land Greenfield Table 6b cont. Average Land Greenfield developed / land Protected Area: Housing Greenfield Housing developed / land redeveloped developed units built Dwellings Land land Average plot density redeveloped developed for for Total Economic Economic Housing on on developed / developed Housing on for non- for non- commercial / commercial / Total area greenfield mass mass units built Build greenfield greenfield redeveloped for plot greenfield residential residential industrial industrial developed / land 10km, 20km, 2001-2011 rate sites sites for housing housing density sites use use use use redeveloped developed 2011 2011 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)

Kent Downs AONB 192.50 0.76 127.71 66.34 18.33 11.09 10.5 11.5 14.23 5.71 1.66 0.72 32.56 16.80 1.68 2.04 Lincolnshire Wolds AONB 22.40 0.62 15.98 71.33 3.43 2.57 6.5 6.2 4.15 3.00 1.46 1.32 7.58 5.57 0.31 0.46 Malvern Hills AONB 17.87 0.42 9.15 51.19 1.54 0.87 11.6 10.5 0.62 0.20 0.02 0.00 2.16 1.07 0.76 0.80 Mendip Hills AONB 13.10 0.48 9.48 72.35 1.90 1.33 6.9 7.1 0.66 0.25 0.06 0.02 2.56 1.58 0.79 1.53 Nidderdale AONB 21.00 0.54 14.55 69.27 3.84 3.38 5.5 4.3 2.47 1.64 0.16 0.10 6.31 5.02 0.31 0.76 Norfolk Coast AONB 82.40 0.85 27.00 32.77 5.22 2.55 15.8 10.6 4.53 2.99 0.42 0.12 9.75 5.54 0.39 0.27 North Devon AONB 47.10 1.13 22.70 48.20 2.77 1.75 17.0 13.0 0.33 0.26 0.04 0.04 3.10 2.01 0.28 0.28 North Pennines AONB 14.00 0.30 11.68 83.44 2.02 1.66 6.9 7.0 2.63 1.13 0.09 0.03 4.65 2.79 0.09 0.17 Northumberland Coast AONB 46.70 1.54 37.80 80.94 2.19 1.78 21.3 21.2 2.01 1.53 0.04 0.02 4.20 3.31 0.16 0.12 North Wessex Downs AONB 252.04 0.73 67.05 26.60 23.91 13.13 10.5 5.1 11.81 4.74 4.78 2.18 35.72 17.87 0.69 0.90 Quantock Hills AONB 3.70 0.35 2.31 62.55 0.59 0.44 6.3 5.3 0.14 0.07 0.04 0.03 0.73 0.51 0.69 0.70 Shropshire Hills AONB 41.07 0.56 27.73 67.53 5.63 4.56 7.3 6.1 2.30 0.96 0.18 0.07 7.93 5.52 0.21 0.29 Solway Coast AONB 5.19 0.41 2.08 40.08 0.48 0.23 10.9 9.1 0.09 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.57 0.28 0.36 0.34 South Devon AONB 82.71 0.53 40.77 49.30 5.96 3.96 13.9 10.3 2.08 0.80 0.29 0.15 8.04 4.76 0.79 0.67 Suffolk Coast & Heaths AONB 49.02 0.50 17.46 35.63 4.30 2.43 11.4 7.2 10.25 5.18 1.29 0.92 14.55 7.61 0.69 0.72 Surrey Hills AONB 47.87 0.34 7.71 16.11 7.74 4.20 6.2 1.8 3.11 0.84 1.06 0.05 10.85 5.04 1.79 2.73 Tamar Valley AONB 16.10 0.33 9.92 61.60 1.40 0.90 11.5 11.0 0.50 0.24 0.12 0.05 1.90 1.14 1.49 1.12 Wye Valley AONB (Eng only) 48.70 0.64 23.80 48.88 3.23 2.12 15.1 11.2 0.95 0.41 0.52 0.26 4.18 2.53 0.61 0.57 Notes on Table 6

The term ‘developed’ here refers to conversion from a greenfield use to a use in one of the following categories: C Community, H Highways, I Industrial, J Commercial, K Retail, L Leisure, Q Institutional, R Residential, S Storage, T Transport, or U Utilities.

The term ‘redeveloped’ here refers to conversion from any brownfield use to a use in one of the following categories: C Community, H Highways, I Industrial, J Commercial, K Retail, L Leisure, Q Institutional, R Residential, S Storage, T Transport, or U Utilities.

The term ‘brownfield use’ here includes the following categories: C Community, H Highways, I Industrial, J Commercial, K Retail, L Leisure, P Residential gardens (the category of P is only recorded for a previous uses and has only been recognised since 2010. However, because it is not possible to disaggregate earlier years, it had been included as a brownfield use), Q Institutional, R Residential, S Storage, T Transport, U Utilities, V Vacant, and Z Despoiled.

The term ‘greenfield use’ here includes the following LUCS categories: A Agriculture, B Agricultural Buildings, D Defence, F Forestry and Woodland, G Grassland, M Mining, N Natural, O Outdoor Recreation, W Water, X, and Y Landfill.

(1) Column 1 indicates the annual number of housing units recorded as being built within the Protected Landscape in the Land Use Change Statistics for the relevant time period (1985-2011 or 2001-2011).

(2) Column 2 expresses newly built dwellings (estimated on the basis of LUCS) as an annual rate relative to the stock of SCUOs indicated by PAF for QII 2001. An upward adjustment of 10.2% is made to the raw LUCS figure in Column1 before the annual rate is calculated. This adjustment is made to offset the lag which occurs between development taking place and its being recorded by Ordnance Survey. The specific value of 10.2% is based on comparison of DCLG Housing Starts and Completions Statistics for the period between QII 2001 and QI 2011 and the LUCS total for 2001-2011 for England as a whole.

(3) Column 3 indicates the annual number of housing units recorded as being built on greenfield sites within the protected area in the Land Use Change Statistics for the relevant time period (1985-2011 or 2001-2011).

(4) Column 4 indicates the percentage of housing units recorded as being built on greenfield sites within the protected area in the Land Use Change Statistics for the relevant time period (1985-2011 or 2001-2011)..

(5) Column 5 indicates the estimated annual area of land (in hectares) recorded as being developed or redeveloped for residential use in the protected area for the relevant time period (1985-2011 or 2001-2011). It should be noted that this includes conversion to ornamental gardens, swimming pools and private tennis courts associated with dwellings. The figure in Column 5 does not directly refer to any component of rural to urban land conversion.

(6) Column 6 indicates the estimated annual area of greenfield land (in hectares) recorded as being developed or for residential use in the protected area for the relevant time period (1985-2011 or 2001-2011). It should be noted that this includes conversion to ornamental gardens, swimming pools and private tennis courts associated with dwellings. The figure in Column 6 refers to a specific component of rural to urban land conversion.

(7) Column 7 indicates the estimated annual area of land (in hectares) recorded as being developed or redeveloped for any developed but non-residential uses in the protected area for the relevant time period (1985-2011 or 2001-2011). The figure in Column 7 does not directly refer to any component of rural to urban land conversion.

(8) Column 8 indicates the estimated annual area of greenfield land (in hectares) recorded as being converted to any developed but non-residential use in the protected area for the relevant time period (1985-2011 or 2001-2011). The figure in Column 8 refers to a specific component of rural to urban land conversion.

(9) Column 9 indicates the estimated annual area of land (in hectares) recorded as being developed or redeveloped for industrial, commercial or retail use in the protected area for the relevant time period (1985-2011 or 2001-2011). The figure in Column 9 does not directly refer to any component of rural to urban land conversion, but is part of the figure shown in Column 7.

(10) Column 10 indicates the estimated annual area of greenfield land (in hectares) recorded as being converted to industrial, commercial or retail use in the protected area for the relevant time period (1985-2011 or 2001-2011). The figure in Column 10 forms part of the figure shown in Column 8.

(11) Column 11 indicates the estimated annual area of land (in hectares) recorded as being developed or redeveloped for any developed in the protected area for the relevant time period (1985-2011 or 2001-2011). It represents the sum of Columns 5 and 7. The figure in Column 11 does not directly refer to any component of rural to urban land conversion.

(12) Column 12 indicates the estimated annual area of greenfield land (in hectares) recorded as being converted to any developed use in the protected area for the relevant time period (1985-2011 or 2001-2011). This figure represents total rural to urban land conversion (ie the sum of Columns 6 and 8).

(13) Column 13 is intended to serve as a measure of economic mass- reflecting the ease with which labour might be assembled and the potential consumer spending available. It records the average density of dwellings over the entire area within 10km of a typical point within the AONB or National Park, and provides a proxy for some potential pressures including housebuilding demand and short-recreational trips. The highest values are found for Cannock Chase and Chichester Harbour where these densities exceed 2 dwellings per hectare (ie where there are more than 62,000 dwellings within 10km) (10,000*3.1416*2)). The lowest values are found in the Northumberland National Park and the North Pennines AONB where densities at this scale do not reach 0.1 dwellings per hectare (ie there are less than 3,150 dwellings within 10km).

(14) Column 14 is intended to serve as a further measure of economic mass estimated over a wider area. It records the average density of dwellings over the entire area within 20km of a typical point within the AONB or National Park, and provides a proxy for some potential pressures. The highest values at this scale are found for Surrey Hills and Cannock Chase with densities of more than 2.5 dwellings per hectare being sustained over 20kms (ie where there are more than 316,000 dwellings within 20km). The indicator at this scale suggests markedly lower pressure in the Northumberland National Park than elsewhere with a densities of only 0.05 dwellings per hectare (ie there are typically less than 6,300 dwellings within 20km).

Table 7a: Indicators of development, 1985-2011: Observed Measures Relative to Household Stocks Protected Area: Build Housing Housing Land Greenfield Land Greenfield Total area Total rate units built units built developed / land developed / land developed / greenfield on redeveloped developed / redeveloped developed / redeveloped land greenfield for housing redeveloped for non- redeveloped developed sites for housing residential for non- use residential use (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (units per 1,000 (hectares per 1,000 (hectares per 1,000 (hectares per 1,000 (% pa) households pa) household pa) household pa) household pa) Dartmoor National Park 0.57 5.49 2.97 0.59 0.39 0.54 0.36 1.13 0.75 Exmoor National Park 0.58 5.65 3.67 0.62 0.50 0.34 0.21 0.96 0.71 Lake District National Park 0.56 5.44 3.08 0.39 0.26 0.53 0.30 0.92 0.56 New Forest National Park 0.45 4.32 1.29 0.86 0.45 0.63 0.47 1.49 0.92 North York Moors National Park 0.34 3.31 2.19 0.44 0.34 0.73 0.49 1.17 0.84 Northumberland National Park 0.30 2.93 2.17 0.49 0.42 3.90 3.69 4.39 4.12 Peak District National Park 0.46 4.46 2.67 0.40 0.28 0.60 0.37 1.00 0.65 South Downs National Park 0.56 5.43 2.09 0.56 0.32 0.51 0.28 1.07 0.60 The Broads 0.92 8.95 2.32 0.82 0.32 1.23 0.85 2.04 1.16 Yorkshire Dales National Park 0.51 4.94 2.98 0.34 0.22 0.31 0.22 0.65 0.44

Arnside & Silverdale AONB 0.58 5.65 3.14 0.38 0.16 0.56 0.31 0.94 0.47 Blackdown Hills AONB 1.02 9.94 7.77 1.35 1.19 0.32 0.21 1.68 1.39 Cannock Chase AONB 0.32 3.09 0.89 0.39 0.14 0.16 0.11 0.55 0.26 Chichester Harbour AONB 0.58 5.62 2.28 0.54 0.19 0.27 0.07 0.80 0.26 Chilterns AONB 0.42 4.09 1.18 0.60 0.33 0.39 0.20 0.99 0.53 Cornwall AONB 0.57 5.50 3.58 0.50 0.35 0.34 0.25 0.84 0.60 Cotswolds AONB 0.58 5.67 2.94 0.48 0.32 0.28 0.16 0.76 0.48 Cranborne Chase & West 0.63 6.04 3.34 0.75 0.55 0.92 0.75 1.67 1.29 Wiltshire Downs AONB Dedham Vale AONB 0.28 2.68 0.93 0.53 0.29 0.23 0.19 0.76 0.49 Dorset AONB 0.88 8.48 4.86 0.62 0.42 0.52 0.39 1.14 0.81 East Devon AONB 0.72 7.01 4.39 0.63 0.42 0.39 0.31 1.02 0.74 Forest Of Bowland AONB 0.52 5.01 3.21 0.55 0.43 0.72 0.43 1.27 0.86 High Weald AONB 0.57 5.53 2.36 0.75 0.47 0.42 0.26 1.17 0.73 Howardian Hills AONB 0.54 5.25 3.16 0.74 0.55 0.59 0.20 1.33 0.75 Isle Of Wight AONB 0.48 4.69 1.93 0.58 0.26 0.31 0.16 0.89 0.42 Isles Of Scilly AONB ...... Kent Downs AONB 0.76 7.37 3.81 0.81 0.50 0.94 0.57 1.75 1.07 Lincolnshire Wolds AONB 0.75 7.24 4.95 0.96 0.70 0.96 0.81 1.91 1.51 Malvern Hills AONB 0.43 4.12 2.18 0.44 0.29 0.15 0.05 0.58 0.34 Mendip Hills AONB 0.68 6.64 4.04 0.78 0.56 0.72 0.55 1.50 1.10 Nidderdale AONB 0.58 5.56 3.36 0.76 0.58 0.66 0.54 1.42 1.11 Norfolk Coast AONB 0.80 7.70 3.79 0.63 0.34 0.42 0.29 1.05 0.63 North Devon AONB 0.81 7.68 3.76 0.62 0.43 0.59 0.52 1.21 0.95 North Pennines AONB 0.35 3.39 2.57 0.35 0.26 0.87 0.70 1.22 0.96 Northumberland Coast AONB 0.97 9.19 6.72 0.60 0.43 0.64 0.48 1.24 0.91 North Wessex Downs AONB 0.79 7.66 3.09 0.73 0.40 0.42 0.21 1.15 0.61 Quantock Hills AONB 0.56 5.44 3.35 1.00 0.85 0.59 0.38 1.60 1.24 Shropshire Hills AONB 0.66 6.38 4.72 0.73 0.54 0.26 0.14 0.99 0.69 Solway Coast AONB 0.70 6.82 4.55 0.51 0.33 0.38 0.21 0.89 0.54 South Devon AONB 0.60 5.86 2.80 0.66 0.47 0.45 0.34 1.11 0.80 Suffolk Coast & Heaths AONB 0.66 6.40 3.13 0.56 0.38 0.61 0.25 1.18 0.63 Surrey Hills AONB 0.37 3.63 0.75 0.60 0.29 0.46 0.30 1.05 0.59 Tamar Valley AONB 0.53 5.15 3.70 0.42 0.27 0.46 0.35 0.88 0.62 Wye Valley AONB (Eng only) 0.72 7.00 3.70 0.49 0.31 0.22 0.13 0.71 0.43 Table 7b: Indicators of development, 2001-2011: Observed Measures Relative to Household Stocks Protected Area: Build Housing Housing Land Greenfield Land Greenfield Total area Total rate units built units built developed / land developed / land developed / greenfield on redeveloped developed / redeveloped developed / redeveloped land greenfield for housing redeveloped for non- redeveloped developed sites for housing residential for non- use residential use (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (units per 1,000 (hectares per 1,000 (hectares per 1,000 (hectares per 1,000 (% pa) households pa) household pa) household pa) household pa) Dartmoor National Park 0.52 4.72 2.64 0.49 0.35 0.22 0.07 0.72 0.42 Exmoor National Park 0.37 3.33 2.42 0.40 0.31 0.32 0.13 0.72 0.44 Lake District National Park 0.38 3.49 1.75 0.28 0.18 0.53 0.23 0.81 0.41 New Forest National Park 0.47 4.24 0.99 0.79 0.35 0.25 0.11 1.03 0.46 North York Moors National Park 0.23 2.10 1.26 0.33 0.24 0.58 0.24 0.91 0.47 Northumberland National Park 0.19 1.77 1.22 0.63 0.54 0.41 0.36 1.04 0.90 Peak District National Park 0.37 3.40 2.15 0.37 0.28 0.29 0.14 0.65 0.42 South Downs National Park 0.47 4.30 1.48 0.41 0.23 0.10 0.05 0.51 0.28 The Broads 0.62 5.60 1.40 0.57 0.28 0.87 0.69 1.45 0.97 Yorkshire Dales National Park 0.55 4.96 2.37 0.34 0.22 0.29 0.15 0.63 0.37

Arnside & Silverdale AONB 0.37 3.35 1.27 0.29 0.10 0.08 0.03 0.37 0.14 Blackdown Hills AONB 0.73 6.61 5.48 0.92 0.80 0.20 0.11 1.13 0.91 Cannock Chase AONB 0.25 2.31 0.18 0.29 0.13 0.13 0.10 0.42 0.23 Chichester Harbour AONB 0.61 5.55 1.60 0.53 0.13 0.08 0.02 0.61 0.16 Chilterns AONB 0.28 2.53 0.58 0.51 0.32 0.32 0.11 0.83 0.43 Cornwall AONB 0.51 4.60 2.71 0.33 0.19 0.09 0.05 0.41 0.24 Cotswolds AONB 0.39 3.56 1.55 0.31 0.19 0.15 0.04 0.46 0.23 Cranborne Chase & West 0.70 6.37 4.26 0.67 0.48 0.35 0.09 1.02 0.57 Wiltshire Downs AONB Dedham Vale AONB 0.37 3.38 0.66 0.43 0.20 0.20 0.18 0.63 0.38 Dorset AONB 0.87 7.92 4.92 0.44 0.29 0.36 0.22 0.80 0.50 East Devon AONB 0.53 4.78 2.55 0.43 0.27 0.17 0.08 0.60 0.35 Forest Of Bowland AONB 0.48 4.38 4.03 0.62 0.56 0.41 0.25 1.03 0.81 High Weald AONB 0.44 3.97 1.38 0.47 0.26 0.21 0.12 0.68 0.38 Howardian Hills AONB 0.37 3.33 2.79 0.67 0.57 0.81 0.42 1.48 0.99 Isle Of Wight AONB 0.32 2.90 0.66 0.31 0.16 0.27 0.15 0.57 0.31 Isles Of Scilly AONB ...... Kent Downs AONB 0.76 6.94 4.61 0.66 0.40 0.51 0.21 1.17 0.61 Lincolnshire Wolds AONB 0.62 5.61 4.00 0.86 0.64 1.04 0.75 1.90 1.39 Malvern Hills AONB 0.42 3.84 1.97 0.33 0.19 0.13 0.04 0.46 0.23 Mendip Hills AONB 0.48 4.35 3.15 0.63 0.44 0.22 0.08 0.85 0.53 Nidderdale AONB 0.54 4.93 3.41 0.90 0.79 0.58 0.38 1.48 1.18 Norfolk Coast AONB 0.85 7.73 2.53 0.49 0.24 0.42 0.28 0.91 0.52 North Devon AONB 1.13 10.25 4.94 0.60 0.38 0.07 0.06 0.67 0.44 North Pennines AONB 0.30 2.70 2.26 0.39 0.32 0.51 0.22 0.90 0.54 Northumberland Coast AONB 1.54 13.96 11.30 0.65 0.53 0.60 0.46 1.26 0.99 North Wessex Downs AONB 0.73 6.63 1.76 0.63 0.35 0.31 0.12 0.94 0.47 Quantock Hills AONB 0.35 3.19 1.99 0.51 0.38 0.12 0.06 0.63 0.44 Shropshire Hills AONB 0.56 5.11 3.45 0.70 0.57 0.29 0.12 0.99 0.69 Solway Coast AONB 0.41 3.69 1.48 0.34 0.16 0.06 0.04 0.40 0.20 South Devon AONB 0.53 4.81 2.37 0.35 0.23 0.12 0.05 0.47 0.28 Suffolk Coast & Heaths AONB 0.50 4.51 1.61 0.40 0.22 0.94 0.48 1.34 0.70 Surrey Hills AONB 0.34 3.13 0.50 0.51 0.27 0.20 0.05 0.71 0.33 Tamar Valley AONB 0.33 2.97 1.83 0.26 0.17 0.09 0.04 0.35 0.21 Wye Valley AONB (Eng only) 0.64 5.80 2.84 0.38 0.25 0.11 0.05 0.50 0.30 Notes of Table 7

Values shown in this Table refer to annual numbers of dwellings or areas of land per 1000 households to allow for easier comparison of rates between Protected Landscapes.

Definitions of categories in this Table are similar to those in Table 6 (although industrial, commercial and retail uses are not distinguished). The term ‘developed’ here refers to conversion from a greenfield use to a use in one of the following categories: C Community, H Highways, I Industrial, J Commercial, K Retail, L Leisure, Q Institutional, R Residential, S Storage, T Transport, or U Utilities.

The term ‘redeveloped’ here refers to conversion from any brownfield use to a use in one of the following categories: C Community, H Highways, I Industrial, J Commercial, K Retail, L Leisure, Q Institutional, R Residential, S Storage, T Transport, or U Utilities.

The term ‘brownfield use’ here includes the following categories: C Community, H Highways, I Industrial, J Commercial, K Retail, L Leisure, P Residential gardens (the category of P is only recorded for a previous uses and has only been recognised since 2010. However, because it is not possible to disaggregate earlier years, it had been included as a brownfield use), Q Institutional, R Residential, S Storage, T Transport, U Utilities, V Vacant, and Z Despoiled.

The term ‘greenfield use’ here includes the following LUCS categories: A Agriculture, B Agricultural Buildings, D Defence, F Forestry and Woodland, G Grassland, M Mining, N Natural, O Outdoor Recreation, W Water, X, and Y Landfill.

(1) Column 1 expresses newly built dwellings (estimated on the basis of LUCS) as an annual rate relative to the stock of SCUOs indicated by PAF for QII 2001. An upward adjustment of 10.2% is made to the raw LUCS figure before the annual rate is calculated. This adjustment is made to offset the lag which occurs between development taking place and its being recorded by Ordnance Survey. The specific value of 10.2% is based on comparison of DCLG Housing Starts and Completions Statistics for the period between QII 2001 and QI 2011 and the LUCS total for 2001-2011 for England as a whole.

(2) Column 2 indicates the annual number of housing units per 1000 households recorded as being built within the protected area in the Land Use Change Statistics for the relevant time period (1985-2011 or 2001-2011).

(3) Column 3 indicates the annual number of housing units per 1000 households recorded as being built on greenfield sites within the protected area in the Land Use Change Statistics for the relevant time period (1985-2011 or 2001-2011).

(4) Column 4 indicates the estimated annual area of land (in hectares per 1000 households) recorded as being developed or redeveloped for residential use in the protected area for the relevant time period (1985-2011 or 2001-2011). It should be noted that this includes conversion to ornamental gardens, swimming pools and private tennis courts associated with dwellings. The figure in Column 4 does not directly refer to any component of rural to urban land conversion.

(5) Column 5 indicates the estimated annual area of greenfield land (in hectares per 1000 households) recorded as being developed or for residential use in the protected area for the relevant time period (1985-2011 or 2001-2011). It should be noted that this includes conversion to ornamental gardens, swimming pools and private tennis courts associated with dwellings. The figure in Column 5 refers to a specific component of rural to urban land conversion.

(6) Column 6 indicates the estimated annual area of land (in hectares per 1000 households) recorded as being developed or redeveloped for any developed but non-residential uses in the protected area for the relevant time period (1985-2011 or 2001-2011). The figure in Column 6 does not directly refer to any component of rural to urban land conversion.

(7) Column 7 indicates the estimated annual area of greenfield land (in hectares per 1000 households) recorded as being converted to any developed but non-residential use in the protected area for the relevant time period (1985-2011 or 2001-2011). The figure in Column 7 refers to a specific component of rural to urban land conversion.

(8) Column 8 indicates the estimated area of land (in hectares per 1000 households) recorded as being developed or redeveloped for any developed in the protected area since 1985. It represents the sum of Columns 4 and 6. The figure in Column 8 does not directly refer to any component of rural to urban land conversion.

(9) Column 9 indicates the estimated area of greenfield land (in hectares per 1000 households) recorded as being converted to any developed use in the protected area since 1985. This figure represents total rural to urban land conversion (ie the sum of Columns 5 and 7).

Table 8a: Indicators of development, 1985-2011: Difference from Non-Protected Expectation (Relative to Household Stock) Protected Area: Build Housing Housing Land Greenfield Land Greenfield Total area Total rate units built units built developed / land developed / land developed / greenfield on redeveloped developed / redeveloped developed / redeveloped land greenfield for housing redeveloped for non- redeveloped developed sites for housing residential for non- use residential use (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (units per 1,000 (hectares per 1,000 (hectares per 1,000 (hectares per 1,000 (% pa) households pa) household pa) household pa) household pa) Dartmoor National Park -0.66 -6.95 -3.73 -0.24 -0.24 -0.76 -0.46 -1.00 -0.70 Exmoor National Park -0.12 -1.40 -0.85 -0.40 -0.34 -1.38 -1.02 -1.78 -1.35 Lake District National Park -0.24 -2.63 -2.56 -0.40 -0.39 -1.51 -0.91 -1.91 -1.30 New Forest National Park -0.68 -7.23 -3.38 -0.07 -0.03 -0.45 -0.19 -0.52 -0.23 North York Moors National Park -0.44 -4.60 -2.04 -0.19 -0.12 -0.80 -0.39 -0.99 -0.52 Northumberland National Park -0.23 -2.38 -1.60 -0.19 -0.17 2.65 2.63 2.46 2.46 Peak District National Park -0.38 -4.15 -0.74 -0.20 -0.12 -0.31 -0.20 -0.51 -0.31 South Downs National Park -0.35 -3.85 -1.63 -0.17 -0.09 -0.16 -0.17 -0.33 -0.27 The Broads -0.79 -8.28 -5.10 -0.05 -0.29 0.05 0.04 0.00 -0.25 Yorkshire Dales National Park -0.30 -3.36 -2.37 -0.29 -0.24 -0.78 -0.53 -1.07 -0.77

Arnside & Silverdale AONB -0.40 -4.34 -2.4 -0.20 -0.23 -0.53 -0.42 -0.73 -0.65 Blackdown Hills AONB 0.09 0.48 2.2 0.13 0.14 -0.80 -0.70 -0.68 -0.55 Cannock Chase AONB -1.93 -19.79 -7.3 -0.45 -0.41 -1.28 -0.66 -1.73 -1.08 Chichester Harbour AONB -0.51 -5.49 -1.5 0.08 -0.02 -0.21 -0.27 -0.13 -0.29 Chilterns AONB -0.71 -7.40 -3.8 -0.16 -0.10 -0.30 -0.22 -0.46 -0.32 Cornwall AONB -0.49 -5.44 -2.9 -0.20 -0.15 -0.38 -0.26 -0.58 -0.41 Cotswolds AONB -0.60 -6.24 -4.3 -0.23 -0.18 -0.67 -0.43 -0.90 -0.61 Cranborne Chase & West -0.31 -3.47 -1.3 -0.44 -0.36 -0.50 -0.33 -0.94 -0.69 Wiltshire Downs AONB Dedham Vale AONB -1.04 -10.70 -3.4 -0.43 -0.34 -0.35 -0.21 -0.78 -0.55 Dorset AONB 0.10 0.52 1.2 0.04 0.02 -0.05 0.03 0.00 0.05 East Devon AONB -0.28 -3.13 -1.8 -0.17 -0.13 -0.59 -0.44 -0.76 -0.58 Forest Of Bowland AONB -0.66 -7.10 -3.1 -0.41 -0.24 -1.22 -1.00 -1.63 -1.24 High Weald AONB -0.36 -3.90 -2.4 -0.19 -0.16 -0.22 -0.20 -0.41 -0.36 Howardian Hills AONB -0.31 -3.30 -2.8 -0.12 -0.11 -1.32 -1.05 -1.44 -1.16 Isle Of Wight AONB -0.41 -4.38 -2.0 0.01 -0.07 -0.42 -0.19 -0.41 -0.25 Isles Of Scilly AONB ...... Kent Downs AONB -0.45 -5.07 -1.1 -0.14 -0.12 -0.35 -0.25 -0.49 -0.37 Lincolnshire Wolds AONB -0.49 -5.26 -3.0 -0.41 -0.33 -1.25 -0.91 -1.66 -1.24 Malvern Hills AONB -0.25 -2.82 -0.9 -0.15 -0.13 -0.38 -0.34 -0.53 -0.48 Mendip Hills AONB -0.65 -6.80 -3.0 -0.36 -0.32 -0.52 -0.31 -0.88 -0.63 Nidderdale AONB -0.50 -5.36 -1.3 0.01 0.04 -1.02 -0.63 -1.01 -0.59 Norfolk Coast AONB -0.03 -0.78 -0.8 -0.04 -0.09 0.04 0.07 0.00 -0.01 North Devon AONB -0.07 -1.33 -1.9 -0.03 -0.07 -0.17 -0.05 -0.20 -0.11 North Pennines AONB -0.36 -3.83 -2.3 -0.32 -0.25 -1.13 -0.86 -1.46 -1.11 Northumberland Coast AONB 0.06 0.40 0.2 -0.11 -0.05 -0.08 -0.02 -0.19 -0.07 North Wessex Downs AONB -0.42 -4.00 -3.6 -0.08 -0.12 -0.46 -0.31 -0.54 -0.43 Quantock Hills AONB -0.90 -9.27 -3.7 -0.24 -0.19 -0.56 -0.34 -0.80 -0.53 Shropshire Hills AONB -0.28 -3.23 -1.2 -0.04 0.00 -0.53 -0.41 -0.57 -0.41 Solway Coast AONB -0.31 -4.38 -0.5 -0.27 -0.31 -0.66 -0.59 -0.93 -0.90 South Devon AONB -0.34 -3.88 -2.2 0.01 0.02 -0.44 -0.18 -0.43 -0.16 Suffolk Coast & Heaths AONB -0.28 -3.15 -1.2 -0.23 -0.13 0.13 -0.05 -0.10 -0.17 Surrey Hills AONB -0.35 -3.82 -1.0 0.00 0.05 -0.03 0.02 -0.02 0.07 Tamar Valley AONB -1.16 -11.84 -4.7 -0.32 -0.26 -0.61 -0.32 -0.92 -0.58 Wye Valley AONB (Eng only) -0.10 -1.39 -0.9 -0.16 -0.17 -0.20 -0.16 -0.36 -0.34 Table 8b: Indicators of development, 2001-2011: Difference from Non-Protected Expectation (Relative to Household Stock) Protected Area: Build Housing Housing Land Greenfield Land Greenfield Total area Total rate units built units built developed / land developed / land developed / greenfield on redeveloped developed / redeveloped developed / redeveloped land greenfield for housing redeveloped for non- redeveloped developed sites for housing residential for non- use residential use (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (units per 1,000 (hectares per 1,000 (hectares per 1,000 (hectares per 1,000 (% pa) households pa) household pa) household pa) household pa) Dartmoor National Park -0.26 -6.41 -5.18 -0.18 -0.14 -0.59 -0.25 -0.77 -0.39 Exmoor National Park -0.16 -4.84 -2.81 -0.26 -0.19 -0.08 -0.16 -0.34 -0.36 Lake District National Park -0.15 -4.42 -3.57 -0.53 -0.49 -0.89 -0.56 -1.42 -1.05 New Forest National Park -0.20 -9.74 -5.65 -0.08 -0.04 -0.91 -0.72 -0.98 -0.76 North York Moors National Park -0.09 -3.78 -1.97 -0.16 -0.10 -0.59 -0.52 -0.75 -0.61 Northumberland National Park -0.13 -2.51 -2.04 0.09 0.08 -0.64 -0.43 -0.54 -0.35 Peak District National Park 0.10 -4.60 -0.59 -0.29 -0.16 -0.22 -0.15 -0.51 -0.32 South Downs National Park 0.02 -6.62 -3.10 -0.19 -0.06 -0.25 -0.17 -0.44 -0.23 The Broads -0.50 -9.43 -9.78 -0.22 -0.32 0.03 0.07 -0.20 -0.25 Yorkshire Dales National Park -0.08 -4.95 -3.86 -0.41 -0.33 -0.82 -0.53 -1.23 -0.87

Arnside & Silverdale AONB -0.27 -8.22 -5.12 -0.17 -0.18 -0.34 -0.24 -0.51 -0.43 Blackdown Hills AONB 0.15 -2.01 -0.33 0.07 0.09 -0.28 -0.16 -0.21 -0.07 Cannock Chase AONB -1.15 -22.61 -13.85 -0.73 -0.53 -1.95 -1.00 -2.68 -1.53 Chichester Harbour AONB 0.11 -4.88 -3.42 0.11 -0.04 -0.10 -0.08 0.00 -0.12 Chilterns AONB -0.46 -10.82 -6.85 -0.21 -0.10 -0.33 -0.28 -0.53 -0.37 Cornwall AONB -0.20 -6.40 -4.51 -0.21 -0.17 -0.33 -0.24 -0.54 -0.41 Cotswolds AONB -0.72 -11.81 -9.54 -0.31 -0.25 -0.72 -0.32 -1.02 -0.57 Cranborne Chase & West 0.30 -0.94 0.24 -0.41 -0.28 -1.00 -0.81 -1.41 -1.09 Wiltshire Downs AONB Dedham Vale AONB -0.15 -5.24 -4.59 -0.31 -0.30 -0.24 -0.07 -0.55 -0.36 Dorset AONB 0.51 -1.17 1.29 -0.05 -0.01 0.05 0.10 0.00 0.10 East Devon AONB -0.18 -5.22 -4.51 -0.13 -0.14 -0.43 -0.20 -0.56 -0.34 Forest Of Bowland AONB -0.40 -12.53 -4.79 -0.57 -0.21 -0.89 -0.52 -1.47 -0.73 High Weald AONB -0.15 -6.82 -4.45 -0.11 -0.09 -0.12 -0.07 -0.23 -0.16 Howardian Hills AONB -0.06 -2.61 -1.44 -0.11 -0.05 -0.71 -0.73 -0.82 -0.78 Isle Of Wight AONB -0.25 -7.61 -5.02 -0.22 -0.17 -0.29 -0.07 -0.51 -0.24 Isles Of Scilly AONB ...... Kent Downs AONB 0.04 -9.78 -2.62 -0.08 0.01 -0.49 -0.26 -0.58 -0.25 Lincolnshire Wolds AONB -0.02 -3.68 -2.38 -0.21 -0.16 -0.52 -0.52 -0.73 -0.69 Malvern Hills AONB 0.21 -2.72 -0.17 -0.16 -0.16 -0.12 -0.07 -0.28 -0.23 Mendip Hills AONB -0.56 -10.23 -7.23 -0.39 -0.36 -0.49 -0.35 -0.89 -0.71 Nidderdale AONB 0.09 -3.00 -1.11 0.15 0.26 -1.12 -1.02 -0.97 -0.76 Norfolk Coast AONB 0.52 1.14 -0.83 -0.02 -0.10 0.08 0.10 0.06 0.00 North Devon AONB 0.63 2.52 -0.12 0.10 0.05 -0.29 -0.25 -0.19 -0.20 North Pennines AONB -0.17 -4.21 -2.43 -0.29 -0.20 -1.54 -1.01 -1.83 -1.21 Northumberland Coast AONB 0.64 3.05 3.14 0.00 0.04 -0.08 0.13 -0.08 0.17 North Wessex Downs AONB -0.42 -8.94 -8.71 -0.18 -0.20 -0.22 -0.17 -0.40 -0.36 Quantock Hills AONB -0.64 -10.51 -7.97 -0.50 -0.44 -0.37 -0.32 -0.87 -0.76 Shropshire Hills AONB -0.09 -4.45 -3.22 0.00 0.06 -0.14 -0.08 -0.14 -0.02 Solway Coast AONB 0.00 -2.68 -3.06 -0.64 -0.68 -0.68 -0.56 -1.31 -1.24 South Devon AONB 0.03 -3.54 -2.70 -0.07 -0.05 -0.47 -0.20 -0.54 -0.25 Suffolk Coast & Heaths AONB -0.10 -5.44 -4.36 -0.21 -0.16 0.63 0.31 0.41 0.14 Surrey Hills AONB 0.07 -4.73 -2.21 0.01 0.05 0.10 0.03 0.11 0.08 Tamar Valley AONB -0.99 -13.06 -11.43 -0.39 -0.33 -0.31 -0.23 -0.70 -0.56 Wye Valley AONB (Eng only) 0.27 -1.29 -0.83 -0.12 -0.12 -0.22 -0.18 -0.33 -0.30 Notes on Table 8

Values shown in this Table refer to annual differences in the numbers of dwellings per 1000 households or areas of land per 1000 households from those which might (on a particular set of assumptions set out below) be expected to pertain had development proceeded in step with nearby unprotected areas.

A negative value in Table 8 indicates that the corresponding measure of developed is lower than in broadly comparable environing non–protected areas. A positive value indicates that this is not the case.

The calculation of expectations for rates of development is potentially complex, and only a simplistic approach has been adopted here. Rates of development will reflect development pressure and more generally economic buoyancy of an area, more localized pressures in and adjoining particular settlements, and the local planning regime.

For the purpose of constructing this Table, a series of ‘policy-off’ areas have been defined corresponding to each protected area. The policy off areas comprise all the land area within a 10km buffer defined around each individual protected area, but excluding land within other AONBs, National Parks and Green Belts. The 10km buffer is chosen in order to capture broadly similar prevailing economic conditions and is commensurate with work travel patterns.

Both the individual Protected Landscapes and the corresponding policy-off areas have specific settlement structures. The settlement structures of the Protected Landscapes themselves are encapsulated in Table 5. Similar information has been constructed for each policy-off area. On the basis of the Land Use Change Statistics (LUCS) the various rates of development set out in Table 7 have been calculated separately for each settlement category in each ‘policy off’ area. (Thus there is for example a calculated rate for villages in non protected areas within 10km of the Cotswold AONB and for hamlets in non-protected areas within 10km of the Dartmoor National Park).

The mix of settlement types within a Protected Landscape may well differ sharply from that in the corresponding policy-off area. For this reason, a synthetic rate is calculated for each policy-off area on the basis of its observed rates, but combining them in the proportions observed in the protected area. (Thus even though 50% of the households in a policy-off area might live in urban areas, if this is true of only 1% of the households in the Protected Landcspe, observed rates in urban areas will contribute only 1% to the calculated synthetic rate). This standardization by settlement type is intended to allow for capture of aspects of physical capacity and typical variations in planning regime. The synthetic rates for the policy off areas form the expectations for the Protected Landscapes and are tabulated at the end of this note.

Definitions of categories in this Table are identical to those in Table 7. The term ‘developed’ here refers to conversion from a greenfield use to a use in one of the following categories: C Community, H Highways, I Industrial, J Commercial, K Retail, L Leisure, Q Institutional, R Residential, S Storage, T Transport, or U Utilities.

The term ‘redeveloped’ here refers to conversion from any brownfield use to a use in one of the following categories: C Community, H Highways, I Industrial, J Commercial, K Retail, L Leisure, Q Institutional, R Residential, S Storage, T Transport, or U Utilities.

The term ‘brownfield use’ here includes the following categories: C Community, H Highways, I Industrial, J Commercial, K Retail, L Leisure, P Residential gardens (the category of P is only recorded for a previous uses and has only been recognised since 2010. However, because it is not possible to disaggregate earlier years, it had been included as a brownfield use), Q Institutional, R Residential, S Storage, T Transport, U Utilities, V Vacant, and Z Despoiled.

The term ‘greenfield use’ here includes the following LUCS categories: A Agriculture, B Agricultural Buildings, D Defence, F Forestry and Woodland, G Grassland, M Mining, N Natural, O Outdoor Recreation, W Water, X, and Y Landfill.

(1) Column 1 expresses newly built dwellings (estimated on the basis of LUCS) as an annual rate relative to the stock of SCUOs indicated by PAF for QII 2001. An upward adjustment of 10.2% is made to the raw LUCS figure before the annual rate is calculated. This adjustment is made to offset the lag which occurs between development taking place and its being recorded by Ordnance Survey. The specific value of 10.2% is based on comparison of DCLG Housing Starts and Completions Statistics for the period between QII 2001 and QI 2011 and the LUCS total for 2001-2011 for England as a whole.

(2) Column 2 indicates the annual number of housing units per 1000 households recorded as being built within the protected area in the Land Use Change Statistics for the relevant time period (1985-2011 or 2001-2011).

(3) Column 3 indicates the annual number of housing units per 1000 households recorded as being built on greenfield sites within the protected area in the Land Use Change Statistics for the relevant time period (1985-2011 or 2001-2011).

(4) Column 4 indicates the estimated annual area of land (in hectares per 1000 households) recorded as being developed or redeveloped for residential use in the protected area for the relevant time period (1985-2011 or 2001-2011). It should be noted that this includes conversion to ornamental gardens, swimming pools and private tennis courts associated with dwellings. The figure in Column 4 does not directly refer to any component of rural to urban land conversion.

(5) Column 5 indicates the estimated annual area of greenfield land (in hectares per 1000 households) recorded as being developed or for residential use in the protected area for the relevant time period (1985-2011 or 2001-2011). It should be noted that this includes conversion to ornamental gardens, swimming pools and private tennis courts associated with dwellings. The figure in Column 5 refers to a specific component of rural to urban land conversion.

(6) Column 6 indicates the estimated annual area of land (in hectares per 1000 households) recorded as being developed or redeveloped for any developed but non-residential uses in the protected area for the relevant time period (1985-2011 or 2001-2011). The figure in Column 6 does not directly refer to any component of rural to urban land conversion. It should be noted that high positive values in this column (most noticeable pre 2001) are most usually associated with Highway or Transport development as in the case of the Northumberland National Park.

(7) Column 7 indicates the estimated annual area of greenfield land (in hectares per 1000 households) recorded as being converted to any developed but non-residential use in the protected area for the relevant time period (1985-2011 or 2001-2011). The figure in Column 7 refers to a specific component of rural to urban land conversion. It should be noted that high positive values in this column (most noticeable pre 2001) are most usually associated with Highway or Transport development as in the case of the Northumberland National Park.

(8) Column 8 indicates the estimated area of land (in hectares per 1000 households) recorded as being developed or redeveloped for any developed in the protected area since 1985. It represents the sum of Columns 4 and 6. The figure in Column 8 does not directly refer to any component of rural to urban land conversion. It should be noted that high positive values in this column (most noticeable pre 2001) are most usually associated with Highway or Transport development as in the case of the Northumberland National Park.

(9) Column 9 indicates the estimated area of greenfield land (in hectares per 1000 households) recorded as being converted to any developed use in the protected area since 1985. This figure represents total rural to urban land conversion (ie the sum of Columns 5 and 7). It should be noted that high positive values in this column (most noticeable pre 2001) are most usually associated with Highway or Transport development as in the case of the Northumberland National Park.

Definitions of column content in the Table of expectations shown below follow those given in Table 7.

Table 9a: Indicators of development, 1985-2011: Expectations based on Corresponding Policy Off Areas Protected Area Counterpart: Build Housing Housing Land Greenfield Land Greenfield Total area Total rate units built units built developed / land developed / land developed / greenfield on redeveloped developed / redeveloped developed / redeveloped land greenfield for housing redeveloped for non- redeveloped developed sites for housing residential for non- use residential use (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (units per 1,000 (hectares per 1,000 (hectares per 1,000 (hectares per 1,000 (% pa) households pa) household pa) household pa) household pa) Dartmoor National Park 1.23 12.04 6.70 0.83 0.63 1.29 0.82 2.13 1.45 Exmoor National Park 0.69 6.75 4.52 1.02 0.84 1.72 1.23 2.74 2.06 Lake District National Park 0.80 7.78 5.64 0.79 0.65 2.04 1.21 2.83 1.86 New Forest National Park 1.13 11.06 4.67 0.92 0.48 1.08 0.67 2.00 1.15 North York Moors National Park 0.78 7.70 4.23 0.63 0.47 1.53 0.89 2.16 1.35 Northumberland National Park 0.53 5.16 3.76 0.67 0.59 1.25 1.06 1.93 1.66 Peak District National Park 0.84 8.32 3.41 0.60 0.39 0.91 0.57 1.51 0.96 South Downs National Park 0.91 8.90 3.71 0.73 0.41 0.67 0.46 1.40 0.87 The Broads 1.71 16.70 7.42 0.87 0.61 1.18 0.81 2.04 1.42 Yorkshire Dales National Park 0.82 7.95 5.35 0.63 0.46 1.09 0.75 1.72 1.21

Arnside & Silverdale AONB 0.98 9.58 5.53 0.58 0.39 1.10 0.73 1.67 1.12 Blackdown Hills AONB 0.93 9.15 5.55 1.22 1.04 1.13 0.91 2.35 1.95 Cannock Chase AONB 2.25 21.99 8.15 0.84 0.56 1.44 0.77 2.28 1.33 Chichester Harbour AONB 1.09 10.74 3.81 0.46 0.21 0.48 0.35 0.94 0.55 Chilterns AONB 1.13 11.01 4.99 0.76 0.43 0.70 0.42 1.45 0.85 Cornwall AONB 1.05 10.55 6.43 0.70 0.49 0.71 0.51 1.42 1.01 Cotswolds AONB 1.18 11.36 7.22 0.71 0.50 0.95 0.59 1.66 1.09 Cranborne Chase & West 0.94 9.25 4.64 1.19 0.91 1.42 1.07 2.61 1.98 Wiltshire Downs AONB Dedham Vale AONB 1.32 13.08 4.35 0.96 0.63 0.59 0.40 1.55 1.03 Dorset AONB 0.78 7.63 3.69 0.58 0.40 0.57 0.35 1.14 0.76 East Devon AONB 1.00 9.78 6.15 0.80 0.56 0.98 0.76 1.78 1.31 Forest Of Bowland AONB 1.18 11.52 6.32 0.96 0.67 1.94 1.43 2.90 2.10 High Weald AONB 0.93 9.04 4.75 0.94 0.63 0.64 0.46 1.58 1.09 Howardian Hills AONB 0.85 8.34 6.00 0.86 0.66 1.91 1.25 2.77 1.91 Isle Of Wight AONB 0.89 8.70 3.93 0.57 0.32 0.73 0.35 1.30 0.67 Isles Of Scilly AONB ...... Kent Downs AONB 1.21 11.85 4.86 0.95 0.62 1.29 0.82 2.24 1.44 Lincolnshire Wolds AONB 1.24 12.17 7.97 1.37 1.03 2.21 1.72 3.57 2.75 Malvern Hills AONB 0.68 6.70 3.12 0.59 0.42 0.52 0.39 1.11 0.81 Mendip Hills AONB 1.33 12.93 7.00 1.14 0.88 1.24 0.86 2.38 1.73 Nidderdale AONB 1.08 10.64 4.63 0.75 0.54 1.68 1.16 2.43 1.70 Norfolk Coast AONB 0.83 8.24 4.61 0.67 0.42 0.38 0.22 1.05 0.64 North Devon AONB 0.88 8.73 5.64 0.64 0.50 0.77 0.57 1.41 1.07 North Pennines AONB 0.71 6.97 4.85 0.67 0.52 2.01 1.56 2.68 2.08 Northumberland Coast AONB 0.91 8.79 6.49 0.70 0.48 0.72 0.50 1.42 0.98 North Wessex Downs AONB 1.21 11.67 6.71 0.81 0.52 0.88 0.53 1.69 1.05 Quantock Hills AONB 1.45 14.22 7.04 1.25 1.05 1.15 0.72 2.40 1.77 Shropshire Hills AONB 0.93 9.27 5.94 0.78 0.55 0.79 0.55 1.56 1.10 Solway Coast AONB 1.01 10.98 5.09 0.78 0.63 1.04 0.80 1.82 1.44 South Devon AONB 0.94 9.44 5.02 0.65 0.45 0.90 0.52 1.54 0.97 Suffolk Coast & Heaths AONB 0.94 9.19 4.32 0.79 0.51 0.48 0.30 1.27 0.80 Surrey Hills AONB 0.73 7.17 1.75 0.59 0.24 0.48 0.27 1.07 0.52 Tamar Valley AONB 1.68 16.41 8.44 0.73 0.53 1.07 0.67 1.80 1.20 Wye Valley AONB (Eng only) 0.83 8.14 4.64 0.64 0.48 0.42 0.29 1.07 0.77 Table 9b: Indicators of development, 2001-2011: Expectations based on Corresponding Policy Off Areas Protected Area Counterpart: Build Housing Housing Land Greenfield Land Greenfield Total area Total rate units built units built developed / land developed / land developed / greenfield on redeveloped developed / redeveloped developed / redeveloped land greenfield for housing redeveloped for non- redeveloped developed sites for housing residential for non- use residential use (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (units per 1,000 (hectares per 1,000 (hectares per 1,000 (hectares per 1,000 (% pa) households pa) household pa) household pa) household pa) Dartmoor National Park 0.78 10.10 7.10 0.67 0.49 0.81 0.32 1.49 0.80 Exmoor National Park 0.52 7.41 4.74 0.66 0.50 0.41 0.30 1.06 0.80 Lake District National Park 0.53 7.18 4.82 0.82 0.67 1.41 0.79 2.23 1.46 New Forest National Park 0.66 12.69 6.02 0.87 0.39 1.15 0.83 2.02 1.22 North York Moors National Park 0.32 5.34 2.93 0.49 0.33 1.17 0.75 1.66 1.09 Northumberland National Park 0.33 3.88 2.96 0.54 0.46 1.05 0.79 1.58 1.25 Peak District National Park 0.27 7.26 2.49 0.65 0.44 0.51 0.29 1.16 0.73 South Downs National Park 0.46 9.92 4.15 0.60 0.29 0.35 0.22 0.95 0.52 The Broads 1.12 13.63 10.15 0.80 0.61 0.84 0.61 1.64 1.22 Yorkshire Dales National Park 0.62 8.98 5.65 0.76 0.55 1.11 0.68 1.87 1.23

Arnside & Silverdale AONB 0.64 10.50 5.80 0.46 0.29 0.43 0.28 0.88 0.57 Blackdown Hills AONB 0.58 7.82 5.28 0.86 0.72 0.48 0.27 1.34 0.98 Cannock Chase AONB 1.40 22.61 12.74 1.02 0.66 2.08 1.10 3.10 1.76 Chichester Harbour AONB 0.50 9.46 4.55 0.42 0.18 0.18 0.10 0.60 0.28 Chilterns AONB 0.74 12.12 6.74 0.72 0.42 0.64 0.39 1.36 0.80 Cornwall AONB 0.70 9.99 6.55 0.54 0.36 0.41 0.29 0.95 0.65 Cotswolds AONB 1.11 13.94 10.06 0.62 0.44 0.87 0.37 1.49 0.81 Cranborne Chase & West 0.40 6.63 3.64 1.08 0.76 1.35 0.90 2.43 1.66 Wiltshire Downs AONB Dedham Vale AONB 0.52 7.82 4.77 0.74 0.50 0.44 0.25 1.18 0.75 Dorset AONB 0.36 8.25 3.30 0.49 0.29 0.31 0.11 0.80 0.41 East Devon AONB 0.71 9.07 6.41 0.56 0.41 0.61 0.28 1.17 0.69 Forest Of Bowland AONB 0.88 15.34 8.01 1.19 0.77 1.30 0.77 2.49 1.54 High Weald AONB 0.58 9.79 5.29 0.58 0.35 0.32 0.19 0.90 0.54 Howardian Hills AONB 0.42 5.39 3.84 0.78 0.61 1.52 1.15 2.30 1.76 Isle Of Wight AONB 0.57 9.54 5.16 0.52 0.33 0.56 0.22 1.08 0.55 Isles Of Scilly AONB ...... Kent Downs AONB 0.72 15.17 6.55 0.74 0.39 1.01 0.47 1.75 0.85 Lincolnshire Wolds AONB 0.64 8.43 5.79 1.07 0.81 1.56 1.28 2.62 2.08 Malvern Hills AONB 0.21 5.95 1.94 0.49 0.35 0.25 0.11 0.74 0.46 Mendip Hills AONB 1.04 13.24 9.41 1.03 0.80 0.71 0.44 1.74 1.23 Nidderdale AONB 0.45 7.19 4.11 0.75 0.53 1.70 1.40 2.45 1.94 Norfolk Coast AONB 0.33 5.98 3.05 0.51 0.34 0.34 0.18 0.86 0.52 North Devon AONB 0.50 7.02 4.59 0.50 0.33 0.36 0.31 0.87 0.64 North Pennines AONB 0.47 6.28 4.25 0.68 0.52 2.05 1.22 2.73 1.75 Northumberland Coast AONB 0.90 10.90 8.15 0.65 0.49 0.69 0.33 1.34 0.82 North Wessex Downs AONB 1.15 15.57 10.48 0.81 0.54 0.53 0.29 1.34 0.83 Quantock Hills AONB 0.99 12.43 9.04 1.01 0.82 0.49 0.38 1.50 1.20 Shropshire Hills AONB 0.66 8.67 6.05 0.71 0.51 0.42 0.20 1.13 0.71 Solway Coast AONB 0.41 5.78 4.12 0.98 0.84 0.74 0.59 1.72 1.43 South Devon AONB 0.50 7.58 4.61 0.42 0.28 0.59 0.25 1.01 0.53 Suffolk Coast & Heaths AONB 0.60 9.03 5.41 0.61 0.39 0.32 0.17 0.93 0.56 Surrey Hills AONB 0.27 7.14 2.46 0.50 0.23 0.11 0.03 0.60 0.25 Tamar Valley AONB 1.32 14.55 12.04 0.65 0.49 0.40 0.27 1.05 0.77 Wye Valley AONB (Eng only) 0.37 6.43 3.32 0.50 0.38 0.33 0.23 0.83 0.60

References:

Bibby, P. (2002) Timeliness of Land Use Change Statistics: a Re-evaluation, ODPM.

Bibby, P. (2007) Residential Property Utilization: Monitoring the Government Intensification Agenda, in Wise, S. and Craglia, M (eds), GIS and Evidence-Based Policy Making in GIS, Taylor and Francis.

Bibby, P. (2009) ‘Land Use Change in Britain’ Land Use Policy 26S (2009) S2–S13. Available at : http://bis.gov.uk/assets/foresight/docs/land-use/jlup/03_land_use_change_in_britain.pdf

Bibby, P. and Brindley, P. (2006) Residential Development since 2000, CLG.

Bibby, P. and Coppin, P. (1994) Analyses of Land Use Change. SERRL Occasional Monograph No.1.

Bibby, P. and Shepherd, J. (1991) Rates of Urbanization in England 1981-2001, Department of Environment Planning Research Program, HMSO.

Bibby, P. and Shepherd, J. (1997) Urbanization in England, Projections 1991-2016, Department of Environment.

Bibby, P. and Shepherd, J. (1997) Projecting Rates of Urbanization for England 1991-2016, method, policy applications and results. Town Planning Review (Spring 1997).

Bibby, P. and Shepherd, J. (1999) Re-focusing National Brownfield Housing Targets. Town and Country Planning 68 (10): 302-305.

Bibby, P. and Shepherd, J. (2002) Re-focusing National Brownfield Housing Targets: Brining in the Settlement Pattern. Town and Country Planning 68 (5).

Bibby, P. and Shepherd, J. (2004) Developing a New Classification of Urban and Rural Areas for Policy Purposes – the Methodology. Report for Defra. Available on the world wide web at www.defra.gov.uk/rural/ruralstats/rural-defn/Rural_Urban_Methodology_Report.pdf

University of Sheffield, 2007, ‘Land Use Change Indicators For Protected Areas: Tabulations’Report Prepared for Natural England

Annex 1:Technical Glossary:

A1.1 This Annex supplements the notes accompanying individual tables by providing extended glosses for particular technical terms. It provides detailed technical descriptions for key terms where these are not easily available elsewhere. Entries are organized alphabetically and provided for

 generalised urban area  Land Use Change Statistics(LUCS),  National Statistics Postcode Directory (NSPD),  Postcode Address File(PAF), and  Self-contained Unit of Occupation (SCUO)

Generalised Urban Area

A1.2 The generalised urban area is an approximation to the physical built up area with a population of 10,000 or more. Loosely, it represents an area where there 1600 or more dwellings within 800m of each constituent point. More precisely it describes a set of cells on a regular grid of 100m cells where the dwelling density at the 800m scale is 8 units to the hectare or more. Such grids are constructed as the geographic moving average of a corresponding grid showing the count of self- contained units of occupation (SCUOs) in each hectare cell. Estimation of this grid for QII 2001 is discussed in Bibby and Shepherd (2004).

A1.3 Measures of change in the generalised urban area are included in Table 3 of this document. These are intended to assist understanding of the extent to which physical development is either extending the major urban areas or taking more scattered forms. Particular care is required both in estimating and interpreting the change measures. If the generalised urban area is simply assessed computationally for two different dates in accordance with para A1.2, it is important to take account of two effects referred to here as the intensification effect and the threshold effect.

A1.4 An intensification effect might be found where the generalized urban area appears to spread not because of development at the urban fringe, but (perversely) because of intensification of development within the urban area. This possibility is particularly important given that planning policy in the period 2001-2010 favoured the intensification of urban areas both through focusing housing development on brownfield sites and through seeking to increase density. Recent work for a consortium of government agencies shows that this effect is in fact found (University of Sheffield 2012), but can be countered.

A1.5 The measures of change in the generalised urban area tabulated in this document avoid the intensification effect by recalculating the 800m dwelling densities for 2011 as they would be under specific hypothetical conditions. The conditions are a) that the configuration of property within the generalised urban area identified in 2001 remained unchanged, but b) the configuration of dwellings outside the 2001 generalised urban area changed precisely as observed. In this way additional dwellings built beyond the urban edge contribute to the calculated density within 800m of any cell in 2011, but numbers of dwellings within the generalised urban area are 'frozen' for the purposes of calculation.

A1.6 The threshold effect cannot be countered in this way. As the dwelling stock of a settlement increases, there may come a point when the threshold of 8 dwellings per hectare at the 800m scale is exceeded for the first time. Under these circumstances, growth in the generalise urban area is not directly attributable to the additional dwellings, but also to those within the earlier core of the settlement. To mitigate this effect Table 3 decomposes the growth in urban area into a spread effect (due to expansion of the generalised urban area taking place through the period in question, and a threshold effect which represents the size of the generalised urban area when the threshold is first crossed.

Land Use Change Statistics (LUCS)

A1.7 The analysis of land use change provided here is based upon the Land Use Change Statistics collected by Ordnance Survey for DCLG. Since 1985, Ordnance Survey has created a LUCS record in the course of revising basic scales mapping whenever a change in lineage or annotation appears to imply a change of land use category. Each such LUCS record includes

 the date of survey,  an indication of the previous and new land uses using a 24-fold alphabetic land use classification (extended to 25 in 2010),  a grid reference correct to 10 metres,  an estimate of the area of the site (in hectares),  an estimate of the year the change occurred, and  in the case of residential development, estimates of the number of units demolished and the number of units built

A1.8 Statistics based on LUCS are published by DCLG at regional level, though the tabulations in this document are based on the individual site level records grouped into the Protected Landscapes.

National Statistics Postcode Directory (NSPD)

A1.9 The National Statistics Postcode Directory (NSPD), maintained by the Office for National Statistics (ONS), holds for each (full) unit postcode (eg S10 2TN)  the date when the postcode was introduced,  the date when the postcode was terminated (if applicable),  a grid reference ,  the postcode user type(small or large), and  a series of geographic flags (indicating local authority ward for example)

A1.10 The work underlying these tabulations uses NSPD to provide grid references allowing individual SCUOs to be placed on the hectare grid.

Postcode Address File (PAF)

A1.11 The Postcode Address File (PAF) includes every address to which Royal Mail deliver letters and is continuously updated as an adjunct to this activity. It includes more than 28 million addresses for the UK, represented as a series of distinct files, linkable by keys indicating respectively:  locality,  thoroughfare,  thoroughfare descriptor ,  building names,  sub building names ,  organisation, and  address

A1.12 Reference to these files provides for the identification of SCUOs. A fictional example of an address in its fullest form drawn from Royal Mail (2010 p42) illustrates the nature of the various textual elements:

Field on PAF® Fictional example Organisation SOUTH LANARKSHIRE COUNCIL Department HEAD START Sub Building name UNIT 1 Building Name BLOCK 3 Thoroughfare Name THIRD Thoroughfare Descriptor ROAD Double Dependent Locality BLANTYRE INDUSTRIAL ESTATE Dependent Locality BLANTYRE Post Town GLASGOW Postcode G72 0UP

A1.13 The dwelling stock information provided in this report has been assembled by identifying the number of SCUOs associated with each unit postcode and then assigning the pertinent count to a hectare grid on the basis of the grid reference for the unit postcode provided in the National Statistics Postcode Directory (NSPD) (qv).

Self-Contained Unit of Occupation (SCUO)

A1.14 Various estimates of the dwelling stock used in these tabulations rest on the concept of a self-contained unit of occupation (or SCUO). A SCUO most frequently takes the form of a single residential property standing on a house plot, but may often be a flat in a block or a self-contained flat in a divided house. The estimated number of SCUOs in any area in 2001 was estimated by the number of residential delivery points at any unit (full) postcode recorded within Royal Mail’s Address Manager (a product derived from PAF) and the associated grid reference.

A1.15 Changes in Royal Mail practices after 2001 imply that a (residential) delivery point is no longer necessarily a good proxy for a SCUO. In many areas, a substantial house divided into self-contained converted flats is now more likely to be treated as a single delivery point rather than several. The Postcode Address File (PAF) still forms the basis of the counts of SCUOs for 2011, but account is taken not only of numbers of delivery points, but of the count of ‘households’ at any delivery point included on PAF.

A1.16 There is, however, a range of circumstances in which a PAF ‘household’ cannot serve as a proxy for a SCUO, where for example the count refers to individual residents in a residential institution, or (most frequently) to individual students in a hall of residence. Moreover, additional ‘households’ may be recorded at delivery points that are not obviously residential. These additional ‘households’ may indicate residential units (eg flats over shops or steward’s accommodation within non-residential premises) or non-residential occupiers (of market stalls or units within managed business space, for example). The analyses presented here rest on procedures which attempt to distinguish those delivery points with multiple ‘households’ which genuinely appear to refer to self-contained units of occupation from others. The present work uses numbers of residential delivery points recorded on PAF together with recorded ‘ households’ to estimate the number of permanent dwellings for occupation by private households by making adjustments to exclude

 student accommodation of various forms  institutions (eg nurses homes, prisons, hostels)  elderly persons homes  units on caravan sites  non-residential units (eg accommodation addresses, units in managed workspace)

but allowing multiple SCUOs

 in subdivided property  in serviced apartments, and  new residential blocks with a single delivery point

A1.17 The SCUO counts on which the present work depends therefore rest on considering each delivery point on PAF in turn, and -where more than one ‘household’ is recorded- determining the number of additional SCUOs to be admitted. In most cases, this determination was made by applying elementary natural language processing to the building names, sub-building names and occupier names included on PAF (using the artificial intelligence language Prolog and its Definite Clause Grammars extension (DCG)). This proves satisfactory where the textual information includes a literal business description (eg ‘X Home for the Elderly’, ‘Y Leisure Park’ or ‘Z Business Centre’), or where the business of specific occupiers (eg the Abbeyfield Society) though not explicitly recorded on PAF is well known and can be coded. Clerical checks were also included in two circumstances where more than 5 ‘households’ were recorded against a delivery point on PAF. The first was where the textual evidence provided no indication of the nature of an occupier or use a building (recording only a number on the street eg ‘230’). The second was where the building name and occupier evidence (eg ‘Seven Stars Minicabs’) suggested that such a number of additional households should not be expected.