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Cell Circuitry || Science Teaches English || The Chicken Genome Is Hot || Magnets in Medicine SEPTEMBER 2002 www.hhmi.org/bulletin Leading Doublea Life It’s a stretch, but doctors who work bench to bedside say they wouldn’t do it any other way. FEATURES 14 On Human Terms 24 The Evolutionary War A small—some say too small—group of Efforts to undermine evolution education have physician-scientists believes the best science evolved into a 21st-century marketing cam- requires patient contact. paign that relies on legal acumen, manipulation By Marlene Cimons of scientific literature and grassroots tactics. 20 Engineering the Cell By Trisha Gura Adam Arkin sees the cell as a mechanical system. He hopes to transform molecular 28 Call of the Wild biology into a kind of cellular engineering Could quirky, new animal models help scien- and in the process, learn how to move cells tists learn how to regenerate human limbs or from sickness to health. avert the debilitating effects of a stroke? By M. Mitchell Waldrop By Kathryn Brown 24 In front of a crowd of 1,500, Ohio’s Board of Education heard testimony on whether students should learn about intelligent design in science class. DEPARTMENTS 2 NOTA BENE 33 PERSPECTIVE ulletin Intelligent Design Is a Cop-Out 4 LETTERS September 2002 || Volume 15 Number 3 NEWS AND NOTES HHMI TRUSTEES PRESIDENT’S LETTER 5 JAMES A. BAKER, III, ESQ. 34 Senior Partner, Baker & Botts A Creative Influence In from the Fields ALEXANDER G. BEARN, M.D. Executive Officer, American Philosophical Society 35 Lost on the Tip of the Tongue Adjunct Professor, The Rockefeller University UP FRONT Professor Emeritus of Medicine, Cornell University Medical College 36 Biology by Numbers FRANK WILLIAM GAY 6 Follow the Songbird Former President and Chief Executive Officer, SUMMA Corporation JAMES H. -
Nobel Laureates Endorse Joe Biden
Nobel Laureates endorse Joe Biden 81 American Nobel Laureates in Physics, Chemistry, and Medicine have signed this letter to express their support for former Vice President Joe Biden in the 2020 election for President of the United States. At no time in our nation’s history has there been a greater need for our leaders to appreciate the value of science in formulating public policy. During his long record of public service, Joe Biden has consistently demonstrated his willingness to listen to experts, his understanding of the value of international collaboration in research, and his respect for the contribution that immigrants make to the intellectual life of our country. As American citizens and as scientists, we wholeheartedly endorse Joe Biden for President. Name Category Prize Year Peter Agre Chemistry 2003 Sidney Altman Chemistry 1989 Frances H. Arnold Chemistry 2018 Paul Berg Chemistry 1980 Thomas R. Cech Chemistry 1989 Martin Chalfie Chemistry 2008 Elias James Corey Chemistry 1990 Joachim Frank Chemistry 2017 Walter Gilbert Chemistry 1980 John B. Goodenough Chemistry 2019 Alan Heeger Chemistry 2000 Dudley R. Herschbach Chemistry 1986 Roald Hoffmann Chemistry 1981 Brian K. Kobilka Chemistry 2012 Roger D. Kornberg Chemistry 2006 Robert J. Lefkowitz Chemistry 2012 Roderick MacKinnon Chemistry 2003 Paul L. Modrich Chemistry 2015 William E. Moerner Chemistry 2014 Mario J. Molina Chemistry 1995 Richard R. Schrock Chemistry 2005 K. Barry Sharpless Chemistry 2001 Sir James Fraser Stoddart Chemistry 2016 M. Stanley Whittingham Chemistry 2019 James P. Allison Medicine 2018 Richard Axel Medicine 2004 David Baltimore Medicine 1975 J. Michael Bishop Medicine 1989 Elizabeth H. Blackburn Medicine 2009 Michael S. -
2004 Albert Lasker Nomination Form
albert and mary lasker foundation 110 East 42nd Street Suite 1300 New York, ny 10017 November 3, 2003 tel 212 286-0222 fax 212 286-0924 Greetings: www.laskerfoundation.org james w. fordyce On behalf of the Albert and Mary Lasker Foundation, I invite you to submit a nomination Chairman neen hunt, ed.d. for the 2004 Albert Lasker Medical Research Awards. President mrs. anne b. fordyce The Awards will be offered in three categories: Basic Medical Research, Clinical Medical Vice President Research, and Special Achievement in Medical Science. This is the 59th year of these christopher w. brody Treasurer awards. Since the program was first established in 1944, 68 Lasker Laureates have later w. michael brown Secretary won Nobel Prizes. Additional information on previous Lasker Laureates can be found jordan u. gutterman, m.d. online at our web site http://www.laskerfoundation.org. Representative Albert Lasker Medical Research Awards Program Nominations that have been made in previous years may be updated and resubmitted in purnell w. choppin, m.d. accordance with the instructions on page 2 of this nomination booklet. daniel e. koshland, jr., ph.d. mrs. william mccormick blair, jr. the honorable mark o. hatfied Nominations should be received by the Foundation no later than February 2, 2004. Directors Emeritus A distinguished panel of jurors will select the scientists to be honored. The 2004 Albert Lasker Medical Research Awards will be presented at a luncheon ceremony given by the Foundation in New York City on Friday, October 1, 2004. Sincerely, Joseph L. Goldstein, M.D. Chairman, Awards Jury Albert Lasker Medical Research Awards ALBERT LASKER MEDICAL2004 RESEARCH AWARDS PURPOSE AND DESCRIPTION OF THE AWARDS The major purpose of these Awards is to recognize and honor individuals who have made signifi- cant contributions in basic or clinical research in diseases that are the main cause of death and disability. -
4Th International Conference on Quantitative Genetics
09/01/14 4th ICQG Conference, Edinburgh - 17-22 June 2012. • Home Programme Speakers Abstracts Satellite Events Registration Accommodation Social Programme Venue & Information Exhibitors/Sponsors Contact/News/Links EISG Satellite Site Welcome Welcome to the FourthInternational Conference of Quantitative Genetics:Understanding Variation in Complex Traits - Edinburgh International Conference Centre, 17-22 June 2012 Please click here to download We invite you to join us in the beautiful city of Edinburgh for the Fourth a copy of the Final International Conference of Quantitative Genetics, being held from Programme and Book of 17 – 22 June 2012 at the Edinburgh International Conference Centre. Abstracts Variation in quantitative and other complex phenotypes underpins most important traits in human health and disease, agriculture, natural populations and evolution. The genomics revolution has provided the tools to start the dissection of such traits, enhancing both their understanding and exploitation. This has led to an explosion of interest and new studies across all of biology. The aim will be to present and discuss state-of-the-art results, theoretical developments, understanding and methodology across the whole range of quantitative genetics - the genetic analysis and interpretation of data on complex traits - and to provide a stimulating conference in an attractive locale. Topics will include statistical methods for parameter estimation, including analysis of trait, genomic and functional genomic data; methods for QTL and gene identification; genetic control of complex traits; prediction of breeding value and individual risk, and interpretation of evolutionary change. The meeting will pertain to and span results from, for example, humans, livestock, crops, micro-organisms and natural and experimental populations of all species. -
Balcomk41251.Pdf (558.9Kb)
Copyright by Karen Suzanne Balcom 2005 The Dissertation Committee for Karen Suzanne Balcom Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Discovery and Information Use Patterns of Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine Committee: E. Glynn Harmon, Supervisor Julie Hallmark Billie Grace Herring James D. Legler Brooke E. Sheldon Discovery and Information Use Patterns of Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine by Karen Suzanne Balcom, B.A., M.L.S. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin August, 2005 Dedication I dedicate this dissertation to my first teachers: my father, George Sheldon Balcom, who passed away before this task was begun, and to my mother, Marian Dyer Balcom, who passed away before it was completed. I also dedicate it to my dissertation committee members: Drs. Billie Grace Herring, Brooke Sheldon, Julie Hallmark and to my supervisor, Dr. Glynn Harmon. They were all teachers, mentors, and friends who lifted me up when I was down. Acknowledgements I would first like to thank my committee: Julie Hallmark, Billie Grace Herring, Jim Legler, M.D., Brooke E. Sheldon, and Glynn Harmon for their encouragement, patience and support during the nine years that this investigation was a work in progress. I could not have had a better committee. They are my enduring friends and I hope I prove worthy of the faith they have always showed in me. I am grateful to Dr. -
Timeline of Immunology
TIMELINE OF IMMUNOLOGY 1549 – The earliest account of inoculation of smallpox (variolation) occurs in Wan Quan's (1499–1582) 1718 – Smallpox inoculation in Ottoman Empire realized by West. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, the wife of the British ambassador to Constantinople, observed the positive effects of variolation on the native population and had the technique performed on her own children. 1796 – First demonstration of smallpox vaccination (Edward Jenner) 1837 – Description of the role of microbes in putrefaction and fermentation (Theodore Schwann) 1838 – Confirmation of the role of yeast in fermentation of sugar to alcohol (Charles Cagniard-Latour) 1840 – Proposal of the germ theory of disease (Jakob Henle) 1850 – Demonstration of the contagious nature of puerperal fever (childbed fever) (Ignaz Semmelweis) 1857–1870 – Confirmation of the role of microbes in fermentation (Louis Pasteur) 1862 – Phagocytosis (Ernst Haeckel) 1867 – Aseptic practice in surgery using carbolic acid (Joseph Lister) 1876 – Demonstration that microbes can cause disease-anthrax (Robert Koch) 1877 – Mast cells (Paul Ehrlich) 1878 – Confirmation and popularization of the germ theory of disease (Louis Pasteur) 1880 – 1881 -Theory that bacterial virulence could be attenuated by culture in vitro and used as vaccines. Proposed that live attenuated microbes produced immunity by depleting host of vital trace nutrients. Used to make chicken cholera and anthrax "vaccines" (Louis Pasteur) 1883 – 1905 – Cellular theory of immunity via phagocytosis by macrophages and microphages (polymorhonuclear leukocytes) (Elie Metchnikoff) 1885 – Introduction of concept of a "therapeutic vaccination". Report of a live "attenuated" vaccine for rabies (Louis Pasteur and Pierre Paul Émile Roux). 1888 – Identification of bacterial toxins (diphtheria bacillus) (Pierre Roux and Alexandre Yersin) 1888 – Bactericidal action of blood (George Nuttall) 1890 – Demonstration of antibody activity against diphtheria and tetanus toxins. -
Lasker Interactive Research Nom'18.Indd
THE 2018 LASKER MEDICAL RESEARCH AWARDS Nomination Packet albert and mary lasker foundation November 1, 2017 Greetings: On behalf of the Albert and Mary Lasker Foundation, I invite you to submit a nomination for the 2018 Lasker Medical Research Awards. Since 1945, the Lasker Awards have recognized the contributions of scientists, physicians, and public citizens who have made major advances in the understanding, diagnosis, treatment, cure, and prevention of disease. The Medical Research Awards will be offered in three categories in 2018: Basic Research, Clinical Research, and Special Achievement. The Lasker Foundation seeks nominations of outstanding scientists; nominations of women and minorities are encouraged. Nominations that have been made in previous years are not automatically reconsidered. Please see the Nomination Requirements section of this booklet for instructions on updating and resubmitting a nomination. The Foundation accepts electronic submissions. For information on submitting an electronic nomination, please visit www.laskerfoundation.org. Lasker Awards often presage future recognition of the Nobel committee, and they have become known popularly as “America’s Nobels.” Eighty-seven Lasker laureates have received the Nobel Prize, including 40 in the last three decades. Additional information on the Awards Program and on Lasker laureates can be found on our website, www.laskerfoundation.org. A distinguished panel of jurors will select the scientists to be honored with Lasker Medical Research Awards. The 2018 Awards will -
Tastes of Life
October 2014 THE MONELL CONNECTION The Newsletter of the MONELL CENTER THE NEWSLETTER OF THE MONELL CENTER TASTES Alberto Ruggieri/ Illustration Source OF LIFE We perceive the world with five senses, but it is “Taste is even more important than we only one — taste — that internalizes our experiences previously knew, because how well you in the most visceral manner of them all. taste – or don’t taste – something might predict how well those same receptors Imagine biting into a crisp apple, rich with the fragrance of fall. function in other parts of the body,” sug- The faint tang puckers your tongue against gests geneticist Danielle Reed, PhD. your teeth, sugars and acids dribble across taste receptors on your tongue, Using cross-disciplinary approaches that and a wave of nervous and hormonal sig- span genomics, immunology, microbiolo- nals sweeps through your mouth, brain, gy, neuroscience, and other fields, Monell and gut. taste researchers are looking beyond the tongue to identify the fundamental func- Outside the mouth, taste receptors in tions of extra-oral taste receptors in the the stomach, intestines, and pancreas all health – or disease – of the entire body. sense and respond to chemical signals from food. Surprisingly common in non- Gut alimentary organs as well, extra-oral taste Sensation receptors play myriad roles in cancer drug responses, sperm fertility, sinus Although humans detect many different infections, and more. molecules that elicit five distinct tastes Continued from cover page [bitter, sweet, salty, sour, and umami The end result of this intracellular cascade (savory)], all these inputs are perceived allows the taste cell to announce a gustato- through a limited number of taste receptor ry sensation to the brain. -
Close to the Edge: Co-Authorship Proximity of Nobel Laureates in Physiology Or Medicine, 1991 - 2010, to Cross-Disciplinary Brokers
Close to the edge: Co-authorship proximity of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine, 1991 - 2010, to cross-disciplinary brokers Chris Fields 528 Zinnia Court Sonoma, CA 95476 USA fi[email protected] January 2, 2015 Abstract Between 1991 and 2010, 45 scientists were honored with Nobel prizes in Physiology or Medicine. It is shown that these 45 Nobel laureates are separated, on average, by at most 2.8 co-authorship steps from at least one cross-disciplinary broker, defined as a researcher who has published co-authored papers both in some biomedical discipline and in some non-biomedical discipline. If Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine and their immediate collaborators can be regarded as forming the intuitive “center” of the biomedical sciences, then at least for this 20-year sample of Nobel laureates, the center of the biomedical sciences within the co-authorship graph of all of the sciences is closer to the edges of multiple non-biomedical disciplines than typical biomedical researchers are to each other. Keywords: Biomedicine; Co-authorship graphs; Cross-disciplinary brokerage; Graph cen- trality; Preferential attachment Running head: Proximity of Nobel laureates to cross-disciplinary brokers 1 1 Introduction It is intuitively tempting to visualize scientific disciplines as spheres, with highly produc- tive, well-funded intellectual and political leaders such as Nobel laureates occupying their centers and less productive, less well-funded researchers being increasingly peripheral. As preferential attachment mechanisms as well as the economics of employment tend to give the well-known and well-funded more collaborators than the less well-known and less well- funded (e.g. -
Tasuku Honjo Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
333 Serendipities of Acquired Immunity Nobel Lecture, December 7, 2018 by Tasuku Honjo Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. INTRODUCTION For a long time, biology was perceived as the lesser of the natural sciences because, unlike physics, deductive reasoning could not be used to solve biological problems. Biology has been full of mystery since I started my career in biological sciences almost half a century ago. Although the basic principles of biology stem from the rules of physics, biological systems have such an extraordinary, layered complexity derived from a tremen- dous number of parameters, beautifully and magically intertwined and controlled to achieve what we call “life”. Paradoxically, we start with a rather limited number (about 20,000) of coding region genes. However, many transcripts can be generated from a single coding gene locus, indi- cating that a single gene can produce many proteins. Furthermore, there are a much higher number of non-coding transcripts that may afect the expression of the coding genes. DNA, RNA and proteins can be chemically modifed by methylation, phosphorylation and acetylation. In addition, at least 20,000 metabolites circulate in our blood. These can also be sensed by cells, interacting with various proteins and infuencing gene expres- sion, thus generating enormously complicated regulatory mechanisms to achieve homeostasis. The origin of metabolites can be traced not only to the biochemistry of our own cells but also to the diverse communities of 334 THE NOBEL PRIZES microbes inhabiting every surface of the body. If we imagine roughly 1013 order of our own cells, each expressing diferent proteins and containing diferent metabolites, in constant dialog with 1014 order of microbial cells, also in diferent metabolic states, the complexity of our biological system exceeds by far the physical and chemical complexity of the universe. -
Nobel Laureates in Physiology Or Medicine
All Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine 1901 Emil A. von Behring Germany ”for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths” 1902 Sir Ronald Ross Great Britain ”for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it” 1903 Niels R. Finsen Denmark ”in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science” 1904 Ivan P. Pavlov Russia ”in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged” 1905 Robert Koch Germany ”for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis” 1906 Camillo Golgi Italy "in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system" Santiago Ramon y Cajal Spain 1907 Charles L. A. Laveran France "in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases" 1908 Paul Ehrlich Germany "in recognition of their work on immunity" Elie Metchniko France 1909 Emil Theodor Kocher Switzerland "for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland" 1910 Albrecht Kossel Germany "in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances" 1911 Allvar Gullstrand Sweden "for his work on the dioptrics of the eye" 1912 Alexis Carrel France "in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs" 1913 Charles R. -
Stability of Inbred Mouse Strain Differences in Behavior and Brain Size Between Laboratories and Across Decades
Stability of inbred mouse strain differences in behavior and brain size between laboratories and across decades Douglas Wahlsten*†, Alexander Bachmanov‡, Deborah A. Finn§, and John C. Crabbe§ *Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2E9; ‡Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3308; and §Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, and Portland Alcohol Research Center and Veterans Affairs Hospital, Portland, OR 97239-3098 Edited by Joseph S. Takahashi, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, and approved September 7, 2006 (received for review June 26, 2006) If we conduct the same experiment in two laboratories or repeat nitude of the strain correlation for the same trait measured in a classical study many years later, will we obtain the same results? different laboratories or at different times. Recent research with mice in neural and behavioral genetics To repeat a genetic experiment, the genotype of the animals yielded different results in different laboratories for certain phe- must be replicable. Brother-by-sister mating can achieve genetic notypes, and these findings suggested to some researchers that purity in an inbred strain after 60 generations (8). Derivation of behavior may be too unstable for fine-scale genetic analysis. Here standard strains of mice commenced with the DBA strain in we expand the range of data on this question to additional 1909, BALB in 1913, and C57BL in 1921 (9). By 1950, many laboratories and phenotypes, and, for the first time in this field, we strains maintained by The Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, formally compare recent data with experiments conducted 30–50 ME) had undergone Ͼ40 generations of full sibling mating.